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Roberta Cristina Neves O Ícone Raoni: Líder Indígena

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Roberta Cristina Neves O Ícone Raoni: Líder Indígena ROBERTA CRISTINA NEVES O ÍCONE RAONI: LÍDER INDÍGENA MEBÊNGÔKRE NO CENÁRIO GLOBAL CAMPINAS 2014 i ii iii iv v vi RESUMO O líder indígena Mebêngôkre (Kayapó) Ropni Metyktire, mais conhecido como Raoni, é, há décadas, considerado um ícone, no cenário nacional e internacional, da reivindicação pelos direitos indígenas, da resistência contra a violação de tais direitos e da luta pela preservação das florestas. Raoni teve uma participação fundamental em diversos episódios da história indígena e sua imagem é bastante difundida, estampando campanhas, homenagens e matérias midiáticas, o que confirma o seu caráter emblemático. Tendo isso em vista, a presente dissertação objetiva realizar um mapeamento da trajetória desse importante líder, bem como refletir acerca dos elementos subjacentes à repercussão por ele adquirida, dialogando, para tanto, com a questão das representações históricas sobre os povos indígenas. Palavras-chave: Metyktire, Raoni, 1930-; Etnologia; Índios Kayapo; Índios da América do Sul - Brasil. vii viii ABSTRACT Better known as Raoni, the indigenous leader Mebêngôkre (Kayapó) Ropni Metyktire is, for decades, considered an icon, in national and international scene, the claim by the indigenous rights, the resistance against the violation of such rights and the struggle to preserve forests. Raoni had key role in several episodes of Indian history and his image is quite widespride, stamping campaigns, tributes and media materials, which confirms his emblematic character. Keeping this in view, the presente study aims to map the trajectory of this importante leader as well as reflect on the underlying elements to the impact he had acquired and dialogue, therefore, the issue of the historical representations of indigenous peoples. Keywords: Ethnology, Kayapo Indians, Indians of South America - Brazil. ix x SUMÁRIO RESUMO ............................................................................................................................................. vii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................ ix AGRADECIMENTOS............................................................................................................................ xiii APRESENTAÇÃO ................................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUÇÃO ...................................................................................................................................... 5 CAPÍTULO I: O líder Raoni e os Mebêngôkre: uma breve contextualização ..................................... 17 CAPÍTULO II: Mapeando a trajetória do líder Raoni .......................................................................... 35 CAPÍTULO III: Raoni e os povos indígenas: representações e os signos da Indianidade ................... 63 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS .................................................................................................................... 75 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ......................................................................................................... 79 APÊNDICE 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 85 ICONOGRAFIA DE RAONI ................................................................................................................... 85 ANEXOS ............................................................................................................................................. 99 ANEXO 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 101 O Parque do Xingu e as áreas Mebêngôkre circunvizinhas contemporâneas ................................ 101 ANEXO 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 103 Papa Francisco: pedido de audiência para o Cacique Raoni Metuktire, assinado por representantes de movimentos indígenas do Brasil ................................................................................................ 103 ANEXO 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 107 DECLARAÇÃO INDIGENA DO BRASIL RIO+20 - ACAMPAMENTO TERRA LIVRE (ATL) ...................... 107 ANEXO 4 .......................................................................................................................................... 113 Letra do Samba “Valeu Raoni” ........................................................................................................ 113 xi xii AGRADECIMENTOS À CAPES que me concedeu a bolsa de mestrado, fundamental à realização desta dissertação. À minha orientadora, Vanessa Lea, pelos comentários, críticas e sugestões sempre estimulantes. Agradeço também pela confiança em mim depositada, pela compreensão nos momentos mais conturbados e por todo o aprendizado obtido nas interessantes discussões que marcam suas aulas. A ela agradeço também pela ideia inicial que deu origem a esta dissertação. A todos os colegas, amigos, funcionários e professores do IFCH, mas também de toda a Unicamp – pessoas com que tive o privilégio de contar, compartilhar vivências e aprender muito nos últimos oito anos. Entre os funcionários, agradeço especialmente à Marcia e ao Alexandre, que, muito gentilmente, sanaram diversas dúvidas surgidas ao longo do mestrado, e também ao Santos, à Sueli e a toda a equipe da biblioteca, pela solicitude. A todos os colegas do CPEI – Centro de Pesquisa em Etnologia Indígena da Unicamp –, pelo empenho na realização dos seminários e de outras atividades e pelos debates sempre enriquecedores. Aos colegas e professores do NEPO – Núcleo de Estudos de População da Unicamp –, no qual trabalhei no ano de 2008. À antropóloga Maria José Alfaro Freire, que rapidamente respondeu ao meu contato e me enviou uma cópia de sua dissertação de mestrado. Aos colegas de turma do mestrado: Aline Tavares, Ana Carolina Campos Almeida, Berhman Garçon, Bruna Queiroz Prado, Camila Midori, Diego Amoedo, Fernanda Antonioli, Hugo Ciavatta, Julian Simões, Luisa Pessoa, Rodrigo Bulamah e Stella Paterniani, pelas leituras, trocas e debates – dentro e fora da sala de aula – e ainda pelas constantes indicações de leitura. Aos colegas João Veridiano, Patrik Thames, José Kidel, Mariana Petroni, Fabiana Alves, Luciana Scanoni, Patrícia Carvalho, Patrícia Lora Leon e Gabriela Aguillar, pelas sugestões e pela interlocução. xiii Aos professores que participaram da banca do meu exame de qualificação, Felipe Ferreira Vander Velden e Uirá Felippe Garcia, pela leitura generosa e atenta, oferecendo ideias e indicações valiosas para a continuidade desta pesquisa. Felipe foi meu professor no início da graduação e, desde então, sempre pude contar com suas leituras, estímulo e atenção. Certamente, devo muito a ele o meu apreço pela etnologia indígena. Agradeço também ao Uirá pelo apoio e pelas sugestões ao longo da escrita, a exemplo do apêndice (Iconografia de Raoni) que compõe esta dissertação. Ao Luisinho e a toda a equipe do ISA, pela disposição em ajudar e por permitirem que eu realizasse parte da pesquisa no acervo do Instituto. Aos professores Antonio Roberto Guerreiro Júnior e Felipe Ferreira Vander Velden, pela participação na banca de defesa do Mestrado. Aos meus pais, Maria e Osvaldo, e irmãos, Roberto, Renato, Raquel e Renata, assim como a toda minha família – Alessandra, Celise, André, Marcos, Guilherme, Fábio, Giovanna e Fernando –, pelo apoio total e pela imensa generosidade. Agradeço também ao meu namorado, Daniel, pelo incentivo e pela força. Sem a imprescindível ajuda dessas pessoas, em diversos momentos, este trabalho com certeza não se concretizaria. À Carolina, pelo acolhimento e pela compreensão. Ao líder Raoni Metyktire e aos Mebêngôkre que, em julho de 2011, receberam a mim, Vanessa Lea e Patrícia Carvalho em suas casas, antes mesmo que o tema desta dissertação tivesse sido definido. Agradeço por compartilharem conosco, no curto período em que ficamos em campo, um pouco de seus conhecimentos, vivências e preocupações. xiv APRESENTAÇÃO O líder indígena Mebêngôkre (Kayapó) Ropni Metyktire, celebrizado como Raoni, é mundialmente conhecido como um ícone da reivindicação pelos direitos indígenas, da resistência contra a violação de tais direitos e da defesa das florestas. Seus feitos e trajetória foram e ainda são tematizados em filmes, biografias, sites e blogs. Além disso, trata-se de uma figura emblemática também na mídia em geral, sobretudo em alguns contextos específicos, como o atual no qual se observa uma intensa mobilização contrária à construção da usina hidrelétrica de Belo Monte, a qual afetará negativamente o modo de vida de vários povos indígenas e de ribeirinhos, causando diversos problemas socioambientais1. Não há, entretanto, uma representação única, nesses diferentes meios citados, dessa importante liderança, assim como são produzidas e veiculadas representações contrastantes dos povos indígenas, os quais – a despeito da enorme diversidade existente entre as mais de 200 populações que habitam o território brasileiro – são frequentemente retratados de maneira genérica. É possível afirmar que as referidas representações oscilam, embora com nuances, entre os estereótipos do “bom” e do “mau” selvagem, entre o índio edênico
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