th Dubai International Academy Model United Nations 2018 | 10 ​ Annual Session ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Forum: General Assembly 3 - Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural Committee ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Issue: Furthering women’s participation in sports and related activities in the Indian Subcontinent ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Student Officer: Aman Jalan ​ ​ ​ ​

Position: Head Chair ​ ​ ​

Introduction

In a world that is progressing towards gender equality economically and socially, it is imperative that equality is also achieved in the field of sports. However, statistics prove otherwise. According to the Women’s Sport and Fitness Foundation, women’s sports received only 7% of coverage and 0.4% of the total value of commercial sponsorships in 2013. Furthermore, this statistic would’ve been even worse had it been for specifically the Indian Subcontinent. One of the key reasons for this issue is the conservative mentality that society in these countries have. Over there, a woman’s destiny is to marry a well-to-do husband and take care of him and their family. Women, often times, are considered to be a burden rather than a blessing in conservative parts of these countries. Therefore, the concept of women partaking in sporting activities professionally is surreal to these people. Furthermore, A combination of other factors such as unstable incomes, subpar facilities, sponsorship struggles, poverty and safety issues has also led to this situation. Despite these factors, there still has been a lot of efforts made. For example, the Sri Lankan government had taken various steps in the past to help promote sports amongst women and also had various schemes to identify potential talents. Furthermore, the Indian Olympics Women’s team won the nation’s heart after bagging various spots at the finals and also winning two Olympic medals. This event has inspired many to follow their dreams. However, the job isn’t yet over. To overcome the existing problems, there are many possible solutions. Some of them include increasing government allocation of funds towards sports, increasing job security, promoting women’s sports through various advertising methods and mandating compulsory sports for both genders in schools. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

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Definition of Key Terms ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Indian Subcontinent: The Indian subcontinent is the southern region of Asia that consists of countries ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ such as Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​

Luge: Luge is a winter sport featured at the Winter Olympic Games where a competitor or two-person ​ team rides a flat sled while lying supine (face up) and feet first. The sport is usually contested on a specially designed ice track that allows gravity to increase the sled's speed. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Social stigma: Social Stigma is the disapproval of a person or a group according to society. This can lead to innumerable psychological effects on the person. Social stigmas can occur in many different forms such as stigma due to culture, obesity, gender, race, illness and disease. Many people who have ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ been stigmatized, feel as though they are transforming from a whole person to a tainted one. They feel different and devalued by others. This can happen in the workplace, educational settings, health care, ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ the criminal justice system, and even in their own family. ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​

Poverty: According to the World Health Organization, “Poverty is often defined in absolute terms of low ​ ​ income – less than US$2 a day.” Poverty can also be defined as the general scarcity or the state of one ​ who lacks a certain amount of material possessions or money. I​ t is a multifaceted concept, which includes social, economic, and political elements. Absolute poverty or destitution refers to the lack of ​ means necessary to meet basic needs such as food, clothing and shelter. A​ bsolute poverty is considered to be about the same independent of location. Relative poverty occurs when people in a country do not enjoy a certain minimum level of living standards as compared to the rest of the population and so would vary from country to country, sometimes within the same country. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Sports Quota Jobs: These are reserved government jobs for athletes who have competed at State, ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ District or National Level tournaments in any sport. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Key Issues ​ ​

There are various factors that hinder women’s participation in sports. They include a range of ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ social and economic concerns. The main hurdles have been discussed below ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

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Social Stigma: Because the Indian subcontinent holds very conservative views about women, it is ​ almost impossible for women to be professional athletes. Women are associated with words such as gentle, caring, fragile rather than tough, hardworking and so on. Still, women are expected to be housewives who are married off as soon as they are done with their high school or college. To understand this point, it is essential to know the importance of society in such countries. The influence of society’s views is so much that a family going against it is secluded from everyone else and basically becomes a social outcast. Because society is such, even if a parent is thinking of letting his/her daughter pursue a career in sports, more often than not, this idea will be dropped because of the social backlash that the whole family will face. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Unstable Incomes: Another major drawback in the Indian Subcontinent is the low payroll for athletes. ​ Society doesn’t consider this profession to be as noble and important as a profession like an engineer, doctor or a lawyer. Therefore, only sportswomen who make it to the top stage, such as international level, earn a decent living. As a result, many talented people often drop out fearing that they won’t be able to make it to the top and thus be able to a provide for their families. Some also have normal jobs in the side to earn some extra money. This takes time off their training, which results in limited performance growth. Moreover, few sports in these countries are prioritized over the others. Specifically, these countries prefer cricket over any sport. Consequently, other sports such as football and basketball suffer, as less financial priority is given. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Subpar facilities: As sports isn’t considered a priority, governments in these nations don’t allocate ​ enough money towards infrastructure or development in other aspects. A perfect example of this is the comparison between India’s annual spending on the sports infrastructure and the UK’s annual spending on sports infrastructure: The United Kingdom, which is around twenty times smaller than India in terms of population, spent thrice the amount of money, $1.5 Billion as compared to India’s spending of $500 Million, on sports affairs. This point is further brought out through an example of the current state of infrastructure in India. Shiva Keshavan, India’s most prominent Winter Olympics athlete, has no coach, funds his own training, and practices on mountainous roads dodging goats and vehicles because India cannot afford a luge track. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

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Sponsorship Struggles: Companies offer sponsorship to sports athletes or teams as a whole so that ​ the audience is made aware about the brand and buys from that particular brand the next time it goes shopping. The more famous an athlete or a team is, the more the audience members, and therefore, more beneficial the sponsorship for the sponsor. This is a hindrance for women, who have a relatively smaller audience when compared to men (one statistic shows that the women’s world cup final match was viewed as much as a popular men’s county cricket match), as they aren’t offered as lucrative sponsorships offers as men because sponsoring them isn’t as financially beneficial as sponsoring men. Furthermore, women’s tournaments don’t offer as high cash prizes as men’s tournaments do. The ​ Professional Golfers’ Association, for instance, offers $256 million in prize money, whereas the women’s association offers only $50 million. This inequality in pay discourages women. Furthermore, India and Pakistan hold very successful cash-rich men’s cricket tournaments: Indian Premier League and Pakistan Super League respectively. However, both these nations have failed to offer such a platform for women due to low interests shown by potential sponsors. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Poverty: Due to poor economic conditions where buying meals thrice a day is a problem, investing in ​ training of girls is the least of the priorities for these families. Thus, a lot of girls miss out on the opportunity to become professional athletes. To back this statistically, 39% of Pakistan lives under poverty, while 31% and 22% of Bangladeshis and Indians live under the poverty line respectively. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Women’s Safety: Often, girls have to travel to sports facilities that might be far away. This possibly ​ means travelling through unsafe neighborhoods, which discourages women even more. This holds true in countries that have a high sexual assault rate. Famous Indian Boxer and Olympic Medalist, Mary Kom had been molested as a child. This is of major concern not only in third world countries, but also in first world countries. A perfect example of this is a sexual assault case of a female volleyball player, who ​ claims she was the victim of sexual assault. The victim was was assaulted by eight people, and in the same institution, two more girls were allegedly assaulted in the past month. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Major Parties Involved and Their Views ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Sri Lanka ​ ​

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Historical sources reveal that women’s participation dates back to 12th Century B.C. However, women’s ​ sport wasn’t extensive until the 1950s. In 1961, the ministry of Education of Sri Lanka took control over many private schools. Through this acquisition, the ministry was able to invest money into physical education and make it more widespread. Moreover, money was also invested to improve infrastructure and train not only male P.E. coaches, but also female coaches, thus promoting games and athletics to both girls and boys. To even further boost the involvement of sports, the education ministry added physical education as compulsory subject. It didn’t stop here: the government introduced various projects such as the Mahaweli Games, School Athletic Games scheme and University Games, which gave females a platform to showcase their talents. The success of these projects was later proved when Susanthika Jayasinghe, whose talent was spotted in the school athletic games scheme, bagged an Olympic silver medal for her country. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Indian Women’s Olympic and Cricket Team ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Despite the obstacles discussed above, the Indian Olympic team outperformed themselves in Rio (2016). The women’s brigade won a host of medals: PV Sindhu, an Indian shuttler, became the youngest Indian ever to win an Olympic medal and wrestler Sakshi Malik won the bronze medal in the 58kg ​ women's wrestling category and became the first Indian female wrestler to win an Olympic medal. Furthermore, some women proved their worth without having to win the medal: Dipa Karmakar, India's ​ first female gymnast at the Olympics finished fourth in the women's vault gymnastics, long-distance runner Lalita Babar became the second Indian woman to qualify for the final of track and field event at ​ Olympics, and teenage golfer Aditi Ashok qualified for the final. This Olympic games was truly ​ revolutionary for women’s sport in India, as people felt proud because of these women, thus changing the mindsets of millions of people who started to accept women’s sports. This paved the way for many futuristic medal winners. ​ ​ ​ ​

Women’s National Cricket Team recently came in the spotlight for playing exceedingly well and almost clenching the Champions trophy in 2017. Although they didn’t bring a trophy home, the nation was proud of them. They were felicitated with awards and cash prizes from the Prime Minister himself. This performance has also kick started talks for a women’s cricket league in India. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

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The Women Win Organization and Malala Yousafzai ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Women Win, an organization that has partnered with the United States Department of State and the Public Affairs Section of the U.S. Embassy in Pakistan, has developed a program that aims to provide opportunities for adolescent girls in Pakistan to empower themselves through sports, resulting in gender equity eventually. Through the Girl Power Through Sport Workshop and Site Visits, U.S. and ​ ​ Pakistani organizations will have an opportunity to share promising practices related to sport as a strategy for adolescent girls’ rights and gender equity. Ultimately, the aim is to encourage girls to participate in sports in school. Although this is a baby step, this workshop will fuel a drastic change in the current situation. ​ ​

Although Malala isn’t directly fighting for women’s access to sports, she has challenged many gender stereotypes and has helped change mindsets of millions of people. She has helped reduce the gender gap not only in Pakistan, but in various other countries. Most importantly, she has helped adolescents gain the courage to make their own decisions and follow their passion even in such a politically heated area. ​ ​ ​ ​

U.S. Department of State ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

The U.S. Department of State is attempting to empower women through sports initiatives that are designed to inspire participants to take these lessons of equality worldwide. These sports initiatives comprise of three key pillars: sports envoys, sports visitors and global sports mentoring program. The sports envoy program mobilizes professional athletes, coaches, and administrators in a range of sports to engage underserved youth—particularly girls—on the court and in the community. During these outreach efforts overseas, sports envoys engage in dialogue on how sports plays into the development of leadership skills, health and wellness, inclusion, and academic success. To further connect with underserved women and girls around the world, the female-focused sports visitors programs bring girls and coaches to the United States for a fast-paced sports exchange. During their two weeks in the United States, these participants engage in team-building exercises, have conversations on health and respect for diversity, and participate in clinics with their American peers. Lastly, the U.S. Department of State also has established the Global Sports Mentoring Program where flagship emerging women leaders from around the world are paired with top American female executives in the sports industry. These women

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strive to come up with a strategic plan to create sports opportunities for underserved girls and women. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Development of Timeline ​ ​ ​ ​

Date Event Outcome

2000 Susanthika Jayasinghe won the This not only proved the success ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ silver Olympics medal for her of the efforts of the Sri Lankan, ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ country. but also encouraged many girls ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ to partake in sports. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

July 2013 Malala delivers a speech at the Her speech, which will be ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ United Nations remembered for decades to ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ come, marked the beginning of a ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ revolution for gender equality in ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Pakistan.

August 2016 Rio Olympics This Olympic games was ​ ​ ​ ​ revolutionary for women’s sport in India, as people felt proud of their nation because of these women, which helped change the mindsets of millions of people.

December 2016 Release of the movie “Dangal” This movie was based on how ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ two girls went against all odds in ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ India to become two of the best ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ wrestlers the nation had ever ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ seen. The message challenged ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ common stereotypes. The movie ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

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received worldwide fame and ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ received critical acclaim. ​ ​ ​ ​

April – June 2017 The Women Win Workshop A workshop that will help ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ thousands of girls get inspired ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ and motivated. ​ ​

Previous attempts to solve the issue ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ The Beijing Declaration was a resolution adopted by the United Nations on 15 September 1995. ​ ​ The resolution promoted and advocated for a set of principles concerning the equality of men and women. It targeted several areas such as poverty, education, health, decision-making, financial independence and so on. Under the area of education, the declaration calls for Governments, educational authorities and other educational and academic institutions to provide accessible recreational and sport facilities and establish and strengthen gender-sensitive programs for girls and women of all ages in education and community institutions and support the advancement of women in all areas of athletics and physical activity, including coaching, training and administration, and as participants at the national, regional and international levels. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Possible Solutions ​ ​

Discussed below are few possible solutions to the issue at hand. -> FORMAT BETTER ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

● To get rid of social stigma in such conservative countries would be a daunting task, as these countries are stern on their belief. However, there is still some scope. Possible solutions to deal with this could include government advertising campaigns aiming to eliminate the misconception of women being only housewives. These adverts could be hoardings, TV commercials, short documentaries posted on YouTube or even a two-minute clip in cinema theatres. The drawback to this solution could be that political parties would be reluctant on doing this fearing the loss of votes, as the public might disagree with this idea of women. Another possible solution could be

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NGOs going house to house in rural areas and explaining to families the importance of women in sports. This would be more effective than the previous solution for rural areas, as rural areas don’t usually have space for huge hoarding and usually don’t have TVs. The drawback to this solution would be that this would be too time consuming given the huge population of these countries combined. Personally, the most effective solution to this problem would be to have successful women athletes of these nations speak to the public. This is because they are someone who has experienced this first hand, and thus, would be the most effective in sending out a powerful message to the public. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

● To make sure that athletes have a stable future financially, governments should increase sports quota jobs, especially sports quota jobs for women. Furthermore, state governments should introduce a higher minimum wage system for these athletes, as this will encourage more athletes to join. Furthermore, governments should give incentives such as free or subsidized healthcare, government houses and so on. A very simple solution to overcoming the use of subpar facilities would be to increasing the Union budget on sports considerably. This will help sports associations have better facilities. Furthermore, there should be regular checks held on sports associations to check for corruption, as often, allotted funds by the government is misused and even stolen by corrupt members of sports associations. Strong action should be taken against those who have been found guilty. Additionally, to help women living in poverty, there should be outreach programs conducted by governments that will help it to discover talented individuals. These individuals can then be put under government coaches for no cost at all to train and excel in their respective sports. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

● Currently, there is a very small audience that is interested in watching women’s sport. One of the most important causes of this is that the audience has barely been exposed to women’s sports. This can definitely change if there are most domestic tournaments such as Indian Premiere League are held for women. This will not only give a platform for women to participate, but will also help garner interest from the audience. Moreover, sports associations should be given the same cash prizes as men’s sports. This is already currently happening. For example, the Wimbledon decided to give equal cash prizes to men and women. The same needs to happen for other tournaments as well, especially in the Indian subcontinent. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

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● Above all these solutions, perhaps the most important one is to eradicate the problem from its roots. Girls in school, in rural areas, aren’t allowed to play sports. Hence, they aren’t exposed to it. To solve this issue, governments could pass a law where they make it necessary for schools to have compulsory physical education classes. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Bibliography

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Sljh.sljol.info. (2017). Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. [online] Available at: ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ https://sljh.sljol.info/articles/10.4038/sljh.v37i1-2.7209/galley/5545/download/ [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

BBC News. (2017). Indian women make history in Rio - BBC News. [online] Available at: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37128187 [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

En.wikipedia.org. (2017). Luge. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Worldbank.org. (2017). Poverty Home. [online] Available at: http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Indgovtjobs.in. (2017). Sports Quota Govt Jobs 2017 (23 Vacancies Opening). [online] Available at: ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ http://www.indgovtjobs.in/2014/07/Sports-Quota-Recruitment.html [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. (2017). The Times Of India. [online] Available at: ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/defaultinterstitial_as.cms [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Waghmare, A. (2017). Funding equals medals? India spent a third of UK’s Olympic expenditure. [online] ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ http://www.hindustantimes.com/. Available at: ​ ​ ​ ​ http://www.hindustantimes.com/olympics/funding-equals-medals-india-spent-a-third-of-uk-s-olympic-expenditure/ story-o5H2dhRcJ7F3SHEoR8T8lN.html [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

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Who.int. (2017). WHO | Poverty. [online] Available at: http://www.who.int/topics/poverty/en/ [Accessed 22 Aug. ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2017].

Womenwin.org. (2017). Women Win |. [online] Available at: https://womenwin.org [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Anon, (2017). [online] Available at: http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/public/Women%20and%20Sport.pdf ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ [Accessed 30 Aug. 2017]. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Appendix

i. Summary Report for Beijing Declaration: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ http://www.unwomen.org/-/media/headquarters/attachments/sections/library/publications/2015 /sg%20report_synthesis-en_web.pdf?la=en&vs=5547

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