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Rehabilitation of National Route R61 (Section 3, Km 24.2 to Km 75) Between Cradock and Tarkastad, Eastern Cape

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Rehabilitation of National Route R61 (Section 3, Km 24.2 to Km 75) Between Cradock and Tarkastad, Eastern Cape PALAEONTOLOGICAL HERITAGE STUDY: COMBINED DESKTOP AND FIELD-BASED ASSESSMENT Rehabilitation of National Route R61 (Section 3, km 24.2 to km 75) between Cradock and Tarkastad, Eastern Cape John E. Almond PhD (Cantab.) Natura Viva cc, PO Box 12410 Mill Street, Cape Town 8010, RSA [email protected] February 2013 1. SUMMARY The South African National Roads Agency Limited (SANRAL) is proposing to rehabilitate Section 3 of the National Route R61 (km 24.2 to km 75) between Cradock and Tarkastad, Eastern Cape. The project involves widening of the roadway and of all stormwater structures along the route. Road material is to be sourced from five new or existing borrow pits and one hard rock quarry. A Phase 1 palaeontological heritage assessment for the road project has been commissioned by Arcus GIBB (Pty) Ltd in accordance with the requirements of the National Heritage Resources Act (Act 25 of 1999). Section 3 of the R61 traverses the outcrop area of continental sedimentary rocks of the Upper Beaufort Group (Tarkastad Subgroup, Karoo Supergroup) of Early to Middle Triassic age. These are cut and baked by numerous dolerite intrusions of the Karoo Dolerite Suite of Early Jurassic age. Towards Cradock (Graaff-Reinet and Middelburg 1: 250 000 sheet areas) the sedimentary bedrocks belong to the sandstone-dominated Katberg Formation that was deposited in arid braided fluvial settings following the catastrophic end-Permian mass extinction event. Further east towards Tarkastad (Queenstown and King William’s Town 1: 250 000 sheet areas) the sedimentary bedrocks are assigned to the slightly younger Burgersdorp Formation comprising recessive-weathering reddish mudrocks and braided river channel sandstones. Both these rock successions are of considerable palaeontological interest in view of their rich fossil biotas of terrestrial mammal-like reptiles and other vertebrate groups as well as trace fossils (e.g. vertebrate burrows) that record the recovery of life on land following the end-Permian extinction. These fossil assemblages are assigned to the Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus Assemblage Zones and are best known from the Main Karoo Basin of South Africa. Bedrock exposure of the Tarkastad sediments along Section 3 of the R61 is generally poor and strongly biased towards road cuttings through more resistant-weathering sandstone packages as well as baked sediments adjacent to dolerite intrusions. Potentially fossiliferous mudrock successions are poorly represented. This applies especially to the more recessive-weathering Burgersdorp Formation, of which very few informative exposures were seen along the study route. Some of the road cuttings through the Katberg Formation (e.g. at km 38 and 41.6) and the Burgersdorp Formation (e.g. at km 70.6) are of sedimentological interest, and this would undoubtedly apply to the future widened cuttings as well. No vertebrate or plant body fossils were observed within the Tarkastad Subgroup rocks, which appear to be at most very sparsely fossiliferous along the study route. Few well-developed palaeosol (ancient soil) horizons marked by pedogenic calcrete nodules, with which vertebrate fossils are often associated, were seen here. The only palaeontological remains recorded within the Tarkastad Subgroup bedrocks along Section 3 of the R61 were small invertebrate burrows – possibly the arthropod trace fossil 1 John E. Almond (2013) Natura Viva cc Katbergia - within mudrocks at one site (km 38) as well as possible large vertebrate burrows within overbank mudrocks at km 41.6. These Katburg Formation trace fossils are quite common and of fairly low heritage significance so no special conservation measures are proposed here. Good examples of large, shallowly inclined, sand- or mud-infilled vertebrate burrows excavated into the Katberg mudrocks are well seen in a road cutting close to Cradock (km 18.9), but this important, well-known locality lies some 5 km west of the present study area. Late Caenozoic gravelly, silty and sandy alluvial deposits observed within river and stream banks en route are generally of low palaeontological sensitivity and no fossil or subfossil material was recorded therein. All of the five proposed borrow pit sites (BP1-BP5) as well as the proposed new hard rock quarry (HRQ1) are underlain by Karoo dolerite intrusions and are of no palaeontological heritage significance. The dolerite in some cases is deeply weathered to yield resistant, rounded corestones embedded in friable sabunga. Adjacent sedimentary country rocks have been baked to quartzites and hornfels, seriously compromising their fossil heritage potential. No fossils were observed within these thermally metamorphosed country rocks. It is concluded that the proposed upgrade of Section 3 of the R61 between Cradock and Tarkastad - including the proposed borrow pit and quarry excavations as well as modifications to stormwater structures - is of LOW palaeontological heritage significance. Pending the discovery of substantial new fossils during before or during development, no further specialist studies or mitigation in this respect are considered necessary for this road project. Should substantial fossil remains be exposed during construction, however, such as vertebrate bones and teeth, plant-rich fossil lenses or dense fossil burrow assemblages, the Environmental Control Officer should safeguard these, preferably in situ, and alert ECPHRA (i.e. The Eastern Cape Provincial Heritage Resources Authority. Contact details: Mr Sello Mokhanya, 74 Alexander Road, King Williams Town 5600; [email protected]) as soon as possible so that appropriate action (e.g. recording, sampling or collection) can be taken by a professional palaeontologist. These recommendations should be incorporated into the Environmental Management Plan for the road project. 2. OUTLINE OF DEVELOPMENT The South African National Roads Agency Limited (SANRAL) is proposing to rehabilitate Section 3 of the National Route R61 (km 24.2 to km 75) between Cradock and Tarkastad, Eastern Cape (Fig. 1). The project involves widening of the roadway by ± 5 m and also of all river or stream crossing structures along the route. These last comprise seven bridges (two to be raised by 1.5 m), six culverts and one pipe. All proposed roadworks will take place within the existing road reserve, with the exception of minor realigned sectors which will encroach onto farmland. Road material is to be sourced from five new or existing borrow pits and one hard rock quarry. The present combined desktop and field-based palaeontological heritage assessment has been commissioned by Arcus GIBB (Pty) Ltd as part of the Basic Assessment of the proposed road development, in accordance with the requirements of the National Heritage Resources Act (Act 25 of 1999), and will also contribute to environmental management plans for the borrow pits and hard rock quarry developments (Contact details: Dr Norbert Klages, 2nd Floor, Greyville House, Cnr Greyville & Cape Rd, Greenacres, Port Elizabeth 6045; PO Box 63703, Greenacres 6057; Tel: (041) 392 7500; Fax: 041 363 9300; Email: [email protected]). 2 John E. Almond (2013) Natura Viva cc Fig. 1. Google Earth© satellite image of the study area between Cradock and Tarkastad, Eastern Cape, showing the route of the R61 and the approximate locations of the five borrow pit sites (BP1 – BP5) and one hard rock quarry (HRQ1). Section 3 of the R61 (c. 50 km long) extends approximately from the BP1 marker eastwards to Tarkastad. 3 John E. Almond (2013) Natura Viva cc 2.1. National Heritage Resources Act The extent of the proposed development (over 5000 m2 or linear development of over 300m) falls within the requirements for a Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) as required by Section 38 (Heritage Resources Management) of the South African National Heritage Resources Act (Act No. 25 of 1999). The various categories of heritage resources recognised as part of the National Estate in Section 3 of the National Heritage Resources Act include, among others: geological sites of scientific or cultural importance palaeontological sites palaeontological objects and material, meteorites and rare geological specimens Minimum standards for the palaeontological component of heritage impact assessment reports have been developed by SAHRA (2013). 2.2. Approach used for this palaeontological study The brief for the present palaeontological specialist study as defined by Arcus GIBB is as follows: A phase one palaeontological impact assessment is to be undertaken and must address the following: Assess each borrow pit and quarry site identified by the project engineers. On the R61 a total of 5 borrow pits and 1 hard rock quarry have been identified by the engineers. Areas where existing road cuttings are to be widened it must be assessed whether any heritage resources are likely to be affected or encroached upon. Where applicable, recommendations for the conservation of identified heritage resources are to be included. This report provides a basic assessment of the observed or inferred palaeontological heritage within the Cradock – Tarkastad study area, with recommendations for any specialist palaeontological mitigation where this is considered necessary. The report is based on (1) a review of the relevant scientific literature, (2) geological maps, (3) previous palaeontological heritage assessments for other developments in the Karoo region (e.g. Almond 2010, 2011), (4) the author’s field experience with the formations concerned and their palaeontological heritage, and (5) a two-day field
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