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Scour in Regions of Flow Separation with Free-Surface Effects John Frederick Newton Purdue University

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Scour in Regions of Flow Separation with Free-Surface Effects John Frederick Newton Purdue University Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Open Access Dissertations Theses and Dissertations Summer 2014 Scour in regions of flow separation with free-surface effects John Frederick Newton Purdue University Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations Part of the Civil Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Newton, John Frederick, "Scour in regions of flow separation with free-surface effects" (2014). Open Access Dissertations. 339. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations/339 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. *UDGXDWH6FKRRO(7')RUP 5HYLVHG 0114 PURDUE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL Thesis/Dissertation Acceptance 7KLVLVWRFHUWLI\WKDWWKHWKHVLVGLVVHUWDWLRQSUHSDUHG %\ John Frederick Newton (QWLWOHG Scour in Regions of Flow Separation with Free-Surface Effects )RUWKHGHJUHHRI Doctor of Philosophy ,VDSSURYHGE\WKHILQDOH[DPLQLQJFRPPLWWHH Dennis Lyn Cary Troy Jun Chen Rao S. Govindaraju 7RWKHEHVWRIP\NQRZOHGJHDQGDVXQGHUVWRRGE\WKHVWXGHQWLQWKHThesis/Dissertation Agreement. Publication Delay, and Certification/Disclaimer (Graduate School Form 32)WKLVWKHVLVGLVVHUWDWLRQ adheres to the provisions of 3XUGXH8QLYHUVLW\¶V³3ROLF\RQ,QWHJULW\LQ5HVHDUFK´DQGWKHXVHRI FRS\ULJKWHGPDWHULDO Dennis Lyn $SSURYHGE\0DMRU3URIHVVRU V BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB $SSURYHGE\Garrett D. Jeong 08/06/2014 +HDGRIWKHDepartment *UDGXDWH3URJUDP 'DWH SCOUR IN REGIONS OF FLOW SEPARATION WITH FREE-SURFACE EFFECTS A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Purdue University by John F. Newton In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2014 Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my appreciation to my advisor Professor Dennis A. Lyn for his excellent editorial and technical insights and willingness to discuss questions whenever I had them, yet keeping his distance and allowing me to determine the course of my research. Professor Lyn executes well the art of advisorship and allows his students to take ownership of their work. Numerous professors and students have contributed to my dissertation indirectly with their friendship and advice, which has made my graduate studies a pleasurable experience. I would like to acknowledge them and my committee member’s for their positive influence and guidance, and Josh Deno for his early contributions to the flow regime study. Pursuing a Ph.D. is not an individual act but influences those closest to the student, whether by compulsion or freewill. Those closest to me, my wife and children, have willingly sacrificed on my behalf while I engaged in course work and research. They expected nothing in return, knowing that they would receive no compensation, but acted out of love so that I could do something that I enjoy. I am indebted to my children and to my wife, Melissa. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................................ vi LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................vii LIST OF SYMBOLS ........................................................................................................................ xi ABSTRACT.............. ..................................................................................................................... xvii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2. BACKGROUND CONCEPTS .................................................................................. 5 2.1. Open-Channel Flow and Sediment Transport Definitions .....................................5 2.2. Turbulence Concepts .......................................................................................................8 2.3. Laser Doppler Velocimetry ......................................................................................... 12 2.3.1. Dual-Beam Configuration ................................................................................... 20 2.3.2. LDV System Used in this Study .......................................................................... 23 2.4. Photogrammetry............................................................................................................ 25 2.4.1. Mathematical Description of Camera Orientation ........................................ 27 2.4.2. Lens Distortion ...................................................................................................... 31 2.4.3. Camera Calibration ............................................................................................... 32 2.4.4. Creating a 3-D Model............................................................................................ 33 CHAPTER 3. LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................... 36 3.1. Backward-Facing Step Flow Literature ................................................................... 36 3.1.1. Classical Approach ................................................................................................ 36 3.1.2. Open Channel Backward-Facing Step Flow.................................................... 41 3.2. Bi-Stable Flow Regime Literature ............................................................................. 43 3.3. Scour Literature ............................................................................................................. 52 3.3.1. Experimental Parameters Used by Other Authors ....................................... 57 CHAPTER 4. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND METHODOLOGY .......................................... 60 4.1. Experiment Configuration ........................................................................................... 60 4.1.1. Small Flume ............................................................................................................ 60 4.1.2. Large Flume ............................................................................................................ 61 4.1.3. Sediment.................................................................................................................. 64 4.1.4. Backward-Facing Step Setup.............................................................................. 66 iv 4.1.4.1. Non-Erodible Bed ......................................................................................... 67 4.1.4.1.1. Upstream Artificial Bed...................................................................... 67 4.1.4.1.2. Downstream Artificial Bed ................................................................ 70 4.1.4.2. Erodible Bed .................................................................................................. 72 4.2. Measurement Methodology ........................................................................................ 72 4.2.1. Water Surface Elevations .................................................................................... 72 4.2.2. Bed Elevations ....................................................................................................... 73 4.2.3. Velocity Measurements ....................................................................................... 74 4.2.3.1. Traversing System ....................................................................................... 74 4.2.3.1.1. Traverse Coordinate System ............................................................ 76 4.2.3.2. Measurement Criteria ................................................................................. 80 4.2.3.3. Particle Seeding ............................................................................................ 83 4.2.4. LDV Non-Erodible Bed Experimental Procedure.......................................... 83 4.2.5. LDV Erodible Bed Experimental Procedure ................................................... 84 CHAPTER 5. FLOW REGIME ANALYSIS ................................................................................ 87 5.1. Regime Classification .................................................................................................... 87 5.2. Regime Experiments ..................................................................................................... 91 5.2.1. Experimental Procedures ................................................................................... 96 5.3. Regime Analysis ............................................................................................................. 98 5.3.1. Flow Structures with Vertical Drops................................................................ 98 5.3.1.1. Submerged Slot Jets ..................................................................................... 98 5.3.1.2. Free-Surface Flow off an Abrupt Vertical Drop ..................................103 5.3.1.2.1. Subcritical Upstream Flow ..............................................................107 5.3.1.2.2. Long Broad-Crested Weirs ..............................................................108 5.3.1.2.3. Supercritical Upstream Flow ..........................................................110 5.3.1.2.4. Vertical Drop Structures with Large H /L ...................................111 5.3.2. Flow Structures with Non-Vertical Drops ....................................................118
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