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Quantifying the Economic Impact of Sport and Active Recreation

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Quantifying the Economic Impact of Sport and Active Recreation Research Partnership Project Quantifying the Economic Impact of Sport and Active Recreation Literature review of the methodological evidence base for assessment of the economic and social value of sport and active recreation SPRINTER Research Group Prevention Research Collaboration Charles Perkins Centre School of Public Health The University of Sydney Recommended citation Keane, L., Hoare, E., Bellew, B., Richards, J. Literature review of the methodological evidence base for assessment of the economic and social value of sport and active recreation. Prepared for the NSW Office of Sport. Sport and Active Recreation Intervention and Epidemiology Research (SPRINTER) Group, The University of Sydney, 2017. Acknowledgments The NSW Office of Sport commissioned the, Sport and Active Recreation Intervention and Epidemiology Research (SPRINTER) Group, University of Sydney, to undertake this evidence review as an independent study and to prepare this report. The evidence review was prepared by SPRINTER Professor Bill Bellew D.Ph. MPH, B.Ed. │ Director, Technical Development Mr Lewis Keane │ Project Officer Dr Erin Hoare PhD │ Research Assistant We acknowledge the assistance and input of the following NSW Office of Sport Ms Deborah Howard │ Principal Policy and Strategy Officer Ms Sonia Turcinov │ Director Policy and Sector Strategy Ms Kerry Turner │ Manager, Participation & Partnerships Mr Andrew Putt │ Director, Sector Performance Dr Phil Hamdorf │ Executive Director Governance Team │ SPRINTER │ The University of Sydney Prof Adrian Bauman │ Professor of Public Health Assoc. /Prof PH Phongsavan │ Associate Professor of Public Health Assoc. /Prof Emmanuel Stamatakis │Associate Professor, Exercise, Health, and Physical Activity Prof Louise Baur │ Professor of Child & Adolescent Health, Associate Dean & Head, Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School Dr Justin Richards │ NHRMC Post-doctoral Research Fellow 2 | P a g e © 2017 The University of Sydney LIST OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................. 5 PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT............................................................................................................ 9 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 9 LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH QUESTIONS ............................................................................... 10 SEARCH STRATEGY ..................................................................................................................... 11 Peer reviewed search strategy matrix .............................................................................................. 12 Grey literature searches.................................................................................................................... 14 DESCRIPTION OF THE TYPE AND QUALITY OF INCLUDED ARTICLES ............................................... 16 REVIEW OF EVIDENCE ................................................................................................................ 20 Intended benefits .............................................................................................................................. 20 Unintended effects ........................................................................................................................... 38 WHAT MODELS HAVE BEEN USED? ............................................................................................. 49 HOW ROBUST IS THE INFORMATION AND UNDERLYING ASSUMPTIONS? .................................... 50 CASE STUDIES OF THE ECONOMIC MODELS USED........................................................................ 53 APPENDIX 1 INTENDED BENEFITS – TABULATION OF EVIDENCE ................................................. 60 1. Physical health .......................................................................................................................... 60 2. Mental health ............................................................................................................................ 68 3. Economic benefits ..................................................................................................................... 76 4. Community development / well-being ..................................................................................... 81 5. Other benefits ........................................................................................................................... 87 APPENDIX 2 UNINTENDED EFFECTS – TABULATION OF EVIDENCE .............................................. 88 1. Individual physical/mental health effects .................................................................................. 88 2. Individual economic harm .......................................................................................................... 92 3. Exposure to harmful marketing ................................................................................................. 94 4. Anti-social behaviour .................................................................................................................. 97 APPENDIX 3 EVIDENCE FROM GREY LITERATURE – TABULATED BY COUNTRY ........................... 101 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 108 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Logic model for search strategy ............................................................................................ 12 Figure 2 Peer-reviewed literature: search strategy matrix ................................................................. 13 Figure 3 Article screening and selection flow diagram ....................................................................... 15 3 | P a g e © 2017 The University of Sydney GLOSSARY Economic Value The economic concept of value has been broadly defined as any net change in the welfare of society. This concept does not restrict environmental values to benefits from the direct use of a resource. For example, the benefits received from environmental resources (such as enjoyment of national parks and clean air) add to an individual's well-being, as do the benefits obtained from the consumption of goods. The benefits that individuals obtain in satisfying altruistic desires that arise from their own moral beliefs also have economic value. From an economic perspective, values can be associated equally with the consumption of goods and services purchased in markets and with the services from environmental amenities for which no payments are made. In this sense, anything from which an individual gains satisfaction is deemed to be of value, so long as the individual is willing to give up scarce resources for it. Social Value Social Value is created when resources, inputs, processes or policies are combined to generate improvements in the lives of individuals or society as a whole. Social Value includes the concepts of inclusion and access. Socio-Economic Value Socio-Economic Value builds on the foundation of Economic Value creation by attempting to quantify and incorporate certain elements of social value. An entity creates Socio-Economic Value by making use of resources, inputs, or processes; increasing the value of these inputs, and by then generating cost savings for the public system or environment of which the entity is a part. These cost savings are potentially realized in decreased public dollar expenditures and partially in increased revenues to the public sector. Value creation in this arena can be measured using a social return on investment metric (SROI), social earnings calculations and other evolving metric. Sport Sport can be defined as physical activities that are competitive, organised, involve observation of rules and may be participated in either individually or as a team. This definition refers primarily to those participating in sports as amateurs. Active recreation Active recreation is generally unstructured activity that individuals freely pursue in their uncommitted time (leisure time) for a personal sense of enjoyment that also benefits their physical, social or emotional wellbeing. 4 | P a g e © 2017 The University of Sydney EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . The SPRINTER (SPort and active Recreation INTervention and Epidemiology Research) unit, a specialised research group within the Prevention Research Collaboration (PRC), School of Public Health and Charles Perkins Centre at the University of Sydney conducted this review of evidence. The SPRINTER group is dedicated to investigating the health social benefits of participation in sport, and has an applied research focus in actively seeking the translation of research knowledge into policy and practice. The primary aim of this review is to create an evidence base for the assessment of the economic and social value of sport and active recreation. Three key areas for the application of evidence were formulated by the NSW Office of Sport and SPRINTER group to guide this review: 1) What evidence is available on the social and economic value of sport and active recreation in Australia and in comparable countries including the UK, NZ, Canada and the US? 2) What models have been used and what are their relative strengths and weaknesses? How robust is the information and underlying assumptions? What is the most appropriate model for NSW? 3) What is the contribution of sport and active recreation to
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