How Are Academic Library Usage and Green Demands Changing Building Designs?

Libraries with a Future: How Are Academic Library Usage and Green Demands Changing Building Designs?

Michael Wescott Loder

Support for the modular system of building construction, touted in the second half of the 20th century as the best basis for academic library building design, appears to be waning. A study of “green” libraries in 2008 revealed that not only has energy conservation become important, but that spaces designed for users rather than books have become paramount. The modular system worked particularly well for housing ever-expanding book collections, but collection growth is no longer a practical goal. Users want and need a greater variety of spaces, which purpose-built rooms are better at meeting.

reenness and LEED (Leader- he was hearing concerning the functions ship in Energy and Environ- of these new spaces and the “modern” mental Design)1 have become design criteria that academic library de- hot features for many new sign experts promoted throughout much buildings since the turn of the century. of the second half of the 20th century. To While increasing numbers of public li- understand that contrast and where these braries have achieved LEED ratings buildings are now headed, a historical for their energy and sustainable design understanding of the older criteria is features, fewer college and university essential. libraries can yet boast of this designation. In 2008, the author visited a range of these Background green academic libraries in an attempt to The July 1984 issue of College & Research see how their design approaches were Libraries featured an article2 by David affecting structure and usage. LEED’s Kaser in which he provided a nearly com- criteria involve more than just using prehensive overview of academic library less electricity or recycling construction building construction over the previous materials. They also grant points for ef- twenty-five years. An open and vocal fective space functions and a building’s advocate of the modular system of library long-term operational outlook. Touring design, Kaser bemoaned the growing these buildings, observing, and speaking shift away from the purely boxes-within- with local staff, the author found himself a-box simplicity of such designs and the reflecting on the contrast between what increasing use of special function spaces.

Michael Wescott Loder is the recently retired and former Campus Librarian for the Schuylkill Campus of Pennsylvania State University; e-mail: [email protected]. © Michael Wescott Loder

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This article was but a prelude to his more rapid expansion in academic publishing— comprehensive history of academic librar- particularly in journals—and increasingly ies entitled The Evolution of the Academic diverse functions while also using these Library Building published by Scarecrow often giant and visual structures to raise in 1997.3 Yet, even in this later work, Kaser their own prestige.6 The author’s own showed little interest in moving away home library was part of this growth as from his earlier position, as he contin- it moved from inadequate and confin- ued to promote modular systems and ing quarters into a stand-alone building condemn fixed function spaces. Modular three times as large and offering all the designs were the standard. latest in technology. While many of these A “modular” library, as its name im- structures continued the established mod- plies, is a building in which floor layouts ular tradition, others chose to embrace form a uniform grid, often marked by postmodernism, using more complex support pillars set at regular intervals. designs with more symbolism. But by the It would be expected that every square mid-’00s, the growing worldwide energy or rectangle of space defined by these crisis was affecting even this approach, columns would be exactly the same size. and energy savings became more impor- It would also be expected that each floor tant. An awareness of this change led the of a modular library would be a duplicate author to take a closer look at a range of of any floor above or below it. Often, the buildings beyond those readily reachable size of a module reflected the dimensions within his own Middle Atlantic region. of standard book shelving units. Using Is the modular system gone? Have modules as a basis for a building gave enough changes occurred to the fun- libraries an almost unlimited ability to damental mission of academic libraries move stacks, furniture, and user spaces and their buildings that a new standard to compensate for ever-growing collec- is called for? The libraries the author tions—then the focus of concern. visited are different and indicative of the The late Ralph Ellsworth and Keyes D. major changes that are occurring, and not Metcalf, through the force of their person- just because of greenness. The enormous alities, their numerous writings, and their changes in technology resulting from the prominent positions within the academic expansion of computing into all aspects libraries community, had been firm ad- of library activities and librarianship have vocates of modular systems. Metcalf’s irrevocably remolded what librarians do. Planning Academic and Research Library Newer librarians today are bringing to the Buildings4 was for many years the bible profession different skills, knowledge, for any academic librarian contemplating and, most important, a different world a building project, and it continues to live view from even what was taught and pro- on under the same title and philosophy moted as recently as 15 years ago. Now it in a third edition authored by Philip D. is starting to change the buildings most Leighton and David C. Weber (ALA 1999). of us work in, the “library” of librarian- Metcalf worked closely with the Boston- ship. Library work has changed quickly based architectural firm of Shepley, Bul- and considerably, but buildings more finch, Richardson & Abbott. Considering slowly. In many cases, cosmetic altera- that firm’s continuing prominence in the tions have occurred; but, if the libraries world of academic library projects in this the author visited are any indication, the country,5 the importance and pervasive- “Library with a Future” will involve more ness of the modular system in the late 20th than simply a matter of adding ethernet century cannot be ignored. to every room or placing workstations The 1990s saw a surge in academic in every cubicle. Academic libraries library construction as colleges and are becoming physical and electronic universities struggled to accommodate a intellectual gathering places rather than 350 College & Research Libraries July 2010 repositories of books. They are a place of changing user needs and desires—an choice for students and faculty wanting to approach practical and efficient in itself. get academic work done. With that focus While most of these libraries had water- in mind, new and renovated buildings less urinals, non–off-gassing carpeting are evolving into different structures that and other symbols of a low-energy, sus- will meet the greater academic and energy tainable environment, it was the focus needs of this century. on spaces for patrons rather than for collections that was most noticeable. The Visits Naturally lit, comfortable areas, study In the spring and summer of 2008, the rooms, wireless capacity, snack bars, author visited a total of ten new, or newly and more electrical outlets were evident renovated, academic libraries across the everywhere. United States. All but two had received or At the start of this project in 2007, had applied for a LEED rating, testifying there was still little information available to their new “greenness.” about which new academic libraries were But what he found most striking about LEED-certified or had “green” aspects. these “green” libraries was not their en- Informal queries indicated a lot of interest ergy efficiency or their healthy interiors. but identified little definite information Rather, it was their close attention to and even fewer completed projects. By

Table 1 List of Libraries Visited (in order of visitation): Duke University, Durham, N.C.: ●● Perkins Complex: Completed 1928, 1948, 1968. Renovation of 1968 addition under way when visited, completed spring 2009. LEED not yet completed. ●● Bostock Library: Opened 2005. LEED certification submitted, never completed. Emory University, Atlanta, Ga.: ●● Asa Griggs Candler Library: opened in 1926. Renovation opened in 2003. LEED Silver. Georgia State University, Atlanta, Ga.: ●● University Library. Built 1966. Renovation completed February 2007. Non-LEED. Some green features. University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla.: ●● George A. Smathers Libraries, Library West. Originally built in 1967. Following renovation, reopened in August 2006. LEED Gold. University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo.: ●● William A. Wise Law Library. Occupied August 2006. LEED Gold. University of Califronia, Merced, Calif.: ●● Library. Occupied in 2005, completed 2006, but still changing as of 2008. LEED Gold. Pacific University, Forest Grove, Ore.: ●● Library. Occupied August 2005. LEED Certified. Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Penn.: ●● School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture Library. Occupied in summer 2005. LEED Gold. Penn State/Wilkes Barre, Lehman, Penn.: ●● Nesbitt Library. Completed 2008. LEED Certified. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.: ●● Hayden Library (Building 14). Completed 1950. Photovoltaic panels on roof. Installed September 2004. Libraries with a Future 351

Illustration 1 An obvious symbol of the LEED-gold status of the University of California–Merced’s new library are the numerous awnings that run above the windows blocking direct sunlight.

networking with colleagues within LLA- the-moment visits took place, personnel MA’s Buildings and Equipment Section were friendly and tried to accommodate. (BES), searching the Web and reviewing Set questions concerning LEED factors the annual architectural issues of Library helped give a common perspective, but Journal and American Libraries, a list grew often the buildings spoke for themselves to include 11 locations. Not all of these via their layouts, furnishings, and special were actually LEED-certified. Some just features. had “green elements.” Others had applied for LEED certification but it had not yet General Comments been granted. Still, it was a start. Four In every location, the author found that road trips in 2008 allowed visits to those growth is now an end game with an ulti- libraries noted in table 1 including librar- mate collection size already determined. ies in the south, west, and New England. In libraries going through renovations, At each location, a tour of entire build- such as at Duke and Emory, collections ings was followed by meetings with were being shifted, compacted, and library personnel, much note taking and moved aside to provide more and more picture taking. For those libraries where user space. In new buildings, such as there were personal connections prior UC-Merced, Pacific, and the Penn State to the visit, the receptions were warm locations, user space had priority from and helpful. Often the hosts went out the beginning. As a result, the modular of their way to answer questions and design system is increasingly taking a show off every aspect of their facilities. back seat to designs that provide for more Even in those locations where spur-of- user appeal. 352 College & Research Libraries July 2010

In virtually every case, the decision to • Book collections are no longer front go LEED started at the top, outside the and center. It was often hard to find the library. In many cases, financial managers books initially. Stacks are more concen- or presidents were the officers who saw trated. Compact shelving is standard LEED as both a way to save money in the even in public, browsing collections. long run and add prestige to an institu- Virtually every library visited—new or tion’s new constructions. Library directors renovated—had at least some compact were generally supportive of LEED, even shelving in place or plans to put it in. if it was not their idea initially. • The technical functions of catalog- The buildings themselves varied ing, processing, and catalog maintenance considerably, but a few common threads are a minor and declining part of a emerged: library’s functions. Technical staffs are • Climatically unprotected glass smaller and their spaces increasingly walls are out, but windows and natural marginalized. In several cases, technical “day lighting” were everywhere. As a services had been moved, or will soon result, LEED libraries felt warmer and move, out of the library entirely. friendlier, whether modern or more tra- • Grand entrance stairs are the new ditional in style. “Big Thing.” In the University of Florida, • LEED libraries tended to be more UC-Merced, and the Wise Law building, sensitive to the geography of space, with a visitor has to either climb a stair or take their designs appropriate to the local climate an elevator to get into the library proper instead of a one-design-fits-all approach. or even to find a circulation desk. Facing This was particularly noticeable in the UC- a stair as the first thing one must do on Merced and Pacific University designs. entering a building was a bit disconcert-

Illustration 2 Carefully preserved trees provide summer shade for the tall windows that, in turn, admit lots of light on winter days in Pacific University’s new LEED-certified library in Forest Grove, Oregon. Despite a gloomy day, the interior of this library felt warm, bright, and welcoming. Libraries with a Future 353 ing, but that was the way these buildings few libraries “enjoyed” effective air- function. handling systems. Artificial lighting was • But the most noticeable overall weak, offering more heat than luminance. characteristic of all these libraries were It made sense to segregate users from their attention to enhanced personal books. High ceilings and large windows patron comfort, including lots of varied created naturally quiet, cool, and well-lit seating, softer natural light, wide tables spaces for users. Books did not need such near windows, and user-controlled task an environment, and it was more efficient lighting. to grant them no more space than they needed. Metcalf admitted that “In many Discussion ways the contemporary undergraduate Kaser insisted that the modular system may be worse off than his predecessors; grew out of the modernist design philoso- the great monumental reading rooms of phy of “Form follows function.” He could earlier days absorbed noise and tended to see no function in the large, separate read- engulf the reader just as a large stadium ing rooms and in the cramped, closed- filled with a cheering crowd may leave stack arrangements that had dominated the athlete oblivious of everything but library design previously. But by doing his immediate surroundings.”7 Yet his so, he ignored the practical, functional discussion of ceiling height reads more aspects of such layouts. Prior to the 1950s, like a contest to see how low ceilings

Illustration 3 Daylighting and compact shelving in a new LEED-gold library: The Wise Law Library, University of Colorado at Boulder. What would otherwise be an unwelcoming basement is sunny and comfortable. 354 College & Research Libraries July 2010 could be placed before users would admit But there was an additional factor, to discomfort. and that lies at the heart of where library The modular system may have ap- buildings were headed until the turn of pealed to some librarians due to its flex- the last century. Metcalf states as inal- ibility, efficiency, and accessibility, but it terable: “Behind the whole problem of had another appeal: modular buildings planning library buildings is a generally were cheaper to build. In an era in which recognized fact, which is so important up-front construction costs were the only that it bears repeating and emphasizing. costs worthy of serious consideration, Libraries and those responsible for them and the energy costs for heating and have never found a satisfactory way of cooling could largely be ignored, this preventing or even slowing up the growth was a critical factor. This usually meant of library space requirements.”8 By this minimal fenestration (or all-glass walls, he meant shelf space, not user space, or, permanently sealed), low ceilings, clus- as Scott Bennett, promoter of libraries for tered seating with little or no privacy, and learning, has pointed out, “Book space, forced-air HVAC systems that created not reader space, came to dominate … steady, year-around climates. The perfect over a period of fifty years.”9 Academic housing for books, perhaps, but not for libraries will always need more space for people. It did not matter. The students and books; libraries need to be able to expand the faculty had to come anyway, because collections. Students need books—lots of the library was the only research game on them; the more a library has, the better it campus. All the techniques that architects will be able to serve its users. Or so the had previously used to create comfortable story went. user spaces could be ignored. Getting the Times have changed, and what Kaser, most accessible square footage for books Metcalf, and Ellsworth accepted as purest became more important. truth has come face-to-face with the brutal Until the 1950s, architects had to design reality of computerized knowledge, new comfort into the structure of a building models of scholarly communication, and itself. Few libraries had air conditioning an end to the era of cheap energy. All or forced-air ventilation systems. If a three of these factors have changed what library was to be comfortable for users, libraries are and what the designs of their that comfort had to come from the way the homes need to be. spaces acted. That is why reading rooms Premier institutions once made a had high ceilings and large windows to point of owning nearly every publica- reduce lighting needs, and why books tion, routinely ordering all new works ended up in closed stacks unused by all from many publishers. The number of but staff. volumes a library owned was a major The new experts decried the “wasted” part of an institution’s bragging rights, space in these reading rooms and hall- a figure pushed on potential students ways because air-handling systems could and other schools at every opportunity. keep fresh, conditioned air available even These ever-expanding collections did in rooms with minimal ceilings. They require ever-expanding buildings. But often denigrated large windows because escalating costs and the decrease in the natural light caused books to deteriorate. number of private, academic publishers Massive use of fluorescent lights raised to a few nearly monopolistic, high-priced foot candles to levels equal to or brighter firms “have forced libraries to adopt new than the old natural light levels. It did not philosophies of access to information matter. People have always acted as if the rather than strive for self-sufficiency cost of electrical power was not important. through ownership of information.”10 In The lifetime costs of libraries were not the contest of access versus ownership, serious considerations. access has won. Libraries with a Future 355

In addition to once buying every- scribed to, collected, and bound? Online thing, academic libraries used to retain accessibility has largely taken that expen- everything as well, including works in sive shelf-filler away. obsolete formats. As David Kapp argued, If access to the world’s knowledge is “[in research libraries] newer information everywhere, why would a user come to technologies are unlikely to replace more the library? The answer can be seen in the traditional ones.”11 Yet the rapid turnover major shifts in programming everywhere. in digital formats now sees libraries Libraries are offering more user comforts converting holdings to new formats and and librarians are teaching more, trying discarding old technologies and their to emphasize the value-added, expert records at a dizzying rate. Even that most services that only a librarian can provide. honored of formats: the codex, is disap- And the buildings themselves are chang- pearing from the shelves in reference, as ing. Crammed study carrels set along are indexes and bound periodicals. All are windowless walls and tables hidden in becoming increasingly online standards. stacks do not cut it. Users want and are This author remembers when annual sub- getting open areas, natural light, and scriptions to basic research sources such space to spread out their materials and as Biological Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts, personal gadgets. This was apparent in all and Psychological Abstracts each ate up the libraries the author visited. Here is a yards of shelves every year. The online happy meeting of user desires and green versions cost money, but they are easier criteria. Modules and stack systems went to search and they take no shelf space. readily together and user desires could be What green libraries have accepted is largely ignored when the library was the that “perpetual growth is an unsustain- only game in town. This is no longer true. able fantasy.”12 Housing miles of little- or never-used tomes in huge, climate- Energy and Spaces controlled buildings is not efficient use The surveys that Harold B. Shill and of resources. Limiting physical size and Shawn Tonner conducted in 2001–200213 growth is as much or a greater commit- touched on many of the major shifts in ment to a lower-energy use future as any academic library building design that had of the various LEED-inspired gestures been occurring over a seven-year period. such as motion-activated lights and genu- Their study focused on new construction ine linoleum floors pointed out on tours. and renovation in the period 1995–2002 The second change lies in the shift and showed increases in square foot- away from collection development and age in almost all instances. But, even a toward enhancing the patron experience. decade ago, user space priority and an We have had no choice. Books do not use expanded use of compact shelving indi- the library—people do—and libraries cated the direction that libraries would now have competition. The knowledge be heading. Other changes Shill and accessible via the World Wide Web and Tonner documented included a greater other online resources continues to grow, sharing of facilities with other tenants, as does its quality, accessibility, and con- more wiring, and more food services. venience. Learning the subtle details of a Personal observations reinforced some classification system and wending one’s of their findings and gave more detailed way through miles of stacks in search of evidence of what have become permanent a book that may or may not be where it changes in the functions academic librar- is supposed to be, and may or may not ies serve, and how their spaces are used to answer the question, increasingly seems reach these newer goals. However, Shill’s a waste of time. Besides, who has time particular interest in the role and expan- to read an entire book? As for the sacred sion of electronics did not appear to still refereed journal, once so carefully sub- be an issue. (Wireless is now a standard 356 College & Research Libraries July 2010 everywhere.) Nor—with the exception Constant year-around temperatures were of the 1950 Hayden Memorial Library at the norm. Fluorescent lights solved the MIT—is collection expansion space. This heating problems of incandescent bulbs is due to the shift already noted to zero or and reduced the need for fenestration. minimal collections growth. But what is Windows did not need to be capable of now an issue, and Shill and Tonner barely being opened because that could only touched on, are the other major changes compromise both the climate controls and occurring that relate to energy. collection security. So where did that leave Looking back, the period from 1950 the user? And where did that take the through 1972 can be seen as a blip on energy bills when the true lifetime costs of the overall trend of energy costs and maintaining fixed temperatures and light consumption. It was easy to disregard levels finally needed to be calculated? The heating and cooling costs because energy new academic libraries being built since was so underpriced during that period. the turn of the century increasingly reflect Forced-air HVAC systems—inefficient, all these energy issues, and collection- wasteful, and requiring extensive main- centric modularity is losing out. tenance—were seen as the solution for To give Metcalf his due, he actually all interior environmental challenges. found the ever-increasing light levels be-

Illustration 4 The 12-Kilowatt photovoltaic panels on the roof of the Hayden Library at M.I.T. look impressive but provide less than one percent of the library’s daily electrical needs. Libraries with a Future 357

Illustration 5 There never seem to be enough outlets in the right places (Georgia State University).

ing placed in newer libraries during most So where is a sustainable future taking of the 20th century somewhat mysterious. these libraries? Some thoughts: He admitted that he did not understand As already noted above, new academic how once “3 or 4 foot candles were con- libraries are increasingly reflective of the sidered adequate”14 when, by the 1960s, recognition of the limits to growth—the standards called for ranges of 12 to 25 foot very essence of “green.” All the libraries candles. But it seems like everyone in this visited have a specific collection size in country has always acted as if electricity is mind and do not intend to exceed that free. Lights, computers, and printers are limit. Reference collections are already always on. The personnel I spoke with at shrinking. The continuous binding of peri- MIT admitted that the Institute’s electrical odical collections is largely a practice of the bill was running at more than a million past. Even microform collections are disap- dollars a week! Their photovoltaic demon- pearing as more and more periodicals are stration project on the roof of the Hayden accessible electronically. Book collections Library was generating a respectful 12 are still growing, but more slowly; and old- kilowatts of power, but it met less than er, unused tomes are being sent offsite or one percent of the library’s daily electrical even being eliminated if they are not being needs. This is the kind of expense level used. Institutions are recognizing that they that colleges and universities—and par- can no longer afford the space and energy ticularly older libraries—are now facing, to support infinitely expanding collec- and the one space-fits-all-needs philoso- tions. Nor are such collections necessary. phy of the modular library is losing out. The universal acceptance of interlibrary 358 College & Research Libraries July 2010 loan, the development of speedy delivery libraries had student study rooms, and mechanisms, and large-scale scanning of they were seeing heavy usage. Wireless is text into electronic formats have removed reducing the need for hard-wired Internet the need for every possible book to be on connections—but not a single visited site to be useful. “Just in case” is no longer library seemed to have enough power enough justification for the purchase of receptacles in the right places. marginal works that, once shelved, may In the process of adding user spaces, never see a single turn of a page. staff needs and space layouts have As spaces for collections have declined changed. Technical services, once front in importance, spaces for users have and center and critical for in-house cata- become paramount. This means more loging and the maintenance of the cards human-friendly rooms, plenty of table or in the card catalogs, have largely moved carrel space, studies with windows, food into nonprime spaces or offsite. and drink cafés or vending machines, In the greening of these libraries, the extended hours, and games to entertain. lifetime costs of a building have become Spacious, user-friendly reading rooms as important as the initial construction with high ceilings were once seen as space costs. There is an open recognition that wasters. Often, added floors or dropped heating and cooling now cost real money ceilings granted more space for books and more and more of it. Patrons prefer and pushed users out of these rooms in natural lighting, and it saves energy costs. the process. Now libraries are tearing Spaces designed to vent themselves give out those added floors and reopening the savings as well. Increased insulation, spaces to serve users.15 Study rooms are building for sun orientation, and more as close to antimodular as one can get, careful attention to space usage have yet that is what users want and what they little or nothing to do with modularity use wherever available. All of the visited but point to the critical future.

Illustration 6 The restored reading room in Atlanta, Georgia’s Emory University, is once more bathed in natural light, the result of a LEED-silver renovation. Libraries with a Future 359

Conclusion become of first importance in the libraries What Metcalf and Kaser championed is the author visited. But more striking was what Stewart Brand, in his fine study that they wanted this library also to have of architectural change, How Buildings a grand entrance “to show those who pass Learn,16 refers to as “low road” build- by that this is a place to further your learn- ings. Warehouses, many factories, and ing …”18 Perhaps this is a postmodernist other utility buildings offer inherent reaction to the dull, raw-concrete mini- flexibility with their open spaces and malist structures of the middle decades minimal interior walls. Equal-sized bays of the last century, but it also can be seen and modularity in such buildings allow as part of a green philosophy where the inexpensive changes in function. But li- buildings work through their design and braries, by their very nature, are not low not just through their systems. road, but rather “high road” buildings, Kaser decried the many libraries be- filled with symbolism and the focus of ing built with features that simply drew a community’s hopes and aspirations. attention to the “high road” status of a Such buildings need to present at least library. He condemned monumentality, the illusion of permanence and offer a excessive glass, and other fads. We can- style and graciousness that welcomes all not argue with any of these criticisms, users. Books might love a modular setting; but the nearly windowless boxes ori- but, when people become more important ented toward endless collection growth than books, modularity is the loser. A and warehousing are no longer the confirmation of this clearly shows in a future. What is needed is acceptance of class project reported by Michelle Twait.17 a new basis of academic and research Asked to design a renovated library and library design that speaks to the needs its spaces, her students’ plans called for of users, is energy efficient, and assumes more study spaces and study rooms, zero-growth of physical collections. group areas, a café and themed reading Such a building will have a future on rooms—all specialized spaces that have any campus.

Notes 1. LEED is a certification program that rates the design, construction, and operation of green buildings. The U.S. Green Building Council, a nonprofit based in Washington, D.C., coordinates the program. See www.usgbc.org/Default.aspx. 2. David Kaser, “Twenty-five years of Academic Library Building Planning,”College & Research Libraries 45 (July 1984): 268–81. 3. David Kaser, The Evolution of the American Academic Library Building (Lanham, Md.: Scare- crow, 1997). 4. Keyes D. Metcalf, Planning Academic and Research Library Buildings (New York: McGraw Hill, 1965). 5. An examination of December (Architecture) issues of Library Journal over the last twenty years reveals that hardly a year has gone by without Shepley, Bulfinch, Richardson & Abbott (SBR&A) on the list of architectual firms for major academic library building projects. In addition, Geoffrey Freeman. Principal at SBR&A, has been a frequent speaker at library events and contributed to books on the design of academic library buildings. For examples, see: Geoffrey Freeman, “The Academic Library in the 21st Century: Partner in Education” in: Building Libraries for the 21st Century: The Shape of Information, ed. T.D. Webb (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2000), 168–75; and Library as Place: Rethinking Roles, Rethinking Space, CLIR Pub. no. 29 (Washington, D.C.: Council on Library and Information Sources, 2005), 1–9. 6. Harold B. Shill and Shawn Tonner, “Creating a Better Place: Physical Improvements in Academic Libraries, 1995–2002,” College & Research Libraries 64 (Nov. 2003): 431–66; Shill and Ton- ner, “Does the Building Still Matter? Usage Patterns in New, Expanded, and Renovated Libraries, 1995–2002,” College & Research Libraries 65 (Mar. 2004): 123–50. 7. Metcalf, Planning Academic and Research Library Buildings, 4. 8. Metcalf, Planning Academic and Research Library Buildings, 3. 360 College & Research Libraries July 2010

9. Scott Bennett, “Libraries and Learning: A History of Paradigm Change,” Portal: Libraries and the Academy 9, no. 2 (Apr. 2009): 185. 10. Janet Fore, R. Cecilia Knight, and Carrie Russell, “Leadership for User Services in the Academic Library,” Journal of Academic Administration 19 (1993): 98. 11. David Kapp, “Designing Academic Libraries: Balancing Constancy and Change” in “For- giving Building: A Library Building Consultants’ Symposium on the Design, Construction and Remodeling of Libraries to Support a High-Tech Future,” Library Hi Tech, 20 (1987): 82 12. Henry Pisciotta, e-mail subject line, “Library Building Design,” April 24, 2009 to Michael Wescott Loder 13. Shill and Tonner, “Creating a Better Place.” 14. Metcalf, Planning Academic and Research Library Buildings, 182. 15. Examples of this retro-renovation include: The restored reading room in the Candler Li- brary at Emory University, the reading rooms in the renovated Thompson Library at Ohio State University, and the restored Special Collections room in Lehigh University’s Linderman Library. See Joseph J. Branin, “Shaping Our Space: Envisioning the New Research Library,” Journal of Library Administration 46 (2007): 49–51. 16. Stewart Brand, How Buildings Learn: What Happens After They’re Built (New York: Viking, 1994). 17. Michelle Twait, “If They Build It, They Will Come: A Student-designed Library,” College & Research Libraries News 70 (Jan. 2009): 21–23. 18. Twait, “If They Build It, They Will Come,” 24. acrl 2011 Philadelphia, March 30 - April 2, 2011 www.acrl.org/acrl/nationalconference

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