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Disinfection of the Air with Triethylene Glycol Vapor / I

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Disinfection of the Air with Triethylene Glycol Vapor / I The American Journal of‘ Medicine VOL. VII SEPTEMBER, 1949 No. 3 Editorial Disinfection of the Air with Triethylene Glycol Vapor / I HE present premature large-scale coli and subtilis (vegetative fornl)Z a number commercialization of glycol vapors of common non-pathogens of the air and T for prevention of acute respiratory certain molds appear to bc susceptible to disease, together with the accompanying the action of the vapor.” No reports have propagation of much misinformation con- been made 01’ such stud& o11 air-l)ornc* cerning the use and effects of this form 01‘ tubercle bacilli. Naturally, occurring dust- aerial disinfection, make it seem particu- borne bacteria have been found to be much larly appropriate to review our knowledge more resistant to the killing action of the of the field. Furthermore, in the two and vapor than are those experimentally dis- one-half years intervening since a previous bersed into the air. summary of this subject,’ considerable new The recent development of certain quan- information has been acquired. titative technics for study of this subject has Among the many chemical compounds made possible much more precise experi- which have been tested as vapors or mists mentation, the results of which amplify for their lethal action on air-borne infecti- previous knowledge of the activity of tri- ous particles triethylene glycol still remains ethylene glycol vapor and provide new the agent of choice for use in environments interpretations. First, fundamental to a occupied by human beings. Germicidal more exact understanding of its germicidal concentrations of this vapor are odorless? effects was determination of the amounts of tasteless, non-irritating, non-toxic, invisible glycol vapor which could exist in the air at and have no deloterious effect on walls? varying humidities and temperatures. By fabrics, books or other objects in the treated means of a suitable method devised for this space. The presence of as little as 1 cc. of particular purpose4 curves were constructed vaporized triethylene glycol in several indicating the saturation concentrations of hundred million cc. of air is, under labora- triethylene glycol under conditions of rela- tory conditions, highly lethal for the com- tive humidity from 0 to 90 per cent and at mon respiratory bacteria, pathogenic and temperatures from 20”~. to 29”~. It was non-pathogenic, as well as for the viruses found that increasing humidity resulted in of influenza,’ psittacosis and meningopneu- tnonitis.2 Other bacteria including Bacillus pnrumonitis and psittacosis viruses with trirthylcnt glycol vapor. J. Exfier. Med., 85: 65-76, 1947. 1Roswrso~, 0. H. New methods for the control of 3B~~~, E. and MELLODY, M. Fungicidal action of air-borne infection with especial reference to the use of triethylene glycol. 3. Infect. Dis., 79: 45-56. 1946. triethylenr glyrol vapor. M’i.wvrsi?~ .M. ,7., 46: 31 l-31 7. d PUCK, T. T. and WISE, H. Stndies on vapor liquid 1947. equilibria. I. A new dynamic method for the determina- 2 ROSEBURY, T., MEIKLEJOHN, G., KINGSLAND, L. C. tion of vapor prrssure of liquids. J. P&r. Cb~wz., 50: 329. and ROLDT, M. H. Disinfection of clouds of meningo- 339, 1946. 293 294 Editorial a progressive although not straightline killed in two to three minutes; 80 per cent or diminution in quantity of glycol vapor re- more of them were destroyed in the first quired to saturate the air. Raising the tem- minute. At high relative humidities (60 to perature was found to increase the capacity 80 per cent) the rate of action was much of the air to hold glycol.5 With these data reduced but still appreciable. Likewise, at available chemical analyses of glycol-con- very low humidities (5 to 10 per cent) killing taining air could then be interpreted in was somewhat retarded. The more nearly relation to per cent saturation-a figure the concentration of the glycol vapor in the which has been found to be much more air approached the saturation value the significant in respect to bactericidal effect more rapid the kill. However, the increase than was the absolute quantity of glycol in in effectiveness at levels about 70 per cent the atmosphere. was slight.7 Another important advance was the Observations of an analogous nature on further development of the glycostat, or influenza virus in which white mice were glycometer, an instrument for measuring exposed to atmospheres containing freshly and controlling the concentration of tri- atomized virus and glycol vapors showed ethylene glycol vapor in the air.6 This in- that the presence of the glycol in the air at strument is extremely sensitive, being capa- saturations of 70 to 90 per cent afforded ble of detecting as little as 1 microgram of the mice complete protection against lethal glycol/L. of air under ordinary conditions concentrations of the virus. Protection was of humidity and temperature and responds optimum at relative humidities of 15 to 40 rapidly to changes in concentration of or 50 per cent, as was the case with bac- vapor. By means of attachment to a record- tericidal activity of the glycol. However, at ing device the glycometer provides a con- high humidities, 70 to 80 per cent, the tinuous record of the concentration of glycol glycol had relatively little effect as most of in the atmosphere in terms of per cent satu- the test mice died even when the air was ration. It can be used also to control the saturated or supersaturated with triethylene output of the glycol vaporizer. Unfortu- glycol. Under optimum conditions of humid- nately this apparatus is not yet commercially ity and glycol saturation the virucidal available. action of the vapor was found to be very Employing the glycostat in specially con- rapid.s structed experimental rooms in which at- Studies with dried bacteria in the form mospheres could be maintained at any of droplet nuclei or as a fine dust made from desired temperature and relative humidity, desiccated saliva suspensions have shown a large series of observations has been made them to be about as susceptible to the lethal on the bactericidal and virucidal action of action of triethylene glycol vapor as are varying concentrations of glycol vapor freshly atomized suspensions. The impor- under a wide range of environmental con- tance of this finding lies in the fact that most ditions. Optimum conditions for the rapid pathogenic bacteria present in an infected action of the glycol vapor at ordinary room atmosphere are probably in the dried temperatures were found to be relative state.8 humidities of 15 to 40 per cent and vapor These more recent observations bring saturations of 40 to 100 per cent. In such out the fact that, in adequate concentra- atmospheres freshly atomized bacteria were tions, triethylene glycol vapor is effective over a wider range of relative humidities 5 WISE, H. and PUCK, T. T. The saturation concentra- tions of triethylene glycol vapor at various relative ~LESTER, W., ROBERTSON,0. H., PUCK, T. T., WISE, humidities and temperatures. Science, 105: 556-557, H. and SMITH, M. The rate of bactericidal action of 1947. triethylene glycol vapor on microorganisms dispersed in- s PUCK, T. T. An automatic dewpoint meter for the to the air in small droplets. Am. 3. Hyg.,to be published. determination of condensible vapors. Rev. Scient. Instru- *ROBERTSON, 0. H., LESTER, W. and DUNKLIN, E. ments, 19: 16-23, 1948. Unpublished experiments. AMERtCAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE Editorial 295 than was formerly thought to bc the case.* of air which goes on to some degree even It has not been found possible, however, to when windows and doors are closed. This sterilize the air of inhabited rooms. Numer- loss amounts to 70 to 90 per cent of the ous tests under a variety of conditions have glycol vaporized. 8 Hence in order to secure shown that the air-borne bacterial popula- and maintain adequate concentrations of tion can be reduced by not more than 70 to glycol in the air it is necessary to vaporize 75 per cent and the rate of killing is much usually four to five times the amount of slower than in the case of atomized bacterial triethylene glycol calculated to produce the suspensions. Investigation of dust-borne desired concentration in a given space. bacteria (non-pathogens with rare excep- When air exchange in the room is increased tions) indicates that the reason for their by opening of doors and windows, the relative insensitivity to the lethal effect glycol requirement is even higher. of triethylene glycol vapor lies in the physi- Air currents are necessary for uniform cal state of the bacterial particle which dispersion of glycol vapor throughout the obviously differs from that of the glycol- treated space. In moderate-sized rooms of sensitive micro-organisms desiccated under several thousand cu. feet the natural convec- laboratory conditions. tion currents are usually adequate for this The utilization of glycol vapor for pur- purpose. In larger spaces an electric fan or poses of aerial disinfection involves a num- two depending on the size and shape of the ber of considerations which may be out- space to be glycolized accomplishes the lined briefly as follows: since triethylene desired result. Air conditioning systems glycol has a very low vapor pressure (boiling offer the most satisfactory means of glycol point is 550”~.) heat is essential for vaporiza- vapor distribution. tion, However, the temperature which can Maintenance of an adequate concentra- be employed for this purpose is limited by tion of triethylene glycol vapor in the the fact that this glycol begins to decompose atmosphere offers the principal problem in at temperatures far below its boiling point. the field of practical application.
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