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I- La Tumeur Vénérienne Transmissible Canine ÉCOLE NATIONALE VÉTÉRINAIRE D’ALFORT Année 2018 LES TUMEURS NATURELLEMENT TRANSMISSIBLES : SYNTHÈSE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE THÈSE Pour le DOCTORAT VÉTÉRINAIRE Présentée et soutenue publiquement devant LA FACULTÉ DE MÉDECINE DE CRÉTEIL Le 30 janvier 2018 par Guillaume, Joseph, Albert CROZET Né le 1er juin 1992 à Dijon (Côte-d’Or) JURY Président : Pr. Claude HAMONET Professeur à la Faculté de Médecine de CRÉTEIL Membres Directeur : M. Edouard REYES-GOMEZ Maître de conférences à l’ENVA Assesseur : Mme Fanny PILOT-STORCK Professeur à l’ENVA LISTE DES MEMBRES DU CORPS ENSEIGNANT Directeur : M. le Professeur Gogny Marc Directeurs honoraires : MM. les Professeurs : * responsable d’unité pédagogique REMERCIEMENTS Au Professeur……………………………… Professeur de la faculté de médecine de Créteil qui m’a fait l’honneur d’accepter la présidence de mon jury de thèse. Hommage respectueux. Au Docteur Edouard REYES GOMEZ Maître de conférences à l’ENVA qui m’a fait l’honneur d’accepter de diriger cette thèse. Qu’il trouve ici toute ma gratitude pour son soutien, sa grande disponibilité et sa bienveillance. Au Professeur Fanny PILOT-STORCK Professeur à l'ENVA qui a accepté de participer à cette thèse en tant qu’assesseur. Sincères remerciements pour votre implication. Au Professeur Jean-Jacques PANTHIER Professeur à l’ENVA qui a su m’éclairer sur le sujet des cellules souches cancéreuses, contribuant ainsi à ce travail. Merci pour votre disponibilité et vos conseils avisés. Au Docteur Mohamed Yacine BENOUDJIT Vétérinaire praticien au Cabinet Vétérinaire de l’Espoir (Batna – Algérie) qui m’a permis d’illustrer mon travail grâce à ses photographies. Merci pour votre participation. Aux vétérinaires, professeurs, maîtres de stages, anciens et tous les autres. Vous m’avez intégré au sein d’une grande famille. Vous m’avez formé et vous continuerez de le faire. Merci de m’avoir fait découvrir ce monde qui devient maintenant le mien. À ma famille, Maman, Papa, Audrey, Alexandre et tous les autres. Vous avez toujours su être là pour moi. Vous avez énormement contribué à ma réussite et je vous remercie de m’avoir aidé à concrétiser mes rêves. À mes amis, d’Alfort, de Saint Louis, du lycée et tous les autres. Merci pour tout ce que vous m’apportez au jour le jour, les bons moments passés ensemble et ceux encore à venir. TABLE DES MATIÈRES TABLE DES FIGURES .................................................................................................... 5 TABLE DES TABLEAUX ................................................................................................ 7 LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS ......................................................................................... 9 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 11 I- LA TUMEUR VÉNÉRIENNE TRANSMISSIBLE CANINE .................................... 13 A. Origine et répartition géographique ................................................................... 13 B. Épidémiologie ................................................................................................... 15 C. Étiologie et mécanismes de transmission ........................................................... 15 1. Vers la découverte de la première tumeur transmissible ............................... 15 2. Particularités du génome de la tumeur vénérienne transmissible canine ........ 20 D. Présentation clinique ......................................................................................... 23 E. Caractéristiques anatomo-pathologiques ............................................................ 25 1. Caractéristiques macroscopiques .................................................................. 25 2. Caractéristiques cytologiques ....................................................................... 27 3. Caractéristiques histologiques ...................................................................... 30 4. Caractéristiques immunohistochimiques ...................................................... 31 a. Profil immunohistochimique des cellules tumorales.................................. 31 b. Caractéristiques immunohistochimiques du stroma ................................... 34 5. Caractéristiques ultrastructurales .................................................................. 34 F. Immunité associée à la tumeur transmissible vénérienne canine ........................ 36 G. La tumeur vénérienne transmissible canine à l’origine d’une manipulation de la biologie de son hôte ? ................................................................................................ 41 H. Diagnostic ......................................................................................................... 41 I. Traitements et pronostic .................................................................................... 43 1. L’exérèse chirurgicale .................................................................................. 43 2. La radiothérapie ........................................................................................... 44 3. L’immunothérapie ....................................................................................... 44 4. La chimiothérapie ........................................................................................ 45 II- LA TUMEUR FACIALE TRANSMISSIBLE DU DIABLE DE TASMANIE ......... 47 1 A. Émergence d’une nouvelle menace pour la population de diables de Tasmanie : la tumeur faciale transmissible du diable de Tasmanie ................................................... 47 B. Épidémiologie ................................................................................................... 49 C. Étiologie de la tumeur faciale transmissible du diable de Tasmanie ................... 52 1. Vers la découverte d’une nouvelle tumeur transmissible .............................. 52 2. Les cellules de Schwann comme origine cellulaire ....................................... 54 3. Caractéristiques génomiques et transcriptomiques ........................................ 55 4. La tumeur faciale du diable de Tasmanie : une tumeur évolutive .................. 57 D. Caractéristiques anatomo-pathologiques ............................................................ 61 1. Description macroscopique .......................................................................... 61 2. Caractéristiques cytologiques ....................................................................... 62 3. Caractéristiques histologiques ...................................................................... 63 4. Caractéristiques en microscopie électronique ............................................... 65 5. Caractéristiques histochimiques et immunohistochimiques........................... 66 E. Diagnostic ......................................................................................................... 68 F. Échappement aux défenses immunitaires de l’organisme de l’hôte .................... 69 1. Caractérisation de la réponse immunitaire du diable de Tasmanie ................ 69 2. Implication d’une faible diversité du complexe majeur d’histocompatibilité . 70 3. Un défaut d’expression du complexe majeur d’histocompatibilité à la surface des cellules tumorales ............................................................................................ 72 4. La recherche d’un rôle des cytokines ............................................................ 74 G. Moyens de lutte ................................................................................................. 75 1. Actions à l’échelle de la population .............................................................. 75 2. A l’échelle individuelle ................................................................................ 78 H. La découverte récente d’une seconde tumeur faciale transmissible du diable de Tasmanie ................................................................................................................... 79 1. Caractéristiques histologiques et immunohistochimiques ............................. 79 2. Caractéristiques cytogénétiques et génétiques .............................................. 79 III- LES NÉOPLASIES DISSÉMINÉES DES BIVALVES ........................................... 81 A. Épidémiologie ................................................................................................... 81 1. Epidémiologie descriptive ............................................................................ 81 a. Huîtres et néoplasies disséminées ............................................................. 81 b. Moules et néoplasies disséminées ............................................................. 82 2 c. Clams et néoplasies disséminées ............................................................... 82 d. Coques et néoplasies disséminées ............................................................. 83 e. Répartition spatiale et temporelle .............................................................. 83 2. Facteurs déterminant la survenue des néoplasies disséminées ....................... 84 a. Espèce et génotype ................................................................................... 84 b. Taille, âge et activité reproductrice ........................................................... 84 c. Comportement alimentaire ....................................................................... 85 d. Facteurs environnementaux ...................................................................... 85 B. Conséquences des néoplasies disséminées
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