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Violencia Y Legitimación De La Dinámica Institucional En El Centro De Formación Juveni Los pigmentos naturales usados en Costa Rica: análisis preliminar de geomateriales y fragmentos cerámicos policromos de Guanacaste Matthieu Ménager1, 2*, Patricia Fernández1 y Silvia Salgado1 1Centro de Investigaciones Antropológicas (CIAN), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica 2Université d’Avignon, IMBE, UMR CNRS 6372 / IRD 237 / AMU, Avignon, Francia *Autor para contacto: [email protected] Resumen: En esta publicación, se aportan datos relacionados con la identificación de las principales fuentes de pigmentos publicadas en la literatura científica. Además, se presenta el análisis fisicoquímico de los geomateriales usados ahora en la zona de Guaitil (Costa Rica) y de seis tipos cerámicos procedentes de diferentes sitios arqueológicos (tipos Jicote Policromo, Jicote variedad felino, Birmania Policromo, Mora Policromo variedad Chircot, Altiplano Policromo, Mora Policromo variedad Guapote), por medio de las técnicas de análisis de fluorescencia de los rayos X (XRF), espectrometría infrarroja (FT-IR) y mi- croscopio electrónico de barrido (SEM-EDS). En el caso de los geomateriales usados por los alfareros de Guaitil como pigmento, (i) los rojos y blancos fueron caolinita con cuarzo y trazas de óxido de hierro, y (ii) el pigmento negro fue una mezcla de cuarzo, óxidos de manganeso, hematita y trazas de caolinita. En el caso de las cerámicas precolombinas, los engobes de Altiplano Policromo, Birmania Policromo y Mora Policromo variedad Chircot tuvieron una composición parecida con altos contenidos de meta-esmectita y cuarzo, aunque el engobe del fragmento de Mora Policromo variedad Guapote se compuso principalmente de meta-caolinita y cuarzo. Por un lado, los tiestos de Jicote tuvieron un engobe de composición diferente con la presencia de meta-emectita, cristobalita y hematita. Por otro lado, los pigmentos rojos fueron he- chos con la mezcla del engobe con un geomaterial rico en hematita. Asimismo, los pigmentos negros se realizaron con geomateriales a base de óxido de manganeso o magnetita. Palabras claves: pigmento; cerámica; Costa Rica; precolombino; arqueometría fisicoquímica. Cuadernos de Antropología Enero-Junio 2020, 30(1), 1-19 DOI: 10.15517/cat.v30i1.38446 Recibido: 31-09-2019 / Aceptado: 08-11-2019 Revista del Laboratorio de Etnología María Eugenia Bozzoli Vargas Centro de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad de Costa Rica ISSN 2215-356X Cuadernos de Antropología está bajo una licencia Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 2 M. Ménager, P. Fernández y S. Salgado The natural pigments used in Costa Rica: preliminary analysis of geomaterials and polychromic ceramic shred from Guanacaste Abstract: In this publication, we provided data on the main sources of pigments published in the scientific literature. Furthermore, the geomaterials used nowadays in the Guaitil area (Costa Rica) and six types of ceramic fragments coming from different Costa Rican archaeological sites (Jicote Policromo, Jicote varie- dad felino, Birmania Policromo, Mora Policromo variedad Chircot, Altiplano Policromo, Mora Policromo variedad Guapote types) were characterized using X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), infrared spectro- metry (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDS). In the geomaterials used by Guaitil potters as pigments, (i) the red and white materials were kaolinites with quartz and traces of iron oxide, and (ii) the black pigment was a mixture of quartz, manganese oxides, hematite and trace of kaolinite. In the case of the pre-Columbian ceramics, the polychrome Altiplano and Mora Policromo engobes were composed of meta-caolinite, meta-esmectite and quartz, while the Jicote Polychromium pot included meta-smectite, crystobalite, anhydrite and hematite in its chemical composition. The red pigments were made with the mixture of the slip with hematite-rich geomaterial, manganese oxide or magnetite depending on the color and the ceramic style. Keywords: Pigment; Ceramic; Costa Rica; Pre-Columbian; Physico-chemical Archaeometry. Introducción Desde el paleolítico, los seres humanos han usado materiales naturales para colorear superficies. Las primeras evidencias del uso de pigmentos datan de -270000 / -285000 aP en Kenia y Zambia (Barham, 2002; Marean et al., 2007). Por su parte, en África del Sur, el uso sistemático de pigmentos corresponde a aproximadamente 160000-12000 años AP (Marean et al., 2007; Tattersall, 2009). Alrededor del 50000 aP, los neandertales tiñeron conchas con ocre rojo (Zilhão et al., 2010). Los primeros dibujos en arte rupestre co- nocidos fueron fechados desde aproximadamente 70000 años aP en África del Sur (Barnett, Miller, y Pearce, 2006) y en Francia y España los dibujos de arte rupestre más antiguos son de aproximadamente 41000 años aP (Pike et al., 2012). Para los recipientes cerámicos, el uso de engobe y de las decoraciones pintadas datan de alrededor de 10000 - 6000 aP, y los primeros vidriados, de aproximadamente 3500 aP (Tite, 2008). Los colores siempre han tenido un lugar especial en las sociedades humanas ya sea por aspectos sim- bólicos (Crone, 1999) o estéticos (Ball, 1965). En varias áreas del mundo es posible identificar colores par- ticulares, por ejemplo, el azul maya y el azul y verde egipcio relacionados con motivos y diseños que son específicos para cada cultura. En este sentido, la evolución de los materiales usados Perego,( 2005; Watin, 1774) y de los estilos demuestran su importancia social y el aporte del tema para realizar distinciones cul- turales mediante la identificación del pigmento aplicado en diseños particulares. Por estos motivos, los seres humanos desarrollaron de forma significativa las técnicas de producción y aplicación de los pigmentos, así como, a través del tiempo, pudieron cambiar los materiales utilizados, su tratamiento y los yacimientos explotados. Cuadernos de Antropología 2020, 30(1), 1-19 / ISNN 2215-356X DOI: 10.15517/cat.v30i1.38446 Los pigmentos naturales usados en Costa Rica: análisis preliminar... 3 En efecto, las producciones de mismo tipo, origen y temporalidad tienen frecuentemente características estilísticas, mineralógicas y químicas parecidas, que las distinguen de las otras producciones (Dillmann y Bellot-Gurlet, 2014). El conocimiento de la naturaleza química de los pigmentos usados y de los criterios tipológicos y arqueológicos nos permite obtener información esencial para mejorar la comprensión de las sociedades antiguas. Así, podemos contribuir al estudio las antiguas técnicas de producción, las rutas comerciales uti- lizadas y las interacciones entre culturas. En América Central, los pigmentos más antiguos son los del arte rupestre, el cual se ha reportado en toda la región. El rojo es el más abundante, pero, también, se utilizó el azul, el negro, el verde y el blanco (Künne y Strecker, 2003). Asimismo, en las cerámicas de Centroamérica existe una amplia variedad de tipos, siendo los colores más usados el rojo, el negro y el blanco. Los azules se vinculan con la zona maya, específicamente con el denominado azul maya, aunque en el denominado Vallejo Policromo, producido tardíamente en Nicaragua, también se utilizó un pigmento azulado (Abel-Vidor et al., 1987). En Costa Rica, existen pocos estudios sobre los usos arqueológicos de los pigmentos y sus naturalezas fisicoquímicas. El objetivo principal de esta publicación es aportar datos relacionados con la identificación de las principales fuentes de pigmentos usados en la cerámica a partir de una síntesis del conocimiento actual y de estudios previos publicados con aportes de la arqueometría. Además, se presentará un estudio de caso a través del análisis de los geomateriales (materiales geológicos) usados en la zona de Guaitil por medio de las técnicas de análisis de espectrometría infrarroja (en inglés: FT-IR) y microscopio electrónico de barrido equipado con un detector a dispersión de energía de rayos X (en inglés: SEM/EDS), así como del análisis de seis fragmentos cerámicos procedentes de cinco sitios arqueológicos (Palo Blanco MNCR- G-800-PB; Las Pilas MNCR-G-850-LP; Barranca MNCR-A-372-BA; Cariari MNCR-H-134 CR y Nuevo Corinto MNCR-L-72-NC) pertenecientes a los tipos Jicote Policromo, Jicote Policromo variedad felino, Mora Policromo variedad Chircot, Mora Policromo variedad Guapote, Altiplano Policromo y Birmania Policromo. Los usos tradicionales de los pigmentos y colorantes orgánicos Los colorantes vegetales se han procesado para ser empleados en los cuerpos humanos; hay datos histó- ricos del siglo XVI, para la región de Nicoya de Costa Rica, que revelan que la maceración de las semillas de achiote (Bixa orellana) junto con algún tipo de “goma” se usaban para pintarse el cuerpo y la cara como protección contra el sol (Fernández de Oviedo, 1851). Cuadernos de Antropología 2020, 30(1), 1-19 / ISNN 2215-356X DOI: 10.15517/cat.v30i1.38446 4 M. Ménager, P. Fernández y S. Salgado El empleo de colorantes orgánicos para la tinción ha continuado como práctica artesanal en algunos pueblos indígenas en Costa Rica, tal es el caso de los borucas o pueblo Brunkajc, con el empleo de coloran- tes de origen vegetal en el teñido de fibras de algodón para la elaboración de textiles. Doris Stone (1949) comenta que los colores tradicionales empleados por los boruca en los textiles son el negro, el amarillo claro, el azul pálido y el morado. Además, menciona que el rojo se lograba hirviendo las hojas del árbol del sangrillo (Petherocarpus sp), y el negro se obtenía con la cocción de la corteza del árbol del carbonero (Guarea guara (Jacq.) P. Wil) cuyo líquido se mezclaba
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