Occuttau'on3Newsteter
Volume III, Number 5 September, 1983 Occultation Newsletter is pub?ished by the International Occultation Timing Association. Editor and Compos- itor: H. F. DaBo11; 6 N 106 white Oak Lane; St. Charles, IL 60174; U. S. A. Please send editorial matters, renewals, address changes, and reimbursement requests to the above, but for new memberships, new subscrip- tions, back issues, and any special requests, write to IOTA; P. 0. Box 3392; Columbus, OH 43210-0392; U.S.A.
FROM THE PUBLISHER this page. William Stein, Fredericksburg, VA, has volunteered to take over Berton Stevens' job of This is the third issue of 1983. maintaining IOTA'S machine-readable records for pro- ducing address labels and station card input for lu- Please note the changes wrought by the recent chang- nar grazing occultation and local planetary/aster- es of officers; see the masthead and IOTA NEWS. The oidal appulse predictions. Since some software dc- Tinley Park address should no longer be used. The ve1oµnent is needed, Stevens will continue to do St. Charles address should be used for editorial this work at least for another month. When Stein matters, renewals, address changes, and reimburse- assumes the job, he will update the files according ment requests. The Columbus address should be used to data supplied by DaBo11. for new memberships, new subscriptions, back issues, b ' W, , and any special requests. A copy of IOTA'S by-laws is enclosed with this is- sue, for manbers. Also enclosed with this issue, o.n.'s price is $1.40/issue, or $5.50/year (4 is- for members, is a ballot, and envelope for sending sues) including first class surface mailing. Back it to the Executive Secretary, Charles H. Herold, issues through Vol. 2, No. 13, still are priced at 9207 Kirkmont, Houston, TX 77089. You do not need only $1.00/issue; later issues @ $1.40. Air mail to send the ballot if you plan to attend IOTA'S shipment of o.n. back issues and subscriptions is meeting in November (see p. 100), since it will be a 45¢/issue ($1.80/year) extra, outside the U.S.A., triennial election meeting. Although there is es- Canada, and Mexico. sentially no choice on the ballot, members are urged to complete and send them to Herold, since we need IOTA membership, subscription included, is $11.00/ to have ballots cast by 30% of the membership for year for residents of North America (including Mexi- the election to be valid. Please vote in favor of CO) and $16.00/year for others, to cover costs of the revisions to the bylaws ; these were needed overseas air mail. European and U. K. observers since the bylaws had to be written hurriedly in or- should join iota/es, sending DM 20.-- to Hans-j. der to include them (as required) with our applica- Bode, Bartold-knaust Str. 8,.3000 Hannover 91, Ger- tion to obtain tax-exempt status before an August man Federal Republic. 31St deadline. Since the application was filed, members of the board of directors decided that the IOTA NEWS changes given on the ballot were needed to manage IOTA more efficiently. David W. Dunham Most of the graze reports which were not processed The major news about IOTA is described in the arti- by HMNAO were transcribed to the forms of the Inter- cle about our incorporation and finances on p. 98. national Lunar 0ccu"ltation Centre (ILOC) a few We were fortunate in that the fees charged for the months ago. During July, Richard Taibi completed <-- incorporation were less than $300, well within our the considerable task of duplicating the reports and budget and not requiring any additional contribu- sorting them into chronological order; they include tions, as was indicated might be the case in the some events observed as early as 1974, although most last issue. The officers of IOTA are listed in Ma- were observed after 1976. The reports were sent to 1ey's and Phelps' article about the incorporation. ILOC by the U. S. Naval Observatory. ILOC sent me a The most important change is the Corresponding Sec- letter thanking us for the reports, and indicated retary, who will be Mark Allman. He will serve as that some changes had taken place. Akio Senda has the main point of contact for IOTA, mainly proces- taken over Dr. Kubo's job of Director of ILOC, which sing requests for papers, special predictions, and is now in the Geodesy and Geophysics Division of the inquiries from those seeking to join IOTA or sub- Japanese Hydrographic Department, rather than the scribe to o.n. He will take over those duties from Astronomical Division. I do not know whether the John Phelps in late October, when IOTA's new ad- Astronomical Division was eliminated or simply ab- dress, P. 0. Box 3392, Columbus, Ohio 43210-0392, sorbed by the Geodesy and Geophysics Division. Un- U.S.A., will appear in the November issue of Sky and fortunately, this will mean even further delays in Telescope then being distributed. Since H. F. Da- the distribution of residuals to observers. Senda Boll will maintain the IOTA records as one of his apologizes for these delays, and asks for "even duties as Treasurer, changes of address and station greater cooperation." data, and membership and subscription renewals should be sent to him; see FROM THE PUBLISHER on Guillermo Ma11Cn, Cerrada Providentia 43, 10200 Mex- 98 V
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« ico D.F., telephone 905,595-6368, most likely will What would this mean to IOTA'S members? In the USA, be the Mexican coordinator for the 1984 May 30 annu- expenses incurred in connection with a non-profit lar solar eclipse. Americans and others planning tn tax-exwpt organization may be tax deductible. In observe this eclipse from Mexico, where the weathe' this connection, we offer the following exerpt, prospects are better than in the U.S.A., should COn- which is an interpretation of such a guideline. It taCt MallCn. is up to each IOTA member to determine whether his participation in an IOTA expedition or effort falls Extended-coverage USNO total lunar occultation pre·· into the category of a charitable contribution. If dictions for the remainder of 1983 finally were com- you have any doubts, you should consult a tax ac- puted and distributed to observers in August, in countant. IOTA cannot offer any legal opinion, but time for the early.September Milky Way passages for based on the interpretation in this February 9, 1983 most Americans. If you want these predictions and Standard Federal Tax Report Bulletin, it would ap- have not received them, write to me at P.0. Box 74&. pear that expenses incurred in connection with oc- Silver Spring, MD 20907, U.S.A. The most interest- cultation expeditions and eclipse expeditions may be ing event included in these predictions is the pas·· tax deductible by those persons who have the appro- sage of the waning crescent moon across scores of priate background, experience, or aptitude. This faint stars in M-35, the morning of Septanber 29th. would serve to make doing scientific observational as seen from Hawaii and the Pacific coast of North astronomy more affordable and, we hope, create new America. The extended-coverage predictions are interest in pursuing grazes, asteroid occultations, meant to supplement the usual USNO total occultation and solar eclipse north/south limit edge phenomena. predictions for those with access to large tele- scopes; if you want the extended predictions, you also should have the regular USNO predictions, ob- ¶8626 Research Expeditions: May a Volunteer tainable from Marie Lukac, U.S. Naval Observatory, Deduct Cost as Charitable Contribution? Washington, DC 20390, U.S.A. Unfortunately, I did not have time to process any more of the Southern Various tax-exmpt organizations enlist the aid of Astrographic Catalog data, so the extended-coverage volunteers to assist in scientific and historical predictions include only C-catalog stars described research projects that are conducted throughout in o.n. 2 (14) 188 and 2 (16) 222. I hope to be the world. May a taxpayer who acts as a volunteer able to process more of the S.A.C. data and compute for a tax-exempt organization and pays his own more comprehensive extended-coverage predictions travel to one of these research projects claim the early in 1984. cost as a charitable contribution? This article sets forth the standards that would be used by the The paper, "Solar Radius Change Between 1925 and IRS and the courts in making this determination. 1979" by S. Sofia, A. D. Fiala, j. B. Dunham, and me was published in the 1983 August 11 issue of Nature. Donated Services We showed that, on 1979 February 26, the solar radi- us was approximately 0!'5 (375 km) smaller than it Subject to certain limitations, taxpayers are al- was on 1925 january 24, according to our analysis of lowed a tax deduction for charitable contributions timings of the total solar eclipses on those dates. that they make to or for the use of certain quali- Both durations timed near the center of the paths fied tax-exempt organizationsl Basically, a tax- and observations made near the path edges to deter- exenpt organization is considered to be qualified mine their widths gave essentially the same result. if it is organized and operated exclusively for the timings of both eclipses are listed in tables. religious, charitable, scientific, literary, or Unfortunately, when the tables of observations were educational purposes or for the prevention of cru- typeset, Nature gave all the longitudes in degrees, elty to children or animals. minutes and seconds of arc, although the longitude values for some observatories, where the 1925 Although a taxpayer may not deduct the value of eclipse was timed, were given in hours, minutes, and his services to a qualified organization as a seconds of time. Since all the observations were charitable contribution, unreimbursed expenses made in North America, one only has to remember to made incident to the rendition of services to a change "arc" to time for longitudes less than 10 qualified organization may constitute deductible "degrees" (should be hours) west. Roy North pointed contributions. For example, out-of-pocket expen- out this_error. ses that are necessarily incurred in performing donated services are deductible as charitable con- " IOTA INCORPORATION EFFORT tributions, as are the cost of meals and lodging incurred while away from home in the course of Paul D. Maley and John D. Phelps performing donated services.2 Thus, it would ap- pear that a taxpayer who serves as a volunteer in On 1983 August 19 IOTA officially incorporated in a research project conducted by a qualified tax- the state of Texas. The incorporators are Paul Ma- exwpt organization is entitled to a charitable ley, Charles Herold, and Don Stockbauer. This means deduction for the cost of his transportation to that now the organization has by-laws and a charter. the research site or for the cost of his meals and An annual meeting will be held, with election of of- lodging while at the site. However, such may not ficers every three years. The final step in the always be the case. process is for the I.R.S. to approve IOTA'S tax ex- emption status. Application was made at the end of Dominant Motive August for such an exemption, but it has not yet been ruled on. If approved, IOTA will be a non- The key question in determining the deductibility profit organization devoted, as it has been over the of a contribution is whether the contribution was last eight years, to scientific studies of occulta- really "charitable" in nature. A contribution tion and eclipse phenomena. made for charitable purposes to a qualified organ- 99
ization is generally deducti- Quarter Sec'y- Sec'y- Expenses occult'n Income Balance Net bie. But, if a contribution Ending Treas'r Treas'r Reported Newsl'tr (dues End of IOTA is not made for a charitable Expenses Publica. to Sec.- Expenses and Quarter Balance purpose, then it may not be (post'g, Expenses Treas'r (pub., sub- deductible even though it is stat., & &(print'postj postage)(c'mputr &print'g,post.) tions)scrip- made to a qualified organiza- PO box) tion. Initial $1371.01 Generally, the term "charita- 9/78 $12.13 $0.00 $134.59 $166.09 $430.50 $]17.69 1488.70 ble contribution," as used in 12/78 15.19 0.00 26.26 235.98 456.69 179.53 1668.23 the tax law, has Peen held to 3/79 52.31 0.00 183.07 179.30 416.02 1.34 1669.57 be synonymous with the word 6/79 54.48 0.00 73.00 179.35 257.93 (48.90) 1620.67 "gift."' A gift must be mo- 9/79 29.98 0.00 138.23 163.06 385.35 54.08 1674.75 tivated by respect, charity, 12/79 26.21 0.00 80.22 728.76 526.35 (308.84) 1365.91 or similar impulses rather 3/80 52.41 0.00 55.11 0.00 639.44 531.92 1897.83 than in anticipation of some 6/80 76.56 0.00 26.00 260.07 653.75 291.12 2188.95 economic or personal benefit 9/80 81.79 0.00 94.63 389.76 382.72 (183.46) 2005.49 to the donor. Naturally, the 12/81 56.75 133.00 6.31 105.97 186.16 (115.87) 1889.62 donor may derive some pleas- 3/81 80.15 173.25 123.01 722.63 638.86 (460.18) 1429.44 ure or personal satisfaction 6/81 90.44 0.00 96.09 0.00 319.99 133.46 1562.90 from the act of giving, but, 9/81 55.44 0.00 164.36 468.54 667.90 (20.44) 1542.46 where his personal benefit 12/81 43.38 0.00 0.00 259.18 524.30 221.74 ]764.20 was the underlying or primary 3/82 68.69 0.00 98.47 234.33 891.28 489.79 2253.99 motive for his actions, he 6/82 65.40 0.00 137.42 651.36 557.32 (296.86) 1957.13 has not made a "gift."4 9/82 54.57 0.00 181.99 213.20 829.65 379.89 2337.02 12/82 37.98 249.50 30.22 999.22 456.73 (860.19) 1476.83 In applying these principles 3/83 51.03 0.00 168.75 628.34 1240.25 392.13 1868.96
%.. to the situation of a taxpay- 6/83 62.60 0.00 162.15 0.00 535.70 310.95 2179.91 er who incurs expenses while rendering service to a quali- fied organization, the dominant motive behind the i Code Sec. 170. taxpayer's actions determines whether his contribu- ' Reg. § 1.170A-l(g)- ' tion was made with a donative intent or primarily 3 K. M. Channing, CA-l, 67 F2d 986, cert. de- for his personal benefit. Thus, a taxpayer was per- nied, 291 US 686. mitted to deduct the cost of an African safari as a 4 M. Duberstein, set, 60-2 USTC ¶ 9515, 363 US charitable contribution because his primary motive 278. in incurring the expenses was to collect animal 5 h. jersig, DC Tex., 69-1 USTC ¶ 9311. specimens for a museum.5 Conversely, another tax- 6 j. LaGarde, DC Ala., 76-] USTC ¶ 9248. payer was denied a deduction for similar expenses ' G. Tate, 59 TC 543, CCH Dec. 31,810. for a similar purpose because his primary motive was personal rather than charitab1e> As a matter of public record, we also have included Selection Process a table of IOTA'S finances, provided by John Phelps.
In determining whether a taxpayer's motive in ren- The board of directors for IOTA (David Dunham, Homer dering volunteer service to a qualified organiza- DaBo11, paul Maley) has approved a slate of tempor- tion was primarily charitable, the selection proc- ary officers, who will hold office until a formal ess used in selecting the volunteers may be rele- election is held. The officers are: vant. Upon finding that neither work experience nor aptitude was considered in the selection proc- President David Dunham ess, a court has denied a charitable deduction Executive Vice President Paul Maley claimed by a taxpayer for travel expenses incurred Executive Secretary Charles Herold <.- while he was a volunteer for a qualified organiza- Treasurer Homer DaBo11 tion because the court found that the volunteer Corresponding Secretary Mark Allman service had, in reality, been a vacation for the V. P. for Grazing Occultation Services joseph Senne taxpayer.7 V.P. for Planetary Occultation Services joseph Carroll V. P. for Lunar Occultation Services Halter Morgan Conclusion Newsletter Editor Homer DaBo11
Taxpayers who render volunteer service to quali- PAPUA NEW GUINEA TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE EXPEDITION fied organizations engaged in research projects can serve an important social function. If the Paul D. Maley volunteers are able to convince the IRS that their motives in undertaking the volunteer work were A total eclipse of the sun is set for 1984 November primarily charitable, they generally will be able 23. In connection with this, I am organizing an to deduct the costs they incurred as volunteers to IOTA expedition to Papua New Guinea, for the purpose qualified organizations. of recording the Bailey's beads phenomena at the north edge. The expedition cost is expected to be However, if such volunteers are unable to prove about $3300, with perhaps as much as 2/3 of this that their motives were primarily charitable, the amount covering the iota expedition expense. The IRS may disallow the expenses incurred. Back ref- itinerary calls for spending most of the time in New erence: ¶1864.0103. Zealand, and two of the sixteen days in the eclipse m
100 area. Persons interested in joining should write to was the only 1982 event where there was a large me at 15807 Brookvi11a, Houston, TX 77059, USA (713, 80F - 78A difference), indicate that the north 488-6871 after 6 P.M.). If IOTA'S exemption status shifts from 78A depend on the latitude 1ibration. is approved, under the guidelines previously des- North shifts are applied automatically for waxing- cribed, about $2000 could be deductible for IOTA ob- phase dark-limb northern-limit grazes in the ACLPPP, servers who observe at the edge (not at the central according to the linear relation of 0!'08/degree of line). latitude 1ibration, but this has not been done dur- ing the waning-phase dark-limb northern grazes due IOTA ANNUAL MEETING TO BE HELD IN HOUSTON ON NOV. 11 to lack of clear prior observational evidence that it occurred. It seems to be even stronger than for David IL, Dunham and Paul D. Maley the waxing-phase events, and will be incorporated into ACLPPP for the 1984 predictions. In the mean- According to State law, IOTA needs to hold one meet- time, for this year's northern-limit waning-phase ing each year in Texas. The meeting for 1983 will grazes, I suggest that you shift the path north by convene on Friday, November 11th, at 7 p.m. in the 0!'12/degree of latitude libration, only if the the Hess Room of the Lunar and Planetary Institute, 3303 latitude 1ibration is positive (southward correc- NASA Road 1, Houston, TX, near the Johnson Space tions already are applied if it is negative). For Center. Although a major purpose for the meeting is example, for the graze of Z.C. 249 (Nu Piscium) by organizational, primarily for the first triennial an 81%-sunlit waning moon on Aug. 28 in Florida and election of officers, a scientific program will in- Georgia, the latitude 1ibration given in the lower clude presentation of results from the occultations right part of the profile is 6.26. The expected by Pallas in May and by Nemausa in September, pre- north shift is then om x 6.26 = 0:'75. Since the liminary planning for 1984'S occultations and solar vertical profile scale (VPS, given in lower middle eclipses in May and November, and the latest video part of the profile) is 0?48 per mile, the linear recordings of occultations and eclipses. Original- shift of the path on the ground is 0:75/0:48 = 1.56 ly, we planned to have the meeting on Saturday, No- miles north. The profile indicates that multiple vember 12, in accordance with the bylaws, but the events might occur in the area 2 to 4 miles south of facilities of the Lunar and Planetary Institute were the northern limit; the expected north shift indi- not available then. Although State law requires cates that the actual area probably will be between that we specify when and where our annual meeting is k mile and a miles south of the northern limit. held, we have been advised by our attorney that the This particular graze actually was observed by Katy actual time of the meeting and/or its location with- Isor and Harold Povenmire, who said therems a north in Texas can be modified due to extenuating circum- shift considerably smaller than predicted by the stances. In practice, at least informal discussions above formula. Povemire also reported a miss for a probably will continue on Nov. ]2, held in local graze on Aug. 31, also implying a south shift from members' homes or perhaps at a nearby motel. More the prediction. On the other hand, Philip Dombrow- information about the meeting can be obtained from ski, Glastonbury, CT, had a five-minute occu1tation Paul Maley, 15807 Brookvi11a, Houston, TX 77059, for a graze of Z.C. 3458 on Aug. 25, in apparent telephone 713,488-6871. confirmation of the large north shift expected at _ the high latitude 1ibration for that event. I plan EUROPEAN OCCULTATION MEETING to reduce these 1ate-August observations soon. In the meantime, it should be safe to use the formula Hans-joachim Bode above; the observed departures from it may be caused primarily by star position errors resulting from the A meeting to discuss plans for observing occulta- combination of perth-70 data with inaccurate older tions of stars by asteroids in and near Germany will catalog data. In any case, the corrections from 78A be held Saturday, 1983 October 15, in Kiel, German should be small (probably negligible) for most of Federal Republic. Leif Kristensen, Aarhus, Denmark, the favorable northern-limit waning-phase grazes will describe the successful observations of the oc- during the rest of 1983, since the moon will be at cultation by (106) Dione observed in Denmark, Ger- low or negative latitude 1ibrations during these many, and the Netherlands on 1983 January 19. More events. The prediction differences are most evident information can be obtained from me at Bartold- when the waning-crescent moon is at high latitude Knaust Str. 8, 3000 Hannover 91, German Federal Re- 1ibrations from May to July, public, telephone 0511,424696. We observed the Aug. 5th graze mentioned above, of GRAZING OCCULTATIONS 6.5-mag. Z.C. 859 by a 16%-sunlit moon, from the Outer Banks of North Carolina. We were on a narrow David W. Dunham sand spit in essentially a marine environment. Dur- ing the sumner, this sometimes gives a weather ad- Substantial differences in the USNO version 80F and vantage; we could see extensive cloud cover caused 78A grazing occultation predictions for northern- by adiabatic cooling, as predicted, over the land limit waning-phase events were noted in last issue's west of us. We tried to record the graze with our articles, "Graze Caution' on p. 81 and "Graze Cau- television equipment, but this attempt failed, due tion Update" on p. 89. Northern-limit grazes were to a loose camera power cord connection, we discov- observed in Ohio and Texas on July 31 and Aug. 3, in ered several days later. This was unfortunate since Maryland on Aug. 4, and in North Carolina on Aug. 5, 18 events occurred at the site; it was a pretty during five separate small expeditions led by Mark graze. hie were concerned about determining accurate A11man, Don Stockbauer, and me. The observations positions, since the nearest buildings were in the roughly agreed with 80F at the beginning of the per- town of Salvo, 5 km to the north; we had no choice iod, but with 78A at the end. These observations, about the site. hie decided to position ourselves to plus the July 4th graze and one observed in Oklahoma about 100-m accuracy using automobile odometers and on 1982 Aug. 14 (expedition led by Carl Schweers; it set up our stations near telephone poles. We then 101
were going to write down any identifying numbers on the D, E, F, R, S, and XB regions (southeastern, the poles and count them to the nearest intersection south-central, and northwestern U.S.A., southwestern or other prominent landmark in Salvo. We figured Canada, Russia, South Africa, and the Canadian At- that we could obtain low-altitude aerial photographs lantic Provinces) have experienced difficulties with showing the poles to detemine our positions on the computing and distributing predictions, especially 1:24,000-scale topographic maps of the area. Fortu- fOr the current quarter. Consequently, we extended nately, this was not necessary. The telephone poles the IOTA membership of all current members in those were conveniently numbered sequentially and were ac- regions by one quarter due to the failure in service. curately set at 400-foot intervals. We knew this We are working to prevent a similar failure during the because the road recently had been surveyed; wooden last quarter of this year, and hope that the service stakes 200 feet apart gave the distance in hundreds will be more reliable next year, when computors in of feet back to Salvo! It appears that phone poles Dahlgren, VA, and Urbana, IL, become operational. often can be used for interpclation of accurate po- sitions between landmarks along long stretches of Some information about the July 2nd graze of Z.C, road, although some information might need to be ob- 3536 (30 Piscium) observed from 11 stations at Coro- tained from the telephone company or from aerial na dc Tucson, AZ, was given by expedition leader photographs. I have been told that British Columbia Derald Nye in the "Graze Caution" article in the has been especially helpful; they give the longitude last issue. It was mentioned that Richard Hill timed and latitude on every telephone pole in the province. 24 events at station 6, the second-largest number of events ever timed during a graze (the record is 28). If you have not been receiving any graze predictions But remarkably, Dan Kennedy and Duane Niehaus, at when you believe that you should be getting them, the surrounding stations 5 and 7, each about 200 me- complain first to the computor who is supplying pre- ters from station 6, both timed 22 events. These dictions for your area, and then to me if the matter often were caused by different small hills, as shown is not resolved. Remember that if you have travel in the diagram by Nye and the editor. There are on- radii 30 miles or smaller for favorable events. no ly three previous grazes where as many as 22 events grazes will pass close enough and be predicted for were timed by one observer. The lucky july 2nd cen- you often during a half-year interval. But also, tral graze Watts angle was 351?8, and the librations mistakes are sometimes made in the station files; were +7?54 in latitude and -5?26 in longitude. " you can verify your coordinates from the planetaryl asteroidal appulse predictions distributed by joseph Unfortunately, lack of time, and urgent deadlines, Carroll. Even if they are correct. station cards again have prevented preparation of a table of ob- sometimes are filed under the wrong region, which served grazes since the last table was published also results in no predictions. The computors for last year.
— Nye 'Miss)— — —
Z.C. 3536 (30 PISCIUM) 1983 JULY 2
% %;, p,,,, ,~, %; ,:AEL^ME'nµ,A:LE\
\ Times have been corrected to Manly 's position ~.-·
i \\ McGaha \
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~ ,J) " QA U) % O :$9 Watts angle 351?8 % cj Ci CJ cn G C": .c;,.n Longitude I ibration -5?26 =:% % % % m ~ ¢—— r" |r I ,,,, I Latitude ) ibration +7?54 I 'l)j'1 102
MORE ON THE OCCULTATION OF 1 VULPECULAE BY PALLAS that, at least for Pa11as, there are very few, if any, satellites. Direct visual observations with " David Id. Dunham large telescopes also have cast considerable doubt on the possibility of a large satellite of (g) Me- I now have timings of the May 29th occultation of I tis. We now are concentrating mainly on obtaining Vulpeculae by (2) Pa11as made at 129 stations. A the best coverage for determining the size and shape little more information other than that given in the of asteroids from occultations by them. P'At we be- preliminary report of p. 76 of the last issue ap- lieve that the following observation reinforces our pears on p. 270 of the September issue of Sky and expectation in trying to obtain confirmed observa- tions from closely separated (by a kilometer or sO) Telescope. 31 of the observed chords are shown in a plot, as well as a photograph of the star trail in- pairs of stations, especially for those with a rela- terrupted by the occultation, taken by University of tively small chance of seeing the main occultation. Northern Colorado students who traveled to Texas for On August 8, Blow photoelectrically recorded a brief the event. Additional favorable publicity for IOTA appears in Walter Sullivan's article, "In Astronomy. occultation of SAD 158213 using a 61-cm reflector at the Amateur Still Makes his Mark," published in the Mt. john Observatory, near Lake Tekapo on the South Science Times section of the New York Times of 1983 Island of New Zealand. The 0.8-second extinction began at 6h34m28S1, only twenty seconds before the July 19. The article, featuring a stylized drawing predicted time of closest approach by (ID) Hygiea. of Pa11as with 9 of the observed chords, was re- The predicted distance of closest approach was ]:'7 printed in some other newspapers around the country. north of the star, but this could have been consid- I will be giving a paper discussing the size and erably in error; there were no astrometric refine- shape of Pa11as determined from the occultation at a ments of the prediction. Although the event is meeting of the American Astronomical Society's Divi- sharp and deep, it is not possible to confirm this sion of Planetary Science to be held at Cornell Uni- matched the predicted 2.0-mag. drop for an actual versity, Ithaca, New York, October 17-20. At the occultation since it was observed in strong evening Cornell meeting, we plan to have a meeting to dis- twilight. Data were collected in digital form, with a OR-second integration time, from 6h33m5754 to 6h cuss formal publication of the results. My prelim- inary mean diameter of Pa11as' outline is 521 km, 43m42S6, during which time (other than the 0.8-sec- _ with a flattening of only about 4 km. Individual ond extinction) the combined light of the star, Hy- -- surface irregularities (deviations from the ellipti- giea, and sky background decreased in a smooth curve cal outline) seem to be nearly as large as the flat- as the sky darkened. Identification of the star was not certain before the observing run, due to the tening in most areas. The spectroscopic companion was northwest of the primary star and separated from twilight, but it was confirmed to be the correct it by about O:'OO3. About 105° of the outline cir- star afterward, as the sky darkened further and Hy- cumference is missing due to the lack of successful giea was seen moving away. observers in the southernmost part of the path. For the final diameter and shape analysis, we plan to A 0.8-second occultation by an object moving near examine visual observations close to the photoelec- Hygiea would imply a 20-km chord. But Hygiea is one tric and video chords where we can compare actual of the largest asteroids, with a diameter estimated and reported reaction times. This should allow more to be 443 km. There would be only about one chance realistic values to be used for the visual timings in one thousand that Mt. John Observatory would have made very close to the northern limit and elsewhere been close enough to the actual northern or southern far from the photoelectric or video chords. Then, limit to have such a short occultation by Hygiea it- only those observations and the photoelectric and self. We know that the observatory was not near the video data will be used for the final size and shape southern limit, since Brian Loader was able to moni- tor the star visually from 6h27m to 6h43m and saw no determinations. Various subsets can be compared, such as visual only and photoelectric/video only. events. We have received no reports from anyone ble eventually want to get coordinates and observing south of Mt. John Observatory who was able to ob- times for everyone outside the path who was able to serve the appulse, and we expect none. The evening monitor the star, so that we can map the region twilight conditions made it virtually impossible to around Pa11as that was covered (and not covered) in find the correct star for those without accurately the search for satellites of the asteroid. The calibrated setting circles. Could the extinction "possibly spurious" secondary occultation reported have been caused by an airplane, or instrumental de- at Tempe, AZ, mentioned in the last issue is essen- fect? The latter seems unlikely since nothing simi- " tially ruled out by the negative observation cover- 1ar has appeared in hundreds of hours of observing ing the same time period at Westmoreland. CA, on a with the same equipment, and it would be remarkable path only 3 km from the Tempe path on the sky plane that either would occur so near the predicted time at Pallas. of closest approach. JUST WHEN YOU THOUGHT IT WAS SAFE TO FORGET ABOUT PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF THE OCCULTATION ASTEROIDAL SATELLITES OF 14 PISCIUM BY (SI) NEMAUSA
Graham L. Blow and David \L Dunham David IL Dunham
No confimed secondary occultation observations, or The occultation of 14 Piscium by (SI) Nemausa on even good unconfirmed observations of such events, 1983 September 11, predictions for which were given were reported during the favorable occultation and in articles by Kristensen and me on p. 81 of the appulse of I Vu1pecu]ae by Pa11as on May 29th, in last issue and on p. 236 of the September issue of spite of a very large observational effort. Al- 'Sky and Telescope, was observed from perhaps as many though substantial areas south of the asteroid were as 50 stations from southeastern Alabama to south- not observed, the otherwise dense coverage does show eastern Virginia. Photoelectric observations were 103
made with portable 36-cm Schmidt-Cassegrain tele- missed on Pa11as' circumference; see p. 270 of the scopes operated by Ted Dunham and Richard Baron Septwber issue of Sky and Telescope. The available (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) at sites observations imply that the southern limit was near near Emporia, VA, and in eastern NG. Another porta- track 240, with the path about 120 tracks or 130 km ble photoelectric station recorded the occultation wide. Hence, Nemausa's long axis was oriented ap- at the Mark Smith Planetarium at Macon, GA; Glenn proximately in the asteroid's direction of travel; Schneider of the University of Florida directed the there also may be substantial departures from an el- effort. A fourth photoelectric record was obtained liptical outline. The mean diameter of Nemausa's with the 41-cm Cassegrain at the Skywatchers Observ- outline apparently was smaller than expected. Alan atory at the NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton. Harris recorded Nemausa's rotational 1ightcurve at VA. joan and I obtained a television record of the Table Mountain Observatory, CA. during 4 nights in occultation at Essex Meadows, VA, a southern suburb July and August. obtaining a synodic period of 7.780 of Norfolk. Imnersion was at 7h45mOOS2 and emersion hours and total range of less than 0.2 mag., with 3 at 7h45m1354 UTC, ±051, at our longitude of 76°1429 broad maxima. The occultation was expected to occur Id , latitude +36°4€85, height less than 15 meters. near an average position, at neither a maximum nor deep minimum on the lightcurve. Harris also planned Coverage of the occultation was planned according to observations near the time of the occultation, espe- "tracks," each track corresponding to a shift value cially after he heard that the event had been ob- of ':OOi and numbered southward from the nominal 0 served. line shown on the maps published with the prediction Two or three other observers have reported "very articles. Regional and local coordinators for the occultation were sent lists of coordinates for cen- strong scintillations" or other variations when Ne- tral shift values at intervals of O':OS (or every mausa was very close to the star, similar to Sey- 50th track) for plotting tracks on moderately de- Kora's impressions. A few reported secondary ex- tailed maps of their areas. The track numbers of tinctions are probably due to atmospheric seeing or those planning to observe from fixed sites were de- transparency variations, or photoelectric guiding termined. The mobile observers, most of whom had errors. been sent maps beforehand, or were given them at meetings held several hours before the occultation. Extensive cloud cover prevented any observations .u- - were directed to unique tracks not covered by other from the path in Mexico or within about 100 km of fixed-site or mobile observers. Most of the track the Gulf of Mexico, including a large effort organ- assignments were made after the last astrometric ized by Paul Maley in Louisiana, and fixed-site ob- path prediction was made, about ten hours before the servers at Fort Walton Beach, FL, which would have occultation. Each track was nearly 1.2 km wide, and been near the southern limit. But probably more of the shadow was expected to be 140 tracks wide. the mobile observers missed the occultation due to the error in my final prediction, and i apologize The northern limit was effectively defined by Mark for that. The final prediction, which was broadcast Groom at track 120 (shift value 0!'120 south) in on \AWV, was 0!'12 south (±O'J03), which was where the Yorktown, VA; he timed a 2S3 occultation. A few northern limit actually was, not the center, which other short chords, 6 to 9'seconds 1ond. also have was actually near 0!'18 south. A relative paucity of been reported from tracks a little farther south. last-minute data, and inexperience with the data we Harold Landis, who observed photoelectrically from did have, led to the misjudgment, described below. his home in Locust Grove, GA, at track 118. had no We learned from the experience, and should be able occultation. Bob Melvin obtained the longest chord to issue better predictions, at least with more re- reported so far. 1355, on track 176 in central NG. alistic error estimates, for future events. Prelim- This corresponds to a linear distance of about 160 inary astrometry for the occultation was described km, a little larger than Nemausa's expected mean di- on p. 82 of the last issue. In a letter dated Aug- ameter of 153 km. Ed Seykora and others at Eastern ust 23, L. Kristensen reported observations made Carolina University in Greenville, NG, observed an early that month with the photoelectric transit cir- 8.2-second occultation at track 225, the southern- cle at Bordeaux, France, which gave a shift of 0'25 most one reported so far. (unfortunately, no other south (this, and all other shifts quoted here, are observers within the path farther south from the relative to Kristensen's 1982 orbit and the FK4S center are known to have attempted timings). Sey- star position, which were used for the published kora, using a 20-cm Schmidt-Cass, said that the star maps and path coordinates sent to the coordinators). H.~- flashed back into view at 80% of its brightness for Kristensen indicated that calibration problems could about half a second 1.9 seconds after the disappear- result in path errors of on or more, stating: "It ance, apparently when the star briefly reappeared in is likely that these problems will not be settled a deep valley, similar to McGaha's grazing occulta- well in time for the September 11 occultation, so tion observation during the Pa11as occultation in the last-minute predictions must be based only on May. The same phenomenon was seen by another ob- astrometry in the United States." Eight exposures server using a 13-cm Schmidt-Cass nearby. Fresnel taken at Lick Observatory on Sept. 1 gave a path diffraction could cause the star to appear at less shift of 0!'15 south ±0':06, after downweighting two than full light. "Dim flickering" seen before the suspicious northern data points; without weighting, reappearance also might have been due to diffrac- I would have calculated O':ii south. The time cor- tion, but more likely was simply an observation of rection was 0.1 minute late, very close to the truth. Nemausa. A computer-controlled photoelectric obser- Klemola measured faint secondary reference stars vation also was made with a 36-cm Schmidt-Cam but near Nemausa's path to be used for any last-minute unfortunately the data were lost due to a computer long-focus astrometry which might be obtained. For malfunction. The duration was 953 for Phil Manker virtually all of the well-observed recent events, at track 222 at Georgia Southwestern College in the last-minute long-focus astrometry was done with Americus, GA. About 75° of the circumference on the the 155-cm reflector at the U. S. Naval Observatory southern side was not observed, less than the 105° in Flagstaff, AZ; it predicted the Pa11as occulta- 104 tion to within about O:'Oi and the others to, at The last Bordeaux result was only CL'04 in error, a worst, 0!'03. Unfortunately, photoelectric observa- very good result. If we had had data from any pre- tions were scheduled for that telescope during the vious event from them, such as Pa11as and 1 Vulp., mid-September dark run, so that photographic obser- we might have considered their results with greater vations could not be made. Even if they were, Lo- weight, which would have helped the prediction. well Observatory's computer, used to measure the Bordeaux transit data could be very useful for fu- plates automatically, still was broken (a replace- ture events, since they can be obtained 2 or 3 weeks ment computer had just arrived, but the software in advance, rather than only 1 or 2 days. I do not conversion to make it operational would not be COm- know the limiting magnitude of the Bordeaux instru- pleted until the end of September). I checked the ment; they probably can not observe 14th-mag. aster- availability of Qthcr astrometric telescopes; the oids, but if they can observe 12th-mag. Nemausa, only positive response came from Brian McNamara of they could obtain data for many of the better aster- the University of Virginia, who said he could use oidal occultations. the 66-cm refractor at Charlottesville (his data for Pallas, where he used the 101-cm reflector at Fan I thank Kristensen, Klemola, McNamara, Harris, Bin- Mountain, combined with Van Vleck Observatory data ze1, and the workers at Bordeaux, who contributed for 1 Vulpeculae, predicted the May 29th occu1tation astrometry and photometry for this occultation. I to about 0!'04 accuracy). On Sept. 8, we received a also thank all those who attempted observations, and telex from Kristensen reporting observations on 12 the regional and local coordinators, for their ef- nights with the Bordeaux transit telescope; they forts. gave a prediction of Ot'22 south, but we decided to rely on the photographic astrometry, not knowing the OBSERVATIONS OF ASTEROIDAL APPULSES AND OCCULTATIONS true accuracy of the Bordeaux data. On Sept. 9, Mc- Namara obtained 4 exposures of Nemausa, which was David IA. Dunham too far from 14 Piscium to photograph both on a plate. These data for Nemausa combined with Klemo- Information about the May 29th occultation by Pa1- la's Sept. 1 data for the star gave a shift of 0!'05 1as, the August 8th occultation by Hygiea, and the south; including Klemola's asteroid data as well re- September 11th occultation by Nemausa are given in sulted in om south ±0!'05, which was broadcast on separate articles, all on p. ]02. Information about KMV late the evening of the 9th. On Sept. 10, the the other events is fairly complete since the last "W- night before the occultation, skies remained clear issue was distributed, and also since March, for at Charlottesville, where four more exposures were events not already mentioned in the last two issues taken. These were centered on the star, whose light of o.n. Some information is also given for some then could be reduced with a rotating sector (used earlier events not reported before, but the coverage also for their parallax work) to give measurable im- is far from complete. A more complete accounting ages. Nemausa was then 15' from 14 Piscium and will have to wait for a future issue. about 5' from the edge of the plate, which was 40' on a side. McNamara said that Nemausa's images (14) Irene and SAD 93544, 1982 December 13: The ac- looked all right, and that the field was flat enough, tual path for this event was north of the one pre- and reference stars distributed well enough, so that dicted from the astrometry mentioned in o.n. 3 (3) useful results might be obtained for it as well as 53. Ferruccio Gine11i used a 32-cm reflector with the star. Nevertheless, Klemola (who reduced McNa- drive to time the 13.9-second occultation which oc- mara's measurements) and I decided that it might be curred at his location starting at UTC 2h57m23S9. best to use the Sept. 9 data for Nemausa and Sept. This compares well with the U-second predicted cen- 10 data for the star. This gave a prediction of tral duration. Ginelli observed from Fortaleza-CE, O':iO south. Since slight errors in the faint refer- Brazil, at longitude 38°3o'om W., latitude -3°43' ence star positions could bias the Sept. 9 results 53:'5, height 36 meters. Ginelli also may have seen relative to those of Sept. 10, I also computed a an occultation of (3 Aurigae by (250) Bettina on 1982 prediction based on the four Sept. 10 exposures (as- March 20, details of which will be published later. teroid and star) alone. The individual shifts were 0':13, 0!'17, 0!'10, and 0!'29, all south. The last re- (106) Dione and SAD 80228, 1983 january 19: L. Kris- sult looked bad (maybe a faint star biasing the as- tensen has drawn a sky-plane plot of the observa- teroid image), so I ignored it to obtain 0!'13 south. tions of this occultation, mentioned also in o.n. 3 This was in good agreement with the previous calcu- (3). The event was timed visually at ten stations, lation, which I considered with less weight to give 7 in Denmark, 2 in the Netherlands, and one (men- om south for the final prediction. If I had used tioned before) in Kiel, German Federal Republic, only all the Sept. 10 data (in retrospect, a logical making it the best-observed asteroidal occultation decision, since they were the only long-focus con- outside North America. Four of the observers were nected star-and-asteroid data), I would have pre- able to time only the imersion or only the emer- dicted 0!'17 south ±0?04, which would have been only sion. Fortunately, there were observers with very O':Oi (4 sigma) from the truth, rather than 0':06 (2 short chords close to both the northern and southern sigma). If we had had more exposures, there probab- limits, and an elliptical outline fits the observa- ly would have been a more even distribution of the tions rather well. A paper giving the results and individual values, implying that all should be re- details of the observations has been submitted for tained. At USNO-Flagstaff, they take 8 or 12 expo- publication. sures, which then can be measured quickly with auto- matic equipment (when the computer works). At Char- (71) Niobe and SAD 98016, April 21: Astrometry by lottesville, the measurement is not automated, so Klemola at Lick Observatory on April 4 gave a path that only a few exposures can be measured in the shift of 0!'58 N ±0!'15, in the Pacific Ocean off the limited time available before the result must be coast of California. The time correction was 4.7 distributed. minutes early. The data for Niobe alone gave a shift of 0!'44 S, near the EMP 1982 path for the May 105
6th occultation of SAD 1]7178 and implying that that Midwest have been received. event also would be in the Pacific Ocean, well south of North America. (451) Patientia and Lowell 680066, September 14: Two Lick exposures on Aug. 12 gave a path shift of 2!'1 S (704) Interamnia and SAG 204221, May 9: Lick astrom- ±O':i, over Lima, Peru and northwestern Brazil; the etry on May 3 indicated a path shift of i':i S ±0':1. time correction was 5.3 minutes early. crossing Western Australia but passing too far from known observers to be of much use; as far as we (120) Lachesis and SAD 185970, october I: Although know, the occultation was not observed. The data the star was near the edge of his Aug. 12 plate, also showed that the occultation of Lowell 692719 Klemola measured one of its images, which combined the next night woald miss the earth's surface to the with those for Lachesis give a shift of 0!'97 N and south. time correction 1.4 minutes early. The implied path is over equatorial Africa. (521) Brixia and SAD 159459, May 14: A single Lick exposure on May 3 indicated that the path would be OCCULTATION OF A STAR BY AN ARTIFICIAL SATELLITE at 1!'0 S, crossing the southern Philippines and the Pacific Ocean near the equator. Several observers Dennis DiCicco in western North America reported a miss, as expect- ed from the Lick data. The time correction was 4.4 On 1983 May 13 U.T., while observing Comet IRAS- minutes early. Araki-Alcock, I saw an occultation of 30 Monocerotis by an artificial satellite at my location in Sud- (BD) Sappho and B.D. +17 229, july 26: Three Lick bury, MA. The star blinked out very briefly. exposures taken july 20th indicated a shift of 0'!73 S ±O';i, crossing Sonora and southern NM. The time THREE NEW HIGH-SPEED OCCULTATION PHOTOMETERS correction was 1.2 minutes late. Astrometry by Pen- ha11ow on July 23rd gave a path 1':7 S ±CL'4, crossing Russell M. Genet north-central Mexico and the southernmost part of TX. Bad weather prevented observations in most ar- Details on three new high-speed occultation photome- eas, but an observer in Tucson, AZ, was able to mon- ters were given at the Fourth Annual Fairborn Sympo- itor the appulse, and felt that Sappho went south of sium, which was entitled "Microcomputers in Astrono- the star, implying a path south of the one computed my." The first of these.was a system designed by from the Lick data. Richard G. Schnurr and Michael F. A'Hearn, both from the University of Maryland, Astronomy Program, Col- (I) Ceres and Lowell 680439, july 31: Two Lick ex- lege Park, MD 20742. This system is based on the posures on july 20 indicated a path at 1!'27 S ±0:'06, popular Apple II + microcomputer, and is capable of so that Venezuela, the Virgin Islands, and the east- recording 1% photoelectric data (16-bits) at one- ern half of the Caribbean Sea might have been in the millisecond intervals for tens of minutes without path. No observations of this difficult event have any breaks. The actual recording is done on a 3M been reported. HCD 75 tape recorder. Software allows viewing of the data or WWV pulses on the monitor. Interference (747) Winchester and SAD 162242, August S: Lick as- to the HWY receiver is essentially eliminated by a trometry for this path indicated a shift of O':i s ± 100-foot optical fiber linking the receiver to the 0'.'1, possibly crossing the northeastern U.S.A. rest of the occultation system. Plates taken by Penha11ow on Aug. 3 indicated a shift of O:'S N ±0':2, off the earth's surface. Poor The second system was developed by j. L. Hopkins, S. weather throughout the possible area prevented ob- S. Johnson, and M. S. Kronick, all of the Hopkins servation of the appulse. phoenix Observatory, 7812 W. Clayton Drive, Phoenix, AZ 85023. This system is based on the Advanced Mi- (372) Palma and SAD 74064, August 21: Three expo- cro Devices AM9513 System Timing Controller chip. sures by Penha11ow on Aug. 16 gave a path shift 3:'4 This highly useful chip has five programnable count- east ±CL'2, indicating that it would be off the ers, each of which can count up or down in binary or earth's surface, with closest approach about 6" in Binary-coded decimal. Information on this chip can eastern North America. be obtained from Advanced Micro Devices, P. 0. Box
~~" 453, Sunnyvale, CA 94086. In the Hopkins Phoenix (120) Lachesis and SAD 208888, september I: Two Lick Observatory (HPO) system, the AM9513 was mounted on exposures on Aug. 12 gave a path shift of 0!'9 N ± an 5-100 board along with other components, and was O:'i, off the earth's surface; the time correction used in a Heathkit 5-100 system. Details are avail- was 6,6 minutes late. able from Jeff Hopkins.
(53) Kalypso and SAD 146920, September 9: Three Lick The third system is under development by Douglas M. exposures on Sept. 1 gave a path shift of 0':75 N ± Varney at the jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak 0!'04. This shift was broadcast on MAY on Sept. 6, Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109 [Ed: See o.n. 3 (4) along with the shift for the 14 Piscium/(51) Nemausa 85.]. This flexible system is entirely self-con- event, for which the I4IAV broadcast permission had tained, and does not rely on any external computers. been obtained. Potential observers were asked to It uses three microprocessors, and includes controls contact Richard Linkletter, the coordinator for the for a tape recorder, printer, etc. Details are northwestern U.S.A., since the predicted path now available from D. M. Varney at JPL. was expected to include most of OR, MT, and Sas- katchewan. Linkletter and Andrew Lowe, Calgary, Al- .Other papers at the symposium, on microcomputer con- berta, said that low altitude and widespread cloudi- trol of telescopes, instrument control, and data ness prevented any observation of the occultation. analysis, may also be of interest to o.n. readers. A couple of reports of the appulse seen from the The proceedings of the entire symposium have been 106
published as a 256-page, 30-chapter book entitled ii::·"7"lGT"I"" "": 0":·"', :kj-tk·s",a· -- "c'=1- --1 """""i-AS -1--""" _"+1 70(I" I """/ ;"T-. I -0" """°' L Microcomputers in Astronomy. It is available from me at Fairborn Observatory, 1247 Folk Road, Fair- born, OH 45324.
o. n. readers are cordially invited to the Fifth An- nual Fairborn Symposium on 1984 july 12-14. The topic will be "Microcomputers in Astronomy II," and there are bound to be more papers on the use of mi- _"\_ _" _" 1/ "<:" "'""" i: _"" ";' "' '. crocomputers in high-speed occultation photometry. I')))" " \_1 L "" ,984 i 28"" tjjj,"k ::'" t USN0/ WWV TELEPHONE TIME WARNING
.,,... _ ...3EEE URA¥I US "6 -—_""" Victor J. S1abinski and David W. Dunham +_-0' +60' + 20' ol20' tl mC)' 4p
In articles about the occu1tations by Pa11as and by I: .-",',,==..,-,',K,'"=_=.,.i!--—. -_®.-.. - --I-- Sq' J " _.Cc" " ="-:- "'0'j,, Nemausa, telephone numbers were given for ldklV (Fort ')'°' " "/ "" "L: }:: :6 "i %| _ !j,:_ : ,jfi Collins, CO) and the U. S. Naval Observatory master clock (Washington, DC), mainly for the purpose of calibrating digital watches. Unless you live within the local calling areas of these places, we recom- ' y - >"·dX- ' ' 7_ "_"__ ___"_' _ ".:' mend that you avoid using these telephone numbers, except perhaps for lunar grazing occultations, where " '°'" " " " " y,, * H 3>4~_ """" """"_""" " lj "t timing accuracies of 1 second suffice. This is be- cause AT&T often routes domestic long-distance phone _\ >jt.! ,, " _ · calls via the COMSTAR communications satellite. In "" °'"" """ " """" M · 7,/' ' 2 ' n ,__ 3 "°' that case, the time signal travels approximately "" " 1984 11 "Z Z """ "' " "" . 38,000 km from the earth to the satellite and anoth- --60' - -—T±-—j¢ . S,ATURN ._ ,. __ .._ . .,_ _,. __ ,,. I er 38,000 km back to the earth, with a resulting - "0' , 2-6Q: _._. _ :_20:, . _ . _ . C . r IQ' propagation path delay (uplink plus down1ink) of -m _ . -\?0' . ,1 0.25 second. If you have no alternate way for tim- ing occultations, subtract 0.12 second from your long-distance telephone timing and add 0.12 second ii'"'":;zj:z"' tq"'" ,qs3j:'-· to your estimated uncertainty (accuracy) to take in- I ! 1 i (lV_~ -'m to account the possible (but unknown) COMSTAR propa- '"' .=_ "a gation delay. 1).-\-Si)S,,_S:. ):. LUNAR OCCULTATIONS OF PLANETS '"I -—Q I t- - - .L - -4 -- . 14h "' K.: The maps showing the regions of visibility of lunar occultations of planets are reprinted by permission, ':'¢s"i\i i'j&—/¢ """ °" from the Japanese Ephemeris for 1984, published by the Hydrographic Department of the Maritime Safety
) -·0J Agency of japan. In region 1, only the reappearance ii. :°"fj ' } SO': '; ', "JO':kisl, I£ ii.. MA,R.S,1ZZ"," $2'' ," "". . . .,."_ . , ._,. _.. "_ .. _,__ __ 7 is visible; in region 3, only disappearance may be i ' -1?0' -. 4Q' seen. Reappearance occurs at sunset along a dashed curve, while disappearance is at sunrise along a """ \ - -. ":' ( .. """---F '°" ." .J"' ' ' ~ ¢0'/ curve of alternating dots and dashes. We have added
a legend to each map indicating the phase of the ' 0 : '<: 'i" : "'" " ' , " ( , " :"" """" \ E: moon at the time of the event. "" 1 ' \ "" -\-> ) " =-: " , ,, Observers interested in observing partial occulta- " _, " ~"6._-'' \---' ------/---- - Ii " " "" "" ' ' " tions should request predictions at least three Q months in advance, from Joseph Senne; P.0. Box 643; Ro11a, MO 65401; U.S.A.; telephone 314.364-6233. " °" i q"" ,;i: > '! ' _C
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PLANETARY OCCULTATION PREDICTIONS FOR 1983
This is a continuation of the earlier articles bear- ing on this subject (see o.n. 3 (I) 9, (2) 25 and 37, (3) 54 and 60, and (4) 77 and 89). The figures consist of world maps by SOma, and regional maps and finder charts by Dunham.
1983 11 20 (199) BYBLIS SAD 78120 DIAMETER 101 KM - 0:'05 "jy>"" ' ""~-~ ' '- ,_j- ej "' ' ' " ' '\ \'";m ' , Q \ ,4 S * " 45 +5 5 \ \ \ (," " \! ' * G /' L ,
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