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Home , Dalibarda, Rosaceae, Rubus, Rubus ellipticus, Rubus niveus, Rubus rosifolius

BioInvasions Records (2020) Volume 9, Issue 4: 712–722

CORRECTED PROOF

Rapid Communication rosifolius Smith: a new record of an alien in the flora of Ecuador

David A. Espinel-Ortiz and Katya Romoleroux* Laboratorio de Botánica Sistemática, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito, Ecuador Author e-mails: [email protected] (DAEO), [email protected], [email protected] (KR) *Corresponding author

Citation: Espinel-Ortiz DA, Romoleroux K (2020) Smith: a new Abstract record of an alien species in the flora of Ecuador. BioInvasions Records 9(4): 712– A new record of Rubus () for Ecuador is described: R. rosifolius, a climbing 722, https://doi.org/10.3391/bir.2020.9.4.05 introduced and naturalized in the Ecuadorian Andes for its edible . We provide an updated key for the Rubus in Ecuador, a detailed description of Received: 18 March 2020 the species, and its distribution. In addition, photographs of this species and complete Accepted: 15 June 2020 illustrations are included. Published: 25 August 2020 Handling editor: Anibal Pauchard Key words: cultivated, Ecuadorian Andes, introduced, Idaeobatus, , Thematic editor: Stelios Katsanevakis Rosaceae Copyright: © Espinel-Ortiz DA and Romoleroux K This is an open access article distributed under terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License Introduction (Attribution 4.0 International - CC BY 4.0). Rubus L., included in the subfamily and tribe Rubeae, is one of OPEN ACCESS. the most numerous genera of the Rosaceae family with approximately 400– 700 species (Judd et al. 2016; Lingdi and Boufford 2003; Wang et al. 2016). The genus is almost cosmopolitan, though it is more abundant in north- temperate regions (Mabberley 1993; Romoleroux 1996). Focke (1910, 1911, 1914) divided the genus in 12 subgenera: Anoplobatus (Focke) Focke, Chamaebatus (Focke) Focke, Chamaemorus (Hill) Focke, Comaropsis (Rich.) Focke, Cylactis (Raf.) Focke, (L.) Focke, Dalibardastrum Focke, Idaeobatus (Focke) Focke, Lampobatus Focke, Malachobatus (Focke) Focke, Orobatus Focke and Rubus L. (=Eubatus Focke). Afterwards, Kalkman (1987) and Bean (1997) proposed two more subgenera, Micranthobatus (Fritsch) Focke and Diemenicus A.R. Bean, respectively. The subgenera, Rubus, Idaeobatus and Malachobatus contain almost all the species of the genus and most of the introduced and of Rubus in the world (Richardson and Rejmánek 2011; Rejmánek and Richardson 2013). The first revision of Rubus in Ecuador was made by Romoleroux (1996), who recognized 17 native, 2 endemics and 2 alien species among three subgenera (Romoleroux 1996, 1999, 2011); of these, 5 species were introduced to the Galápagos Islands (Table 1) (Jaramillo-Díaz et al. 2018). From these 5 species, Thunb. is a serious threat in the Galápagos

Espinel-Ortiz DA and Romoleroux K (2020), BioInvasions Records 9(4): 712–722, https://doi.org/10.3391/bir.2020.9.4.05 712 Rubus rosifolius, a new record for Ecuador

Table 1. List of the species of Rubus in Ecuador (Jaramillo-Díaz et al. 2018; Romoleroux 1996; Romoleroux et al. 2018). Subgenera Species Distribution (provinces) Altitude (m) R. ellipticus Sm. IMB, PIC 2400–2600 R. niveus Thunb. AZU, CAR, GAL (FLO, ISA, SAN, SCI, STC), IMB, LOJ, NAP, PAS, Idaeobatus 700–3400 PIC, SUC, ZAM R. rosifolius Smith CAR, LOJ, PIC, SDT 600–2600 R. adenothallus Focke AZU, LOJ 2850–3250 R. adenotrichus Schltdl. AZU, BOL, CAR, CHI, COT, GAL (ISA, STC), IMB, LOJ, NAP, PIC, 1200–3900 SUC, TUN, ZAM R. bogotensis Kunth AZU, CAR, GAL, IMB, LOJ, PIC, ZAM 1050–3500 R. boliviensis Focke AZU, CAR, COT, IMB, LOJ, MOR, NAP, PIC, SDT, TUN, ZAM 1050–3300 Rubus R. floribundus Kunth AZU, BOL, CAÑ, LOJ, NAP, PIC, ZAM 1000–3400 R. glaucus Benth. BOL, CAR, COT, GAL (STC), LOJ, PIC, SUC, TUN 1850–3700 R. killipii Berger LOJ, MOR, PAS, ZAM 1000–1900 R. megalococcus Focke AZU, CAÑ, LOJ, MOR, ZAM 2650–3600 R. peruvianus Fritsch AZU, CAÑ, LOJ 2800–3750 R. urticifolius Poir. CAR, ESM, IMB, LOJ, MOR, NAP, PAS, PIC, SDT, SUC, TUN, ZAM 450–3400 R. acanthophyllos Focke AZU, LOJ, MOR 2350–3850 R. azuayensis Romol. AZU, LOJ, MOR 2800–3370 R. compactus Benth. AZU, LOJ 2600–3610 R. coriaceus Poir. AZU, CAÑ, CAR, CHI, COT, IMB, LOJ, MOR, NAP, PIC, SUC, TUN, ZAM 2550–4100 Orobatus R. glabratus Kunth AZU, BOL, CAÑ, CAR, CHI, COT, IMB, LOJ, NAP, PIC 1950–4500 R. laegaardii Romol. AZU, LOJ, MOR, ZAM 2300–3500 R. loxensis Benth. LOJ, MOR, ZAM 2600–3300 R. nubigenus Kunth AZU, CAÑ, CAR, CHI, COT, IMB, LOJ, MOR, NAP, PIC, SUC, TUN, ZAM 1900–3900 R. roseus Poir. AZU, CAR, CHI, COT, IMB, LOJ, MOR, NAP, PIC, SDT, SUC, TUN, ZAM 1850–3900 The Ecuadorian provinces are as follow: Azuay (AZU), Bolívar (BOL), Carchi (CAR), Cañar (CAÑ), Chimborazo (CHI), Cotopaxi (COT), Esmeraldas (ESM), Galápagos (GAL) [Floreana Island (FLO), Isabela Island (ISA), San Cristóbal Island (SCI), Santa Cruz Island (STC), Santiago Island (SAN)], Imbabura (IMB), Loja (LOJ), Morona Santiago (MOR), Napo (NAP), Pastaza (PAS), Pichincha (PIC), Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas (SDT), Sucumbíos (SUC), Tungurahua (TUN), Zamora Chinchipe (ZAM).

Islands (Renteria et al. 2012); the other species, R. glaucus Benth., R. adenotrichos Schltdl. and R. bogotensis Kunth are not registered as invasive, and R. megalococcus Focke was eradicated in 2006 (Jaramillo-Díaz et al. 2018). During recent field work done in 2016 and 2017, we identified Rubus rosifolius Smith (1791) as a species not recorded in Ecuador before.

Materials and methods During field work done in 2016 and 2017, some samples of Rubus were collected. None of them could be identified with the key to the species of Ecuador (Romoleroux 1996). The identification for these samples was done by visiting and revising the Herbaria CDS, NYBG and QCA, and it was corroborated with the species description found in the Flora of (Lingdi and Boufford 2003). In addition, the information of previously collected but unidentified specimens of Herbarium QCA was used for the distribution of this species in Ecuador (Romoleroux et al. 2018).

Results The Maurice raspberry, roseleaf raspberry or thimbleberry, Rubus rosifolius Sm., is classified in the Idaeobatus subgenus and Rosaefolii by Focke (1911).

Espinel-Ortiz DA and Romoleroux K (2020), BioInvasions Records 9(4): 712–722, https://doi.org/10.3391/bir.2020.9.4.05 713 Rubus rosifolius, a new record for Ecuador

Figure 1. Rubus rosifolius Sm. (a) Habit. (b) Peduncle. (c) Distal branch. (d) Compound and stipule. (e) Lower surface of the leaf. (f) Upper surface of the leaf. (g) . (h) . Illustrations by Carla Rodríguez.

Rubus rosifolius Sm. Plantarum Icones Hactenus Ineditae 3: pl. 60. 1791. (Figures 1–3). Orig. coll.: Mauritius: In insula Mauritii, Commerson s.n. holotype, LINN-HS902-63 [online image!], (Annotations as “roseifolius”).

Espinel-Ortiz DA and Romoleroux K (2020), BioInvasions Records 9(4): 712–722, https://doi.org/10.3391/bir.2020.9.4.05 714 Rubus rosifolius, a new record for Ecuador

Figure 2. Rubus rosifolius Sm. (a) Habit. (b) Leaf with leaflets. (c) . (d) Fruits. Photographs by Esteban Bastidas.

Syn.: Rubus commersonii Poir. In Lam., Encycl. Meth. 6 (1806) 240. Holotype: Commerson s.n. from Java, P00162135 [online image!]. For further synonymy, see Zandee and Kalkman (1981), The List (2013) and CABI (2020). Description: Scandent shrub, growing up to 1.5 m high. Distal branches slightly terete, green, villous to glabrescent, 3–5 mm diameter, with simple and tufted hairs (40–220 per total area of 1 cm long of the branch); prickles 5–8 (per total area of 5 cm long of the branch), triangular curved at the apex, 1.50–3.40 × 1.75–2.65 mm, glabrous. imparipinnate; stipules filiform 0.75–1 cm long, sparsely villous, with subsessile glands; 2.5–3.5 cm long, villous, with 1–3 curved prickles 1–1.5 mm long; leaflets (5)–7, chartaceous, ovate, base rounded, apex acuminate to attenuate, margin coarsely serrate to doubly serrate, adaxial surface sparsely pilose and abaxial surface pilose on veins, both with subsessile and sessile glands; prickles absent; secondary veins 15 (16); lateral leaflets 3.5–5 × 1.5–3 cm, the terminal leaflet 5.5–8 × 2.5–4 cm; petiolule

Espinel-Ortiz DA and Romoleroux K (2020), BioInvasions Records 9(4): 712–722, https://doi.org/10.3391/bir.2020.9.4.05 715 Rubus rosifolius, a new record for Ecuador

Figure 3. QCA Herbarium specimen of Rubus rosifolius Sm. collected in 2016 near the limit with Colombia.

1–3 mm long. Inflorescences in terminal and axillar cymes, 1–3-flowered, with 1–5-foliolate leaves below, 2.5–5.5 cm long; peduncle 1.4–4.6 cm long, sparsely villous with subsessile glands; pedicels 1–2 cm long, villous or pilose (up to 300 hairs total area of 1 cm long of the peduncle), with scattered prickles and subsessile glands, prickles 0.9–1.6 × 0.3–0.4 mm, subulate to curved at apex. Flowers 20–25 mm diam.; 5, ovate, apex mucronate to aristate, (7–)10–14 (–20) × 3–5 mm, green, sparsely pilose and glandular outside, densely pannose inside, acrescent; petals 5, roundish to widely obovate, 7–9 × 7–8 mm, white, rarely white and pale , with scattered adpressed hairs; anthers glabrous. Fruit bright red at maturity, globose, 1.6–2.3 × 1–1.6 cm (when fresh); drupelets 250–300, 2–4.5 × 1.6–3 mm (when fresh), glabrous, strongly coherent.

Espinel-Ortiz DA and Romoleroux K (2020), BioInvasions Records 9(4): 712–722, https://doi.org/10.3391/bir.2020.9.4.05 716 Rubus rosifolius, a new record for Ecuador

According to Lingdi and Boufford (2003) three varieties have been recorded for R. rosifolius, our material closely resembles the R. rosifloius var. coronarius (Sims) Focke description, for the number of flowers, and the ± prickly branchlets, petioles and pedicels. However, the revision of further material is required to confirm identification at the variety level. Distribution in Ecuador: Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas: Los Bancos, 00°07′06.30″S; 78°55′00.50″W, 1000 m, 6 Jul 2007 (fr), Sandoya-Sánchez 56 (QCA); Saguangal, along basin of Guayllabamba river, 00°17′00′′S; 78°59′00′′W, 700 m, 19 Apr 2003 (fl, fr), Jaramillo, Pérez and Yandún 24191 (QCA). Carchi: Road Laurel-Chical, 5 km E of Maldonado, 00°53′36.50″N; 78°05′09.24″W, 1500 m, 16 Aug 2016 (fl, fr), Espinel-Ortiz, Bastidas and Romoleroux 31, 32, 33 (QCA). Pichincha: Road Pactoloma-La Delicia- Pedro Vicente Maldonado, along the road, 00°05′00″S; 79°06′00″W, 620 m, 19 Dec 2009 (fr), Jaramillo and Jaramillo 30081 (QCA); Valle de los Chillos, 00°18′21″S; 78°26′31″W, 2600 m, 26 Jun 2000 (fl, fr), Rodríguez 02 (QCA); Mindo-Nambillo Protected Forest, near protected area Las Tangaras’ cottage, 00°04′03.04″S; 78°45′01.97″W, 1220 m, 20 Feb 2010 (fl, fr), Ramírez 03 (QCA). Loja: Loja, in front of the entrance of the Podocarpus National Park, 04°04′58.62″S; 79°12′19.74″W, 2356 m, 26 Sep 2016 (fl, fr), Espinel-Ortiz, Bastidas and Romero 74, 75 (QCA). More extensive field and herbaria work might reveal additional localities of this species in Ecuador. General distribution: This species is native of Oceania, in Australia (Randall and Cooperative Research Centre for Australian Weed Management 2007), New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanatue (CABI 2020); , including Cambodia, China, , Indonesia, Japan, Laos, , Myanmar, , , , Thailand, Vietnam (Lingdi and Boufford 2003), Taiwan (Huang and Hu 2009); and Africa, in Mauritius (Lingdi and Boufford 2003). This species is found as an alien species in Oceania, in Australia (extending out of the native range) (Randall and Cooperative Research Centre for Australian Weed Management 2007); Africa, in Bioko (Equatorial Guinea), Cameroon, Uganda (Zandee and Kalkman 1981), Comoro (Safford 1993), Kenya, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe (CABI 2020); North America, in Mexico (Villaseñor and Espinosa‐Garcia 2004); the Caribbean, in Dominican Republic and Haiti (Hispaniola), Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles (Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Montserrat, Saba, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, St. Vincent) (Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong 2012) Honduras (CABI 2020); Central America, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama (Barrie 2015); and South America, in (Schneider 2007), Colombia (Pérez 2011), Bolivia (Romoleroux et al. 2014), , and Venezuela (CABI 2020).

Espinel-Ortiz DA and Romoleroux K (2020), BioInvasions Records 9(4): 712–722, https://doi.org/10.3391/bir.2020.9.4.05 717 Rubus rosifolius, a new record for Ecuador

It is considered an invasive species in La Réunion (Macdonald et al. 1991), French Polynesia, (USA), New Caledonia (Meyer 2000), Madagascar, Tanzania (Binggeli 2003), Mayotte and Cuba (CABI 2020). Habitat: The roseleaf raspberry prefers natural and artificial openings in primary and secondary forests. It can easily inhabit tree-fall gaps, landslides, abandoned fields, neglected pastures, and roadsides (Francis 2004). In Ecuador, this species was found growing alongside roads in places exposed to the light in two provinces (Carchi and Loja). The specimens found in Carchi grew alongside a dry dusty open road extending approximately for 2 km where no other were found, whether it was an effect of the species or human activity, it is not known. The individuals were not very tall, reaching up to 40 cm tall, approximately 5–7 individuals per meter. In Loja, this species was growing as a living fence near the entrance of the Podocarpus National Park, the specimens here came up to 1.5 m tall, one individual could not be distinguished from the other. Aside from this, R. rosifolius was also found in Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas and Pichincha. This species grew in both, dry and humid places, and evergreen forest, apparently growing bigger in humid places. The altitudinal range of this raspberry is 700–2600 m.a.s.l. in Ecuador. More extensive field work is necessary to obtain ecological information this species in Ecuador. Rubus rosifolius in Ecuador: Rubus rosifolius has been present in Ecuador since the early 2000’s and may have been introduced way before; however, this species was not previously recorded in the country. For almost 20 years, samples collected between 2000 to 2009 were registered as Rubus sp. After the identification of the samples collected between 2016 and 2017 was done, the samples previously unidentified were identified as R. rosifolius. No other samples of this species for Ecuador were found in the Herbaria revised, except for QCA. There is no information about how this species was introduced to Ecuador. However, all the samples were collected in open roads or disturbed areas. This suggests that this species may have been used as a crop species and escaped a plantation. It also could have been introduced by migratory birds from neighboring countries that had this species. Within the country, R. rosifolius could have been dispersed by migratory birds, explaining how this species can be found in the north and south of the country. There is no record of the uses of this species by the native people. However, the fruits are edible so people may be consuming them, and the plant was used as a living fence in Loja.

Key to the Species of Rubus in Ecuador 1. Stipules linear-falcate, ovate or suborbicular; leaves simple or 3-foliolate (subg. Orobatus) ...... 2 – Stipules subulate or filiform; leaves 3-foliolate, palmately 5-foliolate or imparipinnate ...... 11

Espinel-Ortiz DA and Romoleroux K (2020), BioInvasions Records 9(4): 712–722, https://doi.org/10.3391/bir.2020.9.4.05 718 Rubus rosifolius, a new record for Ecuador

2. Leaves simple ...... 3 – Leaves 3-foliolate ...... 7 3. Stipules linear-falcate ...... R. loxensis – Stipules asymmetrically ovate ...... 4 4. Upper leaf surface bullate ...... R. azuayensis – Upper leaf surface not bullate ...... 5 5. Lower leaf surface pannose-tomentose ...... R. acanthophyllos – Lower leaf surface glabrous or sparsely pilose on veins ...... 6 6. Flowers solitary or rarely in inflorescences 2–3 cm long, with less than 4 flowers ...... R. coriaceus – Inflorescences 5–9 cm long, with more than 5 flowers ...... R. laegaardii 7. Flowers solitary or in few-flowered lax inflorescences; sepals as long as or longer than petals ...... 8 – Flowers in simple or compound, compact inflorescences; sepals shorter than petals ...... 10 8. Stipules ovate; flowers usually solitary or sometimes in inflorescences with 2–4 flowers ...... R. glabratus – Stipules suborbicular; inflorescences with more than 4 flowers ...... 9 9. Lower leaflet surface glabrous or sparsely pilose ...... R. roseus – Lower leaflet surface tomentose or villous ...... R. nubigenus 10. Leaves and inflorescences pubescent ...... R. nubigenus – Leaves and inflorescences glabrous ...... R. compactus 11. Drupelets united and falling collectively from dry (subg. Idaeobatus) ...... 12 – Drupelets remaining on the fleshy receptacle and falling off together with it (subg. Rubus) ...... 14 12. Leaves 3-foliolate; fruit yellow ...... R. ellipticus – Leaves imparipinnate, 5 or 7-foliolate; fruit pink-purplish to black or red ...... 13 13. Lower leaf surface pannose with stipitate glands, whitish; stem pruinose ...... R. niveus – Lower leaf surface sparsely pilose with subsessile and sessile glands, greenish; stem not pruinose ...... R. rosifolius 14. Inflorescences few-flowered, usually less than 30 flowers per inflorescence; leaves 3-foliolate, rarely 4 or 5-foliolate ...... 15 – Inflorescences many-flowered, usually more than 40 flowers per inflorescence; basal leaves 5-foliolate ...... 19 15. Stems glabrous, glaucous or puberulent ...... 16 – Stems tomentose, velutinous, villous, or pilose ...... 17 16. Stems glaucous; drupelets < 6 mm long, more than 50 per receptacle ...... R. glaucus – Stems glabrous or puberulent; drupelets > 7 mm long, less than 30 per receptacle ...... R. megalococcus

Espinel-Ortiz DA and Romoleroux K (2020), BioInvasions Records 9(4): 712–722, https://doi.org/10.3391/bir.2020.9.4.05 719 Rubus rosifolius, a new record for Ecuador

17. Leaflets with less than 9 pairs of secondary veins; stems pilose; petals greenish white ...... R. adenothallus – Leaflets with more than 10 pairs of secondary veins; stems tomentose, velutinous or villous; petals reddish violet, white or pink ...... 18 18. Leaflet surface sparsely villous, eglandular ...... R. peruvianus – Leaflet surface velutinous or tomentose, with sessile and subsessile glands ...... R. bogotensis 19. Stems and branches glandular ...... 20 – Stems and branches eglandular ...... 22 20. Stems densely covered with long-stipitate glands ...... R. adenotrichus – Stems with scattered, short-stipitate glands ...... 21 21. Petiole pulvinate; base of the leaflets asymmetrical ...... R. killipii – Petiole not pulvinate; base of the leaflets rounded ...... R. floribundus 22. Lower leaflet surface glabrous; leaflets with 7–10 pairs of secondary veins ...... R. killipii – Lower leaflet surface pubescent; leaflets with 10–18 pairs of secondary veins ...... 23 23. Stems tomentose, villous, pilose, pannose or glabrous, not setose ...... 24 – Stems with reddish, setose hairs ...... R. urticifolius 24. Leaflets with 10–12 or rarely 14 pairs of secondary veins, leaf-margins serrate ...... R. floribundus – Leaflets with 14–18 pairs of secondary veins, leaf-margins serrulate ...... R. boliviensis

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (PUCE) and the Secretaria Nacional de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (Senescyt) for funding this research under the investigation projects: “Filogenia y usos de Rubus y : Dos géneros nativos de la flora ecuatoriana (PUCE)”, “Caracterización de la diversidad genética y fenología de Sm. (Rosaceae), especie introducida en Ecuador (PUCE)” and “Arca de Noé: Caracterización genética y análisis bioinformática de la biodiversidad de los Parques Nacionales Podocarpus, Sangay, Yacuri y Llanganates (Senescyt)”. Ministerio del Ambiente de Ecuador (MAE) for research permits: Nº 011-2016-IC-FLO- DNB/MA and Nº 012-2017-IC-FLO-DNB/MA. Robbin Moran for allowing us to revise the Rubus collections in the NYBG, Patricia Jaramillo for allowing us to revise the CDS, and for the database corresponding to this samples. Esteban Bastidas for his assistance during field work and the photographs and Carla Rodríguez for the scientific illustrations. Finally, we would like to thank the reviewers and editors who contributed with suggestions that improved the manuscript.

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Espinel-Ortiz DA and Romoleroux K (2020), BioInvasions Records 9(4): 712–722, https://doi.org/10.3391/bir.2020.9.4.05 720 Rubus rosifolius, a new record for Ecuador

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