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KERAGAMAN GENETIK DAN POTENSI PENGEMBANGAN KECIPIR (Psophocarpus Tetragonolobus L.) DI INDONESIA

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KERAGAMAN GENETIK DAN POTENSI PENGEMBANGAN KECIPIR (Psophocarpus Tetragonolobus L.) DI INDONESIA KERAGAMAN GENETIK DAN POTENSI PENGEMBANGAN KECIPIR (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L.) DI INDONESIA Ayda Krisnawati Balai Penelitian Tanaman Kacang-kacangan dan Umbi-umbian, Jalan Raya Kendalpayak km 8, Kotak Pos 66 Malang 65101 Telp. (0341) 801468, Faks. (0341) 801496, E-mail: [email protected]. Diajukan: 03 November 2009; Diterima: 29 Mei 2010 ABSTRAK Kecipir (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L.) merupakan tanaman tropis yang memiliki banyak fungsi, yakni sebagai bahan pangan bernutrisi prima dan sebagai tanaman penutup tanah. Seluruh bagian tanaman dapat dikonsumsi dan kaya akan protein. Tanaman kecipir juga berguna sebagai penyubur tanah, bahan pakan ternak, obat tradisional, dan pengendali erosi di lahan kering. Pusat asal-usul kecipir adalah Papua Nugini, Mauritius, Madagaskar, dan India, sedangkan pusat keanekaragaman terbesar terdapat di Papua Nugini dan Indonesia. Makalah ini mengulas keragaman genetik kecipir di Indonesia, multifungsi kecipir, dan prospek pengembangannya. Ragam kecipir di Indonesia cukup banyak, namun karakterisasi plasma nutfah kecipir di Indonesia belum dilakukan. Ciri pemertela kecipir telah dibuat oleh IBPGR, dan panduan pemertela tersebut dapat diterapkan untuk karakterisasi plasma nutfah kecipir di Indonesia. Prospek pengembangan kecipir di Indonesia cukup besar ditinjau dari ragam pemanfaatannya, kandungan nutrisi, maupun dari aspek ekologis yang sangat sesuai dengan wilayah Indonesia. Kata kunci: Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, keragaman genetik, multifungsi, Indonesia ABSTRACT Genetic diversity and development prospects of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L.) in Indonesia Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L.) is a tropical plant with multiple uses, as a high nutritional food and cover crop on plantation. All parts of the plant are edible and rich of protein. The plant is usable as fertilizer, cattle feed, traditional medicine, and preventing the dry land from erosion. The plant is thought to be originated from Papua New Guinea, Mauritius, Madagascar, and India. The biggest centers of diversity now are in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. This paper presents the genetic diversity of Indonesian winged bean, its multifunctions and development prospects in Indonesia. Winged bean varieties in Indonesia are numerous, but characterization of the winged bean germplasm has not done. Winged bean description list has been made by IBPGR, and the guidelines can be applied to characterize winged bean germplasm in Indonesia. The prospect of winged bean development in Indonesia is very wide in terms of its utilization, nutritional aspects, as well as from the ecological aspect which is very suitable for Indonesia. Keywords: Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, genetic diversity, multifunction, Indonesia ndonesia memiliki plasma nutfah dapat julukan tanaman multifungsi. nya berpindah ke pulau-pulau di Pasifik Itanaman sayuran tropis yang sangat Polong muda, umbi, daun muda, dan Selatan, terutama di Papua Nugini (Ano- beragam. Aneka sayuran tropis telah bunga dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai nim 2002). Di kawasan Asia Tenggara dan diolah menjadi beragam bahan pangan sayuran. Biji yang kering dapat diekstrak Kepulauan Pasifik, kecipir ditanam se- sehat dan menyehatkan. Salah satu minyaknya, diolah menjadi susu, tempe, bagai sayuran sampingan, sedangkan di sayuran tropis potensial di Indonesia tahu, miso, atau untuk pakan ternak. Myanmar dan Papua Nugini kecipir adalah kecipir (Psophocarpus tetragono- Tepung biji kecipir dapat digunakan dibudidayakan dalam skala produksi yang lobus L.). sebagai sumber protein dalam pembuatan menguntungkan. Pada kurun waktu 1980 Keistimewaan kecipir dibanding ta- roti. 1990, kecipir telah tersebar di seluruh naman sayuran lainnya adalah seluruh Kecipir bukan tanaman asli Indonesia kawasan tropis (Anonim 2008a). bagian tanaman dapat dikonsumsi dan dan diperkirakan berasal dari pantai Tanaman kecipir diperkirakan masuk kaya akan protein sehingga kecipir men- Timur Afrika, meskipun pusat keragaman- ke Indonesia pada abad ke-17. Namun, Jurnal Litbang Pertanian, 29(3), 2010 113 hingga kini kecipir belum dibudidayakan penggunaannya pada upacara adat meng- nyangga sebagai rambatan batang. Jika secara meluas, hanya sebagai tanaman indikasikan bahwa kecipir telah berabad- dibiarkan tanpa rambatan, tanaman akan pagar sehingga belum diketahui luas abad dibudidayakan di negara tetangga menutupi permukaan tanah. Batangnya pertanamannya, potensi hasilnya maupun tersebut. Pemanfaatan umbi kecipir silindris, beruas, dan jarang mengayu. keuntungan dari budi daya kecipir. Hal dengan teknik budi daya maju telah dila- Warna batang umumnya hijau, namun ini berbeda dengan di negara lain yang kukan di Myanmar (Khan 1976). Di India, beberapa varietas memiliki batang ke- telah membudidayakan kecipir secara tanaman ini diperkenalkan pada tahun unguan, merah muda hingga coklat. Daun komersial, seperti Myanmar dan Nigeria, 1799 dan hanya dibudidayakan di daerah majemuk dengan anak daun tiga berbentuk dengan potensi hasil 35,5040 t polong Tripura, Assam, dan kawasan daerah segi tiga dengan dua daun penumpu kecil, muda/ha atau setara dengan 4,50 t biji selatan lainnya. Saat ini, petani di hampir sepanjang 78,50 cm. Bentuk pertulangan kering/ha (Rukmana 2000). semua negara tersebut menanam kecipir daun menyirip, berselang-seling, dan Kecipir yang dibudidayakan di Indo- di sepanjang pematang sawah atau umumnya berwarna hijau (Wikipedia nesia terdiri atas dua jenis, yaitu 1) kecipir sebagai tanaman pagar di sekeliling 2008). berbunga ungu yang polongnya berukur- rumah (Sahu 2002). Bunga kecipir berjumlah 210 buah, an pendek (1520 cm), dan 2) kecipir Di Indonesia, kecipir dikenal dengan berada dalam tandan di ketiak daun, berbunga putih dengan ukuran polong beberapa nama, yaitu kacang botol atau bertipe kupu-kupu, dan berwarna lem- yang panjang (3040 cm) dan biji relatif kacang belingbing (Sumatera), jaat bayung muda atau putih dengan ragam kecil. Kecipir yang banyak ditanam di (bahasa Sunda), kelongkang (bahasa perpaduan lembayung muda, krem, biru, Indonesia adalah yang berpolong pen- Bali), dan biraro (Ternate). Di beberapa dan merah. Kelopak bunga biasanya dek dengan jumlah buah yang banyak negara, kecipir dikenal dengan nama goa berwarna biru pucat, dapat dipakai seba- (Susanto et al. 2003). Kecipir cocok bean, winged bean, four angled bean gai pewarna makanan. Buah kecipir ditanam di dataran rendah hingga keting- (Inggris), dambala (bahasa Sinhala, Sri berbentuk polong persegi empat dengan gian 1.600 m dpl, dapat tumbuh pada tanah Lanka), kacang botol (Malaysia), siga- panjang 1540 cm. Setiap segi bersayap dengan bahan organik rendah, tanah rillas (bahasa Tagalog, Filipina), sirahu dan di bagian pinggirnya berombak, berlempung atau berpasir. Kecipir relatif avarai (bahasa Tamil), dan tua phoo bergerigi atau berlekuk. Oleh karena itu, toleran terhadap kekeringan (Khan 1976; (Thailand) (Burkill 1935). kecipir disebut “kacang bersayap” atau Martin dan Delpin 1978; Kemal 2008). Plasma nutfah kecipir di berbagai winged bean. Lebar sayap 0,301 cm, Di Indonesia, budi daya dan peman- belahan Asia memiliki keragaman sifat berwarna kuning-hijau, hijau atau krem, faatan tanaman kecipir belum dilakukan agronomis pada karakter ukuran dan dan kadang-kadang disertai lurik merah secara optimal. Pemanfaatan tanaman bentuk daun, warna bunga, ukuran dan (Kemal 2008). kecipir masih terbatas, yaitu polong muda warna polong, ukuran dan tekstur Polong muda umumnya berwarna sebagai lalapan atau sayur. Prospek budi permukaan sayap, warna dan bentuk hijau, dengan ragam merah muda, merah daya kecipir di Indonesia cukup besar, biji, ukuran umbi, dan warna batang. sampai ungu, dan berubah menjadi coklat selain pemanfaatannya yang beragam Sementara itu, ragam sifat fisiologisnya dan hitam bila telah masak (Gambar 1). untuk sayuran dan bahan pangan, juga meliputi waktu yang dibutuhkan biji untuk Polong berisi 520 biji. Bentuk biji agak dari aspek ekologis sangat sesuai dengan berkecambah, umur berbunga, umur membulat dengan panjang 0,601 cm kondisi Indonesia. Tulisan ini mengulas masak, dan lama pembentukan umbi. dan bobot biji 0,040,64 g. Biji berwarna keragaman genetik kecipir di Indonesia, Variasi juga ditemukan pada kandungan kuning, kehijauan, coklat, putih hingga multifungsi kecipir, dan prospek pengem- protein, minyak, dan nutrisi lainnya pada hitam atau berbintik. Sebagian besar bangannya. biji dan tanaman (BOSTID 1981). kecipir menyerbuk sendiri, namun dengan IBPGR (1979) melaporkan bahwa bantuan lebah, bunga kecipir berpeluang koleksi aksesi kecipir terbanyak terdapat menyerbuk silang. Menurut BOSTID KERAGAMAN GENETIK di Thailand, yakni mencapai 500 aksesi, (1981), penyerbukan silang pada kecipir diikuti oleh Bangladesh dengan 200 dapat mencapai 20%. Pusat asal-usul kecipir diperkirakan aksesi. Ragam kecipir di Indonesia cukup Sebagai tanaman tropis, kecipir sangat terdapat di Papua Nugini, Mauritius, banyak dan diperkirakan tidak kurang rentan terhadap suhu rendah. Kecipir Madagaskar, dan India, sedangkan pusat dari 100 aksesi, namun hingga kini belum merupakan tanaman hari pendek yang keanekaragaman genetik terbesar berada dilakukan koleksi. Mengingat banyaknya hanya berbunga jika panjang hari kurang di Papua Nugini dan Indonesia. Kecipir manfaat kecipir maka eksplorasi kecipir dari masa kritis (12 jam). Vince-Prue (1975) telah lama dibudidayakan di Asia Teng- di Indonesia perlu dilakukan. dalam Schiavinato dan Valio (1996) gara dan Asia Selatan, meliputi India, Sri melaporkan bahwa 23 spesies kecipir Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar,
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