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Experiments to Collect Dimensioning Data for Production of Biogas and Ethanol from Straw

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Experiments to Collect Dimensioning Data for Production of Biogas and Ethanol from Straw Experiments to collect dimensioning data for production of biogas and ethanol from straw Graduation Thesis Made by: Judit Szászi Supervisor: Dr. Erik Dahlquist Mälardalen University Department of Public Technology Consultant: Dr. József Kovács University of Pannonia Institute of Environmental Engineering Pannon University Mälardalen University Engineering Faculty School of Sustainable Society and Institute of Technology Development (HST) Environmental Engineering Västerås-Veszprém 2008 THESIS ASSIGNMENT FOR MASTER OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING STUDENTS Department Major Institute of Environmental technology Environmental Engineering Title of thesis: Experiments to collect dimensioning data for production of biogas and ethanol from straw Task leading department(s): Supervisor(s): Mälardalen University, Erik Dahlquist School of Sustainable Society and Dr. Kovács József Technology Development (HST) Task to be executed: There is a long project at Malardalens Högskola about preparation bioethanol and biogas from energy crops. During the processing of the available and personally selected literature former experiments should be summarized as well. The procedure of the production of biogas and bioethanol from straw has to be highly emphasized. In the practical research the extraction from straw should be examined considering different conditions such as temperature, pH, and extraction time. Thereafter biogasification is the aim, with bacteria to form CH4 and ethanol fermentation with Saccaromyces will be performed and the gas production measured. On the basis of these experimental results the candidate should trace the main directions of upcoming research. This will give information on rough dimensioning data for a future pilot plant. Special requirements: Well established knowledge of environmental engineering and of English language , the perfection in extraction and fermentation. Deadlines of the distinct parts of the project 1. Literature review and summary till the end of April 2008. 2. Laboratory experiments till the beginning of May 2008. 2 DIPLOMAMUNKA FELADAT KÖRNYEZETMÉRNÖK SZAKOS HALLGATÓK RÉSZÉRE Szakirány Tanszék Környezettechnológia Környezetmérnöki Intézet Diplomamunka pontos címe: Etanol és biogáz szalmából történő előállításának vizsgálata A kidolgozás helyszíne(i): Témavezető(k): Malardalens Högskola, Erik Dahlquist School of Sustainable Society and Dr. Kovács József Technology Development (HST) Az elvégzendő feladat: A Malardalens Högskola-n már több éve foglalkoznak bioetanol és biogáz energiafüvekből történő előállításával. A rendelkezésre álló és önállóan beszerzett szakirodalmak feldolgozása során összegezni kell a korábbi tapasztalatokat, kiemelten kell foglalkozni a szalmából történő bioetanol és biogáz előállításával. A gyakorlati részben vizsgálni kell a szalmából történő extrakciót különböző paraméterek mellett, különös tekintettel a pH-ra, hőmérsékletre és extrakció idejére. Ezután biogáz előállítás a cél, azaz baktériumok segítségével CH4 termelés, valamint etanol fermentációja Saccaromyces felhasználásával. Ezen kísérleti eredmények alapján a jelöltnek javaslatot kell tenni a további kutatások fő irányvonalának meghatározására, mivel ezek az eredmények a jövőbeni vizsgálatok kiindulópontjai. Speciális követelmények: Megalapozott környezetmérnöki tudás, az angol nyelv készség szintű ismerete. Extrakciós és fermentációs műveletekben való jártasság. Részfeladatok teljesítésének határideje: 1. A szakirodalom áttekintése és összefoglaló készítése 2008. április végéig 2. 2008 május elejéig laboratóriumi kísérletek elvégzése 3 Statement Veszprém, 12 May 2008 Undersigned Judit Szászi, graduating student, I declare that I have written my thesis in the Institute of Environmental Engineering of University of Pannonia in order to acquire the degree of Environmental Engineering (Master of Environmental Engineering). I declare, that the facts included in my thesis are the results of my own research and I have used only the given materials and sources. (works cited, tools) I acknowledge that the results included in my thesis can be freely used by University of Pannonia or by the department assigning the task, for their own purposes. signature of student Veszprém, 12 May 2008 Undersigned Dr. József Kovács, supervisor, I declare that Judit Szászi has written her thesis in the Institution of Enviromenmental Engineering of University of Pannonia in order to acquire the degree of Environmental Engineering (Master of Environmental Engineering). I declare that I permit the protection of the thesis. signature of supervisor 4 Nyilatkozat Alulírott Szászi Judit diplomázó hallgató, kijelentem, hogy a szakdolgozatot/diplomadolgozatot a Pannon Egyetem Környezetmérnöki Intézetben készítettem környezetmérnöki diploma (Master of Environmental Engineering) megszerzése érdekében. Kijelentem, hogy a szakdolgozatban/diplomadolgozatban foglaltak saját munkám eredményei, és csak a megadott forrásokat (szakirodalom, eszközök, stb.) használtam fel. Tudomásul veszem, hogy a szakdolgozatban/diplomadolgozatban foglalt eredményeket a Pannon Egyetem, valamint a feladatot kiíró szervezeti egység saját céljaira szabadon felhasználhatja. Veszprém, 2008. május 12. hallgató aláírása Alulírott Dr. Kovács József témavezető kijelentem, hogy a szakdolgozatot/diplomadolgozatot Szászi Judit a Pannon Egyetem Környezetmérnöki Intézetben készítette környezetmérnöki diploma (Master of Environmental Engineering) megszerzése érdekében. Kijelentem, hogy a szakdolgozat/diplomadolgozat védésre bocsátását engedélyezem. Veszprém, 2008. május 12. témavezető aláírása 5 Acknowledgement First, I wish to thank all the people who have contributed to this thesis in any way. I would like to thank my supervisor Erik Dahlquist for the theoretical guidance, Ann-Sofie Magnusson for the beneficial practical advice during my laboratory work and Mälardalens Högskola for providing the place and raw materials to my work. Further I would like to thank József Kovács for his contribution from my home university. 6 ABSTRACT The term biofuel is referred to as liquid or gasous fuels for the transport sector that are produced from biomass. Producing biofuels from cellulose- rich materials are considered as relevant technology nowadays. There is a research and technological development project for years at Malardalens Högskola about bioethanol and biogas production, and the university joined to the Vaxtkraft project in Vasteras, Sweden, aims to produce biogas out of ley crop and organic waste. The purpose of my study was to analyse the efficiency of producing transportation fuels, spezifyed ethanol and biogas from straw. Extraction of sugar from straw under different conditions with respect to pH, temperature and extraction time were studied. Thereafter biogasification with bacteria to form CH4 and ethanol fermentation with Saccharomyces was performed and the gas production measured. The extractions were carried out separately at 121 °C and 140-145 °C, with 20, 40, 60, 120 minutes extraction time. The pH during the processes was set to 5 and 3 with buffer solution. To consider the extraction rate, the better conditions are lower pH, higher temperature and longer extraction time. The results show the optimal extraction is performed at 140-145 °C for 120 minutes with pH 3. The gasification was carried out at 37 °C with using Baker’s yeast. The results indicate that in contrast to the extraction, the gasification is better with the samples which extraction was carried out at lower temperature and higher pH. The best gasification was achieved by the samples with 121°C and pH 5 extraction irrespectively of the extraction time, although they had the worst extraction rate results. More research and detailed quality analysis are needed to determine the reason of this seeming contradiction. Keywords Ethanol, biogas, extraction, gasification 7 KIVONAT A bio- üzemanyag a transzport szektor számára biomasszából előállított folyékony és gáznemű üzemanyagok gyüjtőneve. Napjainkban a cellulózban gazdag anyagokból történő bio-üzemagyag előállítás egy igen kiemelkedő fontosságú technológia. A svédországi Malardalens Högskola-n évek óta folyik kutatás biogáz és bioetanol előállításával kapcsolatban, az egyetem csatlakozott a Vaxtkraft projekthez, melynek célja biogáz előállítása növényi eredetű szerves hulladékokból. A dolgozatom elsődleges célja a szalmából történő etanol és biogáz előállítás hatékonyságának vizsgálata. A kísérletek során vizsgáltam a szalmából történő extrakciót különböző paraméterek mellett, különös tekintettel a pH-ra, hőmérsékletre és extrakció idejére. Ezután biogáz előállítása volt a cél, azaz baktériumok segítségével CH4 termelés, valamint etanol fermentációja Saccaromyces felhasználásával. Az extrakció 121 °C és 140-145 °C-on zajlott, 20, 40, 60 és 120 perces extrakciós idővel. A kísérleteket 5-ös és 3-as pH-n végeztem, melyet puffer- oldattal állítottam be. Az extrakció hatékonyságát tekintve az alacsonyabb pH, magasabb hőmérséklet és hosszabb extrakciós idő bizonyult jobbnak. Az eredmények alapján elmondható, hogy az optimális extrakció 140-145 °C-on, 120 perces extrakciós idővel és pH 3 mellett ment végbe. A gázosítást 37 °C- on, élesztő felhasználásával hajtottam végre. Az eredmények az extrakcióval ellentétben azt mutatják, hogy azon minták esetében keletkezett nagyobb mennyiségű gáz, melyek extrakciója alacsonyabb hőmérsékleten és magasabb pH-n zajlott. A legjobb eredményt a pH 5, 121 °C-on extrahált minta esetén kaptam, függetlenül az extrakció időtartamától. További kutatásokra
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