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Enzymes Handling/Processing
Enzymes Handling/Processing 1 Identification of Petitioned Substance 2 3 This Technical Report addresses enzymes used in used in food processing (handling), which are 4 traditionally derived from various biological sources that include microorganisms (i.e., fungi and 5 bacteria), plants, and animals. Approximately 19 enzyme types are used in organic food processing, from 6 at least 72 different sources (e.g., strains of bacteria) (ETA, 2004). In this Technical Report, information is 7 provided about animal, microbial, and plant-derived enzymes generally, and more detailed information 8 is presented for at least one model enzyme in each group. 9 10 Enzymes Derived from Animal Sources: 11 Commonly used animal-derived enzymes include animal lipase, bovine liver catalase, egg white 12 lysozyme, pancreatin, pepsin, rennet, and trypsin. The model enzyme is rennet. Additional details are 13 also provided for egg white lysozyme. 14 15 Chemical Name: Trade Name: 16 Rennet (animal-derived) Rennet 17 18 Other Names: CAS Number: 19 Bovine rennet 9001-98-3 20 Rennin 25 21 Chymosin 26 Other Codes: 22 Prorennin 27 Enzyme Commission number: 3.4.23.4 23 Rennase 28 24 29 30 31 Chemical Name: CAS Number: 32 Peptidoglycan N-acetylmuramoylhydrolase 9001-63-2 33 34 Other Name: Other Codes: 35 Muramidase Enzyme Commission number: 3.2.1.17 36 37 Trade Name: 38 Egg white lysozyme 39 40 Enzymes Derived from Plant Sources: 41 Commonly used plant-derived enzymes include bromelain, papain, chinitase, plant-derived phytases, and 42 ficin. The model enzyme is bromelain. -
Biochemistry and the Genomic Revolution 1.1
Dedication About the authors Preface Tools and Techniques Clinical Applications Molecular Evolution Supplements Supporting Biochemistry, Fifth Edition Acknowledgments I. The Molecular Design of Life 1. Prelude: Biochemistry and the Genomic Revolution 1.1. DNA Illustrates the Relation between Form and Function 1.2. Biochemical Unity Underlies Biological Diversity 1.3. Chemical Bonds in Biochemistry 1.4. Biochemistry and Human Biology Appendix: Depicting Molecular Structures 2. Biochemical Evolution 2.1. Key Organic Molecules Are Used by Living Systems 2.2. Evolution Requires Reproduction, Variation, and Selective Pressure 2.3. Energy Transformations Are Necessary to Sustain Living Systems 2.4. Cells Can Respond to Changes in Their Environments Summary Problems Selected Readings 3. Protein Structure and Function 3.1. Proteins Are Built from a Repertoire of 20 Amino Acids 3.2. Primary Structure: Amino Acids Are Linked by Peptide Bonds to Form Polypeptide Chains 3.3. Secondary Structure: Polypeptide Chains Can Fold Into Regular Structures Such as the Alpha Helix, the Beta Sheet, and Turns and Loops 3.4. Tertiary Structure: Water-Soluble Proteins Fold Into Compact Structures with Nonpolar Cores 3.5. Quaternary Structure: Polypeptide Chains Can Assemble Into Multisubunit Structures 3.6. The Amino Acid Sequence of a Protein Determines Its Three-Dimensional Structure Summary Appendix: Acid-Base Concepts Problems Selected Readings 4. Exploring Proteins 4.1. The Purification of Proteins Is an Essential First Step in Understanding Their Function 4.2. Amino Acid Sequences Can Be Determined by Automated Edman Degradation 4.3. Immunology Provides Important Techniques with Which to Investigate Proteins 4.4. Peptides Can Be Synthesized by Automated Solid-Phase Methods 4.5. -
Molecular Insights Into Bromelain Application in Industry and Health Care
Biosc.Biotech.Res.Comm. Special Issue Vol 13 No 15 (2020) Pp-36-46 Molecular Insights into Bromelain Application in Industry and Health Care Sushma S. Murthy and T. Bala Narsaiah 1Research Scholar, Department of Chemical Engineering, JNTUA College of Engineering, Ananthapuram-515002, Andhra Pradesh, India 2Department of Chemical Engineering, JNTUA College of Engineering, Ananthapuram-515002, Andhra Pradesh, India ABSTRACT Bromelain is a cysteine protease derived from the stem and fruit of the pineapple. It has a significant role in pharmacological and clinical applications. Studies have shown Bromelain to be a potent photoactive compound that has a wide application in industry. It has also been shown to be effective in treatment of cancer, inflammation, and allergies. It has a distinct immunomodulatory activity which forms an important strategy in its utilization as a therapeutic agent. Bromelain plays a significant role at molecular level by regulating the expression of proteins that are potential therapeutic targets. Bromelain is used extensively worldwide as an herbal medicine as it promises good efficacy and has no side effects. This paper reviews the general characteristics of Bromelain, its separation process, and its use in industries and healthcare as a therapeutic agent. The present review identifies that there is lack of knowledge pertaining to the mode of action of Bromelain in inhibiting transcriptional factors and in controlling cancer. An in-detail analysis in this area might help in expanding the therapeutic scope of Bromelain. KEY WORDS: BROMELAIN, CANCER, PHARMacOLOGICAL actiVITY, SEpaRatiON, TRANSCRIPTION FactORS. INTRODUCTION because of its wide benefits to the human system. The stem part of the plant, which is inexpensive and is usually The Bromelain protease is isolated from the stem and discarded, has a high concentration of bromelain and fruit of Pineapple (Ananas comosus,). -
Role of Systemic Enzymes in Infections
Article ID: WMC002495 2046-1690 Role of Systemic Enzymes in Infections Corresponding Author: Dr. Sukhbir Shahid, Consultant Pediatrician, Pediatrics - India Submitting Author: Dr. Sukhbir Shahid, Consultant Pediatrician, Pediatrics - India Article ID: WMC002495 Article Type: Review articles Submitted on:22-Nov-2011, 08:16:56 AM GMT Published on: 22-Nov-2011, 02:34:00 PM GMT Article URL: http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/2495 Subject Categories:COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE Keywords:Enzymes, Systemic enzymes, Infections, Sepsis, Proteolytic, Supplementary How to cite the article:Shahid S . Role of Systemic Enzymes in Infections . WebmedCentral COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE 2011;2(11):WMC002495 Source(s) of Funding: None Competing Interests: None WebmedCentral > Review articles Page 1 of 13 WMC002495 Downloaded from http://www.webmedcentral.com on 23-Dec-2011, 07:57:46 AM Role of Systemic Enzymes in Infections Author(s): Shahid S Abstract infections[4]. The ‘battle’ between the host’s immunity and organism leads to a lot of ‘molecular’morbidity and mortality. Anti-infective agents do help but at times benefit is marginal. These agents may sometimes Enzymes are complex macromolecules of amino-acids worsen the situation through release of immune which bio-catalyse various body processes. Adequate complexes and dead bacilli into the blood stream. concentrations of enzymes are essential for optimal They also fail to reverse the hemodynamic instability functioning of the immune system. During infections, and immune paralysis characteristic of these body’s enzymatic system is attacked and hence the infections[4]. Supplementation with drugs targeted immune system is also likely to derange. This may be against this ‘choatic’ or ‘dysfunctional’ immune detrimental for the host’s well-being and existence. -
Concentrate of Proteolytic Enzymes Enriched in Bromelain
20 September 2012 EMA/648483/2012 Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) Assessment report NexoBrid Concentrate of proteolytic enzymes enriched in bromelain Procedure No. EMEA/H/C/002246 Note Assessment report as adopted by the CHMP with all information of a commercially confidential nature deleted. 7 Westferry Circus ● Canary Wharf ● London E14 4HB ● United Kingdom Telephone +44 (0)20 7418 8400 Facsimile +44 (0)20 7418 8416 E-mail [email protected] Website www.ema.europa.eu An agency of the European Union © European Medicines Agency, 2012. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Table of contents 1. Background information on the procedure .............................................. 5 1.1. Submission of the dossier.................................................................................... 5 1.2. Steps taken for the assessment of the product ....................................................... 6 2. Scientific discussion ................................................................................ 7 2.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 7 2.2. Quality aspects .................................................................................................. 9 2.3. Non-clinical aspects .......................................................................................... 20 2.4. Clinical aspects ................................................................................................ 29 2.5. -
Chapter 11 Cysteine Proteases
CHAPTER 11 CYSTEINE PROTEASES ZBIGNIEW GRZONKA, FRANCISZEK KASPRZYKOWSKI AND WIESŁAW WICZK∗ Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk,´ Poland ∗[email protected] 1. INTRODUCTION Cysteine proteases (CPs) are present in all living organisms. More than twenty families of cysteine proteases have been described (Barrett, 1994) many of which (e.g. papain, bromelain, ficain , animal cathepsins) are of industrial impor- tance. Recently, cysteine proteases, in particular lysosomal cathepsins, have attracted the interest of the pharmaceutical industry (Leung-Toung et al., 2002). Cathepsins are promising drug targets for many diseases such as osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, arteriosclerosis, cancer, and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Caspases, another group of CPs, are important elements of the apoptotic machinery that regulates programmed cell death (Denault and Salvesen, 2002). Comprehensive information on CPs can be found in many excellent books and reviews (Barrett et al., 1998; Bordusa, 2002; Drauz and Waldmann, 2002; Lecaille et al., 2002; McGrath, 1999; Otto and Schirmeister, 1997). 2. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 2.1. Classification and Evolution Cysteine proteases (EC.3.4.22) are proteins of molecular mass about 21-30 kDa. They catalyse the hydrolysis of peptide, amide, ester, thiol ester and thiono ester bonds. The CP family can be subdivided into exopeptidases (e.g. cathepsin X, carboxypeptidase B) and endopeptidases (papain, bromelain, ficain, cathepsins). Exopeptidases cleave the peptide bond proximal to the amino or carboxy termini of the substrate, whereas endopeptidases cleave peptide bonds distant from the N- or C-termini. Cysteine proteases are divided into five clans: CA (papain-like enzymes), 181 J. Polaina and A.P. MacCabe (eds.), Industrial Enzymes, 181–195. -
A Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitor of Human Saliva We Have Recently
COMMUNICATION J. Biochem. 96,1311-1314 (1984) Cystatin S : A Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitor of Human Saliva Satoko ISEMURA,* Eiichi SAITOH,* Seiki ITO,** Mamoru ISEMURA,*** and Kazuo SANADA* *Department of Oral Biochemistry , Niigata Faculty, Nippon Dental University. Niigata 951, **First Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata 951, and ***Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980 Received for publication, July 12, 1984 An acidic protein of human saliva, which we named SAP-1 previously, is now shown to be an inhibitor of several cysteine proteinases. The protein inhibited papain and ficin strongly, and stem bromelain and bovine cathepsin C partially. How ever, it did not inhibit either porcine cathepsin B or clostripain. The mode of the inhibition of papain was found to be non-competitive. The name cystatin S has been proposed for this salivary protein in view of the similarities in activity and structure to other cysteine proteinase inhibitors such as chicken egg-white cystatin and human cystatins A, B, and C. The cystatin S antigen was detected immunohistochemically in the serous cells of human parotid and submaxillary glands. We have recently isolated an acidic protein, SAP-1, 3.4.22.3], bromelain [EC 3.4.22.4], and clostripain with a molecular weight of 12,552 and PI 4.68 [EC 3.4.22.8] from Sigma; cathepsin C [dipeptidyl from human whole saliva, and determined its peptidase I, EC 3.4.14.1] from Serva; trypsin [EC amino acid sequence (1). This protein has se 3.4.21.4] and chymotrypsin [EC 3.4.21.1] from quence homology of 54% with human y-trace, the Worthington Biochemical Inc. -
A Factor X-Activating Cysteine Protease from Malignant Tissue
A factor X-activating cysteine protease from malignant tissue. S G Gordon, B A Cross J Clin Invest. 1981;67(6):1665-1671. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI110203. Research Article A proteolytic procoagulant has been identified in extracts of human and animal tumors and in cultured malignant cells. It directly activated Factor X but its similarity to other Factor S-activating serine proteases was not clear. This study describes work done to determine whether this enzyme, cancer procoagulant, is a serine or cysteine protease. Purified cancer procoagulant from rabbit V2 carcinoma was bound to a p-chloromercurialbenzoate-agarose affinity column and was eluted with dithiothreitol. The initiation of recalcified, citrated plasma coagulation activity by cancer procoagulant was inhibited by 5 mM diisopropylfluorophosphate, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride, 0.1 mM HgCl2, and 1 mM iodoacetamide. Activity was restored in the diisopropylfluorophosphate-, phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride-, and HgCl2- inhibited samples by 5 mM dithiothreitol; iodoacetamide inhibition was irreversible. Russell's viper venom, a control Factor X-activating serine protease, was not inhibited by either 0.1 mM HgCl2 or 1 mM iodoacetamide. The direct activation of Factor X by cancer procoagulant in a two-stage assay was inhibited by diisopropylfluorophosphate and iodoacetamide. Diisopropylfluorophosphate inhibits serine proteases, and an undefined impurity in most commercial preparations inhibits cysteine proteases. Hydrolysis of diisopropylfluorophosphate with CuSO4 and imidazole virtually eliminated inhibition of thrombin, but cancer procoagulant inhibition remained complete, suggesting that cancer procoagulant was inhibited by the undefined impurity. These results suggest that cancer procoagulant is a cysteine endopeptidase, which distinguishes it from other coagulation factors including tissue factor. -
CHAPTER V General Discussion
CHAPTER V General Discussion GENERAL DISCUSSION The cysteine endopeptidases represent one of the four classes of enzymes that act on peptide bonds of proteins and oligopeptides. Papain, the protogonist of the cysteine endopeptidases has been by far the most extensively studied of this class of enzymes. Most of the cysteine endopeptidases characterised so far show a high degree of similarity with regard to their physico-chemical properties, specificity and primary and secondary structures to papain, and are now recognised as papain superfamily. Rawlings and Barrett, (1993) have classified endopeptidases into different families based on the sequence homology and active site residues. They showed that there are 14 different families of cysteine endopeptidases and the papain family is the largest. In the absence of sequence data, kinetic parameters of inhibitor binding and knowledge of active site residues provides ample scope to classify endopeptidases at least into papain and nonpapain families. Hence, based on these information an attempt was made to classify the cysteine endopeptidases investigated in these studies. Vignain, legumain, glycylendopeptidase (papaya proteinase IV) and clostripain are activated in the presence of thiols and have a pH optimum of 5-7, a general characteristics for enzymes belonging to the cysteine class. The molecular weight of enzymes belonging to the papain family fall in the range of 23 kDa - 28 kDa with papain having a molecular weight of 23.35 kDa. Vignain (28 kDa) and glycylendopeptidase (25 kDa) have molecular weights in this range, whereas clostripain and legumain have a molecular weights of 58 kDa and 33 kDa, respectively, which are higher than that of papain. -
Tesi Dottorato Ilaria Benucci
Facoltà di Agraria, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agroalimentari (AGR/15) CORSO DI DOTTORATO DI RICERCA Biotecnologia Degli Alimenti - XXIII ciclo Removal of unstable proteins from white wine by immobilized acid protease Coordinatore: Prof. Marco Esti Firma Tutor: Prof. Marco Esti Firma Dottoranda: Ilaria Benucci Firma A Pierluigi ABSTRACT This PhD thesis research project was aimed at assessing and optimizing different immobilization procedures of pineapple stem bromelain, in order to develop an innovative biotechnological technique, alternative to bentonite fining, useful to removal selectively unstable proteins from white wines. Stem bromelain activity was assessed on a suitable synthetic substrate at a reference pH value (3.2), this being the average minimum pH value of wine. Protease was covalently immobilized on different supports by various procedures and the best biocatalyst was chosen measuring immobilization percentage, kinetic parameters and half-life (in model wine buffer). Moreover, the influence on free and immobilized protease activity of potential inhibitors naturally present in wine, such as ethanol, tannins and sulphur dioxide (SO 2) over the average range concentration of wine, was investigated. Finally a kinetic study was carried out using 6 artisan and unrefined white wines, spiced with the synthetic substrate, in order to compare catalytic properties of free and immobilized bromelain. Immobilized protease activity, then, was tested in these wines both on total proteins and on unstable ones. Covalent immobilization reduced bromelain catalytic properties. All kinds of procedures applied at pH 7 allowed the highest immobilization yield. Nevertheless, biocatalysts immobilized at pH 3.2 showed the best catalytic performance. Stem bromelain was successfully immobilized on chitosan beads without glutaraldehyde at pH 3.2, obtaining the most interesting and food-safe biocatalyst, which was used for all other experiments. -
(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,561,811 B2 Bluchel Et Al
USOO8561811 B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,561,811 B2 Bluchel et al. (45) Date of Patent: Oct. 22, 2013 (54) SUBSTRATE FOR IMMOBILIZING (56) References Cited FUNCTIONAL SUBSTANCES AND METHOD FOR PREPARING THE SAME U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS 3,952,053 A 4, 1976 Brown, Jr. et al. (71) Applicants: Christian Gert Bluchel, Singapore 4.415,663 A 1 1/1983 Symon et al. (SG); Yanmei Wang, Singapore (SG) 4,576,928 A 3, 1986 Tani et al. 4.915,839 A 4, 1990 Marinaccio et al. (72) Inventors: Christian Gert Bluchel, Singapore 6,946,527 B2 9, 2005 Lemke et al. (SG); Yanmei Wang, Singapore (SG) FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS (73) Assignee: Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore (SG) CN 101596422 A 12/2009 JP 2253813 A 10, 1990 (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this JP 2258006 A 10, 1990 patent is extended or adjusted under 35 WO O2O2585 A2 1, 2002 U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. OTHER PUBLICATIONS (21) Appl. No.: 13/837,254 Inaternational Search Report for PCT/SG2011/000069 mailing date (22) Filed: Mar 15, 2013 of Apr. 12, 2011. Suen, Shing-Yi, et al. “Comparison of Ligand Density and Protein (65) Prior Publication Data Adsorption on Dye Affinity Membranes Using Difference Spacer Arms'. Separation Science and Technology, 35:1 (2000), pp. 69-87. US 2013/0210111A1 Aug. 15, 2013 Related U.S. Application Data Primary Examiner — Chester Barry (62) Division of application No. 13/580,055, filed as (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — Cantor Colburn LLP application No. -
Technical Alert
Technical Alert Call for Comment Expression of the enzymatic units for bromelains Dear Member, Call for comment – Enzymatic units for bromelains – due to CHC by COB Thursday, 24 October Over a number of years the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) and the complementary medicines industry have recognised difficulties in appropriately quantifying the activity of enzymes used as active ingredients in listed medicines. One difficult aspect has been in establishing an appropriate unit for the enzyme activity of the improved ingredient ‘bromelains’ (Australian Approved Name). As such the CHC seeks industry feedback on the below proposal to assist in the resolution of this issue. Bromelain is an enzyme that is extracted from the stem or fruit of the pineapple plant (Ananas comosus, family Bromeliaceae). Currently the TGA eBusiness Services (eBS) only allows the quantity of the ingredient to be expressed in milligrams (mg). However, based on past consultation with industry, the expression of its content on a ‘per mg’ basis is unsatisfactory, particularly as the material available commercially is highly variable in terms of enzyme (therapeutic) activity. There are currently no TGA recognised default standards, nor a TGA compositional guideline, to provide clarity to sponsors as to how to express the biological activity of bromelains. Of the scientific literature the following variety of designations are used: Martindale makes reference to ‘Rorer’ unit of protease activity and Commission E cites ‘FIP’ units of bromelain activity. Bromelain activity has also been described in terms of ‘milk clotting unit’ (MCU), ‘gelatin digesting unit’ (GDU) and ‘papain unit’ (PU). Most relevantly papain unit is specified for bromelain by the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) (Attachment 1) and the Food Chemical Codex (FCC) (Attachment 2).