Carboniferous Subduction Complex in the Harz Mountains, Germany

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Carboniferous Subduction Complex in the Harz Mountains, Germany Carboniferous Subduction Complex in the Harz Mountains, Germany TIMOTHY A. ANDERSON Bundesanstalt fuer Bodenforscbung, 3 Hannover-Buchholz, Stille Weg 2, Federal Republic of Germany ABSTRACT gin of the belt may have originated in the same manner. Key words: historical geology, Harz Mountains, subduction, graywacke. Rocks in the Harz Mountains probably accumulated during an episode of Carboniferous subduction. Oceanic crust moving rela- INTRODUCTION tively southeast was consumed at a Benioff zone dipping southeast. Pelagic and abyssal sediments, graywacke, basalt, keratophyre, and The Silurian to Upper Carboniferous rocks of the Harz Moun- other rocks were emplaced at the leading edge of the overriding tains are an uplifted, 30 by 90 km block of the Variscan structural plate. Present-day northwestward structural imbrication (vergence) belt extending across central Europe (Fig. 1). The block is sur- reflects the original dip of the Benioff zone. As a block typical of the rounded by Mesozoic rocks and extends west-northwest across the northern part of the Variscan belt of Europe, the origin of the Harz border between the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Mountains by subduction suggests that much of the northern mar- Democratic Republic. It is suggested here that an analysis based on Figure 1. Generalized map of the Harz Mountains showing geologic zones. Basalt, keratophyre, and tuff are shown in solid black. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 86, p. 77-82, 4 figs., January 1975, Doc. no. 50110. 77 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/86/1/77/3429211/i0016-7606-86-1-77.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 78 T. A. ANDERSON the process of subduction at olate margins can explain the major Sieber Graywackes), most of these rocks are petrographically simi- geologic features of the Harz Mountains. lar and of similar age. Olistostrome deposits are common in much of the eastern part of GEOLOGIC SETTING the Harz Mountains. The matrix is predominantly shaly and dis- rupted and contains pods, lumps, and lenses of all the other rock Several subdivisions of the Harz Mountains appear within the types exposed in the eastern Harz Mountains (Lutzens, 1972). geologic literature: political (West and East Harz Mountains), his- Slump deposits have been reported from the western Harz Moun- torical and topographic (Upper, Middle, and Lower Harz Moun- tains (Stoppel and Zscheked, 1971). tains), or geologic (a series of zones whose boundaries mostly fol- The Elbingerode complex of the Blankenburg zone and the Iberg low structural or outcrop trends as shown in Fig. 1). block in the Clausthal-Kulm zone are characterized by reef lime- Each geologic zone of the Harz Mountains contains a variety of stone. The reef deposits of the Elbingerode complex overlie 500 to rock types and ages (Fig. 2). Most types occur in more than one 1,000 m of basic tuff, pillow basalt, and keratophyre. The rocks zone, and many different formation and facies names have been beneath the Iberg limestone are not exposed. applied to similar rocks of essentially the same age. Rocks exposed Exposed throughout much of the Harz Mountains are numerous at the surface are generally progressively younger from southeast to bodies of basalt (a translation of the German term "Diabas") and northwest. keratophyre with and without pillows, basic and keratophyric tuff, Thin-bedded, typically dark-colored shale is widespread and related rocks. Siliceous, iron-rich sedimentary rocks are com- throughout the Harz Mountains; the shale is commonly associated monly associated with the pillow lava units (Gundlach and Han- with thin-bedded and (or) lenticular limestone and chert. Locally, nak, 1968; Möhr, 1973). The contacts of many of these volcanic the shale contains graptolites and both the shale and limestone rocks appear to be structural (Lutzens, 1972). Individual bodies are often yield conodonts. Such fossils have led to a re-evaluation of usually stratiform and range in length from centimeters to hun- the age of many of these rocks in the last two decades (Mobus, dreds of meters or more. 1966; Stoppel and Zscheked, 1971). Two major intrusive complexes crop out in the Harz Mountains. Graywacke is extensively exposed. Although several names have By far the larger of the two is the Brocken complex, which consists been applied to graywacke that crops out in different areas of the of the Brocken and Oker Granites and the Harzburg Gabbro. The Harz Mountains (for example, Tanner, Kulm, Selke, Siidharz, and other complex is the Ramberg Granite. Fracture mineralization Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/86/1/77/3429211/i0016-7606-86-1-77.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 CARBONIFEROUS SUBDUCTION COMPLEX, HARZ MOUNTAINS, GERMANY 79 throughout the Harz Mountains is commonly considered to be re- creation of the oceanic crust at a mid-ocean ridge. Within the sub- lated to the intrusion of these two complexes (Mòbus, 1966; Mohr, duction complex, however, the age of the basalt may be difficult to 1973). determine because of lack of fossils and tectonic intercalation with Slaty cleavage is common in the rocks in the Harz Mountains. In younger strata. the Wippra zone (Fig. 1), low-grade regional metamorphism has 4. The age of the youngest turbidite and (or) mélange dates the resulted in the local development of phyllite. Biotite-cordierite time of subduction and generation of the subduction complex. schist (Ecker Gneiss) between the Brocken Granite and Harzburg Either the mélange or turbidite may appear older than they really Gabbro intrusions is commonly considered to be contact- are because of inclusion of older rocks and (or) fossils and tectonic metamorphosed mica schist (Mohr, 1973). intercalation with older strata. The structures in the mountain block strike mainly northeast. A 5. Younger sedimentary rocks will be tectonically inserted be- generally northwestward structural imbrication or vergence results neath older ones during the process of subduction (Fig. 3). The re- from asymmetrical to isoclinal folds inclined or overturned to the sult is an apparently right-side-up sequence with younger strata on northwest and reverse faults and slaty cleavage generally dipping to the bottom. This sequence can indicate the direction of dip of the the southeast. The most important exception is the Acker- Benioff zone and relative direction of plate motion (W. Hamilton, Bruchberg zone where the structural inclination is partly to the 1972, personal commuti.). Structural imbrication produced during southeast. The dominant structures of the Harz Mountains are subduction may well dip in the same direction as the Benioff zone. crossed by systems of faults and fractures striking mainly between 6. Plutonic intrusion and accompanying volcanism and ore-body west-northwest and northwest. The northeast and southeast mar- emplacement occur considerably after the emplacement of the sub- gins of the mountain block are part of one such system. Ore duction complex and above a Benioff zone much deeper than dur- mineralization is common along the fractures. Broad anticlinoria ing the formation of the complex (Oxburgh and Turcotte, 1971; and synclinoria characterize some areas. Most important among Dickinson, 1971). these are the Selke, Siidharz, and Sieber synclines and the "Devo- On the basis of the above assumptions and the sequence and dis- nian anticline." The smaller folds forming these structures usually tribution of rock types in the Harz Mountains, it is possible to de- show the regional northwestward inclination. vise a model for the subduction that could have produced this crus- tal block (Fig. 4).. In general, this model adequately and without DISCUSSION contradiction explains the major geologic features of the area. For this reconstruction, it was also assumed that transform faulting and In order to determine if the Harz Mountains could have origi- relative transport direction were at approximately right angles to nated by subduction at plate margins, certain basic assumptions are the trench axis. From the beginning of Early Carboniferous until necessary: Late Carboniferous time, material that had been scraped off a rela- 1. Mélange formed at the time of subduction commonly typifies tively southeast-moving subducted plate (with oceanic crust) was a subduction complex. It may be composed of any other rocks accreted to and became part of the northwest edge of the overriding present in the complex but, being formed from them, is essentially plate. younger (Hamilton, 1971). From Late Devonian until into Early Carboniferous time, a sub- 2. The stratigraphic sequence continuously emplaced to form a plate must have been subducted to explain outcrop patterns (Tan- subduction complex commonly begins with ultrabasic rocks and ner Graywacke zone, for example) and the presence of similar age basalt that is probably pillowed and intercalated with and im- rocks in several areas of the Harz Mountains (Figs. 4A through mediately overlain by siliceous and (or) calcareous, iron-rich sedi- 4D). A subduction complex formed at both the "leading" and "trail- ments. Over these basal strata are pelagic and (or) abyssal sedi- ing" edges of the subplate because it apparently moved more slowly ments that may include turbidite. The sequence is completed by than the major subducting plate. By the time the subplate was to- clastic sedimentary rocks, turbidite deposits that accumulated in tally consumed in Early Carboniferous time, these two separated the trench at the locus of subduction, and tectonically mixed masses were welded together at the main subduction zone (former mélange consisting of all rock types transported to the subduction trench location in Fig. 4E). zone (Dewey and Bird, 1970; Dickinson, 1971; Hamilton, 1969). The accumulation of material added to the front of the overrid- 3. The age of the basal basalt approximately dates the time of ing plate would have forced at least the upper 20 to 30 km of the subduction zone to migrate toward the northwest. With sufficient migration, the dip of the zone would have become shallow, proba- bly resulting in a sudden shift of the subduction zone to another location (Fig.
Recommended publications
  • ICOMOS Advisory Process Was
    Background A nomination under the title “Mining Cultural Landscape Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří” was submitted by the States (Germany/Czechia) Parties in January 2014 for evaluation as a cultural landscape under criteria (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv). The No 1478 nomination dossier was withdrawn by the States Parties following the receipt of the interim report. At the request of the States Parties, an ICOMOS Advisory process was carried out in May-September 2016. Official name as proposed by the States Parties The previous nomination dossier consisted of a serial Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří Mining Region property of 85 components. ICOMOS noticed the different approaches used by both States Parties to identify the Location components and to determine their boundaries; in some Germany (DE), Free State of Saxony; Parts of the cases, an extreme atomization of heritage assets was administrative districts of Mittelsachsen, Erzgebirgskreis, noticed. This is a new, revised nomination that takes into Meißen, Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirgeand Zwickau account the ICOMOS Advisory process recommendations. Czechia (CZ); Parts of the regions of Karlovy Vary (Karlovarskýkraj) and Ústí (Ústeckýkraj), districts of Consultations and technical evaluation mission Karlovy Vary, Teplice and Chomutov Desk reviews have been provided by ICOMOS International Scientific Committees, members and Brief description independent experts. Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří (Ore Mountains) is a mining region located in southeastern Germany (Saxony) and An ICOMOS technical evaluation mission visited the northwestern Czechia. The area, some 95 km long and property in June 2018. 45 km wide, is rich in a variety of metals, which gave place to mining practices from the Middle Ages onwards. In Additional information received by ICOMOS relation to those activities, mining towns were established, A letter was sent to the States Parties on 17 October 2018 together with water management systems, training requesting further information about development projects academies, factories and other structures.
    [Show full text]
  • 2.14 Mean Annual Climatic Water Balance
    2.14 Mean Annual Climatic Water Balance The climatic water balance (CWB) is defined as the difference between precipitation depth Baltic Sea. The whole lowland regions of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Mecklenburg-Western and the depth of potential evapotranspiration at a given site during a certain time period. Pomerania), Brandenburg, Sachsen-Anhalt (Saxony-Anhalt), and Sachsen (Saxony) have negative summer half-year balances, with average values sometimes drastically below In general climatology, climate classifications are usually based on the weather elements “air - 100 mm. The highest deficits in the summer half-year show values below -300 mm. In sum- temperature” and “precipitation depth”, from which e. g. the description of the aridity of the mers with abundant rainfall, positive half-year balances may be recorded too, what was the climate is derived, the so-called aridity index. However, in the context of water-resources case in about one third of the years in the series 1961–1990. management and hydrology, the climatic water balance is better suitable for the hydroclimatic characterisation of sites, areas or periods, because the (hydro-)climatic conditions are The period with mean negative monthly balances in the inland lowlands lasts from April to described directly by means of the water-balance effective elements “precipitation” or “poten- September/October. The highest monthly balance deficits below -100 mm are recorded in the tial evapotranspiration” in the dimension “mm”. Dependent on whether precipitation depth or months from May to July. Negative monthly balances may occur throughout the year, potential evapotranspiration depth prevails in the considered period, the climatic water provided dry weather prevails.
    [Show full text]
  • Benefits of Biodiversity Enrichment Due to Forest Conversion: Evidence from Two Choice Experiments in Germany
    Benefits of Biodiversity Enrichment due to Forest Conversion: Evidence from two Choice Experiments in Germany Jürgen Meyerhoffa, Ulf Liebeb, Volkmar Hartje a a Institute for Landscape and Environmental Planning, Technische Universität Berlin b Universität Leipzig, Institute of Sociology Corresponding author: Jürgen Meyerhoff, Institute for Landscape and Environmental Planning, Technische Universität Berlin, EB 4-2, Strasse des 17. Juni 145, D – 10623 Berlin, Germany, [email protected] Abstract Forest biodiversity has recently received increasing attention because forest ecosystems are critically important habitats in terms of biological diversity. However, although many non-marketed non-timber products provided by forest ecosystems have been subject to non-market valuation studies, little is known about the economic value of forest biodiversity at present apart from the value of genetic information. This applies to both tropical and temperate forests. In order to determine the benefits from enriched forest biodiversity, we employed choice experiments in two regions in Lower Saxony, Germany. As they are attribute based, we expected to obtain more information about how people value changes in biodiversity compared to the contingent valuation but the choice experiments only provided limited information about this since we found no significant differences between several implicit prices. Calculating the welfare measures shows that including the alternative specific constant or not switches the measure from negative to positive and vice-versa. This is also the case when we exclude all the respondents who always chose the status quo option. JEL Classification: Q23; Q51; Q57 Keywords: Alternative specific constant, choice experiment, forest biodiversity, forest conversion, implicit price, welfare measure 1 Introduction Among the non-marketed non-timber products forests provide, biodiversity has recently received increasing attention.
    [Show full text]
  • Late Cretaceous to Paleogene Exhumation in Central Europe – Localized Inversion Vs
    https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-183 Preprint. Discussion started: 11 November 2020 c Author(s) 2020. CC BY 4.0 License. Late Cretaceous to Paleogene exhumation in Central Europe – localized inversion vs. large-scale domal uplift Hilmar von Eynatten1, Jonas Kley2, István Dunkl1, Veit-Enno Hoffmann1, Annemarie Simon1 1University of Göttingen, Geoscience Center, Department of Sedimentology and Environmental Geology, 5 Goldschmidtstrasse 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany 2University of Göttingen, Geoscience Center, Department of Structural Geology and Geodynamics, Goldschmidtstrasse 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany Correspondence to: Hilmar von Eynatten ([email protected]) Abstract. Large parts of Central Europe have experienced exhumation in Late Cretaceous to Paleogene time. Previous 10 studies mainly focused on thrusted basement uplifts to unravel magnitude, processes and timing of exhumation. This study provides, for the first time, a comprehensive thermochronological dataset from mostly Permo-Triassic strata exposed adjacent to and between the basement uplifts in central Germany, comprising an area of at least some 250-300 km across. Results of apatite fission track and (U-Th)/He analyses on >100 new samples reveal that (i) km-scale exhumation affected the entire region, (ii) thrusting of basement blocks like the Harz Mountains and the Thuringian Forest focused in the Late 15 Cretaceous (about 90-70 Ma) while superimposed domal uplift of central Germany is slightly younger (about 75-55 Ma), and (iii) large parts of the domal uplift experienced removal of 3 to 4 km of Mesozoic strata. Using spatial extent, magnitude and timing as constraints suggests that thrusting and crustal thickening alone can account for no more than half of the domal uplift.
    [Show full text]
  • Causes and Potential Solutions for Conflicts Between Protected Area Management and Local People in Germany
    Causes and Potential Solutions for Conflicts between Protected Area Management and Local People in Germany Eick von Ruschkowski, Department of Environmental Planning, Leibniz University Han- nover, Herrenhäuser Strasse 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany; [email protected] hannover.de Introduction The designation of protected areas (e.g. national parks) often leads to conflicts between local communities and the area’s administration. This phenomenon exists worldwide (Pretty and Pimbert 1995) and is probably as old as the national park idea itself. These conflicts often affect both the protected areas and the local communities as strained relations bear the dan- ger of gridlock on park planning, conservation objectives or regional economic development. As national parks and surrounding communities are highly dependent on each other (Jarvis 2000), the task of managing stakeholder interests and potential use conflicts should be of high priority for park managers. National parks in Germany (as much of Central Europe’s protected areas) are often very vulnerable to such conflicts for a number of reasons. Their history is quite recent, with the oldest park having been established less than 40 years ago. On the other hand, the German landscape has been altered throughout many centuries, hence creating cultural landscapes, rather than unimpaired wilderness. Thus, the designation of national parks has caused con- flicts in the past, mainly along the lines of the continuation of traditional uses vs. future (non- )development, often additionally fuelled by management issues (local vs. state vs. federal). Additionally,a high population density puts protected areas more likely close to urban areas. Against this background, the management of stakeholder issues in order to increase support among local communities remains one of the most important sociological challenges for Ger- man park managers.
    [Show full text]
  • The Iron-Ore Resources of Europe
    DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ALBERT B. FALL, Secretary UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director Bulletin 706 THE IRON-ORE RESOURCES OF EUROPE BY MAX ROESLER WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1921 CONTENTS. Page. Preface, by J. B. Umpleby................................................. 9 Introduction.............................................................. 11 Object and scope of report............................................. 11 Limitations of the work............................................... 11 Definitions.........................:................................. 12 Geology of iron-ore deposits............................................ 13 The utilization of iron ores............................................ 15 Acknowledgments...................................................... 16 Summary................................................................ 17 Geographic distribution of iron-ore deposits within the countries of new E urope............................................................. 17 Geologic distribution................................................... 22 Production and consumption.......................................... 25 Comparison of continents.............................................. 29 Spain..................................................................... 31 Distribution, character, and extent of the deposits....................... 31 Cantabrian Cordillera............................................. 31 The Pyrenees....................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Fluid Evolution and Ore Deposition in the Harz Mountains
    VU Research Portal Isotope analysis of fluid inclusions de Graaf, S. 2018 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) de Graaf, S. (2018). Isotope analysis of fluid inclusions: Into subsurface fluid flow and coral calcification. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 01. Oct. 2021 Chapter Fluid evolution and ore deposition in the 4 Harz Mountains ydrothermal fluid flow in the Harz Mountains caused widespread formation of economic vein-type Pb-Zn ore and Ba-F deposits during the Mesozoic. This chapter presents a reconstruction of the fluid flow system responsible Hfor the formation of these deposits using isotope ratios (δ2H and δ18O) and anion and cation contents of fluid inclusions in ore and gangue minerals.
    [Show full text]
  • The Beginnings of Indwstrialization
    The Beginningsof Indwstrialization SHEILAGH OGILVIE Germanv and industrialization It may seem curious to speak of industrialization as beginning around 1500. Industrialization is often regarded as synonymous with the rise of mechanized manufacturing in centralized facrories, and this did nor occur even in England until 1760-80, and in Germany not until 1830-50. But machines and factories were only late landmarks - albeit important ones - in a much longer process of industrial growth in Europe, dating back to at least 1500. This long-term industrializationwas basedalmost wholly on decentralized work in producers' own houses, using domestic labour and a simple, slowly changing technology. Yet it was responsible for a gradual expansion in the proportion of the labour-force working in industry and the share of the total output of the economy representedby manufactures. It was also responsiblefor the emergence,between about 1500 and about 'indus- 1800, of what German historianshave called Gewerbelandschaften, trial regions', in which an above-averageproportion of people worked in industry and a substantial share of what they produced was exported beyond the region.l Important as factory industrialization was, many of its seeds were sown long before, during the slow and dispersed industri- alization of many regions of early modern Europe. This early modern industrial growth was part of a wider process of regional specializatioa, which began slowly in the late medieval period, but accelerated decisively during the sixteenth century. During this process many more European regions than ever before began to specializein partic- ular forms of agriculture, as well as particular branchesof industry, produc- ing surpluses for export and importing what they did not produce for themselves.Thus regional self-sufficiency declined, and inter-regional trade grew.
    [Show full text]
  • Mining in Central Europe Perspectives from Environmental History
    Perspectives Mining in Central Europe Perspectives from Environmental History Edited by FRANK UEKOETTER 2012 / 10 RCC Perspectives Mining in Central Europe Perspectives from Environmental History Edited by Frank Uekoetter 2012 / 10 Mining in Central Europe 3 Contents 05 Introduction: Mining and the Environment Frank Uekoetter 07 Reconstructing the History of Copper and Silver Mining in Schwaz, Tirol Elisabeth Breitenlechner, Marina Hilber, Joachim Lutz, Yvonne Kathrein, Alois Unterkircher, and Klaus Oeggl 21 Mercurial Activity and Subterranean Landscapes: Towards an Environmental History of Mercury Mining in Early Modern Idrija Laura Hollsten 39 Ore Mining in the Sauerland District in Germany: Development of Industrial Mining in a Rural Setting Jan Ludwig 59 Ubiquitous Mining: The Spatial Patterns of Limestone Quarrying in Late Nineteenth-Century Rhineland Sebastian Haumann 71 Uranium Mining and the Environment in East and West Germany Manuel Schramm Mining in Central Europe 5 Frank Uekoetter Introduction: Mining and the Environment The mining exhibit is one of the most acclaimed parts of the Deutsches Museum. It sends visitors on a long, winding underground route that for the most part looks and feels like an actual mine. The exhibit casts a wide net: early modern mining, coal mining, lignite open-pit mining, and mining for ores and salt are all part of the tour, with ore processing and refining making for the grand finale. It is not an exhibit for the claustrophobic, as the path is rather narrow at times, and visitors are expected to complete the entire tour—there are only emergency exits between entrance and finish. However, most visitors enjoy the exhibit, and employees of the Deutsches Museum are accustomed to inquiries as to when they last took the tour.
    [Show full text]
  • The Economic Impact of Lynx in the Harz Mountains
    The Economic Impact of Lynx in the Harz Mountains Suggested citation: White, C., Almond, M., Dalton, A., Eves, C., Fessey, M., Heaver, M., Hyatt, E., Rowcroft, P. & Waters, J. (2016), ‘The Economic Impact of Lynx in the Harz Mountains’, Prepared for the Lynx UK Trust by AECOM. Photography by Erwin van Maanen, Ursula Cos, and Raya Strikwerda. AECOM Infrastructure & Environment UK Limited (“AECOM”) has prepared this Report for the sole use of the Lynx UK Trust (“Client”) in accordance with the terms and conditions of appointment. No other warranty, expressed or implied, is made as to the professional advice included in this Report or any other services provided by AECOM. This Report may not be relied upon by any other party without the prior and express written agreement of AECOM. Where any conclusions and recommendations contained in this Report are based upon information provided by others, it has been assumed that all relevant information has been provided by those parties and that such information is accurate. Any such information obtained by AECOM has not been independently verified by AECOM, unless otherwise stated in the Report. Overview Figure 1. Lynx tourism sites in Bad Harzburg, Harz Mountains The Lynx UK Trust is investigating the feasibility of undertaking a five year trial reintroduction of Eurasian lynx in Kielder Forest. AECOM was asked by the Trust to look at the potential impacts of lynx on tourism in the Harz Mountains National Park in Germany, where a similar reintroduction scheme took place in 1999. In order to estimate the impact of lynx on tourism in the Harz Mountains, visitors to the area were surveyed using the methodology adopted by the RSPB for estimating the impact of reintroducing white-tailed eagles on tourists visiting Mull.1 The survey found that lynx were an important factor influencing the decision to visit the Harz Mountains for just over half (54%) of all people surveyed.
    [Show full text]
  • GERMAN CULTURAL DISTRICTS by Larry O
    GERMAN CULTURAL DISTRICTS by Larry O. Jensen According to kingdom, province, duchy, etc. Baden Hannover Bauland Arenberg-Meppen Breisgau Aurich Kraichgau Göttingen Linzgau Hildesheim Odenwald Kalenberg Ortenau Lüneburger Heide Schwarzwald Osnabrück Bayern Ostfriesland Bayerischer Wald Stade Fränkischer Juta Teutoburger Wald Mittelfranken Wendland Niederbayern Hessen Oberbayern Ober-Hessen Oberfranken Odenwald Oberpfalz Rhein-Hessen Schwaben Starkenburg Steigerwald Vogelsberg Unterfranken Wettenau Brandenburg Hessen-Nassau Der Täming Hinterlahn Lebus Kurhessen Mittelmark Taunus Neumark Unter/Ober Lahn Nieder Lausitz Westerwald Nieder/Ober Barnim Mecklenburg Sternberg Ratzeburg Uckermark Schwerin West/Ost Havelland Strelitz West/Ost Priegnitz Oldenburg Braunschweig/Lippe/Waldeck Birkenfeld Der Harz Hochmoor Gruberhage (Fsth.) Ostpreussen Hildesheim (Fsth.) Ermeland Talenberg (Fsth.) Galinden Elsass-Lothringen Heckerland Deutsch-Lothringen Littauen Nasgau Gebirge Masuren Nieder Elsass Nadrauen Ober Elsass Natangen Samland Schalauen All rights reserved by Larry O. Jensen, P. O. Box 441, Pleasant Grove, UT 84062 Sudauen Ober Schlesien Pommern Oster Schlesien Hinterpommern Selene Randower Thüringen Rügen Eisler Gebirge Saatzig Franken Wald Vorpommern Grab Feld Posen Hass Berge Hohe Rhön Rheinland Osterland Ahr Gebirge Thüringer Wald Deutsch Ville Vogtland Ruhr Westfalen Sieg Ergge Gebirge Sachsen (Pr.) Mark Altmark Ordey Haarstrang Eichsfeld Ossning Wald Finne Sauerland Goldene Aue Sindfeld Hainleite Soest Börge Sachsen (Kr.) Teutoburger Wald
    [Show full text]
  • Lynx Reintroductions in Fragmented Landscapes of Germany: Projects with a Future Or Misunderstood Wildlife Conservation?
    BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION Biological Conservation 125 (2005) 169–182 www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon Lynx reintroductions in fragmented landscapes of Germany: Projects with a future or misunderstood wildlife conservation? Stephanie Kramer-Schadt a,b,*, Eloy Revilla a,c, Thorsten Wiegand a a Department of Ecological Modelling, UFZ Centre for Environmental Research, Permoser Str. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany b Department fu¨rO¨ kologie, Lehrstuhl fu¨r Landschaftso¨kologie, Technische Universita¨tMu¨nchen, Am Hochanger 6, D-85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany c Department of Applied Biology, Estacio´n Biolo´gica de Don˜ana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientı´ficas, Avenida Maria Luisa s/n, E-41013 Sevilla, Spain Received 15 September 2004; received in revised form 3 February 2005; accepted 27 February 2005 Available online 4 May 2005 Abstract Eurasian lynx are slowly recovering in Germany after an absence of about 100 years, and additional reintroduction programs have been launched. However, suitable habitat is patchily distributed in Germany, and whether patches could host a viable popu- lation or contribute to the potential spread of lynx is uncertain. We combined demographic scenarios with a spatially explicit pop- ulation simulation model to evaluate the viability and colonization success of lynx in the different patches, the aim being to conclude guidelines for reintroductions. The spatial basis of our model is a validated habitat model for the lynx in Germany. The dispersal module stems from a calibrated dispersal model, while the demographic module uses plausible published information on the lynxÕ life history. The results indicate that (1) a viable population is possible, but that (2) source patches are not interconnected except along the German–Czech border, and that (3) from a demographic viewpoint at least 10 females and 5 males are required for a start that will develop into a viable population with an extinction probability of less than 5% in 50 years.
    [Show full text]