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Transitioning to a Renewable Energy Future WP komplett > pdf 17.11.2003 15:37 Uhr Seite 3 Transitioning to a Renewable Energy Future Written by Donald W. Aitken, Ph.D., under contract to the International Solar Energy Society http://whitepaper.ises.org White Paper WP komplett > pdf 17.11.2003 15:38 Uhr Seite 4 WP komplett > pdf 17.11.2003 15:38 Uhr Seite 1 Contents Executive Summary 3 Summary of Policy Options and Implementation Measures 6 Preface: Solar Energy from Then to Now and Beyond 7 Framework, Scope and Limitations of this White Paper 8 Definitions, terminology, and conversion factors 9 Introduction – 10 A Global Energy Transition, Steering the Correct Course New Elements Driving Public Policy toward 12 a Renewable Energy Transition Environmental warnings 12 Avoiding risks 13 Opportunities for governments 14 The Renewable Energy Resources: Characteristics, 15 Status of Development, and Potential Bioenergy 15 Geothermal energy 18 Wind power and intermittent 20 renewable energy resources Energy and power from the wind 20 Achieving high penetrations of energy from wind and other intermittent renewable energy sources 22 A few notes about the hydrogen transition 23 Direct use of the sun’s energy 23 Overview 23 Passive solar heating and daylighting of buildings 25 Solar water and space heating 27 Solar thermal electric energy generation 28 Solar photovoltaic electric energy production 30 National and Local Factors Supporting the Development and 34 Application of Renewable Energy Technologies Meeting international greenhouse gas reduction commitments 34 Enhancing the productivity of energy expenditures, and the creation of new jobs 34 1 WP komplett > pdf 17.11.2003 15:38 Uhr Seite 2 Policies to Accelerate the Application of Renewable Energy 36 Resources Overview 36 City policies can lead the way 37 The Sacramento Municipal Utility District 37 Los Angeles and San Francisco 38 National policies to promote new renewable 39 energy developments Renewable electricity standards 39 Developing a balanced renewable energy portfolio 39 One especially successful policy instrument: “feed-in” tariffs 41 The developing nations 42 Market-based Incentives 43 Overview 43 Requirements for introducing fair market incentives 44 for renewable energy Redressing inequities in market subsidies for the energy sources 44 Developing a consistent method for estimating energy costs 45 The Role of R&D in Supporting the Renewable Energy Transition 47 Two Comprehensive National Clean Energy Policy Models 48 The United States: Leadership from the states, and a 48 clean energy blueprint for an alternative future Present (2003) status of renewable energy policies in the U.S. 48 A powerful clean energy blueprint for the U.S. 49 Germany: A significant long range renewable energy policy 51 Conclusion 52 Acknowledgements 54 2 WP komplett > pdf 17.11.2003 15:38 Uhr Seite 3 Executive Summary This White Paper provides a rationale nal” energy resources. The White Paper Specifically, with regard to the renew- for effective governmental renewable argues that the attractive economic, able energy technologies, the White energy policies worldwide, as well as environmental, security and reliability Paper shows the following: sufficient information to accelerate effec- benefits of the accelerated use of rene- tive governmental policies. It is the thesis wable energy resources should be suffi- Bioenergy: about 11 % of world pri- of this White Paper that a worldwide eff- cient to warrant policies that “pull” the mary energy use at present is derived ort to generate the renewable energy changes necessary, avoiding the “push” from bioenergy, the only carbon- transition must emerge at the top of of the otherwise negative consequences neutral combustible carbon resource, national and international political agen- of governmental inaction. There is still but that is only 18 % of today’s esti- das, starting now. time left for this. mated bioenergy potential. Estimates for world bioenergy potential in 2050 In the history of human energy use, the The White Paper presents three major average about 450 EJ, which is more White Paper records that sustainable conditions that are driving public policy than the present total world primary resources were the sole world supply, toward a renewable energy transition: energy demand. Fuel “costs” for the even in nascent industrial development 1) newly emerging and better under- conventional resources become in- well into the 1800s, and that the world stood environmental constraints; stead rural economic benefits with will necessarily again have to turn to 2) the need to reduce the myriads of bioenergy, producing hundreds of sustainable resources before the present risks from easy terrorist targets and thousands of new jobs and new century is over. The fossil fuel period is from breakdowns in technologies on industries. therefore an “era”, not an age, and high- which societies depend; and ly limited in time in comparison with the 3) the attractiveness of the economic Geothermal Energy: geothermal energy evolution, past and future, of civilizations and environmental opportunities that has been used to provide heat for and societies. Accordingly, it is critical will open during the renewable energy human comfort for thousands of for governments to view what remains transition. years, and to produce electricity for of the fossil fuel era as a transition. the past 90 years. While geothermal The renewable energy transition will energy is limited to those areas with The White Paper reveals that policies accelerate as governments discover access to this resource, the size of now in existence, and economic expe- how much better the renewable energy the resource is huge. Geothermal rience gained by many countries to policies and applications are for econo- energy can be a major renewable date, should be sufficient stimulation mies than the present time- and re- energy resource for at least 58 coun- for governments to adopt aggressive source-limited policies and outmoded tries: thirty-nine countries could be long-term actions that can accelerate and unreliable centralized systems for 100 % geothermal powered, with four the widespread applications of renew- power production and distribution. more at 50 %, five more at 20 %, and able energy, and to get on a firm path eight more at 10 %. Geothermal ener- toward a worldwide “renewable energy Today, it is public policy and political gy, along with bioenergy, can serve transition”, so that 20 % of world electric leadership, rather than either technology as stabilizing “baseload” resources in energy production can come from rene- or economics, that are required to move networks with the intermittent renew- wable energy sources by 2020, and forward with the widespread application able energy resources. 50 % of world primary energy produc- of the renewable energy technologies tion by 2050. There can be no guaran- and methodologies. The technologies Wind Power: global wind power capa- tee this will happen, but the White Paper and economics will all improve with time, city exceeded 32,000 MW by the end presents compelling arguments that but the White Paper shows that they are of 2002, and has been growing at a show it is possible, desirable, and even sufficiently advanced at present to allow 32 % rate per year. Utility-scale wind mandatory. for major penetrations of renewable turbines are now in 45 countries. The energy into the mainstream energy and price of wind-produced electricity is The window of time during which con- societal infrastructures. Firm goals for now competitive with new coal-fired venient and affordable fossil energy re- penetrations of renewable energy into power plants, and should continue sources are available to build the new primary energy and electrical energy to reduce to where it will soon be technologies and devices and to power production can be set by governments the least expensive of all of the new a sustained and orderly final great world with confidence for the next 20 years electricity-producing resources. energy transition is short – an economic and beyond, without resource limitations. A goal of 12 % of the world’s electri- timeline that is far shorter than the time city demand from wind by 2020 appe- of physical availability of the “conventio- ars to be within reach. So is a goal of 3 WP komplett > pdf 17.11.2003 15:38 Uhr Seite 4 Executive Summary 20 % of Europe’s electricity demand gy. Data are mounting that demon- The White Paper stresses the impor- by 2020. This development pace is strate conclusively enhancements of tance of governmental policies that can consistent with the historical pace of human performance in daylit buildings, enhance the overall economic producti- development of hydroelectric and with direct economic and educational vity of the expenditures for energy, and nuclear energy. The 20 % penetration benefits that greatly multiply the ener- the great multiplier in the creation of jobs goal for the intermittent renewable gy-efficiency “paybacks”. The integra- from expenditures for the renewable energy resources is achievable within ted design of “climate-responsive” energy resources rather than for the present utility operations, without buildings through “whole building” conventional energy sources. Utilities are requiring energy storage. design methods enables major cost- not in the job producing business, but savings in actual construction, normal- governments are, supporting the need Solar Energy: The energy from the ly yielding 30 % to 50 % improvement for governments to control energy poli-
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