Septemberl982 vol. vn NO. 9

Department of interior. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Technical Bulletin Endangered Species Program, Washington, D.C. 20240 Eastern States Orchid Listed as Endangered

The small whorled pogonia (Isotria light green, elliptic, somewhat pointed was purchased several years ago solely medeoloides), which numbers fewer leaves. The short sepals are up to 2.5 for the purpose of protecting this rare than 500 individual plants in 10 states in cm long and help distinguish the spe- orchid population. the eastern United States and Canada, cies from the other member of the ge- The species is officially listed as an was listed by the Service as Endan- nus, Isotria verticillata, which is more endangered species by State law in gered (F.R. 9^0/82). The continued ex- common and has longer sepals. At ma- Michigan, North Carolina, and Massa- istence of this rare orchid is endangered turity the plants are 9.5-25 cm tall. chusetts, and in the Province of Ontario, by taking of the plants and loss of Isotria medeoloides was originally and the Government of Canada. Official habitat. proposed for listing on June 16, 1976, listing under the 1973 Act, as amended, but was subsequently withdrawn in will provide a means by which various The species was named in 1814 and 1979 in accordance with the listing conservation and recovery actions can was known historically to occur in 48 deadline imposed by the 1978 Amend- be implemented to insure the continued counties in 16 eastern States and Can- ments to the Endangered Species Act. existence of this plant throughout its ada. Today it is known to occur in 15 The Service reproposed the species on range. Michigan, Connecticut, Rhode counties in 10 different States (Illinois, September 11, 1980, basing its propos- Island, North Carolina, and South Maine, Michigan, New Hampshire, New al on sufficient new information which Carolina, all States in the species' Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, indicated that it is in danger of range, have entered into formal agree- Rhode Island, South Carolina, Virginia) extinction. ments for the protection and conserva- and one county in Ontario, Canada. A total of 38 comments were received tion of plants as provided by Section Two of the 17 known sites are located 6(c)(2) of the Act. About 50 individuals on U.S. Forest Service land; the re- in response to the reproposal, including letters from the Governors of 15 States. of Isotria medeol6ides could be cov- mainder are on privately owned land. ered by the agreements. Over 70 percent of the known plants are All these interested parties and Gover- in Maine. nors supported the proposal to list The U.S. named this species on a Isotria medeoloides as Endangered. provisional list for the Annex to the Con- Critical Habitat has not been deter- The U.S. Forest Service supported vention on Nature Protection and Wild- mined for Isotria medeoloides on the listing the species throughout its histori- life Preservation in the Western Hemi- basis that the disclosure of specific lo- cal range, citing no significant impact of sphere during a conference held in Mar calities would further endanger the or- listing on the 2VA acres of National For- del Plata, Argentina, October 1965. The chid's continued existence, making it est areas in which the species occurs. species was included on Appendix II of vulnerable to taking for noncommercial Comments received from the Governor the Convention on International Trade purposes. This fear is not unfounded— of Michigan indicated that the Michigan in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna today, there are nearly as many, if not Nature Association currently owns the and Flora (CITES) at the original pleni- more, dried specimens of the species in land on which the small whorled potentiary conference in Washington, herbaria than are known to exist in the pogonia occurs in that State. The land D.C. in February and March 1973. wild. Many former localities, some dating back to the late 1800's, have been inad- vertantly lost due to habitat alteration. Based on herbaria label data and recent field checks of these sites, shopping malls, housing developments, and golf courses now mark the localities of his- torical populations. Conservation pro- grams for the species, therefore, must be concerned with the availability of in- formation on specific sites, so that nei- ther inadvertant nor deliberate destruc- tion occurs.

The plant can be found in a variety of forest types but is most often associ- ated with relatively open areas in decid- uous hardwoods. The orchid produces one or two yellowish-green flowers (from mid-May in the south to mid-June in the north) above a whorl of five or six This rare orchid ("Isotria medeoloides^ is endangered by taking and habitat loss. ton Department of Game, and carried out by personnel of the Santa Cruz fa- cilities. This is the second hacking at- tempt this year within the Olympia Area; the first was in Oregon (see June 1982 BULLETIN). It is hoped that these birds will survive and eventually establish ter- ritories in the Columbia River Gorge. The peregrine falcon, as a breeding species, has been extirpated in Idaho for about a decade. To help the rees- tablishment of a breeding population in that State, the Service cooperated in a reintroduction project with the Peregrine Fund West (Fort Collins, Colorado), the Idaho Department of Fish and Game, and two private contributors (the Simpiot and Boise Cascade Corpora- tions). Two release sites were estab- Endangered Species Program re- Research Group Lab, were transported lished in Idaho in the summer of 1982. gional staffers have reported the fol- to the Columbia River Gorge on the A total of eight peregrine falcons were lowing activities for the month of Washington side and placed in an artifi- successfully released and fledged from August: cial nest structure (hack box) near a his- these sites. This provides optimism for Region 1—Three peregrine falcon toric eyrie as part of a reintroduction ef- the future of the peregrine falcon recov- (Faico peregrlnus) chicks, bred in cap- fort. The project is being funded by the ery program in Idaho. A minimum of 90 tivity at the Santa Cruz Predatory Bird Service, administered by the Washing- birds will be released in the State during the next 5 to 7 years. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 3, Federal BIdg., Fort Snelling, Forty-nine active peregrine falcon Washington, D.C. 20240 Twin Cities, MM 55111 pairs have been monitored for repro- Robert A. Jantzen, Director (612-725-3500): Harvey Nelson, Re- ductive success in California, and 15 (202-343-4717) gional Director; John S. Popowski, sites were manipulated to improve re- Ronald E. Lambertson Assistant Regional Director; James productive success. Sixty young fledged Associate Director and M. Engel, Endangered Species from these wild nests for an average of Endangered Species Program Manager Specialist. 1.2 young fledged per active pair, al- (202-343-4646) Region 4, Richard B. Russell Federal though 14 of the sites failed to fledge John L. Spinks, Chief, BIdg., 75 Spring St., S.W., Atlanta, GA young. Four young peregrines were Office of Endangered Species 30303 (404-221-3583): James W. cross-fostered to two pairs of non-listed (703-235-2771) Pulliam, Regional Director; John I. prairie falcons (FaIco mexicanus), and Richard Parsons, Chief, Christian, Assistant Regional Direc- 12 young were released at four hack Federal Wiidlife Permit Office tor; Alex B. Montgomery, Endangered sites. This resulted in 76 young pere- (703-235-1937) Species Specialist. grines added to the California wild pop- Clark R. Bavin, Chief, Region 5, Suite 700, One Gateway Cen- ulation in 1982. Almost all young were Division of Law Enforcement ter, Newton Corner, MA 02158 banded prior to fledging. (202-343-9242) (617-965-5100): Howard Larsen, Re- An agency review draft of the TECHNICAL BULLETIN STAFF gional Director; Stephen W. Parry, Macfarlane's Four O'Clock Recovery Clare Senecal Kearney, Editor Assistant Regional Director; Paul Plan has been completed. This plant is Michael Bender, Assistant Editor Nickerson, Endangered Species a member of the Nyctaginaceae or "four (703-235-2407) Specialist. o'clock" family. In Latin, its generic Regional Offices name, Mirabilis means wondrous. This Region 1, Suite 1692, Lloyd 500 BIdg., Region 6, P.O. Box 25486, Denver Fed- species, M. macfarlanei, was named for 500 N.E. Multnomah St., Portland, OR eral Center, Denver, CO 80225 Ed Macfarlane, a boatman on the Snake 97232 (503-231-6118): Richard J. My- (303-234-2209): Galen Buterbaugh, River who pointed out the plant to shak, Regional Director; William F. Regional Director; John D. Greene, Rollins and Constance in 1936. These Shake, Assistant Regional Director, Assistant Regional Director; Don botanists described the species later Sanford R. Wilbur, Endangered Spe- Rodgers, Endangered Species that year. In 1947, Davis, an Idaho bot- cies Specialist. Specialist. anist, discovered it on the Salmon River Region 2, P.O. Box 1306, Albuquerque, Region 7, 1101 E. Tudor Rd., Anchor- in Idaho. Later fruitless searches for Mi- NM 87103 (505-766-2321); Michael J. rabilis led botanists to consider it possi- age, AK 99503 (907-276-3800, ext. Spear, Regional Director; Conrad A. bly extinct. It wasn't until 1978 that a 495): Keith M. Schreiner, Regional Di- Fjetland, Assistant Regional Director; small colony was noted in Hell's Canyon rector; Jon Nelson, Assistant Region- Jack B. Woody, Endangered Species Recreation Area in Oregon. It has since Specialist. al Director; Dennis Money, Endan- been found in three additional localities, gered Species Specialist. including what is thought to be the type U.S. Fish and Wildlife Regions locality. The most recent discovery, the Region 1: California, Hawaii, Idaho, Nevado, Oregon, Washington, and Pacific Trust Territories. Region 2: Long Gulch site in Idaho, consists of Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas. Region 3: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin. Region 4: Alabama Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North several hundred plants. In October, Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Region 5: Connecticut, Delaware, 1979, Mirabilis macfarlanei was listed Maine. Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire. New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia. Region 6: Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South as an Endangered species. Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming. Region 7: Alaska. The Service is contracting a status The ENDANGERED SPECIES TECHNICAL BULLETIN is published monthly by the survey for three endemic shrews: the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240. Continued on page 10 Captured Chick Rekindles Hope for Condor Program

A California condor chick (Gym- nogyps californianus), the first bird to be successfully taken from the wild for the Cooperative California Condor Con- servation Program, is doing well at its new home, the San Diego Wild Animal Park. The bird will eventually be used in a captive breeding program designed to help recover the severely Endangered species. Members of the condor research team, which is separate from the advi- sory recovery team, captured the 14-pound chick in the mountains near Ventura, California, on August 13, 1982. It has taken food readily since it was placed (the same day) in the Wild Ani- mal Park, and it now weighs well over 16 pounds. Blood samples will be taken later on to determine the bird's sex. Team members described the chick's capture as 'probably the most important event in the 21/2 years of the condor re- covery program." No condors have been trapped since the program began in December 1979. Because of the expected slow pace in trapping condors for the captive breed- ing program, more consideration has been given by the team in recent months to alternate ways of forming a small captive breeding population. One option—now actually initiated with the team's recent success—is the taking of nestlings from wild pairs. This procedure will have less impact on the wild population than would the taking of adult or free-flying, older, im- mature condors. Field observations in- dicate that a pair that loses its egg, and possibly its chick, is very likely to relay within a year. Usually, parent condors care for a chick through a winter and spring following its fledging and wait 2 years to renest. Therefore, as a second alternative to trapping, the team hopes to remove an egg laid by a wild pair and incubate it at the San Diego Zoo. Once hatched, the egg would provide a bird to eventually become part of a captive breeding pop- ulation. Meanwhile, the wild pair should recycle (lay a second egg), and still have the potential for producing a chick the same year. Double clutching of Andean condors (Vultur gryphus), a species that is also Endangered, has already been suc- cessfully achieved at the San Diego Zoo. Also, the recent success of one wild pair of California condors in re- Noel Snyder, field biologist for the Service's Condor Research Center, carries a cycling (laying a second egg shortly following the loss of a first egg) provides travel case containing a California condor chick down from the Ventura-area verification for this behavior in the Cali- nesting site where the condor was captured on Friday, August 13. Dr. Phil Ensley, fornia condor (see the March and May veterinarian for the Zoological Society of San Diego, accompanied Snyder for the 1982 issues of the BULLETIN for the capture operation. The condor (inset) was taken to the San Diego Wild Animal story). Park to begin a captive breeding program for this critically Endangered species.

IVU.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1982-361-580 o HAWAIIAN FEATURE

Brighter Prospects for the 'lo Seen in Co-op Unit Study

Third in a series on Endangered spe- estimating population densities), and low hundreds. The 'io was listed as En- cies projects being conducted by the the impacts of predation and human dangered in 1967, Service's Cooperative Research Units disturbance. Program. The 'io is small buteo endemic to the ***** Island of Hawaii, and is the sole native Nesting Observations hawk in the archipelago. Widely distrib- The 'lo, or Hawaiian hawk (Buteo uted on the island, the bird is locally Information on the hawk's breeding solitarius), was once considered a common on the slopes of Mauna Loa biology and nesting behavior was gath- guardian spirit, watching over and pro- and Mauna Kea. Although the distribu- ered from April through September dur- tecting some of the old families of tion of the hawk may not have changed ing the 1980-1981 seasons through the Hawaii. In later times, however, it be- significantly since the 1890's, it has suf- use of time-lapse cameras at some came the hawk that needed protection fered a steep decline in numbers. Esti- nests and extensive observations from when habitat alteration, illegal shooting, mates made as recently as 1968 gave blinds at other locations. Despite some and introductions of exotic species jeop- the total population number as in the technical problems with the cameras, ardized its future. Fortunately, recent data were gathered on the young field studies conducted under the Coop- hawks' nestling and early post-fledgling erative Research Units Program indi- stages. cate that the status of the hawk now ap- Although clearing of forests for agri- pears relatively stable. culture and construction over the years From March 1980 through June 1983, has reduced the number of potential Curtice R. Griffin, a University of nesting areas, the hawks occasionally Missouri doctoral candidate, is the pri- nest in relatively open areas (such as mary field investigator for a Missouri pastures and along agricultural fields) if Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit proj- some trees remain. The researchers ect on the life history and ecology of 'io, emphasize, however, that although the the first major study of this species. hawk shows a remarkable ability to use Griffin has had wide experience with highly modified habitats, the extensive raptors in various parts of the continen- destruction of native forests has un- tal United States, including a study of doubtedly reduced the quality of habitat wintering bald eagles (Haliaeetus available, resulting in lower densities leucocephalus) at Swan Lake National than in earlier times. Wildlife Refuge (Missouri). He has also Nests are built at heights ranging worked with the Endangered Galapagos from 60 feet to as low as 12 feet. The 'io hawk (Buteo galapagoensis) which, uses the same nest each year, adding like the 'io, is endemic to an island to it each season until it can become as ecosystem. The study is being done un- large as 40 inches across and 30 inches der a cooperative agreement with the deep. The nests observed in the study Endangered Species Ecology Section of were found in a number of different spe- the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. cies of trees, and almost a third were Assisting Griffin in the field studies built on top of large native birdnest ferns are Peter W. C. Paton and Sheila J. (Asplenium nidus), which provide a sta- Doyle. The leader of the Service's ble platform for nest construction. Missouri wildlife co-op unit, Dr. Thomas The nesting site tenacity of the 'io is S. Baskett, serves as co-investigator. illustrated by an incident that occurred Among other Service representatives in June 1980, when a hawk nest blew participating in the project are Dr. J. Mi- down leaving a downy chick homeless. chael Scott, of the Mauna Loa Field Re- Griffin's wife, Bridget, filled in as a fos- search Station, and Larry F. Pank, for- ter parent for 2 days while Griffin and mer leader of the Hawaii Wildlife Paton worked at getting the chick back Damage Research Station. The Institute to its parents. Their first attempt at con- of Pacific Islands Forestry (U.S. Forest structing a substitute nest in a tree near Service) and the Hawaii Field Research the old site failed because the female Station (National Park Service) are also would not fly to the new nest. But when cooperators. they placed a new nest at the site of the Since comparatively little was known old nest, the chick was immediately ac- about the life history and ecology of 'io, cepted and later successfully fledged. the project has been addressing a vari- Mature 'io are found in light and dark The hawks observed during the field ety of topics, including breeding chro- phases, as shown by this pair at their studies nested from March through Sep- nology, reproductive success, food nest in a native l

'Ewa Plains 'Akol^o Two Hawaiian Plants Proposed as Endangered Listed as Endangered

Two plant species, the cuneate bi- public park and recreation area. Addi- The Ewa Plains akoko (Euphorbia dens (Bidens cuneata) and the Dia- tional public use also will probably in- sl

Public Comment Requested Comments on the listing proposal are requested from all interested persons, organizations, and agencies, and should be received by the Pacific Is- Bidens cuneata lands Administrator (U.S. Fish and Wild- Schiedea adamantis life Service, P.O. Box 50167, Honolulu, Reprinted (rom NEW ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF THE Reprinted from PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. XXIV, No. 2, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS, Otto Degener, January 15, 1940. Hawai'i 96850) by November 22, 1982. April, 1970. HAWK ered on post-fledgling movements. The are no serious predators of 'io and their tracking success rate was lower with young. Continued from page 4 the 11 units fitted on adult hawks, al- Under a separate contract. Griffin is age clutch size as two to three eggs, the though some did operate normally and preparing a Hawaiian Hawk Recovery researchers found that only one egg contributed valuable data. The high re- Plan, which will provide a detailed guide for research and management for re- was produced at the nests where egg moval and failure rate of 9-gram tail- covery of the species. Among the con- numbers could be determined. Fledging mounted units in 1980 was greatly re- tinuing threats to the hawk that will be success rates for nesting attempts were duced in 1981 when the researchers switched to 10-gram back-mounted addressed in the plan are habitat modi- well over 50 percent in both years. Most units. fication, which effects population densi- of the incubation, which lasted about 38 ties, and human disturbance. The 'io is days, was done by the female while the The Future quite tame away from its nest, and can males secured the food. The females' be easily approached, making it particu- tolerance for the male at the nest then Although the data collected during the field observation phase of the study are larly vulnerable to rock throwing and il- declined markedly during the nestling legal shooting. Excessive human pres- stage. still being analyzed, it is apparent that the io is more numerous than earlier ence at the nest can cause the hawk to The young birds usually fledged in believed, and that the population may abandon the site. late July and August, at about 8 to 9 now be stable. The breeding strategy of Compared to many native Hawaiian weeks (almost twice as long as the the bird is well suited to the tropical cli- forest birds, the future of the 'io looks nesting period of similarly sized buteos mate of Hawaii. Its small clutch size, brighter if high quality native habitat is in temperate regions), and they re- along with its long incubation and nest- conserved, human disturbance is re- mained in the nest area for several ling periods, contrast sharply with duced, and the public is better educated months to over a year. As a result of hawks in temperate zones. Productivity to the value of Hawaii's irreplaceable this careful parental care, and the fact is good and, other than humans, there natural heritage. that these insular raptors are nonmigra- tory, the survival of fledglings appears to be substantially higher than that of most mainland raptors. Feeding Analysis The 'io preys on a wide variety of na- tive species, and takes many that have been introduced—accidentally and on purpose—on the Big Island. Among the organisms upon which the hawk feeds are mice, rats, mongooses, insects, my- nah and rice birds, and even crayfish. Contamination of the food chain by DDT and other long-lived pesticides, which was a major factor in the decline of such mainland raptors as the bald eagle and peregrine falcon (Faico peregrinus), does not appear to have occurred for the 'io. Several unhatched eggs and a dead chick were salvaged during the study, and were sent to the Service's Patuxent Wildlife Research Center for analyses; no traces of organochlorides and only very low levels of heavy metals were found. (A necropsy of the chick in- dicated that it had died of internal inju- ries after falling from its nest.)

Radio Telemetry An important part of the project in- volved radio-tracking 'io throughout both their breeding and nonbreeding seasons to gather information on home range size. The telemetry data are still being analyzed to determine the bird's foraging behavior, patterns of habitat use, and population densities. During the study, 3 juvenile and 11 adult hawks were radio-tagged, and their move- ments tracked by ground triangulation. The 3 young birds were monitored for more than 7 months each before the Curtice Griffin inspecting an 'io nest high in a native ohi'a iehua (Metrosideros sp.) units failed or were removed by the tree on a ranch adjacent to Hawaii Voicanoes National Park. birds, and much information was gath- 6 a whole would not be subjected to fur- Effects of the Rule AKOKO ther significant jeopardy by the project if the long-range planning incorporates As an Endangered species, the Ewa Continued from page 5 conservation measures. Recently, an- Plains 'akoko may not be imported or exported by anyone subject to the juris- ment occurring in recent decades. The other population of the 'akoko was diction of the United States, or be en- area now supports a naval air station, found on Federal land in the area. Be- tered into interstate or international sugar plantation, and industrial park, as cause this discovery will lessen the im- trade. Certain exceptions apply to au- well as some residential development, pact of harbor construction on the spe- thorized agents of the Service and State limestone quarrying, and livestock oper- cies overall, little likelihood is foreseen conservation agencies. Permits may ations. Only about 12 percent of the of an irreconcilable conflict between the plains remain undeveloped. Future also be granted for approved conserva- deep-draft harbor and Federal manage- tion purposes. plans include the expansion of the in- ment of the akoko. dustrial park and completion of a deep- The rule also requires that Federal draft harbor. Due to habitat disturbance A determination of Critical Habitat for agencies insure that any actions they and past introductions of exotic plants, the 'akoko was found by the Service to authorize, fund, or carry out are not like- the 'Ewa area supports predominantly be neither biologically feasible or of ly to jeopardize the continued existence non-native vegetation dominated by benefit to the plant at this time. Because of the species. This provision allows the kiawe (Prosopis) and koa haole the 'Ewa Plains environment is heavily U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the (Leucaena), with only remnant popula- disturbed by development and domi- U.S. Naval Air Station at Barbers Point tions of native species. nated by exotic vegetation, and be- to consult formally with the Service con- cause the precise habitat needs of the cerning their activities in the area as Regulatory History plant are not known, no area can be they might affect the 'akoko, so that identified upon which are found physical plans can be developed to insure the The 'Ewa Plains 'akoko was first pro- or biological features essential to the species' survival. Such plans may in- posed by the Service as Endangered in conservation of the species. This does clude the establishment of new popula- 1976, along with about 1,700 other not preclude a Critical Habitat determi- tions of the taxon in protected areas plants identified in a petition prepared nation in the future if further studies within the 'Ewa Plain as well as protec- by the Smithsonian Institution. In ac- warrant. tion of existing populations on Federal cordance with the listing deadline im- property. posed by the 1978 Amendments to the Endangered Species Act, the proposal was withdrawn in December 1979. The 'akoko was reproposed as Endangered Colorado Plant Given Endangered Status on September 2, 1980, based in part on new information provided under con- Phacelia formosula (North Park pha- A second population, found in 1981, tract by the University of Hawai'i. celia), which is known only from two consists of five sites in an 8-mile stretch All those responding to the proposal, populations 5 miles apart in Jackson along the North Platte River. The major with the exception of the Governor of County, Colorado, has been listed by concentration of plants (around 2,500 Hawai'i and the Smithsonian Institution the Service as Endangered (F.R. individuals) was at one of these sites, (the latter provided no additional com- 9/1/82). Threats to the species include while the other four sites consisted of ments), indicated that the status of the motorcycle use of the habitat, potential only 3 to 15 plants each. The North plant was such as to warrant listing as oil and gas or coal exploration, and Platte site hosting the major concentra- Endangered. Among the agencies gen- damage from cattle trampling. tion of plants is within a "Known Recov- erally supporting the proposal were the Phacelia formosula was originally erable Coal Resource Area," has been U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the U.S. proposed for listing on June 16, 1976, partially leased for oil and natural gas Department of the Navy, and the U.S. but was subsequently withdrawn in Continued on page 8 Forest Service; a number of private or- 1979 in accordance with the listing ganizations and individuals also re- deadline imposed by the 1978 Amend- sponded favorably. ments to the Endangered Species Act. The Governor asserted that efforts by The Service reproposed the species on the Corps of Engineers and a private September 2, 1980, based on sufficient developer involved at Barbers Point new information which indicated that it would insure the plant's survival through is in danger of extinction. the proposed establishment of sanctu- aries and of transplanted populations Background within the 'Ewa Plains. He also opposed the listing on the grounds that it might The North Park phacelia was first dis- effect construction of the deep-draft covered in 1918 and published as a new harbor at Barbers Point. The Service re- species in 1919. Modern work on the sponded that the results of existing con- species did not begin until 1969, when servation measures are not yet conclu- Dr. Duane Atwood rediscovered the his- sive, that recent transplantation experi- torical (type) locale and published an ments with the 'akoko have not been analysis of the species. This historical successful, and that the available infor- population, located on a sandstone bluff mation indicates a pattern of long-term above the Michigan River, has been se- decline and significant losses in the verely disturbed by heavy motorcycle plant. Further, current data make it use and some trampling by cattle. This -•.'•'tv probable that, while some plants would population has fluctuated from 22 plants Phacelia formosula is known only from be lost during harbor construction and in 1979 to, perhaps, a maximum of 200 two populations in Jackson County, associated development, the species as in the very favorable season of 1981. Colorado. Rulemaking Actions—August 1982 continued Reclassification Proposed for Texas Alligators

The American alligator {Alligator Background to the Texas Parks and Wildlife Depart- mississippiensis) in Texas has been ment, nest densities appear to be near proposed for reclassiciation from En- The alligator was Federally listed as maximum and population growth may dangered and Threatened to Threat- Endangered in 1967 after poaching and have reached optimum proportions. The ened due to Similarity of Appearance overhunting for its fashionable leather overall situation for alligator habitat is (F.R. 9/13/82). If the proposal becomes led to a decline in the species. (In 1969, considered good because much of the final, it would constitute formal recogni- the State of Texas closed alligator sea- prime habitat is under State or Federal tion by the Service of the large reptile's sons.) Subsequent recovery of the alli- control and because water storage ac- biological recovery within the State. gator in some parts of its range under tivities are increasing habitat avail- Commercial take of Texas alligators, Federal and State protection has al- ability. currently illegal, would then be author- lowed the gradual reclassification in The final rule, if approved, will change ized in accordance with a State man- areas where it is most secure. Current- the status of all alligators in Texas from agement plan and the Service's special ly, the alligator is listed as Threatened Endangered or Threatened to the spe- rules. The proposed rule would not af- due to Similarity of Appearance in cial category of Threatened due to Simi- fect the alligator in other parts of its Louisiana; Threatened in Florida and range. certain coastal areas of Texas, Georgia, larity of Appearance. This classification, and South Carolina; and Endangered authorized under Section 4(e) of the En- throughout the remainder of its range in dangered Species Act, would remove COLORADO PLANT Texas, Georgia, South Carolina, North Federal agency habitat conservation re- Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkan- sponsibilities under Section 7 and return Continued from page 7 sas, and Oklahoma. primary management authority to the exploration, and also is subject to cattle Alligators in coastal Texas were re- State. trampling. classified to Threatened on January 10, Public Comments Reproductive success of the historical 1977. Service data indicate that from population is reported to be very poor. 1977 to 1979, four national wildlife ref- All individuals, agencies, organiza- Disturbance within any given year is po- uges along the Texas coast showed an tions, or other interested parties are in- tentially intensified because of the spe- increase in their alligator populations. vited to submit written comments on the cies' probable biennial life cycle. In the Other data gathered by State, universi- reclassification proposal by November first year, it produces a basal rosette of ty, and private biologists also point to 12, 1982. Address comments to the Re- leaves. The following year, it sends up a greater numbers through increased gional Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife flowering stem, usually branched at the nesting and nesting success. According Service, P.O. Box 1306, Albuquerque, base, with violet flowers in several New Mexico 87103. coiled branches. This second-year plant sets seed and dies. Santa Barbara Song Sparrow Comments on the 1980 proposal all Proposed for Delisting supported listing this species. Critical Habitat was not proposed, since publi- cation and a public meeting on the The Service has proposed to remove cies have been seen in over 20 years. plants' type location near a town would the Santa Barbara song sparrow The island is easily surveyed, so it is increase the risk of vandalism. {Melospiza melodia graminea) from the certain that the species has not been U.S. List of Endangered and Threat- overlooked. Priority for coal development within ened Wildlife and Plants (F.R. 8/9/82). the species' habitat is low; the BLM has The bird was classified as Endan- This action is being taken because the declared its portion of the site unsuita- gered in 1973, under the Endangered species has become extinct. ble for coal development. The potential Species Act of 1973. No Critical Habitat for exploratory drilling is considered me- The sparrow formerly occurred only was designated. This action will simply dium to low. on Santa Barbara Island, Los Angeles acknowledge the species' extinction County, California—an island only 2.6 and remove it from protection under the km2 in size—where it was extremely Effects of the Rule Act. abundant. Removal of native vegetation Section 7(a) of the Endangered Spe- for farming and by introduced domestic Public Comments cies Act of 1973, as amended, requires goats and rabbits reduced the habitat All individuals, agencies, organiza- Federal agencies to evaluate their ac- for this species. Feral house cats prob- tions, or other interested parties are in- tions with respect to potential impact on ably became significant predators once vited to submit written comments on the any listed species. Part of the North dense vegetation was destroyed. Even reclassification proposal by November Park phacelia's habitat is managed by so, the species was able to maintain 12, 1982. Address comments to the Re- the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) high numbers on certain portions of the gional Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife and will, therefore, be covered by the island until 1959 when a major fire de- Service, P.O. Box 1306, Albuquerque, provision. In addition, since the species stroyed much of its remaining habitat. New Mexico 87103. is listed under the Act, certain other The fire was so intense that two-thirds Interested persons and organizations conservation authorities become avail- of the island was denuded down to the are requested to submit comments to able and protective measures may be mineral soil. the Regional Director (ARD/FA) U.S. undertaken for it. These could include In spite of regular visits to Santa Bar- Fish and Wildlife Service, 700 N.E. the use of Federal and State funds for bara Island by ornithologists in the Multnomah Street, Suit 500, Portland, the species since Colorado has a plant years following the fires, including in- Oregon 97232 (503/231-6131). All com- cooperative agreement under Section tensive surveys for the sparrow in 1974 ments must be received by November 6(c)(2) of the Act. and 1978, no individuals of this subspe- 8, 1982.

a CITES NEWS-August 1982

The Endangered Species Act of Management Authority for CITES, as- The Service's Office of the Scientific 1973, as amended in 1979, designates suring that wildlife and plants are ex- Authority (OSA) functions as staff to the the Secretary of the Interior as both the ported or imported in compliance with U.S. Scientific Authority for CITES. OSA hAanagement Authority and the Scientif- laws for their protection and issuing reviews applications to export and ic Authority of the United States, for the permits for legal trade of these species. import species protected under CITES, purposes of the Convention on Interna- Federal Assistance; Scientific Authority reviews the status of wild animals and tional Trade in Endangered Species of responsibilities are delegated to the plants impacted by trade, makes cer- Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Man- sociate Director—Research. tain findings concerning housing and agement Authority responsibilities are The Service's Wildlife Permit Office care of protected specimens, and ad- delegated to the Associate Director— (WPO) functions as staff to the U.S. vises on trade controls.

Export Guidelines, Proposed Bobcat Findings Published

The Service has announced its pro- Comments on the Guidelines the Court of Appeals decision. Both or- posed findings on the export of bobcats ganizations, however, stated that the (Lynx rufus) from this country, and its The Service received comments and guidelines needed further clarification decisions on the guidelines used in information on the guidelines from 24 and detail. The Service has, in most making the findings (F.R. 8/20/82). Pro- State wildlife conservation agencies, cases, modified the guidelines to satisfy posed guidelines were presented to the the majority of which took issue with the their suggestions. Comments on the public for comment earlier (F.R. 4/5/82); Court of Appeals' evaluation of wildlife proposed findings were accepted until a summary of these comments is also management techniques. In general, September 20, 1982. included in the August notice. States indicated that they adequately regulate the harvest of bobcats on the The Service proposed to approve ex- basis of various types of information Forfeited Wildlife port of bobcats harvested during the other than population estimates, which Products Sold 1982-83 season in the following States they contend have little practical value on the grounds that the guidelines are for management purposes because of In September, the Service held the expected to be met: Alabama, Arizona, their low statistical reliability and the first Government sale of forfeited wildlife Arkansas, California, Colorado, Geor- high cost of research to generate them. products. The sealed-bid auction was to gia, Idaho, Kansas, Klamath Tribe, dispose of African elephant ivory prod- These remarks were supported by Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Min- ucts, Appendix II reptile leather goods, comments submitted by the Internation- nesota, Mississippi, Montana, Navajo and assorted items involved In Lacey al Association of Fish and Wildlife Nation, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hamp- Act violations. The items were on public Agencies, the Wildlife Legislative Fund shire, New Mexico, New York, Okla- display in a Federal Building in Brooklyn, of America, and the National Alligator New York, prior to the sale, which the homa, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Association. Since the Court of Appeals General Services Administration con- Utah, Vermont, Washington, West Vir- ruling requires population estimates and ducted for the Service. Sealed bids were ginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. information on harvest levels, however, due before 11 a.m. on September 29, The Service proposed not to grant the Service is unable to adopt these and winning bids will be awarded by Oc- tober 8. general approval for exports of bobcats comments. harvested in certain States that have re- In 1978, through passage of the Fish Several States commented on the and Wildlife Improvement Act, Congress ceived export approval in the past. proposal requirement of a numerical authorized the Service to dispose of the Presently the Service lacks assurance limit on harvest that would be deemed forfeited wildlife. The Service published that the guidelines will be met in these nondetrimental. They indicated that har- final regulations on methods of disposal States: Florida, Michigan, Missouri, vest limits can be set by adjusting the in the April 23, 1982, Federal Register. North Carolina, North Dakota, South length and timing of harvest and by The regulations limit the types of wildlife Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. specifying harvest methods. They con- the Service may sell—the sale of migra- sider the establishment of a finite tory birds, bald and golden eagles, and The Service proposed these guide- species listed on Appendix I of CITES is lines in order to comply with the ruling harvest number as neither feasible or prohibited. Endangered and Threatened by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Dis- necessary. Several States also com- species and marine mammal products trict of Columbia (Defenders of Wildlife mented, rejecting the requirement that a may be sold only if the item or species vs. Endangered Species Scientific Au- precise percentage of the population be may be lawfully traded in interstate com- thority, 659 F. 2d 168 [1981]) that bob- established as a limit for harvest. The merce, such as American alligator prod- cat exports may not be permitted under Service agrees that any such percent- ucts, African Ivory, and authentic Alas- CITES unless the Service's Scientific age is arbitrary and inappropriate in kan Native articles of handicraft or Authority findings were based on "relia- view of the low precision attainable for clothing. The Service did not sell any population estimates and the need to item for which it is the sole source. Un- ble estimates of the bobcat population successful bidders at the auction can base harvest levels on each State's and data showing the total number of find the same or comparable items from bobcats to be killed in each of the population research findings. Accord- other lawful sources. States involved." The proposed guide- ingly, the Service deleted this require- The Service intends to hold similar lines responded to a subsequent District ment from its proposed guidelines. sales in the future. For further informa- Court decision which held that the Serv- Comments submitted on behalf of De- tion contact: Division of Law Enforce- ice's decision-making methodology for fenders of Wildlife and the Humane So- ment, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, making findings for the 1981-1982 sea- ciety of the United States commended U.S. Department of Interior, Washing- son did not comply with the Court of Ap- the Service for its proposed guidelines ton, D.C. 20240 (202/343-9242). Please peals ruling (see February 1982 BUL- and stated that, in general, they meet refer to FWS-F-0130 when making in- quiries. LETIN for details). concerns and requirements set out in mals bought by dealers, number of li- Appendix II Species Findings Proposed censed trappers, and prices paid to trappers for pelts. Required information is detailed in the August notice. The Service has proposed export ginseng (Panax quinquefolius). For ginseng, the Service is using the findings for certain CITES Appendix II In a previous notice on this subject same guidelines as were used last year species taken in the 1982-83 harvest (F.R. 4/5/82), the Service invited com- in determining if exports will not be det- season (F.R. 8/31/82). Species involved ments on new proposed export guide- rimental to the survival of the species. are the lynx (Lynx canadensis), river ot- lines, as well as information on the spe- Because the status of wild ginseng does ter (Lutra canadensis), Alaskan gray cies listed above—including the bobcat not vary greatly from year to year within wolf (Canis lupus), Alaskan brown bear (Lynx rufus). On the basis of the com- any given State, the Service proposed {Ursus arctos), American alligator (Alli- ments received, the Service concluded to issue findings valid for a 3-year peri- gator mississippiensis), and American that the new proposed guidelines are in- od. The Service will continue to monitor appropriate for lynx, otter, and alligator the status of ginseng each year, main- and has decided to use guidelines de- taining the option to revise the findings Botswana to Host veloped in 1977 for export of these spe- at any time if new information shows a cies. New guidelines will be used only need to do so. Fourth Regular for the export of bobcats (see accompa- The Service proposed to approve ex- nying article). ports of the following species harvested CITES Meeting Because of the Service's decision to during the 1982-83 season for animals use previously developed guidelines and the 1982 through 1984 seasons for The fourth regular meeting of the (for all involved species except bobcat), ginseng in the following States, on the Conference of Parties to the Convention information needs, to be used in devel- grounds that both SA and MA guide- on International Trade in Endangered oping both Scientific Authority (SA) and lines are expected to be met: Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Management Authority (MA) findings, Lynx—Alaska, Idaho, Minnesota, (CITES) has been tentatively scheduled have been reduced from those outlined Montana, and Washington. for April 19 to 30, 1983, in Gaborone, in the April 1982 notice. Specifically, the River otter—Alabama, Alaska, Ark- Botswana. A notice announcing a series Service has eliminated requests for ansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, of public meetings preparatory to the population estimates, numbers of ani- Georgia, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, CITES meeting and seeking information Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, and comments on the agenda was pub- Mississippi, Montana, New Hampshire, lished by the Service (F.R. 8/5/82). World National Parks New York, North Carolina, Oregon, This is the first of a series of notices South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia, which together with public meetings Congress 1982 Washington, and Wisconsin. provide the public an opportunity to Alaskan gray wolf—Alaska. "Protected Areas in a Changing participate in the development of the Alaskan brown bear—Alaska. U.S. negotiating positions for the World," will be the theme of the once-a- American alligator—Florida and Botswana meeting. The Service will decade World National Parks Congress Louisiana. consider all comments and information to be held in Bali, Indonesia, October American ginseng—Arkansas, Geor- received by October 31, 1982, concern- 11-22, 1982. This congress will bring gia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, ing the provisional agenda. (Please together 450 professionals involved in Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, North consult the Federal Register for details planning and managing protected areas Caolina, Ohio, Tennessee, Vermont (ar- of the proposed agenda.) The Service to discuss the current state of their sci- tificially propagated ginseng only), plans to publish a notice of proposed ence, and to help design and promote Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. negotiating positions during the latter an expanded role for protected areas in Exports of CITES Appendix II animals part of November 1982, to hold a public the process of social and economic de- or plants can only be authorized if the meeting on such positions around the velopment. MA is satisfied that the species were middle of February 1983, and to publish Hosted by the Government of Indo- not obtained in contravention of laws for a notice of negotiating positions around nesia, the congress is sponsored by the their protection and if the SA advises the beginning of April 1983. International Union for the Conservation that export will not be detrimental to the of Nature and Natural Resources Organizations and agencies wishing survival of the species. Tagging require- (lUCN) and cosponsored by the United to send observers to the Botswana ments for the 1982-83 season are de- Nations Environment Programme meeting are responsible for so inform- tailed in the August notice. ing the Secretariat. In the past, the Sec- (UNEP), Unesco, the Food and Agricul- retariat has required that such notice be ture Organization of the UN (FAO), the given at least one month prior to the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the U.S. REGIONAL BRIEFS meeting. The Secretariat may be con- National Park Service, and Parks Cana- tacted at the following address: CITES da. The Congress will produce three Continued from page 2 Secretariat, Avenue du Mont-Blanc, CH state-of-the-art books in workshop ses- San Bernardino dusky shrew (Sorex 1196, Gland Switzerland, Telex: 22618 sions: Managing Protected Areas in the monticolus parvidens), Santa Catalina lUCN ch, Cable: lUCNATURE GLAND. Tropics; Managing Coastal and Marine shrew (Sorex ornatus willetti), and the Persons wishing to be observers rep- Protected Areas; and Training Pro- Suisun shrew (Sorex ornatus sinuosus). resenting U.S. national nongovern- tected Area Personnel. A proceedings Although the present population status mental agencies must also receive prior volume will be produced. is unknown, all three have extremely re- approval of the Service. Such requests The views of the congress partici- duced ranges with continuing habitat for approval should include evidence of pants regarding world governments' modification and the continued exist- technical qualification in protection, role in supporting social and economic ence of all three shrews is in doubt. conservation, or management of wild development will be communicated to Region 2—The New Mexico Game fauna and flora. Requests should be all governments of the world in the form and Fish Department, under contract to sent to the Director, U.S. Fish and Wild- of the Bali Declaration. The congress the Service, has completed a survey of life Service, Federal Wildlife Permit Of- will call for greater government and the Pecos River in search of the blunt- fice, Washington, D.C. 20240. public support in this effort. Continued on page 11

10 REGIONAL BRIEFS found the mussel in the Tar River, North been documented, a factor which may Carolina, near the site of the species' be related to alteration in flow and/or Continued from page 10 original discovery. temperature. nose shiner (Notropus simus). This Region 5—As part of the Massachu- Humpback chubs have demonstrated minnow is believed to have been extir- setts bald eagle (Haliaeetus leuco- a need for temperatures of at least pated from the Rio Grande, but 2 years cephalus) hacking project, two birds 16-18°C to spawn and have eggs ago a new subspecies (N. s. pecosen- were fitted with small radio-transmitters hatch. Populations in Black Rocks, sis) was identified in one of its tributar- for monitoring of their movements. After Westwater Canyon, and the Little Colo- ies, the Pecos. The new survey indi- both birds began flying, one went north rado River should be considered rela- cates that the subspecies is still extant into Ontario, Canada, where its signal tively secure, barring significant alter- in the Pecos, but that it is jeopardized was lost; the other was still near the re- ation in their habitat. However, the Gray by both pollution and loss of water for ir- lease site as of early September. Canyon population in the Green River rigation and other uses. For this reason, Endangered species biologist Martha seems to be decreasing rapidly and will the State has recommended designat- Tacha, of the Annapolis Ecological require intensive management if it is to ing the fish as Threatened and Region 2 Services Office, is working on a Memo- be maintained. has nearly completed a proposed listing randum of Understanding with the Na- Few bonytail chub (Gila elegans) still package. tional Zoo In Washington, D.C., to con- exist in the Upper Basin. Individuals were found in Gray Canyon; however, A recent stock analysis at Dexter Na- serve the single known habitat of the the largest existing population is found tional Fish Hatchery has found that the Hay's spring amphipod (Stygobromus in Lake Mohave in the Lower Basin. It Amistad gambusia (Gambusia amistad- hayii). The agreement should be signed appears doubtful that the bonytail will ensis) no longer exists at that facility sometime in September 1982. survive without Intensive management. and, in fact, may never have existed West Virginia has signed an Endan- there. This suggests the possibility that gered Species Cooperative Agreement, Limited copies of the report are avail- the species is extinct. It was declared which should be received in the Region able through the Regional Director, Bu- extinct in the wild several years ago af- 5 office shortly. reau of Reclamation, Upper Colorado ter construction of the Amistad Reser- Region 6—The final Colorado River Region, P.O. Box 11568, Salt Lake City, voir destroyed its natural habitat, and it Fishery Project report has been com- Utah 84147. now appears that both captive popula- pleted. The three-volume report con- Region 7—On the recommendation tions (Dexter and the University of Tex- sists of a Summary Report (Part 1) of the Aleutian Canada Goose Recov- as at Austin) are also lost. which synthesizes and analyzes Field ery Team, all flight-capable Aleutian The masked bobwhite (Colinus vir- Investigations (Part 2) and Contracted geese (Branta canadensis leucopareia) ginianus ridgwayi) summer call count Studies (Part 3). Although Colorado being held at the Northern Prairie Wild- results in Arizona and Mexico were dis- squawfish (Ptychocheilus lucius) ap- life Research Center were shipped to couraging. On Buenos Aires Ranch In pear widespread throughout the Upper Alaska and released on Agattu Island Arizona, the only place in the U.S. Colorado River Basin, they are not con- this August. Mortality of geese during where attempts have been made to re- centrated in large numbers in any one the 48-hour journey was low, and the establish the jeopardized quail, habitat location. A 66 percent decline in juve- 291 geese released appeared to be in conditions have deteriorated due to nile and adult Colorado squawfish has excellent condition. Concurrently, a heavy grazing. The Service is contract- been calculated for the period between team of five Service biologists and three ing with the Arizona Game and Fish De- 1960 and 1980, while the decline of volunteers on Buldir Island captured partment to complete a study searching young-of-the-year squawfish appears 140 wild Aleutian geese which were for suitable release sites within the even greater and numbers may still be also released on Agattu. This trap-and- State. In cooperation with the Mexican declining. As spawning areas seem lim- transplant procedure will be the basis government, 1034 masked bobwhite ited, the life stages of greatest concern for future efforts to reestablish breeding chicks were released at two sites in are those from spawning through the colonies of Aleutian geese on islands northern Mexico within the bird's histor- first year. If adequate spawning and from which they were extirpated by in- ic range. Releases in Mexico during 2 rearing areas are not located and main- troduced Arctic foxes. previous years may have succeeded in tained, stocking programs will be re- All the geese released or trans- establishing one small population. quired to insure the continued existence planted were banded with blue leg Beginning with fiscal year 1983, Eco- of the species. Extensive movement of bands marked with white letters or nu- logical Services field offices will have Colorado squawfish between mainstem merals. Fall migration is fast approach- primary Section 7 consultation respon- rivers and tributaries has been docu- ing, and sightings of the marked geese sibilities in Region 2. mented, with some individuals traveling in their California and Oregon wintering Region 3—Regional personnel as- over 200 miles. A Colorado squawfish grounds will soon provide a measure of sisted in the Aleutian Canada goose spawning site was confirmed in the the success of the release effort. Yampa River. Thus, it appears blockage transfer (see Region 7 news) as the Preliminary results from this sum- of such migration routes may have sig- birds were shipped through the Minne- mer's peregrine falcon survey and nificant impact on the species. apolis Airport, caring for the geese until banding efforts in Alaska are as follows: they were ready to resume their journey Humpback chubs (Gila cypha) are for Faico peregrinus anatum, 87 nest- and helping them make their connecting found primarily in four locations (Black ing attempts were recorded; 158 total flight. Rocks, Westwater Canyon, and Gray young were observed for a production The region has also assisted the U.S. Canyon in the Upper Colorado River ratio of 1.8 young per nesting attempt; Army Corps of Engineers in developing Basin, and the Little Colorado River in and 140 nestlings were banded. For F. an agreement with Wisconsin for the the Lower Colorado River Basin). All but p. tundrlus, 37 nesting attempts were State to act on behalf of the Corps in the Gray Canyon population appear to recorded; 64 total young were observed processing "Section 404" permits. be stable at this time. It does not appear for a production ratio of 1.7 young per Region 4—Dr. Arthur H. Clarke, con- that present flow depletions and regula- nesting attempt; and 60 nestlings were tractor for the Tar River spiny mussel tions are significant limiting factors to banded. Blood samples for pesticide status survey, has recently found an in- the humpback chub in the Upper Colo- analysis were taken from 15 of 17 adult dividual of this mussel (Canthyria sp.), rado River; however, hybridization with peregrines trapped; eight of the 17 had which was believed extinct. Clarke the roundtail chub (Gila robusta) has been banded previously. 11 New Publications BOX SCORE OF SPECIES LISTINGS

Limited copies of the "Report of ENDANGERED THREATENED SPECIES* Freshwater Mollusks Workshop— Category U.S. U.S. & Foreign U.S. U.S. & Foreign TOTAL 19-20 May 1981," by Andrew C. Miller Only Foreign Only Only Foreign Only (Compiler), U.S. Army Corps of Engi- neers Waterways Experiment Station, Mammals 15 18 223 3 0 22 281 Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, are avail- Birds 52 14 144 3 0 0 213 able. To request a copy, write to the Di- Reptiles 7 6 55 8 4 0 80 rector (OES), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Amphibians 5 0 8 3 0 0 16 Fishes 28 4 11 12 0 0 55 Service, Washington, D.C. 20240. The Snails 3 0 1 5 0 0 9 report summarizes the objectives and Claims 23 0 2 0 0 0 25 status of a 2-year Corps effort to collect Crustaceans 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 information on sampling methodologies, insects 7 0 0 4 2 0 13 biological and ecological requirements, Plants 55 2 0 8 1 2 68 and habitat creation for selected com- TOTAL 197 44 444 46 7 24 762 mon and federally listed Endangered 'Separate populations of a species, listed both as Endangered and Threatened, mollusks. It was published in May 1982. are tallied twice. Species which are thus accounted for are the gray wolf, bald ea- The annual report on the Service's gle, American alligator, green sea turtle, and Olive ridley sea turtle. administration of eight marine mammals Number of species currently proposed: 5 animals .for which It is responsible under the Ma- 6 plants rine Mammal Protection Act is now available. Marine species under the Number of Critical Habitats listed: 52 Service's jurisdiction are polar bears, Numberd of Recovery Teams appointed: 69 sea and marine otters, walruses, mana- Number of Recovery Plans approved: 57 tees (three species), and dugongs. Ad- Number of Cooperative Agreements signed with States: ministrative actions discussed in this re- 38 fish & wildlife port Include those affecting Endangered 11 plants and Threatened species (specifically September 10, 1982 the West Indian Manatee In Florida and the sea otter in California). Single cop- ies of the report, which covers the peri- The reports Included In the August 1982 An Illustrated poster of all U.S. En- od January 1, 1981, to December 31, BULLETIN covered activity observed In dangered and Threatened animals and 1981, may be requested by writing the 1981.) plants is now available for $3.95 (quan- Director (PUB), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Endangered, Threatened and Sensi- tity discounts available) from Learning Service, Department of the Interior, tive Vascular Plants of Washington, Posters, 530 University Avenue, Palo Washington, D.C. 20240. compiled by the Washington Natural Alto, California 94301. The 22-by-34- Copies of Hiker Traffic on and near Heritage Program and published June inch poster is two-sided and full-color. the Habitat of Robblns Cinquefoil, an 1982 is now available. Copies may be The side devoted to plants contains pic- Endangered Plant Species, Station Bul- obtained from the Washington Natural tures of all listed U.S. plants—botanical letin 522, June 1982, are now available. Heritage Program, Department of Natu- Illustrations by Kirk Caldwell—along Request copies by writing Dr. G. E. ral Resources, 3111 Seminar BIdg. (SE with brief descriptions of the plants. The Crow, New Hampshire Agricultural Ex- 3109), The Evergreen State College, reverse side of the poster includes periment Station, University of New Olympia, Washington 98505. Please Carlos Marchlorl paintings of 14 listed Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire send $1.00 to cover the postage, and animals, a chart of all listed animals, 03824. (This publication reports on ac- make checks payable to the Depart- and notes about habitat and physical tivity observed during summer 1980. ment of Natural Resources. characteristics of many of the species.

Septemberl982 vol. vniMo.9

as. MAIL

Department of interior. U.S. Fisn and wildlife Service Endangered Species Program, Washington, D.C. 20240 Technical Bulletin POSTAGE AND FEES PAID US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Int423