Xinjiang Ready to Take Goji Berries to Global Markets
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CHINA: HUMAN RIGHTS CONCERNS in XINJIANG a Human Rights Watch Backgrounder October 2001
350 Fifth Avenue, 34th Floor New York, NY 10118 Phone: 212-290-4700 Fax: 212-736-1300 E-mail:[email protected] Website:http://www.hrw.org CHINA: HUMAN RIGHTS CONCERNS IN XINJIANG A Human Rights Watch Backgrounder October 2001 Xinjiang after September 11 In the wake of the September 11 attacks on the United States, the People’s Republic of China has offered strong support for Washington and affirmed that it "opposes terrorism of any form and supports actions to combat terrorism." Human Rights Watch is concerned that China’s support for the war against terrorism will be a pretext for gaining international support—or at least silence—for its own crackdown on ethnic Uighurs in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region. Beijing has long claimed to be confronted with “religious extremist forces” and “violent terrorists” in Xinjiang, a vast region one-sixth of China’s land area. Xinjiang has a population of 18 million and is home to numerous Turkic-speaking Muslim ethnic groups, of which the Uighurs, numbering eight million, are the largest. (The second largest group is the Kazakhs, with 1.2 million.) The percentage of ethnic Chinese (Han) in the population has grown from 6 percent in 1949 to 40 percent at present, and now numbers some 7.5 million people. Much like Tibetans, the Uighurs in Xinjiang, have struggled for cultural survival in the face of a government- supported influx by Chinese migrants, as well as harsh repression of political dissent and any expression, however lawful or peaceful, of their distinct identity. Some have also resorted to violence in a struggle for independence Chinese authorities have not discriminated between peaceful and violent dissent, however, and their fight against “separatism” and “religious extremism” has been used to justify widespread and systematic human rights violations against Uighurs, including many involved in non-violent political, religious, and cultural activities. -
Forced Labour in East Turkestan: State-Sanctioned Hashar System
FORCED LABOUR IN EAST TURKESTAN: State -Sanctioned Hashar System World Uyghur Congress | November 2016 WUC Headquarters: P.O. Box 310312 80103 Munich, Germany Tel: +49 89 5432 1999 Fax: +49 89 5434 9789 Email: [email protected] Web Address: www.uyghurcongress.org Copyright © 2016 World Uyghur Congress All rights reserved. The World Uyghur Congress (WUC) is a n international organization that represents the collective interests of the Uyghur people in both East Turkestan and abroad. The principle objective of the WUC is to promote democracy, human rights and freedom for the Uyghur people and use peaceful, nonviolent and democratic means to determine their future. Acting as the sole legitimate organization of the Uyghur people in both East Turkestan and abroad, WUC endeavors to set out a course for the peaceful settlement of the East Turkestan Question through dialogue and negotiation. The WUC supports a nonviolent and peaceful opposition movement against Chinese occupation of East Turkestan and an unconditional adherence to internationally recognized human rights standards as laid down in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It adheres to the principles of democratic pluralism and rejects totalitarianism, religious intolerance and terrorism as an instrument of policy. For more information, please visit our website: www.uyghurcongress.org Cover Photo: Uyghurs performing forced labour under the hashar system in Aksu Prefecture, East Turkestan (Radio Free Asia Uyghur Service). FORCED LABOUR IN EAST TURKESTAN: State-Sanctioned Hashar System EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The importance of the protection of human rights has been trending downward under China’s current leader, Xi Jinping, since he took power in 2013. -
Uyghur Dispossession, Culture Work and Terror Capitalism in a Chinese Global City Darren T. Byler a Dissertati
Spirit Breaking: Uyghur Dispossession, Culture Work and Terror Capitalism in a Chinese Global City Darren T. Byler A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2018 Reading Committee: Sasha Su-Ling Welland, Chair Ann Anagnost Stevan Harrell Danny Hoffman Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Anthropology ©Copyright 2018 Darren T. Byler University of Washington Abstract Spirit Breaking: Uyghur Dispossession, Culture Work and Terror Capitalism in a Chinese Global City Darren T. Byler Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Sasha Su-Ling Welland, Department of Gender, Women, and Sexuality Studies This study argues that Uyghurs, a Turkic-Muslim group in contemporary Northwest China, and the city of Ürümchi have become the object of what the study names “terror capitalism.” This argument is supported by evidence of both the way state-directed economic investment and security infrastructures (pass-book systems, webs of technological surveillance, urban cleansing processes and mass internment camps) have shaped self-representation among Uyghur migrants and Han settlers in the city. It analyzes these human engineering and urban planning projects and the way their effects are contested in new media, film, television, photography and literature. It finds that this form of capitalist production utilizes the discourse of terror to justify state investment in a wide array of policing and social engineering systems that employs millions of state security workers. The project also presents a theoretical model for understanding how Uyghurs use cultural production to both build and refuse the development of this new economic formation and accompanying forms of gendered, ethno-racial violence. -
Pathogenic Leishmania Spp. Detected in Lizards from Northwest China
Zhang et al. BMC Veterinary Research (2019) 15:446 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-019-2174-4 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Pathogenic Leishmania spp. detected in lizards from Northwest China using molecular methods Jun-Rong Zhang1, Xian-Guang Guo2, Han Chen1, Jin-Long Liu2,3, Xiong Gong2, Da-Li Chen1* and Jian-Ping Chen1* Abstract Background: Leishmaniosis, a disease caused by pathogenic Leishmania parasites, remains an unresolved health problem in the New World and the Old World. It is well known that lizards can be infected by a subgenus of Leishmania parasites, i.e. Sauroleishmania, which is non-pathogenic to humans. However, evidence suggests that lizards may also harbor pathogenic Leishmania species including the undetermined Leishmania sp., discovered in our previous work. Leishmania DNA in lizard blood can be detected by using molecular methods, such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Three hundred and sixteen lizards, representing 13 species of four genera, were captured for blood samples collection in Northwest China. Two reliable molecular markers (cytochrome b and heat shock protein 70 genes) were used for detection in the lizard blood samples, to confirm a widespread presence of pathogenic Leishmania parasites and the distribution pattern of Leishmania spp. in lizards from Northwest China. The PCR data indicated positive detection rate for Leishmania in all the tested lizards with an overall prevalence of 57.91% (183/316). Apart from lizard parasites like Leishmania tarentolae and Leishmania sp., several pathogenic Leishmania including L. turanica, L. tropica and L. donovani complex were identified by using phylogenetic analysis. Co-existence of different haplotypes was observed in most Leishmania DNA-positive lizards with an overall rate of 77.6% (142/183). -
Xinjiang Regional Road Improvement Project (Korla-Kuqa Section)-Qiemo
Ethnic Minority Development Plan Ethnic Minority Development Plan Document Stage: Final Project Number: 39655 September 2007 PRC: Xinjiang Regional Road Improvement Project (Korla-Kuqa Section) Prepared by Communication Construction Administration Bureau of Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region for the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The ethnic minority development plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Xinjiang Regional Road Improvement Project Qiemo County Local Roads Ethnic Minority Development Plan Communication Construction Administration Bureau of Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region March 2007 Ethnic Minority Development Plan Endorsement Letter of Ethnic Minority Development Plan Ministry of Communication and Ministry of Finance have approved Qiemo County Local Road Project which is financed by ADB. The project is planned to commence in 2007 and finish in 2010. According to the requirements of ADB, an EMDP for the project should be compiled in accordance with the Social Safeguards Guidelines of the ADB. Communication Construction Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, with the assistance of PPTA consultants finished this plan. This EMDP is a key planning document of the project, which is approved and monitored by the ADB. Communication Department of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region authorizes Communication Construction Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region to be responsible for the implementation of the project and compilation of the EMDP. Communication Construction Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has asked for the views on the draft of this EMDP from relevant bureaus, departments, governments of towns or townships, and communities and incorporated those views into the EMDP. -
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External Monitoring and Evaluation Report Project Number: 39655 January 2010 PRC: Xinjiang Regional Road Improvement Project (Korla–Kuqa Section) Prepared by National Research Center of Resettlement (NRCR) of Hohai University Nanjing, China For Xinjiang Communications Department This report has been submitted to ADB by the Xinjiang Communications Department and is made publicly available in accordance with ADB’s public communications policy (2005). It does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB. Asian Development Bank Financed Xinjiang Regional Road Improvement Project External Monitoring and Evaluation Report for the EMDP Implementation (NO 1) National Research Center of Resettlement (NRCR) of Hohai University Nanjing, China Jan,30, 2010 External M&E Agency NRCR of Hohai University Person In Charge Shi Guoqing Staffs of the Shi Guoqing, Zhou Jian, Lian Huan Yan External M&E Agency Dengcai Gu Anqi Sheng Jichuan Writers of the M&E Shi Guoqing, Zhou Jian, Lian Huan Yan Report Dengcai Gu Anqi Sheng Jichuan NRCR of Hohai University, Address Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210098,China Telephone 0086-25-83786503 Fax 0086-25-83718914 [email protected] Email [email protected] II Abbreviation ADB Asian Development Bank APs Affected Persons EA Executive Agency IA Implementation Agency M&E Monitoring and Evaluation NRCR National Research Center of Resettlement PMO Project Management Office RP Resettlement Plan XCCAB Xinjiang Communication Construction Administration Bureau XCD Xinjiang Communication Department III Content Abbreviation .................................................................................................................... -
Public Health
1 PUBLIC HEALTH Institutional Developments During the Commission’s 2018 reporting year, the Chinese gov- ernment and Communist Party implemented institutional reforms to support evolving public health priorities.1 For example, in March 2018, authorities announced a plan to restructure Party and gov- ernment agencies, including merging the National Health and Family Planning Commission and other agencies into a new Na- tional Health Commission.2 According to the plan, the new commis- sion will turn its focus away from treatment of disease to health more broadly, including such issues as China’s aging population.3 A July 2018 State Council General Office guiding opinion further clarified the new commission’s role, and called for implementation of Party policy and strengthened Party leadership.4 Authorities also engaged in international exchanges focused on public health issues, in line with recent official public health policy.5 For exam- ple, the Chinese government hosted an international symposium on HIV/AIDS in Beijing municipality in November 2017.6 The Sep- tember 2017 inaugural U.S.-China Social and Cultural Dialogue in- cluded health among areas for potential bilateral cooperation.7 Health-Based Discrimination Health-based discrimination in employment and education con- tinued,8 despite protections in Chinese law.9 In one case reported in August 2017, authorities in Fuzhou municipality, Fujian prov- ince, cited physical examination results as grounds to deny a teach- ing job to Lin Chuanhua, whose right hand is missing and who achieved -
Sacred Right Defiled: China’S Iron-Fisted Repression of Uyghur Religious Freedom
Sacred Right Defiled: China’s Iron-Fisted Repression of Uyghur Religious Freedom A Report by the Uyghur Human Rights Project Table of Contents Executive Summary...........................................................................................................2 Methodology.......................................................................................................................5 Background ........................................................................................................................6 Features of Uyghur Islam ........................................................................................6 Religious History.....................................................................................................7 History of Religious Persecution under the CCP since 1949 ..................................9 Religious Administration and Regulations....................................................................13 Religious Administration in the People’s Republic of China................................13 National and Regional Regulations to 2005..........................................................14 National Regulations since 2005 ...........................................................................16 Regional Regulations since 2005 ..........................................................................19 Crackdown on “Three Evil Forces”—Terrorism, Separatism and Religious Extremism..............................................................................................................23 -
Geology of the Tarim Basin with Special Emphasis on Petroleum Deposits, Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu, Northwest China
Geology of the Tarim Basin with special emphasis on petroleum deposits, Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu, Northwest China By K. Y. Lee U.S. Geological Survey Reston, Virginia Open-File Report 85-616 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards and stratigraphic nomenclature. 1985 CONTENTS Page Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Regional setting 6 Purpose, scope, and method of report 6 S t rat igraphy 6 Jr r e""D inian Q Sinian 8 Paleozoic 10 Lower Paleozoic 11 Upper Paleozoic 12 Mesozoic 15 Tr ias s i c 15 Jurassi c 16 Cretaceous 17 Cenozoic 18 Tertiary 18 Quat e rnar y 2 0 Structure 21 Kuqa Foredeep 21 Northern Tarim Uplift 21 Eastern Tarim Depression 24 Central Uplift 24 Southwestern Depression 26 Kalpin Uplift 26 Southeastern Faulted Blocks 27 Evolution of the basin 27 Petroleum and coal deposits 36 Petroleum 36 Source rocks 36 Reservoir rocks 44 Cap rocks 45 Types of trap 47 Potential and description of known oil and gas fields 47 Occurrence 50 Potential 50 Summary and conclusions 52 References cited 54 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure 1. Index map of China 3 2. Geologic map of the Tarim (Talimu) basin, Xinjiang, northwest China 4 3. Airborne magnetic anomaly contours in Ta 9 4. Principal structural units 22 5. Sketch isopachs of the earth's crust 23 6. Depth to the magnetic basement rocks 25 7. Isopachs of the Paleozoic and Sinian strata 29 8. Isopachs of the Cenozoic and Mesozoic strata 30 9. Isopachs of the Jurassic strata 32 10. -
The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933
The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Schluessel, Eric T. 2016. The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493602 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933 A dissertation presented by Eric Tanner Schluessel to The Committee on History and East Asian Languages in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History and East Asian Languages Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts April, 2016 © 2016 – Eric Schluessel All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Mark C. Elliott Eric Tanner Schluessel The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933 Abstract This dissertation concerns the ways in which a Chinese civilizing project intervened powerfully in cultural and social change in the Muslim-majority region of Xinjiang from the 1870s through the 1930s. I demonstrate that the efforts of officials following an ideology of domination and transformation rooted in the Chinese Classics changed the ways that people associated with each other and defined themselves and how Muslims understood their place in history and in global space. -
Climate System in Northwest China ������������������������������������������������������ 51 Yaning Chen, Baofu Li and Changchun Xu
Water Resources Research in Northwest China Yaning Chen Editor Water Resources Research in Northwest China 1 3 Editor Yaning Chen Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences Xinjiang People’s Republic of China ISBN 978-94-017-8016-2 ISBN 978-94-017-8017-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-8017-9 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014930889 © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. -
36496 Federal Register / Vol
36496 Federal Register / Vol. 86, No. 130 / Monday, July 12, 2021 / Rules and Regulations compensation is provided solely for the under forty-three entries to the Entity Committee (ERC) to be ‘military end flight training and not the use of the List. These thirty-four entities have been users’ pursuant to § 744.21 of the EAR. aircraft. determined by the U.S. Government to That section imposes additional license The FAA notes that any operator of a be acting contrary to the foreign policy requirements on, and limits the limited category aircraft that holds an interests of the United States and will be availability of, most license exceptions exemption to conduct Living History of listed on the Entity List under the for, exports, reexports, and transfers (in- Flight (LHFE) operations already holds destinations of Canada; People’s country) to listed entities on the MEU the necessary exemption relief to Republic of China (China); Iran; List, as specified in supplement no. 7 to conduct flight training for its flightcrew Lebanon; Netherlands (The part 744 and § 744.21 of the EAR. members. LHFE exemptions grant relief Netherlands); Pakistan; Russia; Entities may be listed on the MEU List Singapore; South Korea; Taiwan; to the extent necessary to allow the under the destinations of Burma, China, exemption holder to operate certain Turkey; the United Arab Emirates Russia, or Venezuela. The license aircraft for the purpose of carrying (UAE); and the United Kingdom. This review policy for each listed entity is persons for compensation or hire for final rule also revises one entry on the identified in the introductory text of living history flight experiences.