Appendix A: Data Sources

The primary unit of analysis in this study, as ex- Table A–1: Data Sources, by Phase plained in the first chapter, is a locality for which local authorities report problems with youth gangs. Infor- Phase mation on gang-problem localities was collected over a 25-year period. Most of the information was ob- 12 3 tained from seven types of sources, four major and Data Source (1974–79) (1980–93) (1994–98) three minor. The major sources were youth gang sur- vey reports, media reports, databases, and interviews. Youth gang The minor sources were conferences, academic litera- survey reports X X X ture, and routine police reports. Media reports X X X Databases X Different sets of sources were used during three phases of the study. During phase 1 (1974 through Interviews X X 1979), operations were conducted under the auspices Conferences X X of the U.S. Department of Justice’s Law Enforce- Academic ment Assistance Administration and Office of Juve- literature X X X nile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) Routine police and the Harvard University Law School. During reports X X X phase 2 (1980 through 1993), the author operated as an independent investigator. During phase 3 (1994 through 1998), operations were supported by the appendix E. These will not be repeated here but will National Youth Gang Center of Tallahassee, FL.1 be described in abbreviated form where appropriate. Table A–1 lists the seven types of data sources and indicates which were used during each phase. Youth Gang Survey Reports Youth gang survey reports, media sources, confer- Tables A–2 and A–3 list 29 printed sources containing ences, academic literature, and routine police re- lists of names of localities that were designated by the ports were used during all three phases. Interviews producers of the reports as having problems with youth were conducted during phases 1 and 3, and data- gangs between 1975 and 1997. Title, sponsoring organi- bases were used during phase 3. The following zations, and date of issuance are specified for each re- sections describe the nature and use of each of the port. The list is not exhaustive, as the tables themselves seven types of data sources. Detailed descriptions reveal. Only those reports that were obtained and ex- of sources and methods used primarily or exclu- amined directly by the author are included. Designa- sively during phase 1 are included in Miller, 1982, tions such as “Report 2” and “fifth edition” in some of the titles indicate the existence of earlier reports. The 1 Findings presented in the first eight chapters of this Report are California Investigators Report, for example, indicates that based on sources available through 1995; findings based on four reports were issued prior to 1993; the Virginia sources available after 1995 are presented in the “1998 Update State report of 1996 notes the existence of three of Selected Data” chapter.

A–1 previous surveys—January 1992, September 1992, Three agencies—the U.S. Departments of Justice and August 1994. None of these were obtained by the and the Treasury and the Federal Bureau of Investi- author.2 gation (FBI)—provided sponsorship. Within the Department of Justice, reports were produced These reports are divided into two categories, “unre- under the auspices of the National Drug Intelligence stricted circulation” and “restricted circulation.” The Center, the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), and first type was made available to the general public OJJDP. Within the Department of the Treasury, with no restrictions. The second contained notices reports were produced by the Bureau of Alcohol, such as “for official use only,” “for law enforcement Tobacco and Firearms. only,” and “confidential.” These reports were made available to the Institute for Intergovernmental Re- The diversity of investigative agencies reflects in search with the condition that specific content such part a struggle by the Federal Government to deter- as the names of survey respondents, gangs, or gang mine the proper jurisdiction for youth gang crime, members would not be made public. The informa- after many years of a Federal policy that maintained tion contained in the present Report conforms with that gangs were a local and not a Federal responsi- these conditions. bility. Federal support of only three reports during the 13 years between 1975 and 1989, following the Although the 29 reports listed here do not represent 1975 report that claimed serious youth gang prob- a complete set of all such reports, they probably lems were prevalent in the United States and pre- include most of the youth gang surveys conducted dicted a substantial increase in these problems, between 1975 and 1997 and thus provide a basis for indicates that the Federal Government took a long some summary statements on the yearly frequency time both to recognize its legitimate interest in the of the reports, the identity of the sponsoring agen- control of gang crime and to allocate increased Fed- cies, and the terms used to refer to the kinds of eral resources to its prevention and control. groups that were the objects of the surveys. The first of the 10 regional agency reports in table The earliest of the listed reports was published in 1975. A–2 (sponsored by the California Gang Investigators After a 7-year gap, one report was issued each year for Association) appeared in 1993, but its designation as 1982 and 1983. After a 6-year gap, 2 reports were is- “fifth edition” indicates 1988 as the initial year of a sued each year in 1991 and 1992, 4 each year in 1993 series of yearly reports. The first of the eight listed and 1994, 10 in 1995, 3 in 1996, and 2 in 1997. State government reports, Gangs in Texas Cities, ap- These figures indicate a substantial increase in the peared in 1991. It is likely that other States conducted number and yearly frequency of the reports, with surveys that were not obtained by this study. Three 1995 as the peak year. The trend suggests that offi- academic institutions, Harvard University, the Uni- cial agencies paid relatively little attention to youth versity of Chicago, and West Virginia University, gangs during the 1970’s and somewhat more atten- worked in conjunction with NIJ and OJJDP to tion in the 1980’s, with a major surge of attention in produce reports. Finally, 2 of the 29 reports were the 1990’s. What appears here as a slacking off after cosponsored by private consulting firms. 1995 may reflect the fact that post-1995 reports The extended dispute over the proper responsibility were not yet available at the time of writing. for youth gang problems was paralleled by an ex- Examination of the agencies that conducted or sup- tended dispute, discussed in the first chapter of the ported the reports shows that the majority of reports Report, over the proper term for the groups that (14) were conducted, sponsored, or cosponsored by were the objects of the surveys. The titles of the the Federal Government, operating through one or tabulated reports cast some light on the terms used more of its numerous branches and subbranches. by the producers of the reports. Of 32 different titles, 26 contain the word “gang.” Of these, 11 use the term “gang” with no modifying adjective. Eight 2 Several surveys reported in 1995 or earlier that are not used or use the term “street gang” or “criminal street gang,” cited in this Report are cited in Curry, 1996. and seven use the term “youth gang.” Of the seven

A–2 Table A–2: Printed Reports Containing Lists of Names of Localities With Youth Gang Problems (Unrestricted Circulation)

Title of Report Sponsoring Organizations Year

Violence by Youth Gangs U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, 1975 and Youth Groups National Institute for Juvenile Justice and Delinquency as a Crime Problem Prevention and Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency in Major American Cities Prevention, Washington DC; Law Enforcement Assistance Ad- ministration, Washington, DC; and Harvard University Law School, Center for Criminal Justice, Cambridge, MA

Crime by Youth Gangs U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office 1982 and Groups in the of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Washington, United States DC, and Harvard University Law School, Center for Criminal Justice, Cambridge, MA

Police Handling of Reports of the National Juvenile Justice Assessment Centers 1983 Youth Gangs and U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and National Institute for Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Washington, DC

Survey of Youth U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office 1989 Gang Problems and of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Washington, Programs in 45 DC, and University of Chicago, School of Social Service Cities and Sites Administration, Chicago, IL

Gangs in Texas Cities: Research and Policy Management Division, Office of the 1991 Background, Survey Results, Attorney General, State of Texas, Austin State-Level Policy Options

New Mexico Street Gangs Governor’s Organized Crime Prevention Commission, with the 1991 State of New Mexico, Department of Public Safety, Special Investigations Division, Santa Fe

National Assessment of West Virginia University, Department of Sociology and 1992 Anti-Gang Law Anthropology, Morgantown, and National Assessment Enforcement Information Survey, U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Resources: Final Report Justice, Washington, DC

National Assessment U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, 1992 Survey of Anti-Gang National Institute of Justice, Washington, DC, and West Vir- Law Enforcement ginia University, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Information: Report #1 Gang Research, Crime and Justice Studies, Morgantown

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A–3 Title of Report Sponsoring Organizations Year

Criminal Street Gangs State of New Jersey, Commission of Investigation, Trenton 1993

Street Gang Report Update State of New Mexico, Department of Public Safety, Criminal 1993 Information and Analysis Bureau, Special Investigations Division, Santa Fe

Southern California California Gang Investigators Association 1993 Gang Listings: Fifth Edition

Gang Activity, 1994: Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department Field Operations, 1994 County Wide Gang- Safe Streets Bureau, Operation Safe Streets, and Participating Related Statistics Los Angeles County Police Agencies

Update of Gang Crime U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, 1994 and Law Enforcement National Institute of Justice, Washington, DC Record Keeping: Report of the 1994 National Institute of Justice Extended National Assessment Survey

Gangs: Public Enemy Chicago Crime Commission, Chicago, IL 1995 Number One

Criminal Street Gangs Utah Division of Investigation, Gang Intelligence Coordinator, 1995 of Utah: A 1995 Year Salt Lake City End Status Report

Study of Youth Gangs: Virginia General Assembly, Virginia Commission on Youth, 1996 Virginia Survey House Joint Resolution 92 Results

1995 National Youth U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office 1997 Gang Survey of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Washington, DC, and National Youth Gang Center, Tallahassee, FL

A–4 Table A–3: Printed Reports Containing Lists of Names of Localities With Youth Gang Problems (Restricted Circulation)

Title of Report Sponsoring Organizations Year

Bloods and Crips: U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1993 A National Perspective: Organizational Intelligence Unit, Washington, DC Interim Report

Bloods and Crips U.S. Department of Justice, National Drug Intelligence 1994 Gang Survey Report Center, Johnstown, PA

Street Gangs: U.S. Department of the Treasury, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco 1994 Second Edition and Firearms, Office of Law Enforcement, Intelligence Divi- sion, Tactical Intelligence Branch, Washington, DC

Street Gang Survey Regional Information Sharing Systems, New England State 1995 Results: Report 2 Police Information Network, Needham, MA

Georgia Youth Gangs State of Georgia, Bureau of Investigation, Intelligence Unit 1995

Criminal Street Gangs Florida Department of Law Enforcement, Division of 1995 in Florida: A Statewide Criminal Investigation, Investigative Services Bureau Assessment

Overview of Asian Crime U.S. Department of the Treasury, Bureau of Alcohol, 1995 in the United States Tobacco and Firearms, Office of Enforcement, Criminal Enforcement Programs, Intelligence Division, Tactical Intelligence Branch, Washington, DC

Gangs and Violent Regional Information Sharing Systems, Regional Organized 1995 Crimes Assessment 1995 Crime Information Center, Analytic and Publications Sec- tions, and U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Assistance, Washington, DC

Asian Gang Survey Regional Information Sharing Systems, New England State 1995 Results: Report 1 Police Information Network, Needham, MA

Reports of Gang Regional Information Sharing Systems, New England State 1995 Information Sharing Police Information Network, Needham, MA 1996 Meetings: Series

Street Gangs: National U.S. Department of Justice, National Drug Intelligence 1996 Street Gang Survey Center, Johnstown, PA Report

Reports of Asian Regional Information Sharing Systems, New England State 1995 Organized Crime Police Information Network, Needham, MA 1996 Information Sharing 1997 Meetings: Series

A–5 titles using the term “youth gang,” four appeared activity varies in quality. Some reports are detailed before 1990, whereas none of the titles using “street and accurate, others incomplete and questionable, gang” appeared before that date. This reflects, in with all degrees in between. Whether or not events part, the increasing participation in report produc- occurring in a particular gang locality will be re- tion by law enforcement agencies, since “street ported depends to a greater degree on the perceived gang” has been for many years the term favored by newsworthiness of the situation than on any desire these agencies. for comprehensive coverage. The steady and ongoing nature of media reporting, Media Reports with continuity of publication assured by market Of the 3,260 gang-problem localities tabulated in the forces (readers and advertisers) rather than by diffi- final chapter of this Report, approximately 20 per- cult to obtain and relatively infrequent support cent were derived either exclusively or in conjunc- through grants or other forms of public funding, is tion with other sources from reports in the media. one of its strengths. Another very important advan- The term “media” here refers to the widest range of tage of media information is the fact that the origi- documentary materials issued for public consump- nating source of information can be identified and tion, including daily and weekly printed newspa- verified quite easily. pers, magazines, published books, radio accounts, In contrast to survey research methods where the television accounts, and the very wide variety of identity of the original data provider, the respondent, online documents available through the World Wide is usually not revealed, media reports identify the Web and other Internet platforms. original data provider or providers, specify their role Although media sources make up only one of the seven or position, and give the date the information was types of data sources used here, it is unusual for a Re- provided. This makes it possible for any interested port of this type to use the media so extensively. The person to verify the accuracy of the information by major reason for using media sources relates to the retrieving the original account through records or historical nature of the present study. Survey research- databases maintained by the publishing entity. based methods operate within a limited span of time; respondents supply information that is available when Examples of Media Reports they are queried. The 25-year timespan covered by the Tables A–4, A–5, and A–6 list the names and posi- primary analysis in the present Report, in common tions of persons who provided information on the with historical research, requires retrievable docu- existence of youth gang problems for 77 of the 3,699 ments over an extended time. For substantial periods gang-problem localities cited in the final chapter. of this study, media reports were the only relevant Each of the three tables covers a different decade— evidence available. one each for the 1970’s, 1980’s, and 1990’s. The The gang survey reports cited in the previous sec- name and position of the information provider and tion represent the most desirable type of source date of information, along with the localities charac- document, in terms of both quality and coverage. terized as having gang problems, are listed for 20 However, as shown in the last section, such reports information providers for each of the 3 time periods. were issued in only 12 years of the 25, leaving 13 The 60 tabulated examples do not represent any years with no survey-based data on gang localities. kind of sample of the universe of gang-problem lo- Media sources were also used in the 1982 gang sur- calities but were chosen to illustrate the variety of vey report. Of the 286 estimated gang-problem positions of the information providers, the range of localities cited in this Report, only 26 were obtained geographic regions of the localities, and the variety directly through site visits and onsite interviews; the of media sources. others were obtained primarily from media sources. Although the 60 gang locality information providers Like all data sources, media sources have weak- listed in tables A–4, A–5, and A–6 represent a rela- nesses and strengths. Media reporting of youth gang tively small percentage of all media information

A–6 Table A–4: Media Sources in the 1970’s

Locality Designated as Medium Name of Having Youth and Date Information Provider Position of Information Provider Gang Problems of Report Adams, Howard Councilman, Member, Anti-Gang Phoenix, AZ Arizona Republic Task Force, City Council, 9/15/78 Phoenix, AZ

Allen, Ethel D. Councilwoman, City Council, Philadelphia, PA New York Times Philadelphia, PA 11/27/72

Appier, R.L. Lieutenant, Commanding Officer, Los Angeles, CA New York Times Gang Activities Section, Police 11/27/72 Department, Los Angeles, CA

Chapa, Rogellio Director, Mexican-American San Antonio, TX The Light Neighborhood Civic Association, 6/24/77 San Antonio, TX

Duffy, T. Detective, Police Department, Brookline, MA Boston Globe Brookline, MA 5/21/79

Endo, Russell Professor, Sociology Department, San Francisco, CA Colorado Daily University of San Francisco, 9/28/77 San Francisco, CA

Hart, John J. Lieutenant, Gang Intelligence Unit, Chicago, IL New York Times Police Department, Chicago, IL 11/27/72

Jackson, Thomas Deputy Prosecutor, Prosecutor’s Indianapolis, IN Indianapolis Star Office, Indianapolis, IN 2/3/78

Keegan, Jack Detective, Youth Service Division, Hartford, CT Hartford Times Police Department, Hartford, CT 3/24/75

Kilduff, Edward J. Detective Captain, Police New Britain, CT Hartford Courant Department, New Britain, CT 2/17/78

Kiley, Jeremiah V. Chief of Police, Police Department, Belmont, MA Boston Globe Belmont, MA 3/12/75

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A–7 Locality Designated as Medium Name of Having Youth and Date Information Provider Position of Information Provider Gang Problems of Report Kurose, Ruth Youth Counselor, Central Area Seattle, WA The Seattle Daily Motivation Program, Seattle, WA Times 1/25/77

Lincoln, James H. Executive Judge, Wayne County Detroit, MI Detroit News Juvenile Court, Detroit, MI 11/16/75

Macia, Victor Lieutenant, Police Department, San Francisco, CA New York Times San Francisco, CA 9/21/77

Meers, Millard School Security Officer, Board Philadelphia, PA Philadelphia Bulletin of Education, Philadelphia, PA 12/5/72

Moran, Thomas Commander, Fourth District, St. Louis, MO New York Times Police Department, St. Louis, MO 9/3/72

O’Neill, Joseph F. Commissioner, Police Department, Philadelphia, PA Philadelphia Bulletin Philadelphia, PA 12/20/72

Schoener, Richard Gang Task Force, Patrol Division, Seattle, WA The Seattle Daily Seattle Police Department, Times 1/23/77 Seattle, WA

Serrano, Richard Acting Chief of Police, South South Tucson, AZ Tucson Daily Tucson, AZ Citizen 10/22/75

Sherrill, Charles Lieutenant, Special Assignment Detroit, MI Detroit News Unit, Police Department, 11/16/75 Detroit, MI

Torres, Tom Patrolman, Community Relations San Antonio, TX The Light Bureau, Police Department, 6/24/77 San Antonio, TX

Watson, Norman Sergeant, Sheriff’s Office, Santee, CA Daily Californian San Diego County, CA El Cajon 5/8/76

A–8 Table A–5: Media Sources in the 1980’s

Locality Designated as Medium Name of Having Youth and Date Information Provider Position of Information Provider Gang Problems of Report Ashcroft, John Governor, State of Missouri St. Louis, MO CompuServe Executive News Service 12/5/89

Barry, John Captain, Commander, Third Cleveland, OH United Press District, Police Department, International Cleveland, OH 2/16/81

Bonner, Robert United States Attorney, Los Angeles Culver City, United Press Gang–Drug Task Force, United Gardena, International States District Attorney’s Office, Hawthorne, 4/2/88 Southern California District, CA and Oxnard, CA

Culley, William Chief of Police, Police Department, Ardmore, OK U.S. News & Ardmore, OK World Report 6/29/81

Davis, Rodney Dallas Independent School District, Fort Worth, TX Dallas Times Dallas, TX Herald 12/2/82

Evans, Paul Chief of Police, Police Department, Boston, MA Boston Herald Boston, MA 1/20/86

Green, Richard Teenage Gang Task Force, Minneapolis, MN United Press Superintendent, School International Department, Minneapolis, MN 10/29/85

Hackey, George E. Gang Officer, County Police, Gaithersburg, Washington Post Jr. Montgomery County, MD Sandy Spring, and 6/22/85 Wheaton, MD

Leid, G. Detective, Police Department, Chesapeake, VA Virginian-Pilot Chesapeake, VA 10/30/85

Lynch, William Lieutenant, Superintendent, Com- Cerritos, Carson, United Press munity Resources Against Street Lakewood, International Hoodlums (C.R.A.S.H.), Police Los Angeles, and 6/15/82 Department, Los Angeles, CA Orange, CA

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A–9 Locality Designated as Medium Name of Having Youth and Date Information Provider Position of Information Provider Gang Problems of Report McBride, Wesley Sergeant, Sheriff’s Department, Sante Fe Springs, United Press Los Angeles County, CA CA International 4/20/88

McCormack, Sharon Director, Youth Gang Task Force, Portland, OR Boston Globe Portland, OR 11/3/88

Morris, Charles S. Sergeant, Commander, Intelligence Hartford, CT Boston Globe Unit, Police Department, 10/15/89 Hartford, CT

Pitts, Connie Captain, Police Department, Birmingham, AL United Press Birmingham, AL International 11/10/80

Reinhardt, J. Human Relations Department, Colorado Springs, United Press Colorado Springs, CO CO International 4/14/85

Reynolds, James Investigation Division, Police Kansas City, MO United Press Department, Kansas City, MO International 5/30/85

Scott, Margaret M. Judge, Dorchester District Court, Dallas/Fort Boston Globe Boston, MA Worth, TX 9/6/84

Turner, Kenneth Judge, Juvenile Court, Memphis, TN The Commercial Memphis, TN Appeal 5/21/86

Washington, F.S. Police Department, Savannah, GA Savannah, GA Newsweek 2/28/88

Young, Coleman A. Mayor, Detroit, MI Detroit, MI United Press International 1/16/87

A–10 Table A–6: Media Sources in the 1990’s

Locality Designated as Medium Name of Having Youth and Date Information Provider Position of Information Provider Gang Problems of Report Barnes, Paul Detective, Gang Intelligence Unit, Fairfax County, VA Washington Post Sheriff’s Department, Fairfax 2/19/95 County, VA

Bartollas, Clem Professor, University of Northern Waverly, IA Northern Iowa Iowa, Cedar Falls Today 5/1/95

Borden, Fran Corporal, Police Department, Durham, NC Raleigh News & Durham, NC Observer 11/4/91

Bradley, Frank Sergeant, Gang Officer, Navaho Window Rock, AZ Associated Press Police Department, Window 4/24/95 Rock, AZ

Carreras, Wilson Minister, Former Gang Member, Toppenish, WA Associated Press Toppenish, WA 4/7/95

Carrol, William J. District Director, United States Washington, DC Washington Post Immigration and Naturalization 2/19/95 Service, Washington, DC

Colazzo, R. Detective, Sheriff’s Department, Coral Springs, FL United Press Broward County, FL International 8/15/91

DeGroot, Mary Councilwoman, City Council, Denver, CO Associated Press Denver, CO 6/23/95

Gaunt, Derek Detective, Gang Officer, Police Langley Park, MD; Washington Post Department, Alexandria, VA Alexandria, 3/26/95 Annandale, and Arlington,VA

Maloney, Andrew United States Attorney, Eastern Queens County, United Press District of New York State NY International 5/17/91

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A–11 Locality Designated as Medium Name of Having Youth and Date Information Provider Position of Information Provider Gang Problems of Report Maloney, Andrew United States Attorney’s Office, Jersey City, NJ United Press Jersey City, NJ International 11/21/91

McBride, Wesley Sergeant, Los Angeles County Lexington, KY; Boston Globe Sheriff’s Department, Los Angeles Reno, NV; Salt 3/26/90 County, CA Lake City, UT; Shreveport, LA; Sterling, IL; Tyler, TX

McIntosh, David Congressman, State of Indiana, Richmond, IN Associated Press United States House of 7/8/95 Representatives, Washington, DC

Pratt, Bruce Chief of Police, Police Department, St. Johnsbury, VT Boston Globe St. Johnsbury, VT 5/8/97

Rawson, Doug Director, Court Services, Rankin Rankin County, Boston Herald County, MS MS 2/9/94

Reque, Paul Chief of Police, Police Department, Appleton, WI United Press Grande Chute, WI International 5/20/95

Robinson, Dale Deputy Police Chief, Police Manchester, NH Associated Press Department, Manchester, NH 9/23/94

Skinner, James Chief of Police, Police Department, Des Moines, IA; Boston Globe Omaha, NE Texarkana, TX; 3/26/90 Wichita, KS

Solan, Mike Lieutenant, Police Department, Hammond, IN Chicago Tribune Hammond, IN 12/25/91

Weisner, Andrew Lieutenant, Police Department, Erie, PA; Nashville, U.S. Journal of Allentown, PA TN; Sioux Falls, Drugs & Alcohol SD; York, PA 9/1/91

A–12 providers, their agency affiliations, reporting locali- youth gang activities and gang-problem localities. ties, and publication sources are fairly representative The first major widely available online service of the wide variety of agency personnel, localities, (called time-sharing at the time) was The Source, a and publications in the larger set of media sources. service that pioneered procedures later followed by The three tables list 77 different gang localities in 34 other online services. Media stories transmitted to States and the District of Columbia. The 60 infor- the online service could be searched by procedures mation providers were affiliated with seven types of that located all news accounts containing selected agencies—police departments, sheriff’s departments, words or phrases. This made it possible to obtain governmental agencies (Federal, State, and city), nationwide news reports without using newspapers prosecutor’s offices (Federal, State, county, and or clipping services. The Source online service pro- city), judicial agencies (county, city, and district), vided two search and retrieve methods. The first, a public schools, and private service agencies. The “menu-driven” system, made it possible to access media sources include 26 different publications— about 10 national daily newspapers—the Los Angeles 19 daily newspapers, 4 magazines or journals, 2 wire Times, Minneapolis Star, New York Times, San Francisco services, and 1 online news service. Chronicle, Washington Post, and others. Starting in 1980, electronic editions of these papers were ac- Sources of Media Reports cessed each day and relevant stories selected for hard-copy printouts. Associated Press wire-service The following sections describe five types of media stories were processed the same way. sources: national newsclipping service, online infor- mation retrieval, local newspapers, media articles The second system used a keyword search method and features, and media-initiated sources. The use to select all relevant stories from the total output of of these types varied during the three phases of the United Press International (UPI), which carried study, depending on available resources and devel- about 1,000 to 1,500 stories a day from all parts of opments in computer-based data retrieval. the country. When these stories were transmitted to subscribing newspapers, they were also transmitted National newsclipping service. During phase 1 of to online service providers for direct access by any the study, information on gang localities was re- online computer. All UPI stories were searched for ceived from Burelle’s, a national newsclipping ser- keywords. Two or more selector terms were permit- vice whose staff receive and review all daily, weekly, ted. For example, entering the word “gang” returned and Sunday newspapers in the United States and an all stories containing this term; entering “Chicago additional 4,000 specialized publications. The ser- and gang” returned all stories with both terms. The vice was directed to clip all stories in which youth term “gang,” entered on a daily basis, returned about gangs or street gangs were mentioned, all stories 5 to 15 gang-related stories per day. Some of these involving illegal activities by three or more juveniles involved adult, motorcycle, terrorist, prison, or other or youth, and all stories about programs or policies types of gangs in addition to youth gangs. The terms dealing with the prevention or control of youth gang “juvenile,” “teenager,” “group,” “youth,” “murder,” or street gang problems. Clippings arrived weekly “robbery,” “crime,” and “delinquency” were also for 3.5 years—approximately 150 stories per month, entered on a regular basis, alone or in combination. totaling about 3,600 stories, which were filed by locality. Although some stories citing youth gangs A rapid scan feature made it possible to select ab- during the 3.5 years were undoubtedly missed, ex- stracted stories for a full-text readout, and an op- amining all the newspapers in the country on a daily tional print command provided hard-copy printouts. basis made it most unlikely that any locality experi- These printouts were filed and analyzed. Computer- encing gang problems would escape attention. ized news retrieval, while considerably less compre- hensive than the national clipping service, made it Online information retrieval. The advent and possible to continue accessing nationwide press cov- availability of desktop microcomputers with commu- erage of youth gangs on a reduced level after termi- nication capabilities in the late 1970’s provided a nation of the clipping service. major new vehicle for obtaining news accounts of

A–13 During subsequent periods, other online services Towns and villages also developed Web sites; these became available. Searches were conducted using were particularly valuable for the purpose of locating three of these: CompuServe, the Dow-Jones News gang problems because many were too small to re- Service, and America Online. The Source was later ceive regular attention from major magazines and bought and absorbed by CompuServe, which in turn dailies such as Newsweek, the New York Times, and the was bought by America Online. CompuServe, how- Washington Post. Two of the statewide youth gang ever, maintained independent operations. survey reports listed in table A–2 were found through Web searches. Even gang members developed their These online service providers made it possible to own Web sites and provided forums for discussing use media sources without subscribing to clipping gang-related issues. Web searches were of particular services. However, the capacity to obtain national- value in keeping current with the post-1995 gang level gang-related media data on youth gangs was localities tabulated in the final chapter. enormously enhanced by the advent of the Internet, first accessed in 1994, and the subsequent develop- Local newspapers. During the site visit period of ment and expansion of the World Wide Web, a spe- phase 1, local newspapers were used extensively to cial feature of the Internet. obtain background information on gang-problem localities and to obtain current information during The enhanced availability of the Internet coincided the course of the visits. In addition to the local news- roughly with the major upsurge in gang problems in papers, the Boston Globe and the New York Times were the late 1980’s. The Web became a repository not reviewed on a daily basis during all three phases. only for electronic media news stories but also for The clipping service was terminated in 1978, and an enormous variety of documents of all kinds, in- the first online retrieval service became available in cluding many relevant to gangs. Using the Alta Vista 1980, leaving a 2-year gap. During this period, some digital search engine, entering the term “gang” in the limited national coverage was available from peri- late 1990’s returned more than 64,000 documents; odicals and local newspapers. An “out of town” “street gang” returned 3,600; “youth gang,” 1,300; newsstand in Cambridge, MA, provided hundreds “gang unit,” 650; and “juvenile gang,” 270. A major of newspapers and magazines from around the Na- advantage of this type of search compared with the tion. Publications with stories on gang localities earlier electronic press searches was the absence of were purchased, clipped, and filed. short-term database purges; Alta Vista retained gang-relevant stories for up to 5 years prior to the Media articles and features. In addition to news search date. stories, a fair number of reports on gang-problem localities appeared in both the print and electronic Gang-involved groups, associations, and organiza- media during the course of the study. Some of these tions of many kinds set up and maintained Web sites. were quite detailed, taking the form of multipart Hundreds of police and sheriff’s departments devel- series prepared by a group of reporters, in some oped their own Web pages, which generally included cases reporting from different cities. Features and information on whether there was a gang officer, unit, articles of this kind appeared in Life, the New York or squad in the department, and some included activ- Times, Newsday, Newsweek, Time, U.S. News & World ity reviews that provided details on gang problems. Report, and elsewhere. State and regional law enforcement associations de- veloped Web sites detailing their activities, which Reports on gang localities also appeared as pro- often involved youth gangs. Gang task forces at State grams in the electronic media. This type of program and local levels also set up Web sites detailing their appeared on all the major television networks— activities. Many city and town councils published the generally focusing on gang problems in particular minutes of council meetings on the Internet, some of cities. Local radio and television stations also ran which included discussions of youth gang problems programs on local gangs. Like some of the print and efforts to cope with them. media articles, some of these programs represented

A–14 collaborative efforts by numerous reporters, editors, National Youth Gang Database writers, and producers. Notes were made on as A database configured for recording gang-problem many of these programs as possible. In some cases, localities and related information was created in producers provided the contents of the programs 1990, using Ashton Tate’s dBASE II database pro- through transcripts or videocassettes. gram. The original youth gang record included 14 Media-initiated sources. During phase 1, the au- fields, as follows: location (city, county), city popu- thor participated periodically in the preparation lation, State, date of information, time period of and production of media pieces on gangs and gang- information, type of record (report, incident), gang problem localities. Largely because of extensive problems reported (definite, probable, possible), publicity accompanying the publication of the 1995 number of gangs reported, number of gang mem- National Youth Gang Survey Summary, writers, report- bers reported, number of homicides reported, race/ ers, and producers initiated contacts with the author national background/gender, source of data, and in connection with stories, articles, features, and “detail,” a text field for recording additional details. programs dealing with gangs, and these contacts This database was exported to an upgrade, dBASE developed useful information. IV, in 1992 and finally to Microsoft’s Access data- base, through several upgrades to version 2.0. Sometimes interest in an upsurge of gang activity or new developments in youth gang crime (e.g., media Subsequent versions of the database were modified concern with “wolfpacks” in the late 1970’s) provided to fit a variety of purposes, including one designed the impetus for requests by reporters for background specifically to generate lists of localities for the mail- information. A frequent by-product of these contacts ing lists of the 1995 National Youth Gang Survey (Na- was information not obtained through other sources. tional Youth Gang Center, 1997). Another version Participation by the author in radio and television focused on longitudinal analysis and expanded the programs also provided information. A common gangs present city population and county population format for such programs was a panel discussion fields to allow separate entries for each of the three featuring a group of informed people. Most of these decades. Examples of one version of the database programs included gang members along with special- record containing 22 fields are displayed in the next ists such as police department gang-squad personnel, section. The total number of fields in later versions youth service workers, and legislators. of the database was about 35, and the number of records about 9,900. About 4,900 of these were records of cities, towns, and villages, and the rest Databases were records of counties. The cumulative total of Computerized database programs became widely gang city records shown in the second chapter is available during phase 3 of the 25-year data collec- 1,487, about 3,400 records fewer than the total num- tion period. The capabilities of these programs were ber of city records. This latter group of city records ideally suited to the task of recording and analyzing includes two categories. The first consists of about gang-problem localities and related information. 1,700 records, imported from other databases, of Many of the reports listed in tables A–2 and A–3 cities that did not report gang problems. The re- were based on information recorded in computer- maining 1,700 records are additional records for the ized databases, but the printed reports resulting specific gang-problem cities enumerated in table 1. from those databases, rather than the databases Evidently, many gang cities in the database had themselves, provided the gang city information re- more than one record; in fact, some had five or ported here. In some instances, however, the original more. The above figures show that the average gang databases were available to the National Youth city had slightly more than two records each. For Gang Center. These will be discussed following a larger cities, the average number of records per city description of the master database used in the was considerably higher. For example, gang cities present Report. with populations of more than 100,000 had about 3.5 records per city.

A–15 Each additional record for the same city contained Partial data were available for eight States, and esti- items of information different from those included in mated undercount percentages were applied to these the original city record. These multiple records figures. The States and estimated number of gang- served two major purposes: recording changes over problem cities were as follows: Connecticut, 4; time in numbers of gangs, city size, and other items, Florida, 3; Illinois, 14; Massachusetts, 24; Michigan, and strengthening or weakening the validity of re- 3; New Jersey, 4; New York, 12; and Pennsylvania, corded data by using multiple information sources. 11. Undercount percentages were based on the as- sumption that additional numbers of uncounted For example, Fort Worth, TX, had separate records gang-problem localities would be present in areas for 1983, 1984, 1987, 1988, and 1991 to record the adjacent to the major gang cities of the 1970’s—New number of gangs reported for each of these years— York, Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia, and others. It 13, 32, 87, 67, and 175, respectively. Multiple sources should be noted here that survey data obtained in for the same locality were used for Anaheim, CA, the 1990’s by the National Youth Gang Center indi- where gang problems were reported for 1975 (Miller, cated the existence of 270 gang cities in the 1970’s— 1975); for 1988 (Spergel et al., 1990); 1989 and 1990 only about 6 percent fewer than the 286 cited by (Fox, 1994); and 1993 (Curry, Ball, and Decker, Miller (1982). 1995). Similarly, in Garden Grove, CA, gang prob- lems were reported for 1975 (Miller, 1975); 1981 (M. To provide illustrations of the onscreen appearance Davis, Garden Grove Police Department); 1982 (J. of the gang-problem locality records, pages A–19 to Nunez, San Jose Police Department); 1988 (Spergel A–24 display several examples of one version of the et al., 1990); 1989 and 1990 (Fox, 1994); and 1993 data record including information from the 1970’s, (Curry, Ball, and Decker, 1995). 1980’s, and 1990’s. Table A–7 provides explanations of the field abbreviations. Using multiple sources to report the same item of data serves a function similar to that of the triangu- lation method discussed in the first chapter of this Incorporated Datasets Report. Given the likelihood of differences between Gang locality listings from three databases were respondents, the use of multiple sources represent- imported directly into the dataset used for this Re- ing different agencies and interests increases confi- port. The first of these, provided by G. David Curry, dence in the validity of collected information and was compiled in connection with his 1992 and 1994 reduces the risk of obtaining inaccurate information, national gang surveys conducted under the auspices which can occur when relying on a single source or of NIJ and the University of West Virginia.3 The respondent. second dataset, provided by Cheryl L. Maxson, was produced by Maxson and Malcolm Klein in connec- No matter how many records were available for a tion with a 1992 national survey of youth gang mi- single locality, each was coded as a new gang locality gration, conducted under the auspices of NIJ and only once, as defined in the first chapter, and was so the University of Southern California, Social Sci- tabulated in all relevant tables. Unlike locality ence Institute.4 The third dataset was based on a counts in some studies (e.g., Miller, 1982; Klein, subset of the Uniform Crime Reports Supplementary 1995), the frequency tabulations in the present Re- Homicide Reports: 1976–1992, prepared by Eugene port include no estimates; each citation of a gang- Pond of the National Youth Gang Center in 1995. problem locality is documented by one or more Any locality reporting juvenile or gang-related specific source citations. This feature explains a dis- homicides to the FBI was assumed to have crepancy between the figure of 286 given for the number of gang-problem cities in the 1970’s in Miller (1982, table 4.3) and the figure of 201 ap- 3 More details on Curry’s surveys are included in table A–2, pages A–3 to A–4; in Curry et al., 1992; and in Curry, Ball, and pearing in tables 2 and 3 in the present Report. The Decker, 1995. difference of 75 between the earlier and later figures 4 See Maxson, 1996. results from estimates for the 1970’s in the “U.S. Cities Under 100,000” category (Miller, 1982). 5 See Fox, 1994.

A–16 Table A–7: Explanation of Locality Record Field Abbreviations

Abbreviation or Symbol Definition

SRC Original source of information. RPT Medium reporting and/or describing source; reporter’s name, if given. INFODATE Date information was reported. TIMPER Year or years during which gang problems were reported to be present in the designated locality. GPCTV Status of gang problem in city, town, or village. Y Gang problem reported. 1 First known report for this locality. N, N, N Decades for which gang problems were reported (e.g., 789, all three decades; 009, 1990’s only; 089, 1980’s and 1990’s only). GP70, 80, 90 Y,1=same as for GPCTV. GPCO Status of gang problem in county codes; same as GPCTV. RNBG Race, national background, gender of cited gang members. Codes: M=Male; F=Female; A=Asian American; B=African American; H=Hispanic American; I=Indigenous/Native American; W=non-Hispanic European American. GNGNAME Gang name or selected names of cited gangs. NGANGS Number of gangs cited by source or sources. NGMS Number of gang members cited by source or sources. NKIL Number of gang or gang member homicides cited by source or sources. ID Unique identification number of record. DTL “Detail” text box abstracts additional relevant details from the report constituting the basis of the record, including, in many cases, evidence adduced to confirm the existence of gang problems. experienced gang problems.5 Almost 40 percent two types: face-to-face and telephone. A total of 131 of the 2,193 gang-problem localities cited in the face-to-face interviews were conducted in 26 locali- second chapter were obtained from these three ties with staff members of 173 different agencies. datasets. Many of these were group interviews—for example, all or most staff members of a probation department would take part in an interview. A total of 458 indi- Interviews viduals participated in interview sessions. Three Interviews were conducted during phases 1 and 3 of kinds of telephone interviews were also conducted the study to gather information on gangs and gang during phase 1, including interviews with site- localities. Most of the interviews took place during surveyed locality personnel prior to the site visits, the site visit portion of phase 1. Interviews were of

A–17 with site-surveyed locality personnel subsequent to were obtained by subsequent requests to the issuing the visits, and with individuals familiar with the agencies. local gang situation in approximately 50 localities that were not visited. Routine Police Reports Most of the site-visited localities that did not report Every stage of the criminal justice processing system gang problems at the time of the visit were asked in generates data on offenses and offenders, from initial a final followup survey whether such problems had reports of violations through release from parole. emerged at a later time. Phone calls to the 50 locali- Extensive attrition of offense information occurs as ties not visited were made primarily to obtain infor- one proceeds from earlier to later stages; informa- mation on the presence or absence of youth gang tion recorded during the final stages of the process problems. All California cities with populations of includes only a very small proportion of the offenses 100,000 or more and a number of California coun- dealt with during the earliest stages. ties (e.g., Los Angeles, Orange, San Bernardino, and Ventura) were included. These calls sought to One body of information collected during the earli- confirm or discount media reports of local gang est stages of the process records the enormous num- problems. Additional information on the specific ber of acts and events reported to or by local police details of the site visit interviews is contained in in the course of their daily activities. Recorded inci- Miller (1982, appendix E). dents have two major sources: citizen complaints (generally received by phone and relayed by radio to Most of the phone interviews during phase 3 were patrol officers) and incidents observed directly by also conducted to check on media reports of gang police in the course of patrol. Records of these inci- problems; others were made to cities whose size dents take various forms, including handwritten suggested the presence of gang problems, but where records by individual policemen, logs kept by the no evidence of such problems was available. A se- department, and computerized incident listings, ries of calls were made to Sergeant Wesley McBride often coded by locality, type of incident, and other of the Los Angeles Sheriff’s Department, primarily characteristics. In some communities, police log to determine the status of California localities that information regularly appears in local newspapers. had reported gang problems during phase 1, but for which no evidence of later problems was available. These reports can be of value in identifying localities with youth gang problems. In many communities, a Conferences very substantial proportion of all incidents handled by the police involve groups of youth, some of which During phases 2 and 3, the author attended several are designated as gangs. During phase 1, routine conferences where gang-problem localities were dis- police reports for selected periods were obtained for cussed. Names of previously unknown gang-problem all of the site-surveyed localities and also for about localities were obtained either directly from present- 250 other U.S. localities both during and preceding ers familiar with the localities at issue or from confer- phase 1. Monitoring local police reports continued ence participants who knew of the existence of youth during phases 2 and 3. gang survey reports. Reports not already on hand

A–18 A–19 A–20 A–21 A–22 A–23 A–24 Appendix B: Using the Decade as a Time Unit

Under ideal circumstances, a sound longitudinal Thus, a locality that first reported gang problems in analysis of gang-problem localities would use units June 1980 and one that first reported gang prob- of 1 year, or possibly even 1 month, to record and lems in June 1989 are both tabulated as new gang analyze changes in prevalence trends. Unfortunately localities in the 1980’s. for the purposes of precise analysis, the use of smaller time units was not possible in the present One problem in using the decade as a time unit—a study because the nature of the base data makes it problem shared with many other studies—is that the difficult or impossible to ascertain the exact day, major Federal census is conducted only once every month, or year when youth gang problems emerged 10 years. This means, for example, that a study that or reemerged in a given locality. uses population data and is conducted near the end of the decade will face a high likelihood of encoun- As a consequence, this study uses the decade as its tering outdated figures. In the United States, a city major time unit and calculates incidence and trend with a given population in census year 1990 will data on a 10-year basis instead of using smaller time almost certainly show a smaller or larger population units. Three decades are used—the 1970’s (1970 in census year 2000. The Bureau of the Census con- through 1979), the 1980’s (1980 through 1989), and ducts smaller scale intradecade surveys for some the 1990’s (1990 through 1995). As noted in the data, and the use of these and/or extrapolations second chapter, the first known citation of gang based on earlier data is feasible in some instances. problems in a given locality (a “new” gang locality) Such use was not feasible in the present case, and is assigned to the decade during which it is reported, this study assigns to each decade the population whatever the day, month, and year of that reporting. figures published near the beginning of that decade.

B–1 The present Report is part of a general research ◆ Existence of gang problems between 1990 and 1994. program conducted by the National Youth Gang ◆ Center (NYGC) for the U.S. Department of Jus- Existence of gang problems in 1995. tice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile ◆ Number of active youth gangs. Justice and Delinquency Prevention, to strengthen the information base on youth gang crime as a na- ◆ Number of youth gang members. tional problem. The present Report was being pre- pared during the time that NYGC was carrying out ◆ Number of gang homicides. its first national survey.1 The two studies are related ◆ Presence of specialized gang units or officers. in several respects. Data in the dataset for this Re- port were used in the preparation of the 1995 survey ◆ Evaluation of gang problems as worsening or in connection with two tasks—the selection of re- improving. spondent localities and the design of the survey schedule. As noted earlier, the database includes ◆ Prediction of gang developments in the near both localities that did not report gang problems and future. those that did. These two types of localities were The data presented here directly overlap the survey treated separately in selecting survey localities and schedule on only two items—existence of gang prob- constructing the survey schedule. lems in the 1970’s and in the 1980’s. The schedule The 1995 survey schedule solicited information with divides the 1990’s into two periods—1990 to 1994, respect to the following 10 data categories: and 1995 as a separate year. This Report does not present separate information for 1995, since, as ◆ Existence of gang problems in the 1970’s. noted earlier, its use of the decade as its major time unit merges data for the 5-year period. Thus, direct ◆ Existence of gang problems in the 1980’s. comparison of the two studies with respect to the presence of gang problems in the year 1995 is not 1 See National Youth Gang Center, 1997. possible. Comparisons for the 1970’s and 1980’s, however, are possible.

C–1 Appendix D: U.S. Cities and Towns Reporting Youth Gang Problems at Any Time Between 1970 and 19981

Alabama Prattville Gilbert Winslow Alabaster Saraland Glendale Youngtown Alexander City Selma Hayden Yuma Talladega Holbrook Anniston Arkansas Atalla Troy Kingman Athens Trussville Kykotsmon Benton Auburn Tuscaloosa Lake Havasu City Conway Bessemer Tuskegee Marana Fayetteville Birmingham Union Springs Mesa Forrest City Nogales Fort Smith Bridgeport Alaska Chickasaw Oro Valley Hamburg Columbiana Anchorage Paradise Valley Holly Grove Daphne Dillingham Payson Hope Decatur Fairbanks Peoria Hot Springs Dothan Juneau Phoenix Jacksonville Elba Ketchikan Pinetop-Lakeside Jonesboro Enterprise Kodiak Polacca Little Rock Evergreen Kotzebue Prescott Marion Fairhope Palmer Prescott Valley Newport Florence Seward Sacaton North Little Rock Paragould Foley Arizona Safford Salt River Pine Bluff Gadsden Apache Junction Georgiana San Luis Prairie Grove Avondale Scottsdale Rogers Hoover Buckeye Huntsville Sells Russellville Bullhead City Shangopovi Searcy Lafayette Casa Grande Leeds Show Low Sherwood Chandler Sierra Vista Siloam Springs Mobile Chinle Monroeville Somerton Springdale Douglas South Tucson Star City Montgomery El Mirage Opelika Tempe Stuttgart Eloy Thatcher Texarkana Orange Beach Flagstaff Pelham Tombstone West Helena Fort Defiance Tucson West Memphis Pell City Gila River Phenix City Window Rock Wynne

1 In a few instances, the number of cities tabulated in a table does not correspond exactly to the number of cities listed in appendix D because of changes in the number of localities reported subsequent to the completion of the final analyses.

D–1 California Castroville El Centro Hesperia Adelanto Cathedral City El Cerrito Highland Alameda Ceres El Monte Highway City Alhambra Cerritos El Rio Hollister Altadena Chico El Segundo Hollywood Anaheim Chino El Toro Holtville Anderson Chowchilla Emeryville Hughson Antioch Chula Vista Encinatas Huntington Beach Apple Valley Claremont Escondido Huntington Park Arcadia Clearlake Eufalia Huron Artesia Clovis Eureka Imperial Arvin Coachella Fairfax Imperial Beach Atwater Coalingua Fairfield Indio Auburn Colma Farmersville Industry Avalon Colton Fillmore Inglewood Azusa Commerce Firebaugh Irvine Bakersfield Compton Florence Irwindale Baldwin Park Concord Folsom Jackson Banning Corcoran Fontana King City Barstow Corning Foster City La Habra Beaumont Corona Fountain Valley La Mesa Bell Coronado Fremont La Mirada Bell Gardens Costa Mesa Fresno La Palma Bellflower Cotati Fullerton La Puente Belmont Covina Galt La Verne Berkeley Crescent City Garden Grove Ladera Heights CDP Beverly Hills Cudahy Gardena Laguna Beach Bishop Culver City Gilroy Laguna Hills Blythe Cypress Glendale Lake Elsinore Brawley Daly City Glendora Lake Forest Brea Dana Point Gonzales Lakeport Brentwood Danville Grand Terrace Lakewood Buena Park Davis Greenfield Lamont Burbank Del Rey CDP2 Guadalupe Lancaster Burlingame Delano Gustine Lawndale Calexico Diamond Bar Hacienda Heights Lemon Grove California City Dinuba Half Moon Bay Lemoore Calistoga Dixon Hanford Lennox Camarillo Downey Hawaiian Gardens Lincoln Campbell Duarte Hawthorne Livermore Carlsbad Dublin Hayward Livingston Carpinteria East Los Angeles Healdsburg Lodi Carson East Palo Alto Hemet Lomita Castro Valley El Cajon Hercules Lompoc

2 The initials “CDP” stand for “Census-Designated Place”—a named locality whose boundaries have been defined by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for census purposes, including population enumeration. More details may be found in Census publication 1990 CP–I–I, 1990 Census of Population, General Population Characteristics, United States, U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Ad- ministration, Bureau of the Census.

D–2 Long Beach Oceano CPD San Bernardino Suisun Los Alamitos Oceanside San Bruno Sunnyvale Los Angeles Ontario San Carlos Temecula Los Banos Orange San Clemente Temple City Los Gatos Orland San Diego Thornton Los Nietos Oroville San Dimas Thousand Oaks Lynwood Oxnard San Fernando Tiburon Madera Pacific Grove San Francisco Torrance Mammoth Lakes Pacifica San Gabriel Tracy Manteca Palm Desert San Jacinto Tulare Marina Palm Springs San Joaquin Turlock Marina Del Rey Palmdale San Jose Tustin Mariposa Palo Alto San Juan Capistrano Ukiah Martinez Paradise San Leandro Union City Marysville Paramount San Luis Obispo Upland Maywood Pasadena San Marino Vacaville Mecca CDP Pasco San Mateo Valinda Mendocino Paso Robles San Pablo Vallejo Mendota Patterson San Rafael Ventura Menlo Park Perris San Ramon Victorville Merced Petaluma Sanger Visalia Milpitas Pico Rivera Santa Ana Vista Mission Viejo Pinole Santa Barbara Walnut Modesto Pismo Beach Santa Clara Walnut Creek Monrovia Pittsburg Santa Clarita Waterford Montclair Placentia Santa Cruz Watsonville Montebello Placerville Santa Fe Springs West Covina Monterey Pleasant Hill Santa Maria West Sacramento Monterey Park Pleasanton Santa Monica West Whittier Moorpark Pomona Santa Paula Westminster Moreno Valley Port Hueneme Santa Rosa Whittier Morgan Hill Porterville Scotts Valley Willits Morro Bay Red Bluff Seal Beach Willowbrook Mountain View Redding Seaside Willows Murietta Redlands Sebastopol Wilmington Napa Redondo Beach Shafter Windsor National City Redwood City Signal Hill Woodland Needles Reedley Simi Valley Yorba Linda Nevada City Rialto Solana Beach Yuba City Newark Richmond Sonora Yucaipa Newport Beach Ridgecrest South El Monte Colorado Norco Riverside South Gate North Highlands Rohnert Park South Lake Tahoe Alamosa North Hollywood Roseland South Pasadena Arvada North Town (Rancho Rosemead South San Francisco Aurora Cucamonga) Roseville South Whittier Boulder Norwalk Rowland Heights Spring Valley Brighton Novato Sacramento Stanton Broomfield Oakland Salinas Stockton Brush

D–3 Colorado Springs Glastonbury Florida Key West Commerce City Granby Alachua Kissimmee Cortez Greenwich Altamonte Springs Lake City Craig Groton Apopka Lake Mary Denver Hamden Aventura Lake Wales Durango Hartford Bassville Park Lake Worth Edgewater Ledyard Boca Raton Lakeland Englewood Manchester Boynton Beach Largo Evans Meriden Bradenton Lauderhill Fort Collins Middletown Brandon Lealman Fort Lupton Mystic Bunnell Leesburg Fort Morgan New Britain Cape Coral Leisure City Fountain New Haven Carol City Longwood Golden New London Casselberry Madison Grand Junction Newington Clearwater Maitland Greeley North Haven Coconut Creek Margate La Junta Norwalk Cooper City Melbourne Lafayette Norwich Coral Gables Miami Lakewood Old Saybrook CDP Coral Springs Miami Beach Lamar Plainfield Dania Miramar Littleton Plainville Davie Mount Dora Longmont Rocky Hill Daytona Beach Mulberry Louisville Shelton De Land Naples Loveland Southington Deerfield Beach North Lauderdale Milliken Southington Town Delray Beach North Miami Northglenn Stamford Deltona North Miami Beach Parker Stonington Dunedin North Palm Beach Pueblo Torrington Dunnellon Oakland Park Sheridan Vernon Eatonville Ocala Silverthorne Wallingford Fernandina Beach Ocoee City Thornton Waterbury Fort Lauderdale Opa-Locka Walsenburg Waterford Fort Myers Orange Park Westminster West Hartford Fort Pierce Orlando Wheat Ridge West Haven Fort Walton Beach Ormond Beach Woodland Park Wethersfield Frostproof Palatka Yuma Willimantic CPD Gainesville Palm Bay Windsor Greenacres Palm Beach Connecticut Palm Beach Gardens Delaware Gretna Branford Gulf Breeze Palm Coast Bridgeport Dover Haines City Palmetto Bristol Georgetown Hallandale Panama City Cromwell Laurel Hialeah Panama City Beach Danbury New Castle Hollywood Parkland East Hartford Wilmington Homestead Pembroke Pines East Haven District of Jacksonville Pensacola East Lyme Pine Hills Columbia Jacksonville Beach Enfield Jupiter Pinellas Park Fairfield Kendall Plantation

D–4 Pompano Beach Covington Hawaii Batavia Port Orange Dalton Aiea Belleville Port Saint Lucie Decatur Hilo Bellwood Punta Gorda Doraville Honolulu Bensenville Riviera Beach Duluth Kailua Berkley Royal Palm Beach East Point Kalakalua Berwyn Saint Petersburg Elberton Bloomingdale Sanford Forest Park Idaho Bloomington Sarasota Fort Valley American Falls Blue Island South Miami Gainesville Ashton Bolingbrook Starke Greenville Blackfoot Bradley Sunrise Griffin Boise Braidwood Sweetwater Hazlehurst Buhl Bridgeview Tallahassee Hinesville Burley Broadview Tamarac Jeffersonville Caldwell Brookfield Tampa Jonesboro Chubbock Buffalo Grove Temple Terrace La Grange Coeur D’Alene Burbank Titusville Lawrenceville Emmet Burnham Uleta (Park) Lithonia Garden City Burr Ridge Vero Beach Mableton Heyburn Cahokia West Little River Macon Homedale Calumet City West Palm Beach Manchester Idaho Falls Calumet Park Westchester Marietta Jerome Canton Wildwood Milledgeville Lewiston Carbondale Wilton Manors Montezuma McCall Carol Stream Winter Garden Morrow Mountain Home Carpentersville Winter Haven Newnan Nampa Carterville Winter Park Pelham Orofino Cary Perry Parma Centreville Georgia Quitman Pocatello Champaign Alamo Rincon Post Falls Channahon Albany Riverdale Preston Charleston Americus Rome Rupert Chicago Athens Rossville Sandpoint Chicago Heights Atlanta Roswell Twin Falls Chicago Ridge Attapulgus Saint Marys Wendell Cicero Augusta Savannah Clarendon Hills Austell Smyrna Illinois Clinton Bainbridge Sparta Addison Coal City Barnesville Statesboro Algonquin Collinsville Cairo Stone Mountain Alsip Country Club Hills Carnesville Thomasville Alton Countryside Cedartown Valdosta Antioch Crest Hill Chamblee Villa Rica Arlington Heights Crestwood Clarkston Warner Robins Aurora Crete College Park West Point Bannockburn Crystal Lake Columbus Winder Barrington Danville Conyers Woodbury Barrington Hills Darien Cordele Bartlett De Kalb

D–5 Decatur Hillside Morton Rolling Meadows Deerfield Hinsdale Morton Grove Romeoville Des Plaines Hodgkins Mount Prospect Roselle Dixmoor Hoffman Estates Mount Vernon Round Lake Dolton Hometown Mundelein Round Lake Beach Downers Grove Homewood Naperville Sabina East Dundee Huntley New Lenox Saint Charles East Hazel Crest Island Lake Niles Sauk Village East Moline Itaska Normal Schaumburg East Saint Louis Joliet Norridge Schiller Park Edwardsville Justice North Aurora Shorewood Effingham Kankakee North Chicago Skokie Elburn Kenilworth North Riverside South Barrington Elgin Kildeer Northbrook South Elgin Elk Grove LaGrange Northfield South Holland Elmhurst LaGrange Park Northlake Sparta Elmwood Park Lake Bluff Oak Brook Springfield Evanston Lake Forest Oak Forest Steger Evergreen Park Lake in the Hills Oak Lawn Sterling Fairview Heights Lake Villa Oak Park Stickney Flossmoor Lake Zurich Oakbrook Terrace Stone Park Village Ford Heights Lansing Olympia Fields Village Streamwood Forest Park Lemont Onarga Summit Village Forest View Libertyville Orland Park Taylorville Fox Lake Lincolnshire Oswego Village Tinley Park Fox River Grove Lincolnwood Palatine University Park Frankfort Lindenhurst Palos Heights Urbana Franklin Park Lisle Palos Hills Vernon Hills Freeport Lockport Palos Park Villa Park Galesburg Lombard Paris Warren Geneva Lynwood Park Forest Warrenville Gibson City Lyons Park Ridge Waukanda Glen Ellyn Macomb Pekin Waukegan Glencoe Madison Peoria Wayne Glendale Heights Marengo Peoria Heights West Chicago Glenview Marion Plainfield West Dundee Glenwood Markham Posen Westchester Grayslake Matteson Prospect Heights Western Springs Gurnee Maywood Quincy Westmont Hanover Park McCook Richton Park Wheaton Harrisburg McHenry River Forest Wheeling Harvard Melrose Park River Grove Willow Springs Harvey Midlothian Riverdale Willowbrook Harwood Heights Minooka Riverside Wilmette Hawthorn Woods Mokena Robbins Wilmington Hazel Crest Moline Rock Falls Winfield Hickory Hills Monee Rock Island Winnetka Highland Park Montgomery Rockdale Winthrop Harbor Highwood Morris Rockford Wonder Lake CPD

D–6 Wood Dale Warsaw Derby Newport Woodridge Waterloo Dodge City Nicholasville Woodstock Winslow El Dorado Oak Grove Worth Zionsville Emporia Owensboro Zion Fort Scott Paducah Iowa Garden City Paintsville Indiana Altoona Goodland Shepherdsville Anderson Ames Hoisington Shively Bloomington Ankeny Iola Somerset Bluffton Bettendorf Kansas City Versailles Carmel Boone Lansing Winchester Columbus Burlington Lawrence Crown Point Cedar Falls Leavenworth Louisiana Dyer Cedar Rapids Leawood Alexandria East Chicago Clarinda Lenaxa Baker Elkhart Clinton Manhatten Bastrop Evansville Colfax Mulvane Baton Rouge Fishers Coralville Olathe Bogalusa Fort Wayne Council Bluffs Ottawa Bossier City Franklin Davenport Overland Park Covington Gary Des Moines Parsons Denham Springs Goshen Dubuque Roseland Park Ferriday Greencastle Fort Dodge Salina Gretna Greenwood Fort Madison Sedgwick Hammond Hammond Grinnell Shawnee Mission Harvey Highland Independence Topeka Haynesville Indianapolis Indianola Valley Center Houma Jeffersonville Iowa City Wichita Iberville Kokomo Jesup Winfield Jackson La Porte Le Mars Kenner Lafayette Marshalltown Kentucky Lafayette Lawrence Mason City Bowling Green Lake Charles Marion Muscatine Covington Marrero Merrillville Nevada Elizabethtown Metairie Michigan City Oelwein Florence Monroe Muncie Oskaloosa Fort Knox Natchitoches Munster Sioux City Frankfort New Iberia New Albany Storm Lake Franklin New Orleans New Castle Urbandale Glasgow Orleans Village Noblesville Washington Henderson Pineville Petersburg Waterloo Hopkinsville Ruston Plainfield Waverly Lawrenceburg Shreveport Portage West Burlington Lexington Slidell Richmond West Des Moines London Springhill Shelbyville Louisville Terrytown South Bend Kansas Madisonville Vidalia Terre Haute Arkansas City Maysville Zachary Valparaiso Atchison Mount Sterling Coffeyville Murray

D–7 Maine Bridgewater Springfield Lincoln Park Auburn Brockton Taunton Linden Township Augusta Brookline Tewksbury Livonia Bangor Cambridge Wakefield Madison Heights Brunswick Chelmsford Waltham Manistee Fort Fairfield Chelsea Watertown Menominee Gardiner Chicopee Webster Midland Lewiston Clinton Wellesley Mount Morris Portland Dartmouth West Boylston Township Presque Isle Easthampton West Springfield Muskegon Sabattus Everett Westfield Muskegon Heights Sanford Fall River Winthrop Novi Waterville Fitchburg Woburn Oak Park Westbrook Framingham CDP Worcester Pontiac Franklin Yarmouth Port Huron Maryland Portage Gardner Michigan Annapolis Greenfield Redford Township Baltimore Hanson Allen Park River Rouge Berlin Haverhill Ann Arbor Rockford Bethesda Holden Argentine Township Roseville Capitol Heights Holyoke Baldwin Saginaw College Park Kingston CDP Battle Creek Saint Clair Shores Ellicott City Lawrence Bay City Shelby Charter Frederick Leominster Belleville Township Fruitland Lexington Benton Harbor South Haven Gaithersburg Lowell Benton Township Southfield Germantown Ludlow Burton Southgate Greenbelt Lynn Clinton Township Sterling Heights Hyattsville Malden Dearborn Heights Sumpter Township Landover Marlborough Detroit Taylor Langley Park Medford East Lansing Troy Laurel Melrose Eastpointe Utica Olney Milton Ecorse Warren Rockville New Bedford Farmington Hills Waterford Township Salisbury Newton Fenton Township West Bloomfield Silver Spring North Adams Flint Westland Wheaton North Andover Garden City Ypsilanti Northampton Grand Blanc Zeeland Massachusetts Grand Haven Palmer Minnesota Abington Pittsfield Grand Rapids Amherst Quincy Grandville Albert Lea Auburn Randolph Hamtramck Anoka Belchertown Raynham Holland Apple Valley Bellingham Revere Holly Arden Hills Belmont Salem Inkster Austin Beverly Shrewsbury Jackson Blaine Billerica Somerville Kalamazoo Bloomington Boston South Hadley Kentwood Brooklyn Center Braintree Southbridge Lansing Brooklyn Park

D–8 Burnsville Booneville Kirkwood Nebraska Cloquet Clarksdale Lee’s Summit Alliance Columbia Heights Cleveland Mexico Belleview Coon Rapids Columbus Moberly Columbus Cottage Grove Goodman Nevada Crete Dilworth Greenville Nixa David City Duluth Greenwood Normandy Gering Eagan Gulfport North Kansas City Gordon East Grand Forks Hattiesburg O’Fallon Hastings Edina Indianola Oak Grove Kearney Faribault Jackson Osage Beach Lexington Forest Lake Laurel Overland Lincoln Fridley Long Beach Ozark McCook Hastings McComb Pevely Omaha Jackson Meridian Pleasant Hill Papillion Lakeville Moss Point Poplar Bluff Plattsmouth Lindstrom Natchez Raymore Schuyler Mankato Oxford Raytown Scottsbluff Maple Grove Pascagoula Richmond Seward Maplewood Pearl Rolla Sidney Minneapolis Picayune Saint Ann South Sioux City Moorhead Rosedale Saint Charles Valentine Moundsview Tupelo Saint Joseph New Brighton Vicksburg Saint Louis Nevada Northfield Waveland Sedalia Carson City Owatonna West Point Sikeston Elko Plymouth Springfield Fallon Richfield Missouri University City Henderson Rochester Arnold Webster Groves Las Vegas Roseville Bel-Ridge Wentzville Mesquite Rush City Belton Windsor North Las Vegas Saint Cloud Blue Springs Wright City Reno Saint Louis Park Cape Girardeau Sparks Saint Paul Carthage Montana Wells Savage Chesterfield Billings Winnemucca South Saint Paul Clinton Bozeman City Spring Lake Park Columbia Butte-Silver Bow New Hampshire Stillwater Ferguson Glendive Alton Thief River Falls Festus Great Falls Atkinson Wabasha Florissant Havre Concord West Saint Paul Fulton Helena Derry Wilmar Grandview Lewistown Dover Winona Hannibal Missoula Gorham Worthington Hazelwood Polson Hanover Higginsville Stevensville Keene Mississippi Independence Townsend Lancaster Amory Jefferson City Wolf Point Litchfield Batesville Kansas City Biloxi

D–9 Londonderry Montclair Clovis New Rochelle Manchester Moorestown-Leona Corrales New York Milford Township CDP Deming Newburgh Nashua New Brunswick Espanola North Tonowanda Newport Newark Eunice Nyack Pittsfield North Bergen Farmington Orange Portsmouth North Brunswick Flora Vista Oxford Salem Northfield Gallup Perry Oakland Grants Plattsburgh New Jersey Ocean Township Hobbs Port Washington Aberdeen Township Parsippany-Troy Hills Kirtland Poughkeepsie Asbury Park Township Las Cruces Rochester Atlantic City Paterson Las Vegas Schenectady Belmar Borough Pemberton Boro Los Alamos Scotia Bergenfield Borough Township Los Lunas Syracuse Bloomfield Perth Amboy Lovington Troy Brick Township Piscataway Portales Watertown Bridgeton Pitman Raton West Seneca Burlington Plainfield Rio Rancho Westbury Camden Pleasantville Roswell White Plains Cherry Hill Red Bank Borough Ruidoso Yaphank Cliffside Park Borough Rutherford Borough Santa Fe Yonkers Deptford Township Scotch Plains Silver City East Orange Somerset Socorrow North Carolina Eatontown South Plainfield Tatum Andrews Egg Harbor Teaneck Truth or Consequences Asheville Elizabeth Tinton Falls Borough Tucumcari Beaufort Ewing Trenton Turley Belhaven Fort Lee Union City Burlington Freehold Borough Union Township New York Cary Garfield Vineland Albany Chapel Hill Gloucester Township Wayne Amherst Charlotte Hackensack West New York Auburn Concord Hamilton Township Westfield Buffalo Durham Holmdel Township Westville Cheektowaga Fayetteville Howell Township Willingboro Cicero Gastonia Irvington Woodbridge Colonie Goldsboro Jackson Township De Witt Greensboro Jersey City New Mexico East Aurora Greenville Keansburg Borough Alamagordo Elmira Grifton Kearny Albuquerque Freeport Havelock Lakewood Township Angel Fire Haverstraw Hendersonville Linden Artesia Hempstead Hickory Long Branch Aztec City Ithaca High Point Manalapan Township Belen Jamestown Jacksonville Matawan Borough Bernalillo Long Beach Kannapolis Middletown Township Blanco Malone Kinston Millville Bloomfield Manlius Lincolnton Monroe Township Carlsbad Mount Vernon Marion

D–10 Morehead City Deerfield Township Steubenville Ponca City Morgantown Defiance Sylvania Sapulpa North Topsail Beach Delhi Township Tiffin Shawnee Pineville East Cleveland Toledo Spencer Raleigh Eastlake Union Township Stillwater Randleman Elyria Upper Arlington Tecumseh Reidsville Euclid Urbana Temple Rocky Mount Fairborn Van Wert Tulsa Salisbury Fairfield Warren Turley Spring Lake Findlay Washington Village Thomasville Forest Park Wellington Township Vinita Tryon Fostoria Westerville Watanga Wilmington Gahanna Westlake Weatherford Wilson Galion Wyoming Yukon Winston-Salem Garfield Heights Xenia Zebulon Grove City Youngstown Oregon Hamilton Albany North Dakota Hilliard Oklahoma Amity Bismarck Hinckley Altus Aumsville Devils Lake Huber Heights Ardmore Beaverton Dickinson Jefferson Broken Arrow Bend Fargo Kent Chouteau Brookings Grand Forks Kenton Claremore Canby Minot Kenwood Coweta Cannon Beach Wahpeton Kettering Del City Central Point West Fargo Lakewood Douglas Coos Bay Duncan Cornelius Ohio Lima Lorain Durant Corvallis Akron Mansfield Edmond Cottage Grove Anderson Township Marion El Reno Dallas Ashtabula Massilon Elk City Eugene Athens Mentor Enid Fairview Barberton Miamisburg Fort Gibson Forest Grove Blue Ash Middletown Frederick Gearhart Boardman Newark Grove Gladstone Bowling Green North Olmstead Guthrie Grants Pass Brunswick Northwood Hobart Gresham Canton Norwood Hugo Hermiston Cardington Parma Idabel Hillsboro Chillicothe Parma Heights Lawton Hood River Cincinnati Perrysburg Midwest City Hubbard Cleveland Reynoldsburg Moore Independence Cleveland Heights Rossford Muskogee Keizer Clyde Sandusky Norman Lake Oswego Colerain Township Shaker Heights Oklahoma City Lincoln City Columbus Sharonville Okmulgee Madras Cuyahoga Falls South Euclid Owasso McMinnville Dayton Springdale Paul’s Valley Medford Deer Park Springfield Pocola Milton-Freewater

D–11 Milwaukie Erie Pawtucket Cleveland Molalla Falls Township Providence Columbia Monmouth Fallston Warren Cookeville Mount Angel Glenside Warwick Crossville Newberg Greensburg West Warwick Dyersburg North Bend Harrisburg Woonsocket Franklin Nyssa Horsham Gallatin Oakridge Johnstown South Carolina Germantown Ontario King of Prussia Aiken Goodlettsville Oregon City Lancaster Anderson Hendersonville Pendleton Lansdale Borough Blackville Jackson Phoenix Levittown Charleston Johnson City Pilot Rock Mannheim Borough Cheraw Kingsport Portland McKeesport Columbia Knoxville Reedsport Middletown Conway La Vergne Saint Helens Millcreek Borough Darlington Martin Salem Monroeville Georgetown Maryville Scappoose Mount Lebanon Greenville Memphis Seaside Munhall Greenwood Murfreesboro Sheridan Norristown Greer Nashville Silverton Palmerton Moncks Corner Oak Ridge Springfield Penn Hills Mount Pleasant Sevierville Stayton Philadelphia Myrtle Beach Smyrna Sweet Home Pittsburgh North Charleston Union City The Dalles Plum Boro Orangeburg Waynesboro Tigard Reading Rock Hill White House Tillamook Scranton Seneca Toledo Springettsbury Spartanburg Texas Troutdale Township Sumter Abilene Tualatin Warminster Township Woodruff Addison Alamo Umatilla Washington South Dakota Vale Weatherly Aldine Waldport West Chester Aberdeen Alice City West Linn West Homestead Deadwood Alton Woodburn Whitehall North Sioux City Amarillo Wilkes Barre Pierre Anthony Pennsylvania Williamsport Rapid City Arlington Abington Township Willow Grove Sioux Falls Atlanta Allentown York Sisseton Austin Altoona Winner Balch Springs Ardmore Rhode Island Yankton Ballinger Bensalem Township Central Falls Tennessee Baytown Bethlehem Charlestown Beaumont Bristol Borough Coventry Ashland City Bedford Brookville Cranston Athens Beeville Cheltenham East Providence Bartlett Bellaire Chester Newport Bristol Bellmead Easton North Kingston Chattanooga Big Spring Ephrata Boro North Providence Clarksville Bovina

D–12 Brownfield Hitchcock Port Arthur Monticello Bryan Hondo Progreso Murray Canadian Houston Richardson Naples Carrolton Huntsville Richland Hills North Logan Castroville Hurst Richmond Ogden Cedar Hill Hutchins Rio Grande City Orem College Station Irving Robstown Payson Conroe Katy Rockport Pleasant Grove Copperas Cove Kaufman Rosenberg Pleasant View Corpus Christi Keller Round Rock Provo Corsicana Killeen Rowlett Richfield Crockett Kingsville San Angelo Riverdale Crowley La Joya San Antonio Roosevelt City Dallas La Marque San Juan Roy Danbury La Porte San Marcos Saint George Deer Park Lake Jackson Seagoville Salt Lake City Del Rio Lancaster Sherman Sandy Denton Laredo Somerset South Ogden Denver City League City Sorocco South Salt Lake DeSoto Lewisville City Stafford Spanish Fork Dickinson Linden Sugar Land Springville Dimmitt Longview Taylor Tremonton Donna Lopezville Temple Vernal Duncanville Los Fresnos Texarkana Washington Terrace Edinburg Lubbock Texas City West Valley El Paso Lufkin The Colony Woods Cross Euless Madisonville Tyler Farmers Branch McAllen Vernon Vermont Farmersville McKinney Victoria Bellows Falls Floresville Mercedes Waco Brattleboro Forest Hill Mesquite Waxahachie Burlington Fort Worth Midland Weatherford Hartford Fredericksburg Mission Weslaco Montpelier Freeport Missouri City Wharton Newport Friona Mont Belvieu Whitewright Rutland Galveston Nacogdoches Wichita Falls Saint Albans Garland New Braunfels Saint Johnsbury Georgetown North Richland Hills Utah Springfield Gladewater Odessa American Fork Woodstock Bountiful Goliad Orange Virginia Gonzales Palestine Brigham Grand Prairie Pampa Cedar City Alexandria Grapevine Paris Clearfield Annandale Greenville Pasadena Heber City Arlington Haltom City Pearland Hurricane Berryville Harlingen Pflugerville Kaysville Boydton Hempstead Pharr Layton Bristol Hereford Plainview Logan Charlottesville Hidalgo Plano Midvale City Chesapeake

D–13 Culmore Cheney Shelton Greenfield Dale City Colville Skyway Hartford Danville Coulee Dam Snoqualmie Hartland Fairfax Des Moines Spanaway Kenosha Falls Church East Wenatchee Spokane Kewaunee Fort Hunt Edmonds Steilacoom La Crosse Fredericksburg Ellensburg Sunnyside Little Chute Hampton Everett Tacoma Madison Harrisonburg Fife Toppenish Manitowoc Herndon Goldendale Tukwila Marinette Manassas Grand Coulee Tumwater Marshfield Martinsville Grandview Vancouver Medford McLean Granger Walla Walla Menasha Merrifield Issaquah Wapato Milwaukee Newport News Kelso Washougal Monroe Norfolk Kennewick Wenatchee Mukwonago Petersburg Kent West Richland Nenah Portsmouth Kirkland Westport New Berlin Richmond Lacey White Center Oshkosh Rocky Mount Lake Stevens White Salmon Plattville South Boston Lakewood Yakima Prairie Du Chien Spotsylvania Longview Racine Springfield Lynden West Virginia River Falls Suffolk Lynnwood Beckley Sheboygan Vienna Mabton Charles Town Sheboygan Falls Virginia Beach Marysville Charleston Slinger Waynesboro Medical Lake Fairmont Stevens Point Winchester Milton Huntington Sturtevant Woodbridge Mount Vernon Martinsburg Superior Mountlake Terrace Morgantown Twin Lakes Washington Oak Harbor Parkersburg Viroqua Aberdeen Olympia Phillipi Waukesha Anacortes Omak South Charleston Wausau Auburn Othello Weirton West Allis Battle Ground Pacific Wheeling West Bend Belleview Pasco Wisconsin Bellingham Port Angeles Wyoming Black Diamond Port Orchard Allouez Alenrock Blaine Poulsbo Appleton Basin Bothell Prosser Ashwaubenon Casper Bremerton Puyallup Baraboo Cheyenne Burlington Quincy Beaver Dam Evanston Camas Rainer Beloit Green River Castle Rock Redmond Brookfield Laramie Centralia Renton Eau Claire Riverton Chehalis Richland Fond du Lac Rock Springs Chelan Seattle Green Bay

D–14 Appendix E: U.S. Counties Reporting Youth Gang Problems at Any Time Between 1970 and 19981

Alabama Tallapoosa Yavapai Contra Costa Autauga Tuscaloosa Yuma Del Norte El Dorado Baldwin Alaska Arkansas Barbour Fresno 2 Bibb Anchorage Borough Arkansas Glenn Bullock Dillingham Census Ashley Humboldt Butler Area Benton Imperial Calhoun Fairbanks North Star Craighead Inyo Chambers Borough Crittenden Kern Coffee Juneau Borough Cross Kings Conecuh Kenai Peninsula Faulkner Lake Dale Borough Garland Los Angeles Dallas Ketchikan Gateway Greene Madera Elmore Borough Hempstead Marin Etowah Kodiak Island Borough Jackson Mariposa Houston Matanuska-Susitna Jefferson Mendocino Jackson Borough Lincoln Merced Jefferson Northwest Arctic Miller Mono Lauderdale Borough Monroe Monterey Phillips Lee Arizona Napa Limestone Pope Nevada Apache Macon Pulaski Orange Cochise Madison St. Francis Placer Coconino Mobile Saline Riverside Gila Monroe Sebastian Sacramento Graham Montgomery Washington San Benito Maricopa Morgan White San Bernardino Mohave Pike San Diego Navajo California St. Clair San Francisco Pima Alameda Shelby San Joaquin Pinal Amador Talladega San Luis Obispo Santa Cruz Butte San Mateo

1 The total number of youth gang localities listed in appendix E is somewhat larger than the numbers included in the Report’s tables because a number of new localities were reported subsequent to the completion of the final analyses. 2 Boroughs are considered as counties in Alaska, New York, and Pennsylvania. Parishes are considered as counties in Louisiana. Virginia localities listed in appendix E that include the word “City” are listed as counties by the U.S. Bureau of the Census in Census Bureau Data Disk 90 PLPTS2.DAT: POP 2046 (May 1995).

E–1 Santa Barbara Delaware Georgia Stephens Santa Clara Kent Baldwin Sumter Santa Cruz New Castle Barrow Talbot Shasta Sussex Bibb Thomas Solano Brooks Tift Sonoma District of Bulloch Troup Stanislaus Columbia Camden Turner Sutter Carroll Twiggs Tehama Florida Chatham Walker Tulare Alachua Clarke Webster Tuolumne Bay Clayton Wheeler Ventura Bradford Cobb Whitfield Yolo Brevard Columbia Wilkinson Yuba Broward Coweta Charlotte Hawaii Colorado Crawford Clay Crisp Hawaii Adams Collier Decatur Honolulu Alamosa Columbia De Kalb Idaho Arapahoe Dade Dougherty Ada Boulder Duval Douglas Bannock Denver Escambia Effingham Bingham Douglas Flagler Evans Bonner El Paso Gadsden Fayette Bonneville Huerfano Gilchrist Floyd Canyon Jefferson Hillsborough Franklin Cassia La Plata Indian River Fulton Clearwater Larimer Lake Grady Elmore Mesa Lee Gwinnett Fremont Moffat Leon Habersham Gem Montezuma Madison Hall Gooding Morgan Manatee Hancock Jerome Otero Marion Harris Kootenai Prowers Monroe Hart Minidoka Pueblo Nassau Houston Nez Perce Summit Okaloosa Jeff Davis Owyhee Teller Okeechobee Lamar Power Weld Orange Liberty Twin Falls Yuma Osceola Lowndes Valley Connecticut Palm Beach Macon Pasco Meriwether Fairfield Illinois Pinellas Mitchell Hartford Adams Polk Muscogee Litchfield Bureau Putnam Newton Middlesex Champaign St. Lucie Peach New Haven Christian Santa Rosa Polk New London Coles Sarasota Richmond Tolland Cook Seminole Rockdale Windham De Kalb Sumter Screven De Witt Volusia Spalding

E–2 Du Page Johnson Kansas Laurel Edgar Kosciusko Allen McCracken Effingham Lake Atchison Mason Ford La Porte Barton Meade Fulton Madison Bourbon Montgomery Grundy Marion Butler Pulaski Iroquois Monroe Cowley Simpson Jackson Pike Douglas Warren Jefferson Porter Ellsworth Woodford Jo Daviess Putnam Finney Louisiana Kane St. Joseph Ford Kankakee Shelby Franklin Bossier Parish Kendall Tippecanoe Harvey Caddo Parish Knox Vanderburgh Johnson Calcasieu Parish Lake Vigo Labette Claiborne Parish La Salle Wayne Leavenworth Concordia Parish Macon Wells Logan East Baton Rouge McDonough Parish Iowa Lyon McHenry Montgomery East Feliciana Parish McLean Black Hawk Osage Iberia Parish Madison Boone Pottawatomie Iberville Parish Peoria Bremer Riley Jefferson Parish Randolph Buchanan Saline Lafayette Parish Rock Island Buena Vista Sedgwick Lincoln Parish St. Clair Cerro Gordo Shawnee Livingston Parish Saline Clinton Sherman Morehouse Parish Sangamon Dallas Sumner Natchitoches Parish Stephenson Des Moines Wallace Orleans Parish Tazewell Dubuque Wyandotte Ouachita Parish Vermilion Fayette Rapides Parish Whiteside Humboldt Kentucky St. Tammany Parish Will Jasper Anderson Tangipahoa Parish Williamson Johnson Barren Terrebonne Parish Winnebago Lee Bullitt Washington Parish Linn Calloway Webster Parish Indiana Mahaska Campbell West Baton Rouge Allen Marshall Christian Parish Bartholomew Muscatine Clark Maine Boone Page Daviess Clark Plymouth Fayette Androscoggin De Kalb Polk Franklin Aroostook Delaware Pottawattamie Hardin Cumberland Elkhart Poweshiek Henderson Kennebec Floyd Scott Hopkins Penobscot Grant Story Jefferson York Hamilton Warren Jessamine Maryland Hendricks Washington Johnson Anne Arundel Henry Webster Kenton Howard Woodbury Baltimore

E–3 Frederick Chisago Sunflower Ravalli Howard Clay Union Roosevelt Montgomery Dakota Warren Silver Bow Prince George’s Freeborn Washington Yellowstone Wicomico Hennepin Worcester Jackson Missouri Nebraska Kandiyohi Andrew Adams Massachusetts Mower Audrain Box Butte Barnstable Nicollet Boone Buffalo Berkshire Nobles Buchanan Butler Bristol Olmsted Butler Cass Essex Pennington Callaway Cherry Franklin Polk Camden Cheyenne Hampden Ramsey Cape Girardeau Colfax Hampshire Rice Cass Dakota Middlesex St. Louis Christian Dawson Norfolk Scott Clay Douglas Plymouth Sherburne Cole Lancaster Suffolk Stearns Franklin Platte Worcester Steele Greene Red Willow Henry Saline Michigan Wabasha Washington Jackson Sarpy Allegan Winona Jasper Scotts Bluff Bay Jefferson Seward Berrien Mississippi Lafayette Sheridan Calhoun Adams Lincoln Eaton Bolivar Montgomery Nevada Genesee Clay New Madrid Carson City Ingham Coahoma Pettis Churchill Jackson Forrest Phelps Clark Kalamazoo Hancock Platte Elko Kent Harrison Ralls Humboldt Lenawee Hinds Randolph Nye Macomb Holmes Ray Washoe Menominee Jackson St. Charles New Hampshire Midland Jones St. Louis Muskegon Lafayette Scott Belknap Oakland Lamar Vernon Cheshire Ottawa Lauderdale Warren Coos Saginaw Lee Grafton St. Clair Leflore Montana Hillsborough Van Buren Lowndes Broadwater Merrimack Washtenaw Madison Cascade Rockingham Wayne Monroe Dawson Strafford Fergus Sullivan Minnesota Panola Pearl River Gallatin New Jersey Anoka Pike Hill Atlantic Benton Prentiss Lake Bergen Carlton Rankin Lewis and Clark Burlington

E–4 Camden Dutchess Randolph Ross Cumberland Erie Rockingham Sandusky Essex Franklin Rowan Seneca Gloucester Jefferson Wake Stark Hudson Kings Wayne Summit Mercer Monroe Wilson Trumbull Middlesex Nassau Van Wert Monmouth New York North Dakota Warren Morris Niagara Burleigh Wood Ocean Onandaga Cass Passaic Orange Grand Forks Oklahoma Somerset Queens Mercer Beckham Union Rensselaer Ramsey Blaine Schenectady Richland Bryan New Mexico Schuyler Stark Canadian Bernalillo Suffolk Ward Carter Chaves Choctaw Tompkins Ohio Cibola Westchester Cleveland Colfax Wyoming Allen Comanche Curry Ashtabula Cotton Dona Ana North Carolina Athens Craig Eddy Alamance Belmont Creek Grant Beaufort Butler Custer Lea Buncombe Champaign Delaware Lincoln Burke Clark Garfield Los Alamos Cabarrus Crawford Garvin Luna Carteret Cuyahoga Jackson McKinley Catawba Defiance Kay Otero Cherokee Delaware Kiowa Quay Craven Erie Le Flore Rio Arriba Cumberland Fayette Logan Roosevelt Davidson Franklin McClain Sandoval Durham Greene McCurtain San Juan Forsyth Hamilton Mayes San Miguel Gaston Hancock Muskogee Santa Fe Guilford Hardin Oklahoma Sierra Henderson Jefferson Okmulgee Socorro Lenoir Lake Osage Valencia Lincoln Licking Payne McDowell Lorain Pottawatomie New York Mecklenburg Lucas Rogers Albany Nash Madison Stephens Bronx New Hanover Mahoning Tillman Brooklyn Onslow Marion Tulsa Cayuga Orange Medina Wagoner Chautauqua Pender Montgomery Chemung Pitt Morrow Oregon Chenango Polk Portage Benton Clinton Richland Clackamas

E–5 Clatsop Rhode Island Knox Gregg Columbia Bristol McMinn Guadalupe Coos Kent Madison Hale Curry Newport Maury Harris Deschutes Providence Montgomery Harrison Douglas Washington Obion Hidalgo Hood River Putnam Houston Jackson South Carolina Robertson Howard Jefferson Aiken Rutherford Hunt Josephine Anderson Sevier Jefferson Lane Barnwell Shelby Jim Wells Lincoln Berkeley Sullivan Jones Linn Charleston Sumner Kaufman Malheur Chesterfield Washington Kleberg Marion Darlington Wayne Lamar Morrow Georgetown Weakley Liberty Multnomah Greenville Williamson Lubbock Polk Greenwood McLennan Tillamook Horry Texas Madison Umatilla Oconee Anderson Medina Wasco Orangeburg Angelina Midland Washington Pickens Aransas Montgomery Yamhill Richland Bee Nacogdoches Spartanburg Bell Navarro Pennsylvania Sumter Bexar Nueces Allegheny York Bowie Orange Beaver Brazoria Parker Berks South Dakota Brazos Parmer Blair Brown Caldwell Potter Bucks Hughes Cameron Randall Cambria Lawrence Cass Rockwall Carbon Lincoln Castro Runnels Chester Minnehaha Chambers Smith Dauphin Pennington Collin Starr Delaware Roberts Coryell Tarrant Erie Tripp Dallas Taylor Huntingdon Union Deaf Smith Terry Jefferson Yankton Denton Tom Green Lackawanna Ector Tennessee Travis Lancaster Ellis Val Verde Lehigh Anderson El Paso Victoria Luzerne Blount Fannin Walker Lycoming Bradley Fort Bend Waller Montgomery Carter Galveston Webb Northampton Cheatham Gillespie Wharton Philadelphia Cumberland Goliad Wichita Washington Davidson Gonzales Wilbarger Weatherly Dyer Gray Williamson Westmoreland Hamilton Grayson York

E–6 Wilson Fairfax City Klickitat Douglas Yoakum Falls Church City Lewis Eau Claire Franklin Mason Fond du Lac Utah Hampton City Okanogan Grant Box Elder Harrisonburg City Pierce Green Cache Loudoun Skagit Kenosha Davis Manassas City Snohomish Kewaunee Emery Martinsville City Spokane La Crosse Iron Mecklenburg Stevens Manitowoc Salt Lake Newport News City Thurston Marathon San Juan Norfolk City Walla Walla Marinette Sevier Petersburg City Whatcom Milwaukee Uintah Portsmouth City Yakima Outagamie Utah Prince William Pierce Wasatch Richmond West Virginia Portage Washington South Boston City Barbour Racine Weber Stafford Berkeley Rock Brooke Vermont Suffolk City St. Croix Virginia Beach City Cabell Sauk Caledonia Winchester City Hancock Sheboygan Chittenden Jefferson Taylor Franklin Washington Kanawha Vernon Orleans Adams Marion Washington Rutland Benton Marshall Waukesha Washington Chelan Monongalia Winnebago Windham Clallam Ohio Wood Windsor Clark Raleigh Wyoming Virginia Cowlitz Wayne Douglas Wood Albany Arlington Franklin Big Horn Bristol City Grant Wisconsin Converse Buckingham Grays Harbor Brown Fremont Charlottesville City Island Calumet Laramie Chesapeake City King Chippewa Natrona Clarke Kitsap Crawford Sweetwater Danville City Kittitas Dane Uinta Fairfax Dodge

E–7 National Youth Gang Center As part of its comprehensive, coordinated response to America’s gang prob- lem, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) funds the National Youth Gang Center (NYGC). NYGC assists State and local jurisdictions in the collection, analysis, and exchange of information on gang-related demographics, legislation, literature, research, and promising program strategies. NYGC coordinates activities of the OJJDP Gang Con- sortium, a group of Federal agencies, gang program representatives, and ser- vice providers that works to coordinate gang information and programs. NYGC also provides training and technical assistance for OJJDP’s Rural Gang, Gang-Free Schools, and Gang-Free Communities Initiatives. For more information, contact: National Youth Gang Center P.O. Box 12729 Tallahassee, FL 32317 800–446–0912 850–386–5356 (fax) E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.iir.com/nygc

Share With Your Colleagues Unless otherwise noted, OJJDP publications are not copyright protected. We encourage you to reproduce this document, share it with your colleagues, and reprint it in your newsletter or journal. However, if you reprint, please cite OJJDP and any other authors found on the title page. We are also inter- ested in your feedback, such as how you received a copy, how you intend to use the information, and how OJJDP materials meet your individual or agency needs. Please direct your comments and questions to: Juvenile Justice Clearinghouse Publication Reprint/Feedback P.O. Box 6000 Rockville, MD 20849–6000 800–638–8736 301–519–5600 (fax) E-mail: [email protected] Publications From OJJDP

OJJDP produces a wide variety of materials, Co-occurrence of Delinquency and Other Prob- Substance Abuse including Bulletins, Fact Sheets, Reports, Sum- lem Behaviors. 2000, NCJ 182211 (8 pp.). The Coach’s Playbook Against Drugs. 1998, maries, videotapes, CD–ROM’s, and the Juve- High/Scope Perry Preschool Project. 2000, NCJ 173393 (20 pp.). nile Justice journal. These materials and other NCJ 181725 (8 pp.). resources are available through OJJDP’s Juve- Developing a Policy for Controlled Substance nile Justice Clearinghouse (JJC), as described The Incredible Years Training Series. 2000, Testing of Juveniles. 2000, NCJ 178896 (12 pp.). at the end of this list. NCJ 173422 (24 pp.). Family Skills Training for Parents and Children. The following list of publications highlights the Juvenile Mentoring Program: A Progress 2000, NCJ 180140 (12 pp.). Review. 2000, NCJ 182209 (8 pp.). latest and most popular information published Violence and Victimization by OJJDP, grouped by topical areas: Law Enforcement Referral of At-Risk Youth: The SHIELD Program. 2000, NCJ 184579 Characteristics of Crimes Against Juveniles. Corrections and Detention (8 pp.). 2000, NCJ 179034 (12 pp.). Construction, Operations, and Staff Training The Nurturing Parenting Programs. 2000, Children as Victims. 2000, NCJ 180753 (24 pp.). for Juvenile Confinement Facilities. 2000, NCJ 172848 (12 pp.). The Comprehensive Strategy: Lessons Learned NCJ 178928 (28 pp.). Prevention of Serious and Violent Juvenile From the Pilot Sites. 2000, NCJ 178258 (12 pp.). Disproportionate Minority Confinement: 1997 Offending. 2000, NCJ 178898 (16 pp.). Fighting Juvenile Gun Violence. 2000, Update. 1998, NCJ 170606 (12 pp.). NCJ 182679 (12 pp.). Gangs Implementation of the Intensive Community- Kids and Guns. 2000, NCJ 178994 (12 pp.). Based Aftercare Program. 2000, NCJ 181464 1998 National Youth Gang Survey. 2000, (20 pp.). NCJ 183109 (92 pp.). Predictors of Youth Violence. 2000, NCJ 179065 (12 pp.). Juvenile Arrests 1999. 2000, NCJ 185236 Preventing Adolescent Gang Involvement. (12 pp.). 2000, NCJ 182210 (12 pp.). Promising Strategies To Reduce Gun Violence. 1999, NCJ 173950 (276 pp.). Reintegration, Supervised Release, and Inten- Youth Gang Programs and Strategies. 2000, sive Aftercare. 1999, NCJ 175715 (24 pp.). NCJ 171154 (96 pp.). Race, Ethnicity, and Serious and Violent Juve- nile Offending. 2000, NCJ 181202 (8 pp.). State Custody Rates, 1997. 2000, NCJ 183108 The Youth Gangs, Drugs, and Violence (4 pp.). Connection. 1999, NCJ 171152 (12 pp.). Safe From the Start: Taking Action on Children Exposed to Violence. 2000, NCJ 182789 Courts Youth Gangs in Schools. 2000, NCJ 183015 (76 pp.). (8 pp.). Employment and Training for Court-Involved Youth. 2000, NCJ 182787 (112 pp.). General Juvenile Justice The materials listed on this page and many Focus on Accountability: Best Practices The Community Assessment Center Concept. other OJJDP publications and resources can for Juvenile Court and Probation. 1999, 2000, NCJ 178942 (12 pp.). be accessed through the following methods: NCJ 177611 (12 pp.). Increasing School Safety Through Juvenile Online: From the Courthouse to the Schoolhouse: Accountability Programs. 2000, NCJ 179283 To view or download materials, visit Making Successful Transitions. 2000, (16 pp.). OJJDP’s home page: www.ojjdp.ncjrs.org. NCJ 178900 (16 pp.). Juvenile Accountability Incentive Block Grants To order materials online, visit JJC’s 24- Juvenile Court Statistics 1997. 2000, Strategic Planning Guide. 1999, NCJ 172846 hour online store: www.puborder.ncjrs.org. NCJ 180864 (120 pp.). (62 pp.). To ask questions about materials, e-mail Juvenile Justice (Juvenile Court Issue), Volume Juvenile Justice (Mental Health Issue), Volume JJC: [email protected]. VI, Number 2. 1999, NCJ 178255 (40 pp.). VII, Number 1. 2000, NCJ 178256 (40 pp.). To subscribe to JUVJUST, OJJDP’s elec- Juveniles and the Death Penalty. 2000, Juvenile Justice. (American Indian Issue). Vol- tronic mailing list, e-mail to [email protected], NCJ 184748 (16 pp.). ume VII, Number 2. 2000, NCJ 184747 (40 pp.). leave the subject line blank, and type sub- Juvenile Transfers to Criminal Court in the Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1999 National scribe juvjust your name. 1990’s: Lessons Learned From Four Studies. Report. 1999, NCJ 178257 (232 pp.). Also 2000, NCJ 181301 (68 pp.). available on CD–ROM. 2000, NCJ 178991. Phone: Juveniles Facing Criminal Sanctions: Three OJJDP Research: Making a Difference for 800–638–8736 States That Changed the Rules. 2000, Juveniles. 1999, NCJ 177602 (52 pp.). (Monday–Friday, 8:30 a.m.–7 p.m. ET) NCJ 181203 (66 pp.). Special Education and the Juvenile Justice Fax: Offenders in Juvenile Court, 1997. 2000, System. 2000, NCJ 179359 (16 pp.). 410–792–4358 (to order publications) NCJ 181204 (16 pp.). Teenage Fatherhood and Delinquent Behavior. 301–519–5600 (to ask questions) Teen Courts: A Focus on Research. 2000, 2000, NCJ 178899 (8 pp.). 800–638–8736 (fax-on-demand, Fact NCJ 183472 (16 pp.). Sheets and Bulletins only) Missing and Exploited Children Delinquency Prevention Kidnaping of Juveniles: Patterns From NIBRS. Mail: 1999 Report to Congress: Title V Incentive 2000, NCJ 181161 (8 pp.). Juvenile Justice Clearinghouse/NCJRS P.O. Box 6000, Rockville, MD 20849–6000 Grants for Local Delinquency Prevention Overview of the Portable Guides to Investi- Programs. 2000, NCJ 182677 (60 pp.). gating Child Abuse: Update 2000. 2000, Competency Training—The Strengthening NCJ 178893 (12 pp.). JJC, through the National Criminal Justice Families Program: For Parents and Youth Parents AnonymousSM: Strengthening America’s Reference Service (NCJRS), is the re- 10–14. 2000, NCJ 182208 (12 pp.). Families. 1999, NCJ 171120 (12 pp.). pository for tens of thousands of criminal Comprehensive Responses to Youth at Risk: and juvenile justice publications and re- When Your Child Is Missing: A Family Survival sources from around the world. An ab- Interim Findings From the SafeFutures Initia- Guide. 1998, NCJ 170022 (96 pp.). Also avail- tive. 2000. NCJ 183841 (96 pp.). stract for each publication or resource is able in Spanish. 2000, NCJ 178902. placed in a database that you can search online: www.ncjrs.org/database.htm.

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Report NCJ 181868