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Digital Image Analysis of Cigarette Filter Stains As an Indicator of Compensatory Smoking

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Digital Image Analysis of Cigarette Filter Stains As an Indicator of Compensatory Smoking 2565 Short Communication Digital Image Analysis of Cigarette Filter Stains as an Indicator of Compensatory Smoking Andrew A. Strasser,1 Richard J. O’Connor,2 Marc E. Mooney,3 and E. Paul Wileyto1 1Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; 2Tobacco Research Laboratory, Department of Health Behavior, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York; and 3Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota Abstract Objective: Cigarette filters trap a significant portion of smoking topography were used in a regression model to carcinogen-containing smoke particulate and may provide identify the effect of compensatory smokingon tar stain. an indication of cigarette constituent exposure. A technique Results: Total puff volume was a significant predictor of for quantifying filter tar staining with digital imaging has a*center (redness) [b = 0.003 (SE, 0.0004), R2 = 0.42, t = 7.87, shown predictive value between typical total puff volume P < 0.001] and L*center (lightness) [b = À0.015 (SE, 0.002), and filter tar stain intensity. The current study uses smoking R2 = 0.45, t = À8.18, P < 0.001] for Quest cigarettes and topography data acquired during an examination of compen- a significant predictor of a*center [b = 0.003 (SE, 0.0005), satory smoking of Quest cigarettes and digital analyses of the R2 = 0.37, t = 5.27, P < 0.001] and L*center [b = À0.009 (SE, tar stains of the spent Quest cigarette filters. Due to reduced 0.002), R2 = 0.35, t = À5.05, P < 0.001] for own preferred nicotine levels, we hypothesized compensatory smokingto brand. Regression models indicate total puff volume occur. The purposes of the current study were to describe difference was a significant predictor of L*center difference the physical characteristics of the Quest cigarettes, to further [b = À0.01 (SE, 0.003), R2 = 0.171, t = À3.15, P = 0.003] and validate the effect of puff volume on filter tar staining, and approached significance for a*center difference [b = 0.002 to examine the effect of compensatory smokingon changes (SE, 0.001), R2 = 0.057, t = 1.99, P = 0.053]. in filter tar staining, hypothesizing that compensatory Conclusion: Results suggest that compensatory smoking may smokingwould result in more intense tar staining. be detectable by darkeningand reddeningof the tar stain. Methods: Physical characteristics of the Quest cigarettes were This type of measure could be useful in quantifyingthe measured to characterize the product. Spent cigarette filters extent to which human smokers smoke differently than were digitally analyzed for color intensity features, matched standard testingprotocols and in assessingthe prevalence of to smoking topography measures, and examined in regres- compensatory smokingin population samples. (Cancer sion models. Difference scores for digital imaging and Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(12):2565–9) Introduction There is substantial variation in how people smoke cigarettes some biomarkers, particularly those measured in urine and (1), including the type of cigarettes smoked, the number of saliva, is that they are not sensitive to the smoking of cigarettes smoked daily, and how each individual cigarette is individual cigarettes. Knowing the effect of smoking behavior smoked, including number of puffs, puff volume, duration, at the per-cigarette level is important because, as Harris (12) and velocity (collectively referred to as smoking topography). showed, smoke constituent compounds do not increase at the Nicotine delivery drives dependent smokers’ smoking topog- same rates during compensatory smoking. Although Bernstein raphy (2, 3), but topography also affects exposure to the (13) reported that puff volume has no effect on size of harmful compounds in cigarette smoke (4-7). Evidence of particulate matter capable of reaching the lung, others have nicotine-driving smoking behavior is seen in brand-switching suggested that puffing can affect which products are generated studies, where smokers are switched to lower nicotine within the tobacco rod (14, 15). Furthermore, Hecht et al. (6, 7) cigarettes (8), and in cigarette reduction studies, where have shown that when number of cigarettes smoked per day is smokers smoke fewer allotted daily cigarettes more intensely restricted, carcinogen biomarkers do not decrease in a manner to obtain nicotine (4). proportionate with the reduced number of cigarettes, showing The effect of smoking behavior on cigarette smoke toxin that compensatory smoking at the per-cigarette level can exposure has been shown by measuring carbon monoxide minimize any perceived harm reduction in smoking fewer boost (9, 10) and carcinogen levels (6, 7, 11). A limitation of cigarettes. It is therefore reasonable to postulate that smoking more intensely may not only expose a smoker to greater quantities of toxin but also to different proportions and types Received 7/26/06; revised 9/5/06; accepted 9/21/06. Grant support: Cancer Research and Prevention Foundation (A.A. Strasser), Roswell Park of toxicants. Cancer Institute Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center grant 1-P50-CA-111236 (R.J. Cigarette filters trap a significant portion of the smoke O’Connor), and National Institute on Drug Abuse grant KO1-DA019446 (M.E. Mooney). particulate matter during smoking and, therefore, may provide The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. an indication of particulate exposure to the smoker (16, 17). Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Kozlowski (16) first reported a strong positive correlation Requests for reprints: Andrew A. Strasser, Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center, between number of puffs and intensity of tar stain using a University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 4100, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3309. Phone: 215-746-5788; Fax: 215-746-7140. E-mail: [email protected] visual scoring mechanism. Others have reported on more Copyright D 2006 American Association for Cancer Research. subtle smoking behaviors and tar stains (18, 19) as well as on doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0623 the effect of blocking filter vents on tar staining (20). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(12). December 2006 Downloaded from cebp.aacrjournals.org on September 28, 2021. © 2006 American Association for Cancer Research. 2566 Topography Tar Stain O’Connor et al. have refined a technique for quantifying software converts signal to airflow (mL/s) in real time (s), filter tar staining with digital imaging (21, 22) that has shown which is subsequently converted to data. Cigarettes are placed predictive value discriminating between blocked and in a sterilized mouthpiece during smoking. This device has unblocked filter vents. Recently, O’Connor et al. showed a been previously used in our laboratory to assess smoking relationship between smokers’ typical total puff volume and behavior (5, 9), has been shown to be a valid and reliable filter tar stain intensity (23) using the CIELAB color system means to measure smoking behavior (26), and was calibrated (24). A limitation noted by the authors was the inability to link before each session. smoking topography measures to specific cigarette filters. Imaging Techniques. The specifics of the imaging system and Mean smoking topography measures were compared with technique are described in greater detail elsewhere (22, 23). In mean tar stain measures. In addition, variability in cigarette brief, the system involves using a color CCD digital camera type and ventilation levels required analyses of both the edge (DFW-x710, Sony USA, New York, NY) to capture a 1024 Â 768 and core of the filter stain. pixel resolution image of a cigarette butt (mouth end) and then A new type of potential reduced exposure product, Quest, processing that image to extract color information from the uses genetically modified tobacco to provide three ‘‘steps’’ of center of the spent filter, as well as a 7-pixel-wide ring around gradually reduced nicotine. Unlike Light cigarettes, because the outside of the filter. All image processing and analysis is the nicotine content of the rod itself is reduced, smoking done using MATLAB (The Mathworks, Natick, MA). Red, Quest cigarettes more intensely should not allow the smoker Green, Blue (RGB) values captured by the camera are converted to extract additional nicotine. Yet, smokers are often unaware to the CIELAB color space (L* or lightness, a* or red-green, and of the complexities of cigarette design and may continue to b* or yellow-blue) using standard formulas (see ref. 24). Each attempt to extract nicotine by increased puffing behavior. A filter imaged then receives six imaging values: L*, a*, and b* recent publication has reported that smokers initially increase each at the center and the edge of the filter. their total puff volume when smoking the lowest-nicotine (0.05 mg) Quest cigarette compared with the highest-nicotine Physical Characteristics of Cigarettes. New Quest cigarettes (0.6 mg) Quest cigarette and, subsequently, have a significant were assessed for physical characteristics, including total increase in carbon monoxide boost (25). The current study uses cigarette length, diameter, tobacco rod length, filter length, the smoking topography data from the Quest cigarettes and tipping paper length, tobacco
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