ASSISTED VOLUNTARY RETURN AND REINTEGRATION

At a Glance 2015

International Organization for Migration (IOM) Organisation internationale pour les migrations (OIM) Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (OIM) IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration, advance understanding of migration issues, encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants.

Acknowledgements

The authors Laurence Hart, Nicola Graviano and Susanne Klink, would like to thank IOM colleagues Sheree Anderson, Julie Bauer, Michele Bombassei, Rosilyne Borland, Sacha Chan Kam, Patrice Cluzant, Sarah Craggs, Yitna Getachew, Agueda Marín, Jonathan Martens, Anh Nguyen, Irina Todorova, and all the IOM colleagues in the field for their valuable contributions to this document.

For further information, please contact [email protected]

Publisher: International Organization for Migration 17, Route des Morillons 1211 Geneva 19 SWITZERLAND Tel.: +41 22 717 91 11 Fax.: +41 22 798 61 50 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.iom.int

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© 2015 International Organization for Migration (IOM)

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Foreword

At the core of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) is the objective of ensuring the orderly and humane management of all types of migration and enhancing international cooperation on migration issues. Based on the principle that, if well managed, migration can be beneficial for all, including migrants, countries of origin, transit and destination, IOM provides assistance to different kinds of migrants in need, both with a regular and an irregular status.

IOM has developed Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration (AVRR) programmes worldwide as a humane and dignified tool to support migrants who are unwilling or unable to stay in a host country and wish to return voluntarily to their country of origin or a third country where they have a permanent residence permit. Through increasing partnerships with government and non- government stakeholders as well as other international organizations IOM has increased its expertise and reach of AVRR programmes, effectively assisting more than 1.3 million migrants since 1979.

It is with great pleasure that we present the AVRR at a Glance publication capturing information for 2014. The Migrant Assistance Division of the Department of Migration Management, in collaboration with the respective Regional Thematic Specialists in the Regional Offices and IOM colleagues in the field, have put together the AVRR at a Glance 2015 to illustrate how the Organization has worked in the past year to help migrants return and reintegrate with respect and dignity, and to support governments around the globe develop adequate and humane voluntary return and reintegration programmes.

This report gives a broad overview of IOM’s AVRR trends, developments and related activities in 2014 with a breakdown of summary statistics on a regional and country level. Through years of AVRR project implementation, IOM has seen the need for specialized assistance to certain particularly vulnerable groups among the returnees. In an effort to support practitioners in integrating these specific needs into AVRR programmes, a section outlining IOM’s approach is included. Furthermore, this report intends to emphasize the innovative and effective approaches applied globally and in each region with respect to preparing for and supporting migrants’ reintegration in their countries and societies of origin.

We hope that through highlighting the Organization’s work, trends and successful approaches in the field, AVRR at a Glance 2015 will contribute to further progress in the area of assisted voluntary return and reintegration.

Bernd Hemingway Laurence Hart Director, Department of Migration Management Head, Migrant Assistance Division IOM Headquarters IOM Headquarters Overview

In 2014, Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration (AVRR) programmes globally required the direct involvement of 70 International Organization for Migration (IOM) offices in host countries and 170 countries of origin to assist 43,786 migrants to voluntarily return and reintegrate. This represents a slight decrease in comparison to 2013, where IOM assisted 46,233 migrants to return to their countries of origin in a humane and dignified manner.

Chart 1: Overview of AVRR assisted migrants, countries of origin and countries of destination in 2013 and 2014 2013 2014

46,233 43,786 Migrants Assisted Migrants Assisted

70 70 Host Countries Host Countries

166 170 Countries of Origin Countries of Origin

22% 23% Migrant Children Migrant Children 4 Assisted Assisted 29% 32% Female Migrants Female Migrants Assisted Assisted

Chart 2 shows the numbers of AVRR beneficiaries globally over a 10-year period, from 2005 to 2014. It is clear that AVRR cases had a spike in 2009. However, AVRR cases had been increasing again steadily since 2012 until the slight dip in 2014. At a glance 2015

Chart 2: Overview of AVRR between 2005 and 2014

60,000

50,000

40,000

30,000

20,000

10,000

0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

As seen below in chart 3, most of the AVRR beneficiaries (85 per cent) were returning from the European Economic Area (EEA). Since the inception of AVRR programmes, the EEA has consistently assisted the highest number of beneficiaries. The next most popular host regions were Middle East and North Africa (MENA), Asia and the Pacific and Central America, North America and the Caribbean.

Breakdown by Region

Chart 3: Overview of host regions for AVRR worldwide in 2014

1% 1% <1% <1%

European Economic Area 3% 4% Middle East and North Africa 6%

Asia and the Pacific

Central America, North America and the Caribbean Eastern and Horn of Africa 5

Eastern and Southern East Europe and Central Asia Central and Western Africa

South America 85%

Chart 4 shows that although returnee numbers remained high, an overall dip of approximately 5 per cent was felt mostly by the EEA. However, there were also important shifts in caseloads among the other host regions.

Chart 4: Comparison of voluntary returns by host region between 2013 and 2014

45,000 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 2013 5,000 2014 0 European Middle Asia and Central Eastern Eastern Central South Economic East and the Pacific America, and Horn and and America Area North North of Africa Southern Western Africa America East Africa and the Europe Caribbean and Central Asia

Chart 5 shows that there was an almost 20 per cent increase in voluntary returns from the MENA region while there was an almost 10 per cent decrease of returns from Asia and the Pacific and a drop of approx. 40 per cent from Central America, North America and the Caribbean. There was a considerable increase in returns from countries in Eastern and Southern Africa (specifically from the United Republic of to other countries in this region).

6 At a glance 2015

Chart 5: Comparison of voluntary returns by host region between 2013 and 2014 (excluding the EEA)

3,000

2,500

2,000

1,500 2013 2014 1,000

500

0 Middle East and Asia and the Central America, Eastern and Horn Eastern and Central and South America North Africa Pacific North America of Africa Southern East Western Africa and the Europe and Caribbean Central Asia

Just as in 2013, the largest numbers of AVRR beneficiaries (47 per cent) returned to Eastern and Southern East Europe or Central Asia. This showed an increase in returnees of 7 per cent in comparison to the other regions of return. Asia and the Pacific remained the second most represented region of origin although it saw a decrease in the proportion of AVRR activities vis a vis the other regions. This can be seen in chart 6.

Chart 6: Voluntary returns by region of origin in 2014

Beneficiaries by Region of Origin

1% 1% Eastern and Southern East Europe and Central Asia 4% 5% Asia and the the Pacific

5% Middle East and North Africa

6% Central and Western Africa 47% 7 South America 7%

European Economic Area

Eastern and Horn of Africa 24%

Central America, North America and the Caribbean

Southern Africa Chart 7 gives a summary of the 3 most important AVRR corridors for 2014. The top host region, which includes the EU member states along with Norway and Switzerland, has significant numbers of voluntary returnees to Eastern and South-East Europe and Central Asia. The next two most important regions of origin are Asia and the Pacific and MENA.

Chart 7: Top 3 Regions of origin for AVRR from the top 3 host regions in 2014

Asia and SEE/EEC the Pacific 55% 78%

Asia and the EEA Pacific Asia and MENA EEA MENA the Pacific 7% 23% 6% 10%

Central & West Africa 56%

MENA Eastern and MENA Horn of 3% Africa 37%

It is interesting to note that for Asia and the Pacific, the majority of the returnees flows are within the region. This is indicative of the transit status of some countries and mirrors the importance 8 of south–south migration for this region. Experience from IOM project implementation suggests that an increasing share of these movements is constituted by mixed flows of migrants moving for economic reasons and in need of international protection.

Chart 8 shows the top 10 host countries conducting AVRR programmes with IOM. The top host countries stayed relatively the same as in 2013 with most of them being member states of the EEA. Germany, , Belgium and Austria continued to rank among the 5 largest caseloads of AVRR in 2014. At a glance 2015

Breakdown by Country

Chart 8: Top 10 host countries for AVRR in 2014

16,000

13,574 14,000

12,000

10,000

7,357 8,000

6,000

3,459 4,000 2,299 2,269 1,622 1,463 2,000 1,244 889 867

0

Chart 9 illustrates that most of the top host countries saw a decrease in the number of AVRRs in 2014 except for Germany and Spain where there were increases of 32% and 17% respectively.

Chart 9: Comparison overview of top 10 host countries for AVRR in 2013 and 2014

16,000

14,000

12,000

10,000

8,000 2013 9 6,000 2014

4,000

2,000

0 Similarly, the major countries of origin were mostly the same in 2014 as in 2013. This can be seen in charts 10 and 11. The major changes were that replaced as the county receiving the most AVRR beneficiaries while and saw decreases in assisted voluntary returns such that they were no longer among the top 10 countries. Instead, and saw a spike in returns and entered the top 10 countries of origin at the 6th and 8th positions respectively.

Chart 10: Top 10 countries of origin for AVRR in 2014

5,000 4,570 4,538 4,500

4,000 3,860

3,500

3,000 2,387 2,500

2,000 1,874 1,610 1,546 1,511 1,334 1,500 1,304

1,000

500

0

* This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSCR 1244/1999 and the ICJ Opinion on the declaration of independence.

10 At a glance 2015

Chart 11: Comparative overview of top 10 countries of origin for AVRR in 2014 and 2013

6,000

5,000

4,000

3,000

2,000 2013 2014 1,000

0

* This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSCR 1244/1999 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence.

Mirroring the decreases in the AVRR cases from the host countries, most of the top countries of origin saw declines in returning migrants in 2014. This does not include Serbia, , Ethiopia and Bosnia and Herzegovina which saw increases of 16 per cent, 62 per cent, 197 per cent and 62 per cent in returnees respectively. Kosovo* was the only country that essentially saw no change in the number of returnees between 2013 and 2014.

Almost 90 per cent of the returnees to Serbia were from Germany, followed by Austria and other EEA countries. The composition of host countries is similar for the Russian Federation, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. On the other hand, 83 per cent of Pakistan’s nationals returned voluntarily from Greece and . Georgia and have similar AVRR passages. In the case of Ethiopia, such a huge increase in AVRR activities may be related to the changing policies towards irregular migrants particularly in in late 2013. This left many migrants en route to and from Saudi Arabia stranded in whose role as a transit country is further explored later in the report. 11 The IOM glossary (2011) defines country of transit as “the country through which migratory flows move”. Nevertheless, many migrants, especially those migrating irregularly, often cannot continue their journey for a variety of reasons and instead become stranded in the transit country. In this context, transit and destination countries are not always clearly distinguishable1. The following charts show the trends in 2014 for the major countries of transit which include , , , , Yemen, and Turkey. Chart 12 shows the top transit countries in 2014.

1 For instance, while Morocco is also a country of destination and of origin, it is included in this report among transit countries as it shares many common characteristics with other transit countries. Chart 12: Top 10 AVRR Transit Countries in 2014

1,400

1,158 1,200

1,000

827 800

589 561 600 495

400

218 173 200 99 68 25 0 MOROCCO YEMEN TANZANIA, INDONESIA TURKEY LIBYA EGYPT TUNISIA INDIA MEXICO UNITED REPUBLIC

Five of the top 10 transit countries listed here are from MENA which is an indication of the region as a major passage for migrants trying to reach Europe and other host regions. Through providing direct assistance to migrants, IOM has noted that there is a significant and growing need to assist stranded, desperate and detained migrants in the region who are unable or unwilling to continue their journey and would like to return to their country of origin. The position of the United Republic of Tanzania, as the transit country with the third largest caseload of returnees shows its significance as a migration corridor between Southern Africa and the Horn and Great Lakes region.

Chart 13: Comparative overview of top 10 countries of transit in 2014 and 2013

1,400

1,200

1,000

12 800

2013 600 2014

400

200

0 MOROCCO YEMEN TANZANIA, INDONESIA TURKEY LIBYA EGYPT TUNISIA INDIA MEXICO UNITED REPUBLIC At a glance 2015

Chart 13 compares the number of cases in each of these countries between 2013 and 2014. Morocco and Yemen had more than 100 per cent increases in their AVRR activities. As mentioned before, policy changes in other countries have left many migrants stranded and in need of assistance in Yemen which has sparked increases in the number of AVRR activities in the country. Similarly, the United Republic of Tanzania went from having almost no returns in 2013 to almost 600 in 2014 which is linked to the increasing acceptance of AVRR as a viable solution to irregular migration and increases in the number of migrants from the Horn and Great Lakes Regions who use the United Republic of Tanzania as a transit country to Southern Africa but often get intercepted en route. Most other countries in the list saw the numbers of AVRR beneficiaries decrease. In particular, Libya assisted less than half the number of migrants in returning than it did the year before which is due to the volatile state the nation is facing which makes it more difficult to conduct the due process of AVRR activities.

Below, chart 14 shows the main countries of origin to which AVRR beneficiaries return from transit countries.

Chart 14: Top 10 countries of origin for AVRR from transit countries in 2014

4,000 3,548 3,500

3,000

2,500

2,000 1,509 1,500 1,091 976 1,000 783 547 444 500 390 315 302

0

* This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSCR 1244/1999 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence. 13 Chart 15 compares the numbers of returnees to these countries between 2013 and 2014. While the total number of AVRR beneficiaries was lower, returns to Bangladesh, , Iraq, Kosovo*, and Egypt were higher than in 2013.

Chart 15: Comparative overview of top 10 countries of origin for AVRR from transit countries

6,000

5,000

4,000

3,000 2013 2,000 2014

1,000

0

* This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSCR 1244/1999 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence.

Breakdown by Demographics

In the administration of its AVRR programmes, IOM’s strategy is geared towards tailoring assistance to the specific profile of each migrant and to address possible vulnerabilities that migrants may face. The following charts offer summary statistics on AVRR cases with regards to gender and age, which are important elements to consider when deciding on the kind of assistance to be provided. Chart 16 illustrates that 68 per cent of the 2014 AVRR beneficiaries were male while 32 per cent were female. This figure indicates a 3 percentage point increase in assistance to female migrants from 2013 and an almost 10 percentage point increase from 2012. 14 At a glance 2015

Chart 16: Beneficiaries by gender in 2014

32% female

male

68%

Chart 17 shows that in 2014, 23 per cent of all assisted returnees were children. Following the 11 percentage point increase in the number of migrant children assisted in voluntarily returning to their countries of origin between 2012 (11 per cent) and 2013 (22 per cent), there was a slight increase in this figure for 2014. This trend may partly be linked to an increasing number of projects geared towards helping unaccompanied migrant children to return home based on the results of the Best Interest Determination (BID).

Chart 17: Beneficiaries by age in 2014

Beneficiaries by Age

23% 15 Children Adults

77% Developments in 2014 Reintegration – Effective approaches2

Reintegration is a fundamental though challenging aspect in return Reintegration migration. Preserving migrants’ rights, ensuring their protection and — Effective approaches — well-being and contributing to local development while enhancing the reintegration perspectives of the individual, are vital areas of SUSTAINABLE IOM’s engagement. Enabling migrants to re-establish themselves in the society of their country of origin and empowering them to participate in social, cultural, economic and political life again should be the aim of reintegration assistance in order for the return COMPLEMENTARY to be successful. While there is a growing understanding among MEASURABLE stakeholders that the reintegration process needs to be supported in order to be successful, the means of doing this differ widely. BALANCED INNOVATIVE

The IOM paper on “Reintegration – Effective approaches” thus provides a snapshot of the current debate around reintegration and portrays various positions and practices that can support practitioners and academics in making further progress. © IOM 2010

In particular, the paper argues for the importance of reintegration being sustainable, measurable, balanced, complementary and innovative. It indicates principles and practices for meeting these parameters, while at the same time highlighting that there is no one-size-fits-all solution. In fact, approaches need to be based on the local context and the profile of each migrant. A balanced approach is therefore very much needed to ensure that the assistance provided is meaningful to the returnee and addresses his or her basic needs. This is especially important for returnees in a vulnerable situation such as unaccompanied migrant children, trafficked persons and persons with health-related needs, among others. Furthermore, considering the national and local context is crucial to ensure reintegration assistance can be effective and activities match the reality on the ground. In some countries, institutions may provide specialized assistance for people returning back to the home country. Also, local, national or international development projects might already be in place, 16 responding to some of the challenges migrants face in their reintegration process. A complementary approach is therefore essential as well. Through innovative ideas, such as partnerships with countries of origin, the private sector, foundations, developments actors and the diaspora, reintegration projects may provide a more comprehensive response, better address root causes of migration and adapt to new challenges of return migration. Last but not least, to achieve sustainable reintegration, the returnee should actively participate in his/her reintegration process and assistance should cover economic, social and psychosocial dimensions through adequate training, counselling, networking and financial support, while mitigating possible security risks and allowing for sufficient timeto readapt.

2 Available in English, Spanish and French from http://www.iom.int/reintegration-effective-approaches. At a glance 2015

AVRR and Vulnerable Groups

Addressing the specific needs of vulnerable migrants, which may be related to psychosocial reintegration, medical treatment, education, security concerns and self-sufficiency among others is vital in order to enhance reintegration prospects these of returnees. In addition to the regular AVRR assistance, IOM thus introduced specific projects or project components to ensure a more comprehensive approach for vulnerable groups. As shown in chart 18, of the total AVRR caseload for 2014, 4 per cent received specialized assistance based on their vulnerability as trafficked persons, unaccompanied migrant child or migrant with health related needs.

Chart 18: Assistance to vulnerable groups as a percentage of total AVRR in 2014

Assistance to Vulnerable Groups as a Percentage of Total AVRR 2.5%

2.0%

1.5%

1.0%

0.5%

0.0% Trafficked persons Unaccompanied Migrant Health‐related needs Children

17 While IOM is promoting a targeted approach based on the specific needs of each individual, in general assistance to the different vulnerable groups includes the following additional components:

Unaccompanied Migrant Children (UMCs): AVRR assistance can only be provided after a determination of a child’s best interests (BID) stating that it is in the best interest of the UMC to return. As a rule, once IOM assists an unaccompanied minor, at least 18 months of socioeconomic assistance and follow-up should be provided to foster sustainable reintegration and avoid UMCs to become vulnerable and potentially face the risks of irregular remigration, exploitation and possible abuse. More and more, IOM is also assisting older UMCs in their efforts to become self-sufficient by providing vocational training, job placements or assistance for setting up a business. Assistance is usually not focused on the child only but also involves the family and closer community thus providing a more comprehensive approach.

Migrants with health-related needs: Potential returnees must be determined fit to travel and to make a competent and informed decision regarding their return. Access to affordable medical services and medical treatment on a permanent basis in the country of origin is vital to ensure health needs are addressed. This may be best realized through referrals to existing health and social services.

Trafficked Persons: In the case of trafficked persons, security concerns must be dealt with in terms of avoiding re-trafficking and potential for stigmatization. For this reason, IOM partners with counter- trafficking entities in the receiving country to conduct mandatory risk assessments before return and encourages monitoring of the returnee for at least six months after the return. Also, psychosocial assistance is vital to address traumas and to facilitate a re-inclusion of the VoTs in the community while at the same time addressing protection needs. In sum, the issues of autonomy and security are generally complex so IOM and its partners aim to take a flexible approach that is sensitive to individual cases.

18 © IOM 2011 At a glance 2015

Chart 19: Types of assistance as percentage of total vulnerable migrants in 2014

Breakdown of AVRR for Vulnerable Groups

Trafficked persons 17%

Health‐related Unaccompanied needs Migrant Children 55% 28%

There may however be additional vulnerabilities which do not fall under the above-mentioned categories. A flexible approach towards reintegration assistance allowing for targeting reintegration activities to the migrant profile, his/her specific needs to the local context is thus fundamental to enhance reintegration prospects.

19 Regions in Focus

Asia and the Pacific

The Asia and the Pacific region is home to more than half the world’s population, and is characterized by dynamic and diverse migration patterns. While the region sees significant regular migration many migrants also move through irregular migration channels where migration policies are not sufficiently adapted to the dynamics of labour supply and demand between countries. Someof these irregular flows are also driven by natural disasters, and political instability, and the region continues to host the largest number of asylum-seekers in the world. There are, for example, 2.7 million Afghan in Pakistan and the Islamic Republic of alone.3 In this context, IOM AVRR activities are an integral component of migration management, and IOM works closely with its government and non-government partners to ensure that projects respond as best as possible to the specific needs of individual migrants and their communities. One such project can be seen in which is one of the top 10 countries of origin in the region as indicated by the chart below.

Chart 20: Top 10 countries of origin in Asia and the Pacific in 2014

4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0

20

3 See IOM Asia and the Pacific regional profile: www.iom.int/asia-and-pacific. At a glance 2015

IOM Project showcase: Sri Lanka

After more than 25 years of conflict ended in 2009, Sri Lanka was left with many families displaced in the North and the East. Coupled with poor economic conditions it has been a major push factor for significant emigration including irregular migration and unfortunate cases of human trafficking. This has created a need for enhanced institutional frameworks for migration management. Thus, IOM along with its partners has supported the government in returning and reintegrating migrant workers, irregular migrants and trafficked persons into their villages of origin. Aside from the individual AVRR assistance, IOM Sri Lanka has endeavored to take a community based approach in 11 different districts to ensure sustainable reintegration as well as the creation of opportunities and dissemination of information to lower the risk of irregular and unsafe (re)migration. The areas selected were highly affected by the previous conflict with many people displaced and many homes and community infrastructure damaged, resulting in losses in livelihood and income generation opportunities. Higher education and training was difficult to achieve in these areas which diminished job opportunities even further. From June 2013 to December 2014, IOM Sri Lanka ran 16 different community development projects funded by the DIBP with over 3000 beneficiaries, 651 of which were youths who were given vocational training with many of them going on to work in hospitality and heavy machines operations. It constituted an effort to provide reintegration assistance with a positive impact on the community as well as individual returnees. 10 projects focused on providing training and institutional capacity building, while s focused on building or renovating physical and economically viable infrastructure. This construction included a food production centre in Kovilvayal which now supports 13 women’s groups in producing and selling food-based products contributing to the efficiency and the profitability of the women’s work in the village.

BALANCED Balanced - community development

21 © IOM 2014 Palmyra based production and selling centre in Mullative District in Northern Sri Lanka. South East Europe, Eastern Europe and Central Asia (SEE/EECA)

The majority of the countries within the SEE/EECA region are at the crossroads of significant mixed migratory movements. Migrants from within, and transiting through, the region are often desperate to reach their final destination (usually the EU), and, in the absence of regular migration routes open to them, are particularly vulnerable to the crimes of trafficking in human beings, migrant smuggling, and exploitation in a broader sense. Consequently, a wide range of people on the move are in need of special protection and assistance including separated and unaccompanied migrant children (UMC).

In this context, providing options for a voluntary, safe and a more dignified return when migrants do not have the option of lawful stay is an integral component of migration management for the SEE/EECA countries, with the Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration programming acquiring increasing importance in the region. Traditionally, many SEE/EECA states are countries of origin for migrants travelling to the EU, Russia, and Turkey and states have extensive experience in assisting returning migrants reintegrate into their home communities. Specifically, in recent years IOM has been paying greater attention to addressing the rising numbers of unaccompanied migrant children as minors make up almost 40% of returnees to the region.

Chart 21: Breakdown of AVRR returnees to SEE/EECA by age group in 2014

343 2%

976 5% 1,527 8% 0–17 yrs

7,086 18–26 yrs 34% 2,762 27–35 yrs 13% 36–44 yrs

45–53 yrs

54–62 yrs 3,964 63–89 yrs 19% 3,932 19% 22

AVRR assistance in both countries of destination and origin needs to be complementary and mutually supportive. Assessing the needs of returnees and tailoring respective reintegration measures is a challenge that requires cooperation among all stakeholders involved. In administering AVRR programmes, ensuring minimum standards in terms of reintegration assistance, whilst also recognizing innovative regional approaches should be continuously fostered. At a glance 2015

IOM Project showcase:

A good example for this joint approach is Albania which faces decreasing emigration and increasing return migration after the financial crisis. An IOM Tirana study revealed in 2008 that Albanians were returning because of the unemployment in destination countries like Italy, Greece, Norway and Belgium. When it also showed that more than 80% of returnees sampled did not receive assistance upon return impeding their reintegration into Albanian society, it was clear that important changes had to be made in the AVRR framework within Albania and in its partnerships with host countries.

By 2010 the government of Albania had approved its Reintegration Strategy for Returning Albanian Citizens with the support of IOM in assessing the nation’s capacity for training the returnees. Strong reintegration and monitoring mechanisms have also been built between IOM Tirana and IOM offices in Oslo, Rome and Brussels. IOM Tirana has been collaborating with IOM Osloas well as Albanian NGO “Different & Equal” on its Vulnerable Groups project since July 1, 2012. For example, it is through this programme that Gëzim4, an unaccompanied minor (turning 18 during the assistance period) returning to Albania from Norway in March 2014 was able to alleviate his family’s constrained financial situation by taking over and successfully running an internet café. As a receiving mission IOM Tirana collects information on the return experiences, the process of the returnee’s reintegration and how/if the reintegration support assisted in re-establishing a lifein Albania. Monitoring reports are conducted periodically between 6 to 12 months after arrival and are carried out in person or by phone when distance/other commitments do not allow for visiting. These reports also include information on challenges in providing reintegration assistance and are shared with the IOM Oslo mission on a regular basis thus allowing the missions to respond to project gaps and further strengthening future AVRR projects.

SUSTAINABLE Sustainable – partnerships

23 © IOM 2014 © IOM 2014 Family tracing and assessment interviews in Tirana. Family tracing and assessment interviews in Tirana.

4 Name changed. European Economic Area

Migration challenges in Europe have reached a scale and complexity that can only be addressed by member countries’ concerted and common action. The pressures on immigration and asylum systems, responding to the needs of migrants in an irregular situation, and the memory of the tragic events of October 2013 in the waters between Libya, and Italy, continue to draw renewed attention to the plight of migrants – including refugees, asylum-seekers, trafficked persons,and unaccompanied children – as they attempt to make their way to Europe. These complex migration flows continue to place significant pressure on the response capacities of Member States at the EU’s southern border with regard to search and rescue at sea, reception, processing asylum claims, responding to the needs of vulnerable groups, and addressing irregular migration through, inter- alia, assisted voluntary return and reintegration programmes.

Activities related to Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration are by far the most predominant area of joint work between EU Member States and IOM missions in the region. With 90 AVRR programmes in the region, in 2014 IOM assisted 36,800 migrants to return from the EU and Norway and Switzerland, with Germany (13,574), Greece (7,120), Belgium (3,459), (2,269) and Austria (2,299) featuring among the top 5 returning countries.

Chart 22: Top 10 host countries in the EEA in 2014

GERMANY GREECE BELGIUM AUSTRIA NETHERLANDS NORWAY SPAIN ITALY 24 HUNGARY 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000

There is a need for harmonization of Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration (AVRR) practices in the EU as well as of more tailored reintegration assistance to enhance the sustainability of returns to these countries, based on a) the individual needs of each migrant and b) on the conditions in the respective countries of origin. Regional reintegration strategies targeting specific countries of origin may help to address this. IOM will thus be implementing two regional projects, in Morocco, , Tunisia and Nigeria. At a glance 2015

IOM Project showcase: Nigeria

Nigeria has had a stable yet modest number of returns from Europe over the years. However, through evaluations of the return and reintegration programme, IOM has noted the need for increasingly tailored reintegration packages to suit the various returnee profiles (particularly the vulnerable groups). Furthermore, the varied reintegration packages offered and the high cost of living in Nigeria present significant challenges to sustainable and consistent reintegration activities. The “Strengthening the delivery of reintegration assistance to returning Nigerian migrants from Europe under the auspices of AVRR programmes” project therefore supports national AVRR programmes by providing additional grants to about 450 returnees mainly from Austria, Italy, Malta, Ireland, Germany and Greece. Funded by the EU, the project was launched in October 2014 and IOM seeks to touch on 4 other milestones by 2016. Firstly, engaging stakeholders in Nigeria to offer more income-generating activities (especially for vulnerable groups) will result in an informational booklet mapping of employment services, institutional capacity as well as market gaps. Secondly, the project plans to launch an information campaign on reintegration geared towards to the Nigerian diaspora, leading to more engagement in the return process and testimonials of past beneficiaries. The third milestone involves the provision of training on the formalities and technical needs of business startup. Finally, IOM will work with local Nigerian actors to strengthen the procedures for assisting the most vulnerable returnees by developing Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), performance indicators of quality of reintegration, risk assessment instruments as well as monitoring and evaluation tools.

Morocco, Tunisia and Senegal feature among the top 10 Countries of Origin from the African continent and returns under national AVRR programmes implemented by IOM to these three countries have been relatively constant over the last few years, with countries such as Greece, Italy, and Belgium featuring amongst regular sending countries. Based on the figures, the “Enhancing the sustainability of reintegration schemes for migrants returning to Morocco, Tunisia and Senegal from the ” project aims to assist an additional 250 migrants on top of the existing 617 who are being assisted under the national AVRR programmes. After negotiations were finalized in 2014, the project was launched in January 2015 to be managed by IOM Rome and also funded by the EU. In addition to similar objectives as the Nigeria AVRR Project, it also includes a more interregional aspect. IOM will enhance more coordination amongst stakeholders by harmonizing surveys and SOPs (specifically for monitoring) in all countries involved. The project will aim at deepening cross country cooperation in pre-departure counselling and a technical meeting will take place in Brussels to discuss the lessons learnt from all the missions involved.

Both projects will last 18 months and will serve as a means of testing regional reintegration approaches. 25

Innovative – Regional cooperation INNOVATIVE Middle East and North Africa

In recent years, North Africa has increasingly become one of the main transit regions for migrants attempting to cross the Mediterranean Sea to reach Europe. Libya specifically continues to represent a critical departure point for migrants. Previously a country of transit and destination, many migrant workers are seeking to leave the country due to continued insecurity in Libya. Others end up stranded in transit unable to return home or continue on, especially if they are irregular migrants. Generally IOM’s AVRR programmes in such situations need to be broad based and involve local and national actors in response to the needs of the migrants. Thanks to previous IOM advocacy, Libya implemented a start-up AVRR programme in 2006 alongside several EU–funded programmes led by IOM. AVRR services were unfortunately interrupted by the Arab Spring of 2011 and despite IOM being able to resume AVRR in 2013, voluntary returns are again impacted by a second wave of insecurity in 2014–2015. Many migrants are subject to indefinite detention or and discrimination and create additional competition for low-skilled work. It is therefore essential that assistance options remain available for migrants stranded in Libya, covering conflict and stabilization periods within the country.

Chart 23: Top 5 Host countries in MENA in 2014

MOROCCO

YEMEN

LIBYA

EGYPT

26 TUNISIA

0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 At a glance 2015

IOM Project showcase: North Africa

The Regional Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration Program for Stranded Migrants in Libya (RAVL) is an AVRR programme implemented by IOM Libya between February 2012 and May 2014. It aimed at resuming AVRR activities to answer a pressing demand from stranded migrants, often kept in detention centres. This EU-funded project aimed to support the return of 790 stranded migrants in Libya and the reintegration of 571 returnees in 17 countries of origin (generally in West and East Africa but also South Asia). Under this programme, IOM provided beneficiaries with assistance to return to their location of origin within their home country (pocket money for the travel and airport assistance), along with financial assistance (in–kind) to support their reintegration (€800). This money could be used by migrants to fund medical assistance, training or to set up micro-businesses. IOM offices in countries of origin were in charge of the reintegration process, with technical and managerial oversight by IOM Libya, the project management site and, where needed, the Regional Migrant Assistance Specialist in IOM Regional Office MENA in Cairo.

Considering the importance of measuring results, the EU and IOM set aside funding for an external evaluation5 of the relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, outcomes and sustainability of RAVL as well as its tools and databases. IOM Libya commissioned Altai Consulting to measure the success of the project and to inform planning for future AVRR programmes in the region. It was found that IOM staff in both sending and receiving missions were fully engaged in the programme and able to provide full assistance to the returnees, but were hampered by a lack of resources and limited reintegration grants. While the effect of the reintegration programme was determined as positive in most cases, additional human and financial resources would have been necessary to deliver longer and more in-depth reintegration assistance. Recommendations included the establishment of transit centres for better psychological support in pre-departure and post arrival as well as increased information sharing between IOM sending and receiving missions and will be considered as more plans are made for AVRR activities in the region.

At the time of writing, due to the security context in Libya, IOM is no longer implementing AVRR services but continues to provide to cases in need. IOM will continue to assess when AVRR programming can resume and continues to offer AVRR for migrants stranded in other countries across North Africa

MEASURABLE Measurable – monitoring and evaluation 27

Prepared by Altai Consulting for IOM | LIBYA - MARCH 2015

EVALUATION OF IOM RAVL Final Report - January 2015

5 If you would like a softcopy of the RAVL evaluation, please contact IOM. Central and North America and the Caribbean

Central America, North America and the Caribbean make up what is arguably the principal region of origin, transit, destination and return of migrants in the world. This region includes: Mexico the country of origin for the world´s largest number of emigrants, Mesoamerica the corridor of the largest flow of migrants in transit worldwide and the United States the country of destination of the largest number of immigrants in the world . In addition, many countries of the region are home to what is perhaps the world´s greatest flow of returning migrants proportional to their total populations. This region has been shaped by migration. While migration has contributed significantly to the region´s development, every day many migrants suffer abuse, discrimination, violence, exploitation, crime and even severe human rights violations.

Many of the migrants who traverse these subregions have an irregular status and are frequently in highly vulnerable conditions. This vulnerability, along with increased levels of insecurity and violence in these subregions, places migrants at a high risk of being exploited, abused, kidnapped, smuggled and trafficked.

AVRR activities have been a priority in the region for many years now. Most important countries of origin both in Central America and the Caribbean receive returning migrants under the auspice of IOM AVRR programmes in Europe and Canada. In 2012, with the support of IOM, all Member States of the Regional Conference on Migration approved a document titled “Guidelines to Design National Public Policies on Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration”. IOM is currently supporting governments at the national level to build public policies to support their returned citizens.

IOM Project Showcase: Canada

The Canada Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration (CAVRR) was launched in 2012 as a pilot in the framework of a larger reform. The programme was open to unsuccessful refugee claimants in and around the Greater Toronto Area and was administered through a partnership between IOM and the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA). The programme continued its activities in 2014, providing assistance to 1244 migrants. The top five countries of return were Hungary, , , and the .

28 Complementary – public policies COMPLEMENTARY for reintegration At a glance 2015

South America

South America has seen important changes in its migration context during the past decade, with increased urbanization and feminization of migration flows, as well as increasing movements to the Southern Cone (, , and ). South America is a region where the migration context is complex and diverse, with countries of origin, destination and transit. Argentina, Brazil and Chile currently attract the most significant numbers of regional migrants, many of whom are labour migrants from Andean countries (Plurinational State of , Colombia, and ) and Paraguay. Emigration of South American nationals to North America (United States and Canada) and Europe (mainly, Spain and Italy) has a long history in the region. The global economic crisis that began in 2008 as well as increased opportunities in some South American countries has contributed to a reduction in emigration to North America and Europe and an increase in return migration. IOM therefore contributes to the national mechanisms for assisted voluntary return and reintegration of migrants who wish to return home, including irregular and stranded migrants as well as those with various vulnerabilities.

Chart 24: Top 10 countries of origin in South America and the gender breakdown in AVRR beneficiaries in 2014

BRAZIL

COLOMBIA

ECUADOR

PLURINATIONAL STATE OF BOLIVIA

PERU Female CHILE Male ARGENTINA

PARAGUAY

SURINAME

BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 29 IOM Project Showcase: Paraguay

Located in the heart of Latin America, Paraguay is working to reduce the levels and consequences of human trafficking faced by its citizens as well as by migrants in transit. In the US Department of State’s 2014 Trafficking in Person’s report, Paraguay is ranked as Tier 2, which means its government is making serious efforts to achieve full compliance with US TVPA (Trafficking Victims Protection Act) minimum standards. According to this report, Paraguay is mainly a source country for trafficked persons to countries in the region such as Argentina, Brazil, Plurinational State of Bolivia, and Uruguay as well as in Europe such as Spain, Italy and Greece. Most frequently, the victims are women and adolescents (with more and more cases involving transgender people).

IOM has therefore taken an active role in the fight against human trafficking and in supporting trafficked persons to piece their lives together afterwards. In collaboration with governmental and non-governmental partners, IOM Paraguay provides AVRR assistance and is actively involved in reintegrating trafficked persons back into their communities. This includes job placement services, advice to support small businesses, and financial assistance. Beneficiaries of the various programmes that IOM Paraguay carries implements with other IOM missions have gone on to open hair salons, bazaars, small shops and fast food restaurants.

On a political scale too, IOM plays a vital role in building counter-trafficking policy through extensive collaboration with local and regional governmental and non-governmental actors. With funding from the Paraguayan Ministry of Women’s Affairs, they implemented the “Consolidation of institutional mechanisms for the attention, prevention, protection and reintegration of women” project. In October 2014, IOM along with the Ministry of Women in Paraguay and the Andean Development Corporation released the Manual for the reintegration of women victims of human trafficking. The manual acts as a strategic guide for all professionals supporting AVRR of trafficked persons. It stresses the connection between the identification of VoTs and catering to their immediate and longer term needs for sustainable reintegration.

BALANCED Balanced – targeted assistance to vulnerable groups

Manual para la reinserción de mujeres afectadas por la Trata de Personas 1 30

Manual para la reinserción de mujeres afectadas por la Trata de Personas At a glance 2015

Knowledge management pilot project in South America

MEASURABLE

Measurable – good practices and lessons learnt

On 4 and 5 November 2014, the Regional IOM Office for South America organized a “Workshop on Reintegration” as part of the IOM knowledge management pilot project in South America.

The reintegration of migrants once they have returned home is a key component in assisted voluntary return and reintegration. However, reintegration is extremely complex, and programmes often face limitations in terms of budget and time that impact the delivery of comprehensive support to the migrants, as well as the ability to measure success and sustainability.

The South American Knowledge Management Pilot Project on Reintegration thus aims to document the vast experience of the Organization in the reintegration of migrants including lessons learned and best practices, as well as to fill the knowledge gaps in this area through the development of a results- based model of the reintegration process. For this purpose, a Working Group was formed in 2014, made up of participants from missions in South America with ample experience in reintegration in the region. The process was informed by a consultative exercise where IOM staff from origin countries in the region determined key elements of the scope of the proposed model. The working group will continue its work throughout 2015.

31 South and Eastern Africa

The nature of migration in East Africa and the Horn of Africa region is complex, with countries in the region simultaneously hosting and assisting internally displaced persons, refugees, returnees, victims of trafficking and labour migrants. The region experiences mixed migration flows originating from or transiting within East Africa or the Horn of Africa. These flows, which include refugees, asylum- seekers, displaced persons, and migrants pursuing family reunification, education, or employment, place a strain on governments in the region as they struggle to cope with the large number of migrants crossing their borders and moving through their countries. The children, men, and women making up these migrant flows frequently resort to unsafe modes of transportation and smuggling networks during their journey, exposing themselves to injury, violence, detention, exploitation and abuse. This complex situation has forced IOM missions in the region to employ increasingly innovative and collaborative projects in assisting migrants who would like to return home.

IOM Project Showcase: Tanzania

MEASURABLE

Measurable – good practices and lessons learnt

The United Republic of Tanzania borders eight countries with different levels of economic and political stability and has experienced mixed migration flows for decades. These include Ethiopians and Somalis from the northern and eastern borders of and and from the western borders with , and the Democratic . Migrants also enter from the southern borders, and . Therefore, it has been important to prioritise assistance to stranded and irregular migrants in the country. IOM has been working with the Government of The United Republic of the United Republic of Tanzania to more effectively manage the mixed migration flows that the country faces by taking an approach that would meet national priorities and respect humanitarian principles and due process. 32 With funding from the Government of Japan, in 2014 IOM Dar es Salaam started the implementation of the “Voluntary Return Assistance to Migrants in Tanzania” 9-month project. Its purpose was to provide direct AVRR assistance as a humane alternative to deportation to the most vulnerable migrants and to work on capacity-building with the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania to better handle mixed migration flows and return migration. The project also aimed to facilitate dialogue between four origin, transit and destination countries (Ethiopia, Kenya, and the United Republic of Tanzania) to create opportunities for coordination and collaboration on regional and national migration challenges. At a glance 2015

In 2014, the project provided AVRR to 196 migrants, including disbursement of reintegration cash grants, family tracing and reunification for UMCs and transport to their villages. This operation also benefited from funding from the US Bureau for Population, Refugees and Migrants (PRM) under the “Addressing Irregular Migration Flows in Southern Africa” project.

The cooperation with local government actors in the receiving country was complemented by AVRR training for migration professionals in an effort to enhance institutional capacity. In August 2014, IOM in cooperation with the African Capacity Building Centre (ACBC) and the Tanzania Regional Immigration Training Academy (TRITA) carried out a workshop in humanitarian migration management for 80 Tanzanian immigration officers. During the workshop, IOM provided special training on mixed migration flows in the United Republic of Tanzania, legal frameworks and best practices in handling counter-trafficking and vulnerable cases to ensure a comprehensive response. © IOM 2014 Group of Ethiopian Returnees awaiting their departure at Dar es Salaam Airport with IOM and immigration staff

33 West and Central Africa

West and Central Africa has strong migratory vocation, with extremely relevant migration flows within and outside of the Region. Such flows are characterized by a high level of informality and typically present circular dynamics linked to seasonal work schemes. During their journey, migrants can face different challenges that severely increase their level of vulnerability and expose them to possible exploitative and abusive episodes. This is even more evident for specific groups such as Unaccompanied Migrant Children, women, single mothers, etc. Moreover beneficiaries move within the so called mixed migration flows. In this context, the usual distinction between transit and destination countries becomes extremely blurry and this imposes the need to adapt existing assistance tools to the specificity of each case and the also traditional IOM tools –such as AVRR- have to reflect such need.

One of the aspects that still require a more focused intervention is the protection and assistance to migrants moving within the Region: very often in fact they find themselves in dire straight and the assistance that IOM can provide is very often relying on the availability of emergency funds that do not allow for a more structured, long term response.

Chart 25: The major host countries for AVRR beneficiaries in West and Central Africa in 2014

6% 9% 34% 14% 17% 20% 34 At a glance 2015

IOM Project Showcase: West Africa

Since 2012, IOM , funded by the Government of Canada has partnered with West African governmental actors, NGOs and UNHCR to assist the governments in dealing with the irregular and stranded migrants in its borders. In large part, this has involved return and reintegration assistance from the West African region to Sri Lanka. The main activities include: 1) migrant screening and humanitarian support, 2) direct assistance, 3) enhance international cooperation with third country authorities and increased capacity-building in the area of counter-smuggling and migration management within select countries (Benin, Guinea, and Togo) and 4) evidenced-based research on safe migration and information campaign in Sri Lanka on the dangers of irregular migration.

IOM also worked with governments in sending countries to determine the beneficiaries’ fitness to travel, procure their travel documents, organize and assist in departure. On arrival, the receiving IOM missions provided reception, travel assistance to village of destination, overnight accommodation and a small allowance in case of emergencies. Reintegration assistance involved micro-business development, vocational training, education, business skills development as well as medical and legal assistance. In particular, the project refines its mandate of capacity-building in West African governments and running information campaigns against irregular migration. By offering its support to the relevant governments and holding regular meetings for information sharing, IOM is establishing solid partnerships. The office also carries out several initiatives on counter smuggling to increase capacity-building among relevant authorities and to raise awareness on the risks and realities involved in irregular migration.

SUSTAINABLE Sustainable – capacity-building of governmental actors

35 © IOM 2014 A beneficiary starting a business as a barber. Annex Host countries/territories for AVRR 2011–2014

Host Countries/Terrirtories for AVRR

Host Country/Territory 2011 2012 2013 2014 Total

Afghanistan 17 ‐ ‐ 17 Albania 2 ‐ ‐ 2 Argentina 2 3 5 Australia 478 428 699 800 2,405 Austria 2,880 2,601 2,896 2,299 10,676 88 ‐ ‐ 88 Belgium 3,358 4,694 4,388 3,459 15,899 Benin 200 9 3 212 Bosnia and Herzegovina 164 ‐ ‐ 164 67 51 147 330 595 8 3 11 Cameroon 5 2 7 Canada 862 2,024 1,244 4,130 China 1 ‐ 1 93 ‐ 2 95 Czech Republic 202 223 146 173 744 Denmark 64 66 219 110 459 1,209 ‐ 1 1,210

Ecuador ‐ 2 2 Egypt 54 296 185 173 708 ‐ 2 2 8 29 17 23 77 304 327 342 318 1,291 France 6 3 8 17 Georgia 4 ‐ ‐ 4 Germany 6,319 7,546 10,251 13,574 37,690 Ghana 17 10 ‐ 27 Greece 760 7,290 9,325 7,357 24,732 ‐ 2 2 Guinea 102 13 12 127 3 ‐ 3 , SAR of 37 11 48 China Hungary 365 414 353 491 1,623 India ‐ 68 68 36 Indonesia 297 955 561 1,813 Ireland 402 359 340 188 1,289 Italy 506 848 993 867 3,214 Japan 4 7 11 2 5 7 Kenya 543 ‐ 1 544

Korea, Republic of ‐ 2 2 Lao People's Democratic ‐ 1 1 Republic 73 89 82 94 338 Libya 172 847 218 1,237 47 65 43 66 221 101 97 116 186 500 , SAR of China 7 ‐ 7 36 23 11 70 Mali 21 8 7 36 Malta 29 39 55 72 195 Mauritania 1 ‐ ‐ 1 23 23 ‐ 46 Mexico 1,141 897 17 25 2,080 38 73 10 ‐ 121 1 4 5 Morocco 440 89 498 1,158 2,185 1 ‐ 1 50 17 46 113 Netherlands 3,473 2,905 2,489 2,269 11,136 12 13 ‐ 4 29 Nigeria 2 ‐ ‐ 2 Niger 78 82 6 166 Norway 1,813 1,753 1,899 1,622 7,087 1 1 2 5 3 177 278 463 Paraguay 4 ‐ 4 Peru 2 3 5 ‐ 1 1 Poland 1,149 753 1,949 1,463 5,314 594 753 692 412 2,451 131 312 197 113 753 Russian Federation 12 117 10 ‐ 139 ‐ 1 1 Senegal 1 1 ‐ 2 6 ‐ ‐ 6 Slovakia 95 54 50 57 256 11 11 20 16 58 990 ‐ ‐ 990 South Africa 197 247 ‐ ‐ 444 Spain 823 785 758 889 3,255 Sri Lanka 1 ‐ 1 Sweden 78 98 98 63 337 Switzerland 1,130 2,289 1,655 478 5,552 Tanzania, United 912 ‐ 589 1,501 Republic of 49 13 62 Timor‐Leste 1 ‐ ‐ 1 Togo 183 2 5 190

Trinidad and Tobago ‐ 4 4

Tunisia 9 251 99 359 Turkey 200 569 618 495 1,882 159 72 21 ‐ 252 7 ‐ 7 874 ‐ 2 876 Viet Nam 1 ‐ 1 Yemen 128 794 335 827 2,084 ** 34 ‐ ‐ 34 Total 31,270 41,422 46,494 43,699 162,885 Host Countries/Terrirtories for AVRR

Host Country/Territory 2011 2012 2013 2014 Total

Afghanistan 17 ‐ ‐ 17 Albania 2 ‐ ‐ 2 Argentina 2 3 5 Australia 478 428 699 800 2,405 Austria 2,880 2,601 2,896 2,299 10,676 Belarus 88 ‐ ‐ 88 Belgium 3,358 4,694 4,388 3,459 15,899 Benin 200 9 3 212 Bosnia and Herzegovina 164 ‐ ‐ 164 Bulgaria 67 51 147 330 595 Cambodia 8 3 11 Cameroon 5 2 7 Canada 862 2,024 1,244 4,130 China 1 ‐ 1 Costa Rica 93 ‐ 2 95 Czech Republic 202 223 146 173 744 Denmark 64 66 219 110 459 Dominican Republic 1,209 ‐ 1 1,210

Ecuador ‐ 2 2 Egypt 54 296 185 173 708 El Salvador ‐ 2 2 Estonia 8 29 17 23 77 Finland 304 327 342 318 1,291 France 6 3 8 17 Georgia 4 ‐ ‐ 4 Germany 6,319 7,546 10,251 13,574 37,690 Ghana 17 10 ‐ 27 Greece 760 7,290 9,325 7,357 24,732 Guatemala ‐ 2 2 Guinea 102 13 12 127 Honduras 3 ‐ 3 Hong Kong, SAR of 37 11 48 China Hungary 365 414 353 491 1,623 India ‐ 68 68 Indonesia 297 955 561 1,813 Ireland 402 359 340 188 1,289 Italy 506 848 993 867 3,214 Japan 4 7 11 At a glance 2015 Jordan 2 5 7 Kenya 543 ‐ 1 544

Korea, Republic of ‐ 2 2 Host countries/territories for AVRR 2011–2014 Lao People's Democratic ‐ 1 1 HostRepublic Countries/Terrirtories for AVRR Latvia 73 89 82 94 338 HostLibya Country/Territory 2011 2012172 2013847 2014218 Total1,237 Lithuania 47 65 43 66 221 LuxembourgAfghanistan 101 9717 ‐ 116 ‐ 186 50017 Albania 2 ‐ ‐ 2 Macau, SAR of China 7 ‐ 7 Argentina 2 3 5 AustraliaMalaysia 478 42836 69923 80011 2,40570 AustriaMali 2,880 2,60121 2,8968 2,2997 10,67636 BelarusMalta 8829 39 ‐ 55 ‐ 72 19588 BelgiumMauritania 3,358 4,6941 ‐ 4,388 ‐ 3,459 15,8991 BeninMauritius 20023 239 ‐ 3 21246 Mexico 1,141 897 17 25 2,080 Bosnia and Herzegovina 164 ‐ ‐ 164 Moldova 38 73 10 ‐ 121 MongoliaBulgaria 67 51 1471 3304 5955 MoroccoCambodia 440 89 4988 1,1583 2,18511 MyanmarCameroon 15 ‐ 2 17 NauruCanada 86250 2,02417 1,24446 4,130113 NetherlandsChina 3,473 2,905 2,4891 ‐ 2,269 11,1361 NicaraguaCosta Rica 12 1393 ‐ 42 2995 CzechNigeria Republic 202 2232 ‐ 146 ‐ 173 7442 Niger 78 82 6 166 Denmark 64 66 219 110 459 Norway 1,813 1,753 1,899 1,622 7,087 PanamaDominican Republic 1,209 ‐ 1 1 1,2102 PapuaEcuador New Guinea 5 3 ‐ 177 2782 4632 ParaguayEgypt 54 296 1854 ‐ 173 7084 PeruEl Salvador ‐ 2 23 52 PhilippinesEstonia 8 29 ‐ 17 231 771 PolandFinland 1,149304 753327 1,949342 1,463318 5,3141,291 PortugalFrance 594 7536 6923 4128 2,45117 RomaniaGeorgia 131 3124 ‐ 197 ‐ 113 7534 Germany 6,319 7,546 10,251 13,574 37,690 139 GhanaRussian Federation 12 11717 10 ‐ 27 SaintGreece Lucia 760 7,290 ‐ 9,325 7,3571 24,7321 SenegalGuatemala 1 ‐ 1 ‐ 2 2 SierraGuinea Leone 1026 ‐ 13 ‐ 12 1276 SlovakiaHonduras 95 54 503 ‐ 57 2563 SloveniaHong Kong, SAR of 11 11 20 16 58 37 11 48 SomaliaChina 990 ‐ ‐ 990 SouthHungary Africa 197365 247414 ‐ 353 ‐ 491 1,623444 SpainIndia 823 785 ‐ 758 88968 3,25568 SriIndonesia Lanka 297 9551 ‐ 561 1,8131 37 SwedenIreland 40278 35998 34098 18863 1,289337 SwitzerlandItaly 1,130506 2,289848 1,655993 478867 5,5523,214 Japan 4 7 11 Tanzania, United Jordan 912 ‐ 2 5895 1,5017 Republic of Kenya 543 ‐ 1 544 Thailand 49 13 62 Korea, Republic of ‐ 2 2 Timor‐Leste 1 ‐ ‐ 1 TogoLao People's Democratic 183 2 5 190 ‐ 1 1 Republic ‐ 4 4 Latvia 73 89 82 94 338 LibyaTunisia 1729 847251 21899 1,237359 LithuaniaTurkey 20047 56965 61843 49566 1,882221 LuxembourgUkraine 101159 9772 11621 ‐ 186 500252 Macau,United Arab SAR ofEmirates China 7 ‐ 7 MalaysiaUnited Kingdom 874 36 ‐ 23 112 87670 MaliViet Nam 21 81 ‐ 7 361 MaltaYemen 12829 79439 33555 82772 2,084195 MauritaniaZambia** 341 ‐ ‐ 341 TotalMauritius 31,270 41,42223 46,49423 ‐ 43,699 162,88546 Mexico 1,141 897 17 25 2,080 Moldova 38 73 10 ‐ 121 Mongolia 1 4 5 Morocco 440 89 498 1,158 2,185 Myanmar 1 ‐ 1 Nauru 50 17 46 113 Netherlands 3,473 2,905 2,489 2,269 11,136 Nicaragua 12 13 ‐ 4 29 Nigeria 2 ‐ ‐ 2 Niger 78 82 6 166 Norway 1,813 1,753 1,899 1,622 7,087 Panama 1 1 2 Papua New Guinea 5 3 177 278 463 Paraguay 4 ‐ 4 Peru 2 3 5 Philippines ‐ 1 1 Poland 1,149 753 1,949 1,463 5,314 Portugal 594 753 692 412 2,451 Romania 131 312 197 113 753 Russian Federation 12 117 10 ‐ 139 Saint Lucia ‐ 1 1 Senegal 1 1 ‐ 2 Sierra Leone 6 ‐ ‐ 6 Slovakia 95 54 50 57 256 Slovenia 11 11 20 16 58 Somalia 990 ‐ ‐ 990 South Africa 197 247 ‐ ‐ 444 Spain 823 785 758 889 3,255 Sri Lanka 1 ‐ 1 Sweden 78 98 98 63 337 Switzerland 1,130 2,289 1,655 478 5,552 Tanzania, United 912 ‐ 589 1,501 Republic of Thailand 49 13 62 Timor‐Leste 1 ‐ ‐ 1 Togo 183 2 5 190

Trinidad and Tobago ‐ 4 4

Tunisia 9 251 99 359 Turkey 200 569 618 495 1,882 Ukraine 159 72 21 ‐ 252 United Arab Emirates 7 ‐ 7 United Kingdom 874 ‐ 2 876 Viet Nam 1 ‐ 1 Yemen 128 794 335 827 2,084 Zambia** 34 ‐ ‐ 34 Total 31,270 41,422 46,494 43,699 162,885 Host Countries/Terrirtories for AVRR

Host Country/Territory 2011 2012 2013 2014 Total

Afghanistan 17 ‐ ‐ 17 Albania 2 ‐ ‐ 2 Argentina 2 3 5 Australia 478 428 699 800 2,405 Austria 2,880 2,601 2,896 2,299 10,676 Belarus 88 ‐ ‐ 88 Belgium 3,358 4,694 4,388 3,459 15,899 Benin 200 9 3 212 Bosnia and Herzegovina 164 ‐ ‐ 164 Bulgaria 67 51 147 330 595 Cambodia 8 3 11 Cameroon 5 2 7 Canada 862 2,024 1,244 4,130 China 1 ‐ 1 Costa Rica 93 ‐ 2 95 Czech Republic 202 223 146 173 744 Denmark 64 66 219 110 459 Dominican Republic 1,209 ‐ 1 1,210

Ecuador ‐ 2 2 Egypt 54 296 185 173 708 El Salvador ‐ 2 2 Estonia 8 29 17 23 77 Finland 304 327 342 318 1,291 France 6 3 8 17 Georgia 4 ‐ ‐ 4 Germany 6,319 7,546 10,251 13,574 37,690 Ghana 17 10 ‐ 27 Greece 760 7,290 9,325 7,357 24,732 Guatemala ‐ 2 2 Guinea 102 13 12 127 Honduras 3 ‐ 3 Hong Kong, SAR of 37 11 48 China Hungary 365 414 353 491 1,623 India ‐ 68 68 Indonesia 297 955 561 1,813 Ireland 402 359 340 188 1,289 Italy 506 848 993 867 3,214 Japan 4 7 11 Jordan 2 5 7 Kenya 543 ‐ 1 544

Korea, Republic of ‐ 2 2 Lao People's Democratic ‐ 1 1 Republic Latvia 73 89 82 94 338 Libya 172 847 218 1,237 Lithuania 47 65 43 66 221 Luxembourg 101 97 116 186 500 Macau, SAR of China 7 ‐ 7 Malaysia 36 23 11 70 Mali 21 8 7 36 Malta 29 39 55 72 195 Mauritania 1 ‐ ‐ 1 Mauritius 23 23 ‐ 46 Mexico 1,141 897 17 25 2,080 Moldova 38 73 10 ‐ 121 Mongolia 1 4 5 Morocco 440 89 498 1,158 2,185 Myanmar 1 ‐ 1 Nauru 50 17 46 113 Netherlands 3,473 2,905 2,489 2,269 11,136 Nicaragua 12 13 ‐ 4 29 Nigeria 2 ‐ ‐ 2 Niger 78 82 6 166 Norway 1,813 1,753 1,899 1,622 7,087 Panama 1 1 2 Papua New Guinea 5 3 177 278 463 Paraguay 4 ‐ 4 Peru 2 3 5 Philippines ‐ 1 1 Poland 1,149 753 1,949 1,463 5,314 Portugal 594 753 692 412 2,451 Romania 131 312 197 113 753 Russian Federation 12 117 10 ‐ 139 Saint Lucia ‐ 1 1 Senegal 1 1 ‐ 2 Sierra Leone 6 ‐ ‐ 6 Slovakia 95 54 50 57 256 Slovenia 11 11 20 16 58 Somalia 990 ‐ ‐ 990 South Africa 197 247 ‐ ‐ 444 Spain 823 785 758 889 3,255 Sri Lanka 1 ‐ 1 Sweden 78 98 98 63 337 Switzerland 1,130 2,289 1,655 478 5,552 Tanzania, United 912 ‐ 589 1,501 Republic of Thailand 49 13 62 TimorHost‐Leste countries/territories for1 AVRR ‐ 2011–2014 ‐ 1 Togo 183 2 5 190

HostTrinidad Countries/Terrirtories and Tobago for AVRR ‐ 4 4

HostTunisia Country/Territory 2011 20129 2013251 201499 Total359 Turkey 200 569 618 495 1,882 AfghanistanUkraine 159 1772 ‐ 21 ‐ 25217 Albania 2 ‐ ‐ 2 United Arab Emirates 7 ‐ 7 Argentina 2 3 5 AustraliaUnited Kingdom 478874 428 ‐ 699 8002 2,405876 AustriaViet Nam 2,880 2,601 2,8961 ‐ 2,299 10,6761 BelarusYemen 12888 794 ‐ 335 ‐ 827 2,08488 BelgiumZambia** 3,358 4,69434 ‐ 4,388 ‐ 3,459 15,89934 TotalBenin 31,270 41,422200 46,4949 43,6993 162,885212 Bosnia and Herzegovina 164 ‐ ‐ 164 Bulgaria 67 51 147 330 595 Cambodia 8 3 11 Cameroon 5 2 7 Canada 862 2,024 1,244 4,130 China 1 ‐ 1 Costa Rica 93 ‐ 2 95 Czech Republic 202 223 146 173 744 Denmark 64 66 219 110 459 Dominican Republic 1,209 ‐ 1 1,210

Ecuador ‐ 2 2 Egypt 54 296 185 173 708 El Salvador ‐ 2 2 Estonia 8 29 17 23 77 Finland 304 327 342 318 1,291 France 6 3 8 17 Georgia 4 ‐ ‐ 4 Germany 6,319 7,546 10,251 13,574 37,690 Ghana 17 10 ‐ 27 Greece 760 7,290 9,325 7,357 24,732 Guatemala ‐ 2 2 Guinea 102 13 12 127 Honduras 3 ‐ 3 Hong Kong, SAR of 37 11 48 China Hungary 365 414 353 491 1,623 India ‐ 68 68 38 Indonesia 297 955 561 1,813 Ireland 402 359 340 188 1,289 Italy 506 848 993 867 3,214 Japan 4 7 11 Jordan 2 5 7 Kenya 543 ‐ 1 544

Korea, Republic of ‐ 2 2 Lao People's Democratic ‐ 1 1 Republic Latvia 73 89 82 94 338 Libya 172 847 218 1,237 Lithuania 47 65 43 66 221 Luxembourg 101 97 116 186 500 Macau, SAR of China 7 ‐ 7 Malaysia 36 23 11 70 Mali 21 8 7 36 Malta 29 39 55 72 195 Mauritania 1 ‐ ‐ 1 Mauritius 23 23 ‐ 46 Mexico 1,141 897 17 25 2,080 Moldova 38 73 10 ‐ 121 Mongolia 1 4 5 Morocco 440 89 498 1,158 2,185 Myanmar 1 ‐ 1 Nauru 50 17 46 113 Netherlands 3,473 2,905 2,489 2,269 11,136 Nicaragua 12 13 ‐ 4 29 Nigeria 2 ‐ ‐ 2 Niger 78 82 6 166 Norway 1,813 1,753 1,899 1,622 7,087 Panama 1 1 2 Papua New Guinea 5 3 177 278 463 Paraguay 4 ‐ 4 Peru 2 3 5 Philippines ‐ 1 1 Poland 1,149 753 1,949 1,463 5,314 Portugal 594 753 692 412 2,451 Romania 131 312 197 113 753 Russian Federation 12 117 10 ‐ 139 Saint Lucia ‐ 1 1 Senegal 1 1 ‐ 2 Sierra Leone 6 ‐ ‐ 6 Slovakia 95 54 50 57 256 Slovenia 11 11 20 16 58 Somalia 990 ‐ ‐ 990 South Africa 197 247 ‐ ‐ 444 Spain 823 785 758 889 3,255 Sri Lanka 1 ‐ 1 Sweden 78 98 98 63 337 Switzerland 1,130 2,289 1,655 478 5,552 Tanzania, United 912 ‐ 589 1,501 Republic of Thailand 49 13 62 Timor‐Leste 1 ‐ ‐ 1 Togo 183 2 5 190

Trinidad and Tobago ‐ 4 4

Tunisia 9 251 99 359 Turkey 200 569 618 495 1,882 Ukraine 159 72 21 ‐ 252 United Arab Emirates 7 ‐ 7 United Kingdom 874 ‐ 2 876 Viet Nam 1 ‐ 1 Yemen 128 794 335 827 2,084 Zambia** 34 ‐ ‐ 34 Total 31,270 41,422 46,494 43,699 162,885 At a glance 2015

Countries/territories of origin for AVRR 2011–2014

Countries/ Territories of Origin for AVRR Country/Territory of Origin 2011 2012 2013 2014 Total Afghanistan 834 2,019 1,624 1,304 5,781 Albania 85 330 326 1,239 1,980 118 176 140 41 475 108 69 69 76 322 1 ‐ 1 2 Argentina 123 140 77 89 429 504 532 448 435 1,919 Australia 2 24 2 28 Austria 1 1 2 7 11 180 220 216 249 865 Bahamas 5 1 6 ‐ 1 ‐ ‐ 1 Bangladesh 126 1,208 2,000 1,334 4,668 ‐ 10 1 11 Belarus 281 269 188 159 897 Belgium 2 5 1 1 9 2 1 ‐ 1 4 Benin 7 19 73 19 118 4 ‐ 4 2 ‐ 1 3 Bolivia 300 256 225 183 964 Bosnia and Herzegovina 221 500 935 1,511 3,167 1 8 12 3 24 Brazil 1,903 1,802 1,418 881 6,004 Bulgaria 76 90 82 75 323 21 46 208 91 366 Burundi 103 133 34 29 299 Cambodia 15 30 64 30 139 Cameroon 111 90 159 345 705 Canada 13 67 27 107 18 19 25 25 87 1 ‐ 1 2 16 94 23 15 148 Chile 113 183 169 120 585 China 873 674 657 519 2,723 Colombia 207 346 320 293 1,166 5 2 6 13 39 Congo, Republic of 26 14 26 74 140 Congo, Democratic 82 187 109 96 474 Republic of the Costa Rica 12 9 1 7 29 Côte d'Ivoire 154 81 215 316 766 Croatia 42 76 140 120 378 13 9 15 20 57 Czech Republic 7 60 82 64 213 Denmark 8 19 2 3 32 Djibouti 3 1 13 ‐ 17 Dominica 1 ‐ 1 Dominican Republic 71 81 39 34 225 Ecuador 752 780 356 276 2,164 Egypt 93 221 366 501 1,181 El Salvador 19 47 90 79 235 4 3 1 2 10 11 13 11 13 48 Estonia 8 11 6 9 34 Ethiopia 1,127 1,515 542 1,610 4,794 16 10 11 16 53 Finland 1 ‐ ‐ 1 France 6 11 10 8 35 2 ‐ 1 3 Gambia 56 221 300 76 653 Georgia 595 706 1,157 1,874 4,332 Germany 16 22 9 6 53 Ghana 226 324 355 222 1,127 Greece 3 8 7 15 33 2 1 3 Guatemala 19 28 28 25 100 Guinea 161 142 244 270 817 Guinea‐Bissau 15 55 68 33 171 4 1 3 2 10 1,211 67 5 1 1,284 Honduras 35 73 95 113 316 Hong Kong, SAR of China 4 4 6 9 23 Hungary 30 347 1,099 517 1,993 India 515 415 604 530 2,064 Indonesia 175 145 184 139 643 Iran, Islamic Republic of 431 550 1,346 1,219 3,546 Iraq 2,667 2,472 1,930 1,280 8,349 Ireland 10 19 15 12 56 Israel 39 33 64 15 151 Italy 26 17 7 21 71 14 17 13 17 61 Japan 2 4 7 2 15 Jordan 51 66 68 99 284 Kazakhstan 58 207 182 147 594 Kenya 53 75 68 48 244 1 ‐ 1 Korea, Republic of 41 16 45 57 159 Kosovo 1,569 1,334 1,542 1,546 5,991 ‐ 1 2 2 5 80 119 123 81 403 Lao People's Democratic 4 1 2 7 Republic Latvia 2 5 5 16 28 103 95 60 143 401 19 15 34 18 86 Libya 27 50 80 82 239 ‐ 5 5 Lithuania 12 11 4 15 42 Macedonia, Frm Yug Rep 1,961 1,872 2,526 2,387 8,746 5 9 1 15 30 Malawi 38 3 15 12 68 Malaysia 44 42 20 21 127 Mali 55 32 173 126 386 Malta 1 ‐ 3 4 Mauritania 8 18 35 14 75 Mauritius 77 37 58 31 203 Mexico 20 190 56 45 311 Moldova, Republic of 248 199 213 149 809 Mongolia 632 527 458 541 2,158 26 127 83 174 410 Morocco 135 523 482 416 1,556 Mozambique 12 11 9 7 39 Myanmar 15 48 72 137 272 2 2 34 17 55 147 202 205 136 690 Netherlands 11 10 8 5 34 New Zealand 2 3 3 2 10 Nicaragua 14 23 25 35 97 Niger 15 48 31 30 124 Nigeria 623 689 914 609 2,835 Norway 5 4 ‐ 14 23 1 ‐ 1 Pakistan 586 4,324 5,606 3,860 14,376 Palestinian Territory, Occupied. 84 60 41 21 206

Panama 5 7 3 3 18 Papua New Guinea 31 2 2 13 48 Paraguay 74 60 49 75 258 Peru 149 149 183 207 688 Philippines 92 132 244 198 666 Poland 34 65 52 44 195 Portugal 2 3 15 16 36 ‐ 1 1 ‐ 1 1 Reunion 1 ‐ ‐ 1 Romania 198 168 140 776 1,282 Russian Federation 2,561 2,607 5,048 4,538 14,754 Rwanda 32 40 35 21 128 Saint Kitts & Nevis 1 ‐ 1 Saint Lucia 13 39 23 75 Saint Vincent & 52 12 64 Grenadines 1 4 1 1 7 Sao Tomé & Principe 16 23 14 7 60 Saudi Arabia 1 4 5 ‐ 10 Senegal 124 201 328 283 936 Serbia 2,921 3,917 3,933 4,570 15,341 1 1 1 ‐ 3 Sierra Leone 25 29 37 23 114 3 4 1 11 19 Slovakia 51 141 181 188 561 Slovenia 11 10 ‐ 1 22 1 ‐ 1 2 Somalia 1 1,005 14 13 1,033 South Africa 48 36 20 38 142 South 15 120 74 ‐ 209 Spain 14 12 9 21 56 Sri Lanka 205 847 409 374 1,835 Sudan 66 276 161 216 719 32 46 56 58 192 Swaziland 3 2 5 Sweden 8 14 12 10 44 Switzerland 5 ‐ 3 8 Syrian Arab Republic 77 13 ‐ ‐ 90

Taiwan, Republic of China 1 ‐ 4 5 74 45 49 77 245 Tanzania, United Republic 58 47 50 35 190 of Thailand 25 17 24 22 88 Timor‐Leste 1 ‐ 1 Togo 21 26 74 31 152 6 2 1 9 Trinidad and Tobago 8 5 ‐ 13 Tunisia 278 451 609 139 1,477 Turkey 384 371 256 276 1,287 18 89 74 4 185 Turks and Caicos 3 ‐ ‐ 3 Uganda 47 62 51 70 230 Ukraine 699 677 789 970 3,135 United Arab Emirates ‐ 1 8 2 11 United Kingdom 53 41 59 50 203 United States of America 76 137 32 41 286 Uruguay 107 39 42 33 221 148 200 159 190 697 1 ‐ 5 6 Venezuela 34 34 45 34 147 Viet Nam 371 215 251 179 1,016 Yemen 11 40 46 29 126 Zambia 20 8 4 4 36 90 35 5 12 142 Total 31,134 41,605 46,232 43,786 162,785 Countries/ Territories of Origin for AVRR Country/Territory of Origin 2011 2012 2013 2014 Total Afghanistan 834 2,019 1,624 1,304 5,781 Albania 85 330 326 1,239 1,980 Algeria 118 176 140 41 475 Angola 108 69 69 76 322 Antigua and Barbuda 1 ‐ 1 2 Argentina 123 140 77 89 429 Armenia 504 532 448 435 1,919 Australia 2 24 2 28 Austria 1 1 2 7 11 Azerbaijan 180 220 216 249 865 Bahamas 5 1 6 Bahrain ‐ 1 ‐ ‐ 1 Bangladesh 126 1,208 2,000 1,334 4,668 Barbados ‐ 10 1 11 Belarus 281 269 188 159 897 Belgium 2 5 1 1 9 Belize 2 1 ‐ 1 4 Benin 7 19 73 19 118 Bermuda 4 ‐ 4 Bhutan 2 ‐ 1 3 Bolivia 300 256 225 183 964 Bosnia and Herzegovina 221 500 935 1,511 3,167 Botswana 1 8 12 3 24 Brazil 1,903 1,802 1,418 881 6,004 Bulgaria 76 90 82 75 323 Burkina Faso 21 46 208 91 366 Burundi 103 133 34 29 299 Cambodia 15 30 64 30 139 Cameroon 111 90 159 345 705 Canada 13 67 27 107 Cape Verde 18 19 25 25 87 Central African Republic 1 ‐ 1 2 Chad 16 94 23 15 148 Chile 113 183 169 120 585 China 873 674 657 519 2,723 Colombia 207 346 320 293 1,166 Comoros 5 2 6 13 Congo, Republic of 26 14 26 74 140 Congo, Democratic 82 187 109 96 474 Republic of the Costa Rica 12 9 1 7 29 Côte d'Ivoire 154 81 215 316 766 Croatia 42 76 140 120 378 Cuba 13 9 15 20 57 Czech Republic 7 60 82 64 213 Countries/territoriesDenmark of origin8 19for AVRR2 2011–20143 32 Djibouti 3 1 13 ‐ 17 Countries/Dominica Territories of Origin for AVRR 1 ‐ 1 DominicanCountry/Territory Republic of Origin 201171 201281 201339 201434 Total225 EcuadorAfghanistan 752834 2,019780 1,624356 1,304276 2,1645,781 EgyptAlbania 9385 221330 366326 1,239501 1,1811,980 ElAlgeria Salvador 11819 17647 14090 7941 235475 Angola 108 69 69 76 322 Equatorial Guinea 4 3 1 2 10 Antigua and Barbuda 1 ‐ 1 2 Eritrea 11 13 11 13 48 EstoniaArgentina 1238 14011 776 899 42934 EthiopiaArmenia 1,127504 1,515532 542448 1,610435 4,7941,919 FijiAustralia 16 102 1124 162 5328 FinlandAustria 1 1 ‐ 2 ‐ 7 111 FranceAzerbaijan 1806 22011 21610 2498 86535 GabonBahamas 2 ‐ 5 1 36 GambiaBahrain ‐ 56 2211 ‐ 300 ‐ 76 6531 GeorgiaBangladesh 595126 1,208706 1,1572,000 1,8741,334 4,3324,668 GermanyBarbados ‐ 16 22 109 61 5311 GhanaBelarus 226281 324269 355188 222159 1,127897 GreeceBelgium 32 85 71 151 339 GrenadaBelize 2 1 ‐ 2 1 34 GuatemalaBenin 197 2819 2873 2519 100118 GuineaBermuda 161 142 2444 ‐ 270 8174 GuineaBhutan‐Bissau 152 55 ‐ 68 331 1713 GuyanaBolivia 3004 2561 2253 1832 96410 HaitiBosnia and Herzegovina 1,211 67 5 1 1,284 221 500 935 1,511 3,167 Honduras 35 73 95 113 316 Botswana 1 8 12 3 24 BrazilHong Kong, SAR of China 1,9034 1,8024 1,4186 8819 6,00423 HungaryBulgaria 3076 34790 1,09982 51775 1,993323 IndiaBurkina Faso 51521 41546 604208 53091 2,064366 IndonesiaBurundi 175103 145133 18434 13929 643299 Cambodia 15 30 64 30 139 Iran, Islamic Republic of 431 550 1,346 1,219 3,546 Cameroon 111 90 159 345 705 CanadaIraq 2,667 2,47213 1,93067 1,28027 8,349107 CapeIreland Verde 1810 19 2515 2512 8756 CentralIsrael African Republic 39 33 64 15 151 1 ‐ 1 2 Italy 26 17 7 21 71 JamaicaChad 1416 1794 1323 1715 14861 JapanChile 1132 1834 1697 1202 58515 JordanChina 87351 67466 65768 51999 2,723284 KazakhstanColombia 20758 207346 182320 147293 1,166594 40 KenyaComoros 53 755 682 486 24413 KiribatiCongo, Republic of 26 14 261 ‐ 74 1401 Congo, Democratic Korea, Republic of 4182 18716 10945 5796 159474 Republic of the KosovoCosta Rica 1,56912 1,3349 1,5421 1,5467 5,99129 KuwaitCôte d'Ivoire ‐ 154 811 2152 3162 7665 KyrgyzstanCroatia 8042 11976 123140 12081 403378 LaoCuba People's Democratic 13 9 15 20 57 4 1 2 7 CzechRepublic Republic 7 60 82 64 213 DenmarkLatvia 82 195 52 163 3228 DjiboutiLebanon 1033 951 1360 ‐ 143 40117 DominicaLiberia 19 15 341 ‐ 18 861 DominicanLibya Republic 7127 8150 3980 3482 225239 EcuadorLiechtenstein 752 780 ‐ 356 2765 2,1645 EgyptLithuania 9312 22111 3664 50115 1,18142 Macedonia,El Salvador Frm Yug Rep 1,96119 1,87247 2,52690 2,38779 8,746235 MadagascarEquatorial Guinea 54 93 1 152 3010 EritreaMalawi 1138 133 1115 1312 4868 EstoniaMalaysia 448 1142 206 219 12734 EthiopiaMali 1,12755 1,51532 542173 1,610126 4,794386 FijiMalta 16 101 ‐ 11 163 534 FinlandMauritania 8 181 ‐ 35 ‐ 14 751 FranceMauritius 776 1137 1058 318 20335 GabonMexico 202 190 ‐ 56 451 3113 GambiaMoldova, Republic of 24856 221199 300213 14976 653809 GeorgiaMongolia 595632 706527 1,157458 1,874541 4,3322,158 GermanyMontenegro 1626 12722 839 1746 41053 GhanaMorocco 226135 324523 355482 222416 1,1271,556 GreeceMozambique 123 118 79 157 3339 GrenadaMyanmar 15 48 722 1371 2723 GuatemalaNamibia 192 282 2834 2517 10055 GuineaNepal 161147 142202 244205 270136 817690 GuineaNetherlands‐Bissau 1511 5510 688 335 17134 GuyanaNew Zealand 42 31 3 2 10 HaitiNicaragua 1,21114 6723 255 351 1,28497 HondurasNiger 3515 7348 9531 11330 316124 Nigeria 623 689 914 609 2,835 Hong Kong, SAR of China 4 4 6 9 23 Norway 5 4 ‐ 14 23 OmanHungary 30 347 1,0991 ‐ 517 1,9931 PakistanIndia 586515 4,324415 5,606604 3,860530 14,3762,064 PalestinianIndonesia Territory, 175 145 184 139 643 84 60 41 21 206 Iran,Occupied. Islamic Republic of 431 550 1,346 1,219 3,546 IraqPanama 2,6675 2,4727 1,9303 1,2803 8,34918 IrelandPapua New Guinea 10 19 15 12 56 31 2 2 13 48 Israel 39 33 64 15 151 Paraguay 258 Italy 2674 1760 497 7521 71 Peru 688 Jamaica 14914 14917 18313 20717 61 Philippines 666 Japan 922 1324 2447 1982 15 Poland 195 Jordan 3451 6566 5268 4499 284 Portugal 36 Kazakhstan 582 2073 18215 14716 594 Puerto Rico 1 Kenya 53 75 ‐ 68 481 244 Qatar 1 Kiribati ‐ 1 ‐ 1 1 Reunion 1 ‐ ‐ 1 159 RomaniaKorea, Republic of 19841 16816 14045 77657 1,282 KosovoRussian Federation 1,569 1,334 1,542 1,546 5,991 2,561 2,607 5,048 4,538 14,754 Kuwait ‐ 1 2 2 5 Rwanda 128 Kyrgyzstan 8032 11940 12335 8121 403 LaoSaint People's Kitts & NevisDemocratic 1 ‐ 1 4 1 2 7 RepublicSaint Lucia 13 39 23 75 Saint Vincent & Latvia 2 5 525 1216 6428 LebanonGrenadines 103 95 60 143 401 Samoa 1 4 1 1 7 Liberia 19 15 34 18 86 Sao Tomé & Principe 16 23 14 7 60 Libya 27 50 80 82 239 Saudi Arabia 1 4 5 ‐ 10 Liechtenstein ‐ 5 5 Senegal 124 201 328 283 936 Lithuania 12 11 4 15 42 Serbia 2,921 3,917 3,933 4,570 15,341 SeychellesMacedonia, Frm Yug Rep 1,9611 1,8721 2,5261 ‐ 2,387 8,7463 MadagascarSierra Leone 255 299 371 1523 11430 MalawiSingapore 383 43 151 1112 6819 MalaysiaSlovakia 4451 14142 18120 18821 127561 MaliSlovenia 5511 3210 ‐ 173 1261 38622 MaltaSolomon Islands 1 1 ‐ 31 42 MauritaniaSomalia 81 1,00518 3514 1413 1,03375 MauritiusSouth Africa 7748 3736 5820 3138 203142 MexicoSouth Sudan 2015 190120 5674 ‐ 45 311209 Moldova,Spain Republic of 24814 19912 2139 14921 80956 MongoliaSri Lanka 632205 527847 458409 541374 2,1581,835 MontenegroSudan 2666 127276 16183 174216 410719 MoroccoSuriname 13532 52346 48256 41658 1,556192 MozambiqueSwaziland 12 11 93 72 395 MyanmarSweden 158 4814 7212 13710 27244 NamibiaSwitzerland 2 25 ‐ 34 173 558 SyrianNepal Arab Republic 14777 20213 ‐ 205 ‐ 136 69090 Netherlands 11 10 8 5 34 , Republic of China New Zealand 2 31 ‐ 3 24 105 TajikistanNicaragua 7414 4523 2549 3577 24597 Tanzania,Niger United Republic 15 48 31 30 124 58 47 50 35 190 ofNigeria 623 689 914 609 2,835 NorwayThailand 255 174 ‐ 24 1422 2388 OmanTimor‐Leste 1 ‐ 1 PakistanTogo 58621 4,32426 5,60674 3,86031 14,376152 PalestinianTonga Territory, 6 2 1 9 TrinidadOccupied. and Tobago 84 608 415 ‐ 21 20613 Tunisia 278 451 609 139 1,477 Panama 5 7 3 3 18 Turkey 384 371 256 276 1,287 Papua New Guinea Turkmenistan 1831 892 742 134 18548 ParaguayTurks and Caicos 74 603 ‐ 49 ‐ 75 2583 PeruUganda 14947 14962 18351 20770 688230 PhilippinesUkraine 69992 132677 244789 198970 3,135666 PolandUnited Arab Emirates ‐ 34 651 528 442 19511 PortugalUnited Kingdom 532 413 1559 1650 20336 PuertoUnited RicoStates of America 76 137 ‐ 32 411 2861 QatarUruguay 107 39 ‐ 42 331 2211 ReunionUzbekistan 1481 200 ‐ 159 ‐ 190 6971 RomaniaVanuatu 1981 168 ‐ 140 7765 1,2826 RussianVenezuela Federation 34 34 45 34 147 2,561 2,607 5,048 4,538 14,754 Viet Nam 371 215 251 179 1,016 YemenRwanda 1132 40 4635 2921 126128 ZambiaSaint Kitts & Nevis 20 8 41 ‐ 4 361 ZimbabweSaint Lucia 90 3513 395 2312 14275 Saint Vincent & Total 31,134 41,605 46,23252 43,78612 162,78564 Grenadines Samoa 1 4 1 1 7 Sao Tomé & Principe 16 23 14 7 60 Saudi Arabia 1 4 5 ‐ 10 Senegal 124 201 328 283 936 Serbia 2,921 3,917 3,933 4,570 15,341 Seychelles 1 1 1 ‐ 3 Sierra Leone 25 29 37 23 114 Singapore 3 4 1 11 19 Slovakia 51 141 181 188 561 Slovenia 11 10 ‐ 1 22 Solomon Islands 1 ‐ 1 2 Somalia 1 1,005 14 13 1,033 South Africa 48 36 20 38 142 15 120 74 ‐ 209 Spain 14 12 9 21 56 Sri Lanka 205 847 409 374 1,835 Sudan 66 276 161 216 719 Suriname 32 46 56 58 192 Swaziland 3 2 5 Sweden 8 14 12 10 44 Switzerland 5 ‐ 3 8 Syrian Arab Republic 77 13 ‐ ‐ 90

Taiwan, Republic of China 1 ‐ 4 5 Tajikistan 74 45 49 77 245 Tanzania, United Republic 58 47 50 35 190 of Thailand 25 17 24 22 88 Timor‐Leste 1 ‐ 1 Togo 21 26 74 31 152 Tonga 6 2 1 9 Trinidad and Tobago 8 5 ‐ 13 Tunisia 278 451 609 139 1,477 Turkey 384 371 256 276 1,287 Turkmenistan 18 89 74 4 185 Turks and Caicos 3 ‐ ‐ 3 Uganda 47 62 51 70 230 Ukraine 699 677 789 970 3,135 United Arab Emirates ‐ 1 8 2 11 United Kingdom 53 41 59 50 203 United States of America 76 137 32 41 286 Uruguay 107 39 42 33 221 Uzbekistan 148 200 159 190 697 Vanuatu 1 ‐ 5 6 Venezuela 34 34 45 34 147 Viet Nam 371 215 251 179 1,016 Yemen 11 40 46 29 126 Zambia 20 8 4 4 36 Zimbabwe 90 35 5 12 142 Total 31,134 41,605 46,232 43,786 162,785 Countries/ Territories of Origin for AVRR Country/Territory of Origin 2011 2012 2013 2014 Total Afghanistan 834 2,019 1,624 1,304 5,781 Albania 85 330 326 1,239 1,980 Algeria 118 176 140 41 475 Angola 108 69 69 76 322 Antigua and Barbuda 1 ‐ 1 2 Argentina 123 140 77 89 429 Armenia 504 532 448 435 1,919 Australia 2 24 2 28 Austria 1 1 2 7 11 Azerbaijan 180 220 216 249 865 Bahamas 5 1 6 Bahrain ‐ 1 ‐ ‐ 1 Bangladesh 126 1,208 2,000 1,334 4,668 Barbados ‐ 10 1 11 Belarus 281 269 188 159 897 Belgium 2 5 1 1 9 Belize 2 1 ‐ 1 4 Benin 7 19 73 19 118 Bermuda 4 ‐ 4 Bhutan 2 ‐ 1 3 Bolivia 300 256 225 183 964 Bosnia and Herzegovina 221 500 935 1,511 3,167 Botswana 1 8 12 3 24 Brazil 1,903 1,802 1,418 881 6,004 Bulgaria 76 90 82 75 323 Burkina Faso 21 46 208 91 366 Burundi 103 133 34 29 299 Cambodia 15 30 64 30 139 Cameroon 111 90 159 345 705 Canada 13 67 27 107 Cape Verde 18 19 25 25 87 Central African Republic 1 ‐ 1 2 Chad 16 94 23 15 148 Chile 113 183 169 120 585 China 873 674 657 519 2,723 Colombia 207 346 320 293 1,166 Comoros 5 2 6 13 Congo, Republic of 26 14 26 74 140 Congo, Democratic 82 187 109 96 474 Republic of the Costa Rica 12 9 1 7 29 Côte d'Ivoire 154 81 215 316 766 Croatia 42 76 140 120 378 Cuba 13 9 15 20 57 Czech Republic 7 60 82 64 213 Denmark 8 19 2 3 32 Djibouti 3 1 13 ‐ 17 Dominica 1 ‐ 1 Dominican Republic 71 81 39 34 225 Ecuador 752 780 356 276 2,164 Egypt 93 221 366 501 1,181 El Salvador 19 47 90 79 235 Equatorial Guinea 4 3 1 2 10 Eritrea 11 13 11 13 48 Estonia 8 11 6 9 34 Ethiopia 1,127 1,515 542 1,610 4,794 Fiji 16 10 11 16 53 Finland 1 ‐ ‐ 1 France 6 11 10 8 35 Gabon 2 ‐ 1 3 Gambia 56 221 300 76 653 Georgia 595 706 1,157 1,874 4,332 Germany 16 22 9 6 53 Ghana 226 324 355 222 1,127 Greece 3 8 7 15 33 Grenada 2 1 3 Guatemala 19 28 28 25 100 Guinea 161 142 244 270 817 Guinea‐Bissau 15 55 68 33 171 Guyana 4 1 3 2 10 Haiti 1,211 67 5 1 1,284 Honduras 35 73 95 113 316 Hong Kong, SAR of China 4 4 6 9 23 Hungary 30 347 1,099 517 1,993 India 515 415 604 530 2,064 Indonesia 175 145 184 139 643 Iran, Islamic Republic of 431 550 1,346 1,219 3,546 Iraq 2,667 2,472 1,930 1,280 8,349 Ireland 10 19 15 12 56 Israel 39 33 64 15 151 Italy 26 17 7 21 71 Jamaica 14 17 13 17 61 Japan 2 4 7 2 15 Jordan 51 66 68 99 284 Kazakhstan 58 207 182 147 594 Kenya 53 75 68 48 244 Kiribati 1 ‐ 1 Korea, Republic of 41 16 45 57 159 Kosovo 1,569 1,334 1,542 1,546 5,991 Kuwait ‐ 1 2 2 5 At a glance 2015 Kyrgyzstan 80 119 123 81 403 Lao People's Democratic 4 1 2 7 Republic Countries/territoriesLatvia of origin2 for5 AVRR5 2011–201416 28 Lebanon 103 95 60 143 401 Countries/Liberia Territories of Origin 19for AVRR15 34 18 86 Country/TerritoryLibya of Origin 201127 201250 201380 201482 Total239 AfghanistanLiechtenstein 834 2,019 ‐ 1,624 1,3045 5,7815 AlbaniaLithuania 8512 33011 3264 1,23915 1,98042 Algeria 475 Macedonia, Frm Yug Rep 1,961118 1,872176 2,526140 2,38741 8,746 Angola 108 69 69 76 322 AntiguaMadagascar and Barbuda 5 9 1 15 30 Malawi 38 13 ‐ 15 121 682 ArgentinaMalaysia 12344 14042 7720 8921 429127 ArmeniaMali 50455 53232 448173 126435 1,919386 AustraliaMalta 21 ‐ 24 23 284 AustriaMauritania 18 181 352 147 1175 AzerbaijanMauritius 18077 22037 21658 24931 865203 BahamasMexico 20 190 565 451 3116 BahrainMoldova, Republic of ‐ 248 1991 ‐ 213 ‐ 149 8091 BangladeshMongolia 126632 1,208527 2,000458 1,334541 4,6682,158 BarbadosMontenegro ‐ 26 127 1083 1741 41011 BelarusMorocco 281135 269523 188482 159416 1,556897 BelgiumMozambique 122 115 19 17 399 BelizeMyanmar 152 481 ‐ 72 1371 2724 BeninNamibia 72 192 7334 1917 11855 BermudaNepal 147 202 2054 ‐ 136 6904 BhutanNetherlands 112 10 ‐ 8 15 343 BoliviaNew Zealand 3002 2563 2253 1832 96410 BosniaNicaragua and Herzegovina 14 23 25 35 97 221 500 935 1,511 3,167 Niger 15 48 31 30 124 NigeriaBotswana 6231 6898 91412 6093 2,83524 NorwayBrazil 1,9035 1,8024 ‐ 1,418 88114 6,00423 OmanBulgaria 76 90 821 ‐ 75 3231 PakistanBurkina Faso 58621 4,32446 5,606208 3,86091 14,376366 PalestinianBurundi Territory, 103 133 34 29 299 Occupied.Cambodia 8415 6030 4164 2130 206139 Cameroon 111 90 159 345 705 CanadaPanama 5 137 673 273 10718 Papua New Guinea Cape Verde 3118 192 252 2513 4887 Central African Republic Paraguay 74 601 ‐ 49 751 2582 ChadPeru 14916 14994 18323 20715 148688 ChilePhilippines 11392 183132 169244 198120 585666 ChinaPoland 87334 67465 65752 51944 2,723195 ColombiaPortugal 2072 3463 32015 29316 1,16636 ComorosPuerto Rico 5 ‐ 2 61 131 41 Congo,Qatar Republic of 26 14 ‐ 26 741 1401 Congo,Reunion Democratic 1 ‐ ‐ 1 82 187 109 96 474 RepublicRomania of the 198 168 140 776 1,282 RussianCosta Rica Federation 12 9 1 7 29 2,561 2,607 5,048 4,538 14,754 Côte d'Ivoire 154 81 215 316 766 CroatiaRwanda 4232 7640 14035 12021 378128 CubaSaint Kitts & Nevis 13 9 151 ‐ 20 571 CzechSaint Lucia Republic 7 6013 8239 6423 21375 Saint Vincent & Denmark 8 19 522 123 6432 Grenadines Djibouti 3 1 13 ‐ 17 Samoa 1 4 1 1 7 Dominica 1 ‐ 1 Sao Tomé & Principe 16 23 14 7 60 Dominican Republic 71 81 39 34 225 Saudi Arabia 1 4 5 ‐ 10 Ecuador 752 780 356 276 2,164 Senegal 124 201 328 283 936 Egypt 93 221 366 501 1,181 Serbia 2,921 3,917 3,933 4,570 15,341 El Salvador 19 47 90 79 235 Seychelles 1 1 1 ‐ 3 SierraEquatorial Leone Guinea 254 293 371 232 11410 EritreaSingapore 113 134 111 1311 4819 EstoniaSlovakia 518 14111 1816 1889 56134 EthiopiaSlovenia 1,12711 1,51510 ‐ 542 1,6101 4,79422 FijiSolomon Islands 161 10 ‐ 11 161 532 FinlandSomalia 1 1,0051 ‐ 14 ‐ 13 1,0331 FranceSouth Africa 486 1136 1020 388 14235 GabonSouth Sudan 152 120 ‐ 74 ‐ 1 2093 GambiaSpain 5614 22112 3009 7621 65356 GeorgiaSri Lanka 595205 706847 1,157409 1,874374 4,3321,835 GermanySudan 1666 27622 1619 2166 71953 GhanaSuriname 22632 32446 35556 22258 1,127192 GreeceSwaziland 3 8 73 152 335 GrenadaSweden 8 14 122 101 443 GuatemalaSwitzerland 19 285 ‐ 28 253 1008 SyrianGuinea Arab Republic 16177 14213 ‐ 244 ‐ 270 81790 Guinea‐Bissau 15 55 68 33 171 Taiwan, Republic of China Guyana 4 1 ‐ 3 24 105 TajikistanHaiti 1,21174 4567 495 771 1,284245 Tanzania,Honduras United Republic 35 73 95 113 316 58 47 50 35 190 of Hong Kong, SAR of China 4 4 6 9 23 Thailand 25 17 24 22 88 TimorHungary‐Leste 30 347 1,0991 ‐ 517 1,9931 TogoIndia 51521 41526 60474 53031 2,064152 TongaIndonesia 1756 145 1842 1391 6439 Iran,Trinidad Islamic and RepublicTobago of 431 5508 1,3465 ‐ 1,219 3,54613 Tunisia 278 451 609 139 1,477 Iraq 2,667 2,472 1,930 1,280 8,349 Turkey 384 371 256 276 1,287 Ireland 10 19 15 12 56 Turkmenistan 18 89 74 4 185 Israel 39 33 64 15 151 Turks and Caicos 3 ‐ ‐ 3 Italy 26 17 7 21 71 Uganda 47 62 51 70 230 Jamaica 14 17 13 17 61 Ukraine 699 677 789 970 3,135 Japan 2 4 7 2 15 United Arab Emirates ‐ 1 8 2 11 Jordan 51 66 68 99 284 United Kingdom 53 41 59 50 203 Kazakhstan 58 207 182 147 594 United States of America 76 137 32 41 286 Kenya 53 75 68 48 244 Uruguay 107 39 42 33 221 Kiribati 1 ‐ 1 Uzbekistan 148 200 159 190 697 VanuatuKorea, Republic of 411 16 ‐ 45 575 1596 KosovoVenezuela 1,56934 1,33434 1,54245 1,54634 5,991147 KuwaitViet Nam ‐ 371 2151 2512 1792 1,0165 KyrgyzstanYemen 8011 11940 12346 8129 403126 LaoZambia People's Democratic 20 8 4 4 36 4 1 2 7 RepublicZimbabwe 90 35 5 12 142 TotalLatvia 31,1342 41,6055 46,2325 43,78616 162,78528 Lebanon 103 95 60 143 401 Liberia 19 15 34 18 86 Libya 27 50 80 82 239 Liechtenstein ‐ 5 5 Lithuania 12 11 4 15 42 Macedonia, Frm Yug Rep 1,961 1,872 2,526 2,387 8,746 Madagascar 5 9 1 15 30 Malawi 38 3 15 12 68 Malaysia 44 42 20 21 127 Mali 55 32 173 126 386 Malta 1 ‐ 3 4 Mauritania 8 18 35 14 75 Mauritius 77 37 58 31 203 Mexico 20 190 56 45 311 Moldova, Republic of 248 199 213 149 809 Mongolia 632 527 458 541 2,158 Montenegro 26 127 83 174 410 Morocco 135 523 482 416 1,556 Mozambique 12 11 9 7 39 Myanmar 15 48 72 137 272 Namibia 2 2 34 17 55 Nepal 147 202 205 136 690 Netherlands 11 10 8 5 34 New Zealand 2 3 3 2 10 Nicaragua 14 23 25 35 97 Niger 15 48 31 30 124 Nigeria 623 689 914 609 2,835 Norway 5 4 ‐ 14 23 Oman 1 ‐ 1 Pakistan 586 4,324 5,606 3,860 14,376 Palestinian Territory, Occupied. 84 60 41 21 206

Panama 5 7 3 3 18 Papua New Guinea 31 2 2 13 48 Paraguay 74 60 49 75 258 Peru 149 149 183 207 688 Philippines 92 132 244 198 666 Poland 34 65 52 44 195 Portugal 2 3 15 16 36 Puerto Rico ‐ 1 1 Qatar ‐ 1 1 Reunion 1 ‐ ‐ 1 Romania 198 168 140 776 1,282 Russian Federation 2,561 2,607 5,048 4,538 14,754 Rwanda 32 40 35 21 128 Saint Kitts & Nevis 1 ‐ 1 Saint Lucia 13 39 23 75 Saint Vincent & 52 12 64 Grenadines Samoa 1 4 1 1 7 Sao Tomé & Principe 16 23 14 7 60 Saudi Arabia 1 4 5 ‐ 10 Senegal 124 201 328 283 936 Serbia 2,921 3,917 3,933 4,570 15,341 Seychelles 1 1 1 ‐ 3 Sierra Leone 25 29 37 23 114 Singapore 3 4 1 11 19 Slovakia 51 141 181 188 561 Slovenia 11 10 ‐ 1 22 Solomon Islands 1 ‐ 1 2 Somalia 1 1,005 14 13 1,033 South Africa 48 36 20 38 142 South Sudan 15 120 74 ‐ 209 Spain 14 12 9 21 56 Sri Lanka 205 847 409 374 1,835 Sudan 66 276 161 216 719 Suriname 32 46 56 58 192 Swaziland 3 2 5 Sweden 8 14 12 10 44 Switzerland 5 ‐ 3 8 Syrian Arab Republic 77 13 ‐ ‐ 90

Taiwan, Republic of China 1 ‐ 4 5 Tajikistan 74 45 49 77 245 Tanzania, United Republic 58 47 50 35 190 of Thailand 25 17 24 22 88 Timor‐Leste 1 ‐ 1 Togo 21 26 74 31 152 Tonga 6 2 1 9 Trinidad and Tobago 8 5 ‐ 13 Tunisia 278 451 609 139 1,477 Turkey 384 371 256 276 1,287 Turkmenistan 18 89 74 4 185 Turks and Caicos 3 ‐ ‐ 3 Uganda 47 62 51 70 230 Ukraine 699 677 789 970 3,135 United Arab Emirates ‐ 1 8 2 11 United Kingdom 53 41 59 50 203 United States of America 76 137 32 41 286 Uruguay 107 39 42 33 221 Uzbekistan 148 200 159 190 697 Vanuatu 1 ‐ 5 6 Venezuela 34 34 45 34 147 Viet Nam 371 215 251 179 1,016 Yemen 11 40 46 29 126 Zambia 20 8 4 4 36 Zimbabwe 90 35 5 12 142 Total 31,134 41,605 46,232 43,786 162,785 Countries/ Territories of Origin for AVRR Country/Territory of Origin 2011 2012 2013 2014 Total Afghanistan 834 2,019 1,624 1,304 5,781 Albania 85 330 326 1,239 1,980 Algeria 118 176 140 41 475 Angola 108 69 69 76 322 Antigua and Barbuda 1 ‐ 1 2 Argentina 123 140 77 89 429 Armenia 504 532 448 435 1,919 Australia 2 24 2 28 Austria 1 1 2 7 11 Azerbaijan 180 220 216 249 865 Bahamas 5 1 6 Bahrain ‐ 1 ‐ ‐ 1 Bangladesh 126 1,208 2,000 1,334 4,668 Barbados ‐ 10 1 11 Belarus 281 269 188 159 897 Belgium 2 5 1 1 9 Belize 2 1 ‐ 1 4 Benin 7 19 73 19 118 Bermuda 4 ‐ 4 Bhutan 2 ‐ 1 3 Bolivia 300 256 225 183 964 Bosnia and Herzegovina 221 500 935 1,511 3,167 Botswana 1 8 12 3 24 Brazil 1,903 1,802 1,418 881 6,004 Bulgaria 76 90 82 75 323 Burkina Faso 21 46 208 91 366 Burundi 103 133 34 29 299 Cambodia 15 30 64 30 139 Cameroon 111 90 159 345 705 Canada 13 67 27 107 Cape Verde 18 19 25 25 87 Central African Republic 1 ‐ 1 2 Chad 16 94 23 15 148 Chile 113 183 169 120 585 China 873 674 657 519 2,723 Colombia 207 346 320 293 1,166 Comoros 5 2 6 13 Congo, Republic of 26 14 26 74 140 Congo, Democratic 82 187 109 96 474 Republic of the Costa Rica 12 9 1 7 29 Côte d'Ivoire 154 81 215 316 766 Croatia 42 76 140 120 378 Cuba 13 9 15 20 57 Czech Republic 7 60 82 64 213 Denmark 8 19 2 3 32 Djibouti 3 1 13 ‐ 17 Dominica 1 ‐ 1 Dominican Republic 71 81 39 34 225 Ecuador 752 780 356 276 2,164 Egypt 93 221 366 501 1,181 El Salvador 19 47 90 79 235 Equatorial Guinea 4 3 1 2 10 Eritrea 11 13 11 13 48 Estonia 8 11 6 9 34 Ethiopia 1,127 1,515 542 1,610 4,794 Fiji 16 10 11 16 53 Finland 1 ‐ ‐ 1 France 6 11 10 8 35 Gabon 2 ‐ 1 3 Gambia 56 221 300 76 653 Georgia 595 706 1,157 1,874 4,332 Germany 16 22 9 6 53 Ghana 226 324 355 222 1,127 Greece 3 8 7 15 33 Grenada 2 1 3 Guatemala 19 28 28 25 100 Guinea 161 142 244 270 817 Guinea‐Bissau 15 55 68 33 171 Guyana 4 1 3 2 10 Haiti 1,211 67 5 1 1,284 Honduras 35 73 95 113 316 Hong Kong, SAR of China 4 4 6 9 23 Hungary 30 347 1,099 517 1,993 India 515 415 604 530 2,064 Indonesia 175 145 184 139 643 Iran, Islamic Republic of 431 550 1,346 1,219 3,546 Iraq 2,667 2,472 1,930 1,280 8,349 Ireland 10 19 15 12 56 Israel 39 33 64 15 151 Italy 26 17 7 21 71 Jamaica 14 17 13 17 61 Japan 2 4 7 2 15 Jordan 51 66 68 99 284 Kazakhstan 58 207 182 147 594 Kenya 53 75 68 48 244 Kiribati 1 ‐ 1 Korea, Republic of 41 16 45 57 159 Kosovo 1,569 1,334 1,542 1,546 5,991 Kuwait ‐ 1 2 2 5 Kyrgyzstan 80 119 123 81 403 Lao People's Democratic 4 1 2 7 Republic Latvia 2 5 5 16 28 Lebanon 103 95 60 143 401 Liberia 19 15 34 18 86 Libya 27 50 80 82 239 Liechtenstein ‐ 5 5 Lithuania 12 11 4 15 42 Macedonia, Frm Yug Rep 1,961 1,872 2,526 2,387 8,746 Madagascar 5 9 1 15 30 Malawi 38 3 15 12 68 Malaysia 44 42 20 21 127 Mali 55 32 173 126 386 Malta 1 ‐ 3 4 Mauritania 8 18 35 14 75 Mauritius 77 37 58 31 203 Mexico 20 190 56 45 311 Moldova, Republic of 248 199 213 149 809 Mongolia 632 527 458 541 2,158 Montenegro 26 127 83 174 410 Morocco 135 523 482 416 1,556 Mozambique 12 11 9 7 39 Myanmar 15 48 72 137 272 Namibia 2 2 34 17 55 Nepal 147 202 205 136 690 Netherlands 11 10 8 5 34 New Zealand 2 3 3 2 10 Nicaragua 14 23 25 35 97 Niger 15 48 31 30 124 Nigeria 623 689 914 609 2,835 Norway 5 4 ‐ 14 23 Oman 1 ‐ 1 Pakistan 586 4,324 5,606 3,860 14,376 Palestinian Territory, Occupied. 84 60 41 21 206

Panama 5 7 3 3 18 Papua New Guinea 31 2 2 13 48 Paraguay 74 60 49 75 258 Peru 149 149 183 207 688 Philippines 92 132 244 198 666 Poland 34 65 52 44 195 Portugal 2 3 15 16 36 Puerto Rico ‐ 1 1 Qatar ‐ 1 1 Reunion 1 ‐ ‐ 1 Romania 198 168 140 776 1,282 Russian Federation 2,561 2,607 5,048 4,538 14,754 Rwanda 32 40 35 21 128 Saint Kitts & Nevis 1 ‐ 1 Saint Lucia 13 39 23 75 Saint Vincent & 52 12 64 Countries/territoriesGrenadines of origin for AVRR 2011–2014 Samoa 1 4 1 1 7 SaoCountries/ Tomé & TerritoriesPrincipe of Origin 16for AVRR23 14 7 60 SaudiCountry/Territory Arabia of Origin 20111 20124 20135 ‐ 2014 Total10 SenegalAfghanistan 124834 2,019201 1,624328 1,304283 5,781936 SerbiaAlbania 2,92185 3,917330 3,933326 1,2394,570 15,3411,980 SeychellesAlgeria 1181 1761 1401 ‐ 41 4753 SierraAngola Leone 10825 2969 3769 2376 114322 Antigua and Barbuda Singapore 3 14 ‐ 1 111 192 Slovakia 51 141 181 188 561 Argentina 123 140 77 89 429 Slovenia 11 10 ‐ 1 22 Armenia 504 532 448 435 1,919 Solomon Islands 1 ‐ 1 2 Australia 2 24 2 28 Somalia 1 1,005 14 13 1,033 Austria 1 1 2 7 11 South Africa 48 36 20 38 142 Azerbaijan 180 220 216 249 865 South Sudan 15 120 74 ‐ 209 Bahamas 5 1 6 Spain 14 12 9 21 56 Bahrain ‐ 1 ‐ ‐ 1 Sri Lanka 205 847 409 374 1,835 Bangladesh 126 1,208 2,000 1,334 4,668 Sudan 66 276 161 216 719 Barbados ‐ 10 1 11 Suriname 32 46 56 58 192 Belarus 281 269 188 159 897 Swaziland 3 2 5 Belgium 2 5 1 1 9 Sweden 8 14 12 10 44 Belize 2 1 ‐ 1 4 Switzerland 5 ‐ 3 8 Benin 7 19 73 19 118 BermudaSyrian Arab Republic 77 13 ‐ 4 ‐ 904 Bhutan 2 ‐ 1 3 Taiwan, Republic of China 1 ‐ 4 5 Bolivia 300 256 225 183 964 BosniaTajikistan and Herzegovina 74 45 49 77 245 221 500 935 1,511 3,167 Tanzania, United Republic 58 47 50 35 190 Botswanaof 1 8 12 3 24 BrazilThailand 1,90325 1,80217 1,41824 88122 6,00488 BulgariaTimor‐Leste 76 90 821 ‐ 75 3231 BurkinaTogo Faso 21 4626 20874 9131 366152 BurundiTonga 1036 133 342 291 2999 CambodiaTrinidad and Tobago 15 308 645 ‐ 30 13913 CameroonTunisia 111278 45190 159609 345139 1,477705 CanadaTurkey 384 37113 25667 27627 1,287107 CapeTurkmenistan Verde 18 1989 2574 254 18587 CentralTurks and African Caicos Republic 3 ‐ ‐ 3 1 ‐ 1 2 Uganda 47 62 51 70 230 UkraineChad 69916 67794 78923 97015 3,135148 UnitedChile Arab Emirates ‐ 113 1831 1698 1202 58511 UnitedChina Kingdom 87353 67441 65759 51950 2,723203 UnitedColombia States of America 20776 137346 32032 29341 1,166286 42 UruguayComoros 107 395 422 336 22113 UzbekistanCongo, Republic of 14826 20014 15926 19074 697140 Congo, Democratic Vanuatu 821 187 ‐ 109 965 4746 VenezuelaRepublic of the 34 34 45 34 147 Costa Rica 12 9 1 7 29 Viet Nam 371 215 251 179 1,016 Côte d'Ivoire 154 81 215 316 766 Yemen 11 40 46 29 126 Croatia 42 76 140 120 378 Zambia 20 8 4 4 36 Cuba 13 9 15 20 57 Zimbabwe 90 35 5 12 142 Czech Republic 7 60 82 64 213 Total 31,134 41,605 46,232 43,786 162,785 Denmark 8 19 2 3 32 Djibouti 3 1 13 ‐ 17 Dominica 1 ‐ 1 Dominican Republic 71 81 39 34 225 Ecuador 752 780 356 276 2,164 Egypt 93 221 366 501 1,181 El Salvador 19 47 90 79 235 Equatorial Guinea 4 3 1 2 10 Eritrea 11 13 11 13 48 Estonia 8 11 6 9 34 Ethiopia 1,127 1,515 542 1,610 4,794 Fiji 16 10 11 16 53 Finland 1 ‐ ‐ 1 France 6 11 10 8 35 Gabon 2 ‐ 1 3 Gambia 56 221 300 76 653 Georgia 595 706 1,157 1,874 4,332 Germany 16 22 9 6 53 Ghana 226 324 355 222 1,127 Greece 3 8 7 15 33 Grenada 2 1 3 Guatemala 19 28 28 25 100 Guinea 161 142 244 270 817 Guinea‐Bissau 15 55 68 33 171 Guyana 4 1 3 2 10 Haiti 1,211 67 5 1 1,284 Honduras 35 73 95 113 316 Hong Kong, SAR of China 4 4 6 9 23 Hungary 30 347 1,099 517 1,993 India 515 415 604 530 2,064 Indonesia 175 145 184 139 643 Iran, Islamic Republic of 431 550 1,346 1,219 3,546 Iraq 2,667 2,472 1,930 1,280 8,349 Ireland 10 19 15 12 56 Israel 39 33 64 15 151 Italy 26 17 7 21 71 Jamaica 14 17 13 17 61 Japan 2 4 7 2 15 Jordan 51 66 68 99 284 Kazakhstan 58 207 182 147 594 Kenya 53 75 68 48 244 Kiribati 1 ‐ 1 Korea, Republic of 41 16 45 57 159 Kosovo 1,569 1,334 1,542 1,546 5,991 Kuwait ‐ 1 2 2 5 Kyrgyzstan 80 119 123 81 403 Lao People's Democratic 4 1 2 7 Republic Latvia 2 5 5 16 28 Lebanon 103 95 60 143 401 Liberia 19 15 34 18 86 Libya 27 50 80 82 239 Liechtenstein ‐ 5 5 Lithuania 12 11 4 15 42 Macedonia, Frm Yug Rep 1,961 1,872 2,526 2,387 8,746 Madagascar 5 9 1 15 30 Malawi 38 3 15 12 68 Malaysia 44 42 20 21 127 Mali 55 32 173 126 386 Malta 1 ‐ 3 4 Mauritania 8 18 35 14 75 Mauritius 77 37 58 31 203 Mexico 20 190 56 45 311 Moldova, Republic of 248 199 213 149 809 Mongolia 632 527 458 541 2,158 Montenegro 26 127 83 174 410 Morocco 135 523 482 416 1,556 Mozambique 12 11 9 7 39 Myanmar 15 48 72 137 272 Namibia 2 2 34 17 55 Nepal 147 202 205 136 690 Netherlands 11 10 8 5 34 New Zealand 2 3 3 2 10 Nicaragua 14 23 25 35 97 Niger 15 48 31 30 124 Nigeria 623 689 914 609 2,835 Norway 5 4 ‐ 14 23 Oman 1 ‐ 1 Pakistan 586 4,324 5,606 3,860 14,376 Palestinian Territory, Occupied. 84 60 41 21 206

Panama 5 7 3 3 18 Papua New Guinea 31 2 2 13 48 Paraguay 74 60 49 75 258 Peru 149 149 183 207 688 Philippines 92 132 244 198 666 Poland 34 65 52 44 195 Portugal 2 3 15 16 36 Puerto Rico ‐ 1 1 Qatar ‐ 1 1 Reunion 1 ‐ ‐ 1 Romania 198 168 140 776 1,282 Russian Federation 2,561 2,607 5,048 4,538 14,754 Rwanda 32 40 35 21 128 Saint Kitts & Nevis 1 ‐ 1 Saint Lucia 13 39 23 75 Saint Vincent & 52 12 64 Grenadines Samoa 1 4 1 1 7 Sao Tomé & Principe 16 23 14 7 60 Saudi Arabia 1 4 5 ‐ 10 Senegal 124 201 328 283 936 Serbia 2,921 3,917 3,933 4,570 15,341 Seychelles 1 1 1 ‐ 3 Sierra Leone 25 29 37 23 114 Singapore 3 4 1 11 19 Slovakia 51 141 181 188 561 Slovenia 11 10 ‐ 1 22 Solomon Islands 1 ‐ 1 2 Somalia 1 1,005 14 13 1,033 South Africa 48 36 20 38 142 South Sudan 15 120 74 ‐ 209 Spain 14 12 9 21 56 Sri Lanka 205 847 409 374 1,835 Sudan 66 276 161 216 719 Suriname 32 46 56 58 192 Swaziland 3 2 5 Sweden 8 14 12 10 44 Switzerland 5 ‐ 3 8 Syrian Arab Republic 77 13 ‐ ‐ 90

Taiwan, Republic of China 1 ‐ 4 5 Tajikistan 74 45 49 77 245 Tanzania, United Republic 58 47 50 35 190 of Thailand 25 17 24 22 88 Timor‐Leste 1 ‐ 1 Togo 21 26 74 31 152 Tonga 6 2 1 9 Trinidad and Tobago 8 5 ‐ 13 Tunisia 278 451 609 139 1,477 Turkey 384 371 256 276 1,287 Turkmenistan 18 89 74 4 185 Turks and Caicos 3 ‐ ‐ 3 Uganda 47 62 51 70 230 Ukraine 699 677 789 970 3,135 United Arab Emirates ‐ 1 8 2 11 United Kingdom 53 41 59 50 203 United States of America 76 137 32 41 286 Uruguay 107 39 42 33 221 Uzbekistan 148 200 159 190 697 Vanuatu 1 ‐ 5 6 Venezuela 34 34 45 34 147 Viet Nam 371 215 251 179 1,016 Yemen 11 40 46 29 126 Zambia 20 8 4 4 36 Zimbabwe 90 35 5 12 142 Total 31,134 41,605 46,232 43,786 162,785 At a glance 2015

43 Established in 1951, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) is the principal intergovernmental organization in the field of migration.

IOM is dedicated to promoting humane and orderly migration for the benefit of all. It does so by providing services and advice to governments and migrants. IOM’s mandate is to help ensure the orderly and humane management of migration; to promote international cooperation on migration issues; to aid in the search for pratical solutions to migration problems; and to provide humanitarian assistance to migrants in need, be they refugees, displaced persons or other uprooted people. The IOM Constitution gives explicit recognition of the link between migration and economic, social and cultural development as well as respect for the right of freedom of movement of persons.

IOM works in the four broad areas of migration management: migration and development; facilitating migration; regulating migration; and addressing forced migration. Cross-cutting activities include: the promotion of international migration law, policy debate and guidance, protection of migrants’ rights, migration health and the gender dimension of migration.

IOM works closely with governmental, intergovernmental and non-governmental partners.

IOM DEPARTMENT OF MIGRATION MANAGEMENT Migrant Assistance Division

17, route des Morillons, 1211 Geneva 19, Switzerland Tel: + 41 22 717 91 11 • Fax: + 41 22 798 61 50 • E-mail: [email protected]

International Organization for Migration (IOM)