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CHINATOWN:

0 A Historic Asian Anchor

0 A Growing Neighborhood of Chinese immigrant familU!•

0 A Thriving Asian Busine•• Center

0 A Center of Acces• for A.aian Immigrant•

0 A Community of the Future CHINATOWN

Defined by Essex Street to the north, the Mass Pike to the south, the Southeast

Expressway to the east, a~d Harrison Avenue to the west, the present land area of Chinatown was created by the f illing of tidal marshy known as the Sou.th Cove, on the east side of the "Boston Neck". Although there was some early construction in this remote area of the city, the Neck served primarily as the single link betv;een the Boston peninsula and the mainland. The filling of South Cove began in 1806 as part of the citywide landfill movement to create more space for Boston 1 s growing population. 'I'he first landfill extended out to Harrison Avenue. Divided into small lots for residential purposes, the area was first occupied by middle-class Yankee Americans. The predominantly residential character lasted only 30 years, how~ver, and since then the area has been continuously threatened by incOmpatible land· uses. Between 1833 and 1839, the greater part of t he South Cove was filled in by the South Cove Associates for railroad depots and yard space. Such development made the area undesirable for res i dences, causing many families to move out. As land values declined, leather and garment industrLes established bases there also, making the area still less habitable.

A sucession of immigrant groups, each progressi~ely more foreign to American eyes--- the Irish,the Italian, Jews, Greeks, Syrians and Chinese--- soon replaced the Yankees. Low in rent and close to the depots, the area became the t raditional first settling place for immigrants. :Sach group inherited and re-used housing left oehind by the original i D~ab itants, contributing to the architectural st ock only through religious architecture. Many ~r oups left the area as they became increasingly assimilated to the American ivay of lLfe and improved their economic situation. The Chinese , however, remained as the only group of Boston immigrants to establish-a distinct and permanent community in the area of their origin settlement. The Chinese ftrst appeared in Boston about 1870, when 100 men were brought from the West t o break a shoe factory striKe in North Adams. In 1883, more people came t o construct the telephone building on Oxford Street. The first Chinese settlement i~as a street of tents along Ping-on Alley (Oliver Place ), and by 1890, the community was concentrated in the block bounded by Harrison, Beach, Oxford, and Essex Streets. In Boston, the early Chinese Community was small--- 200 in 1890 --- and predominantly male because of strict immigrant ion laws. Hindered by language and cultural barriers and governed by "family associations " which took care of all economic and social needs, it was a community unto i tself. Most workers felt no attachments to America because they intended to return horne when they had made enough 1noney.

1 . The Chinese Community remained small and closed until the 1950's. Anti-foreign sentiments softened after World War II, ru1d liberal immigration acts admitted more Chinese, mostly women,into the country. 'rhe Chinese population in Boston jumped from 1600 in 1':1 40 to 52"0 in 1960, and 7900 in 1970. At the same time, the Chinese i .:;..zigra.11ts b e~....n t (} vi .:-: ..- '" h e United States o.s a permru1ent home, since they could no longer return to China, ru1d establishment of families strengthened ties to the community Barries slowly began to break down \-then the second generation of Chinese grew up and looked for opportunities outside the community. At the same time, Americans, attracted by the food and gift items, began to "discover" Chinatown.

Ironically, while the community today iS taking root and growing, the ~and area f or housing has continuously been reduced by outsi de forces. ~ ' he original housing i n the area ~ lad been seriously C.iminished by the demolit ion of tenements t o save taxes. f ollowing t he universal decline in land values after 1928, which was not paralleled by the decline in assessment. During the 1950's and 1960's, institutional expansion ( 'l'-NEHC ) on the west ru1d highway expansions ( Southeast Expressway and Mass Pike) on the south and east resulted in the destruction of many housing units as well as reducing the possibility for residential expansion in these directions. With the Combat Zone and the proposed Theater District on the west and Lafayette Place on the north, Chinatown is in effect an area restricted on all sides. Also, development pressures along these edges sharply raised land prices within Chinatown, thus making construction of much-needed low-income housing for Chinatown residents highly unprofitab While many Chinese were forced to move to Allston or the South End to seek housing many still prefer to live in Chinatown despite the overcrowding and the time-worn condition of these 19th century row houses. Attachment to the area grew mostly out of cultural ties to the communtiy, language barriers and proximity to the work place. In addition to the housing problem, the community is also faced with shortage of human services, unemployment,lack of public improvement and open space. These problems had become so severe that in the early 1970's Chinatown broke its long s.ilence and expressed its grievances, focusing attention on community problems. These efforts led to several· positive steps such as the construction of subsidized apartment highrise ( Tai Tung Village, ~ Quincy Tower, Mass Pike Tower ) the Golden Age Center, a health center, and Quincy Community School. The problem still exist, however, as Chinese immigrru1ts continue to pour into Boston at a rate of 300 per year. Thus the survival of Chinatown as a viable ethnic neighborhaood in the heart of the city requires continued invol vement by community groups as well as commitments from public and private sources.

2. BEACH STREEr

Since employment opportunities were closed elsewhere, most Chinese had to work in restaurants, grocery stores, and trading companies within the community. These establishments in turn l'einforced the community's central position for Chmese immigrant living in other parts of new England.

RESTAURANT, TYLER STREET

After the 1950s, many new restaurants, gifts shops and grocery stores were built or remodeied,complete with modern architecture and neon signs to respond to the new interest of Americans in Chinese cuisine and gifts.

MIXED USE ON HARRISON AVENUE

Out of both economic necessity and choice, many Chinese live, work, and socialize in Chinatown. Workplaces and residences are in close juxtaposition. The row houses, \.Jhich the Chinese had inherited from the preceding immigrant groups, were remodeled to have commercial establishments on the ground floors and residences on top. Thus, while to visitors Chinatown might seem to be solely a commercial area, it is also a home -for many people.

PARKING LOT AT HARVARD AVENUE

In the late 1970s, after many tenements were taken down, the cleared land wa.s used as parking lots. :rt \-las a. profitable venture as the area is within walking distance t o 3ost on 1 s retail district. Other events which reduced the housing stock in Chinatown during this period were the establishments of hosj:ri:tals in the area, a second wave of garment industries along Kneeland Street are part of a major traffic plan.

TUFTS NEW ENGLAND MEDICAL CENTER

A highly significant element which stands at the western edge of Chinatown is the Tufts-New England f

The Quincy School complex was planned and slated for construction in 1973, and was completed in 1975 to meet the increasing needs in education, health care end community services. It houses the South Cove Community Health Center, Dis tricL 7 School Department Office, recreational facilities and various educational ~~~~n~

CHINATOvll~ BOYS'CLUB

It was found in 1970 by Walter Jamie • It is a center for educational and re­ ereational activities for youths in Chinatown.

OLD QUINCY SCHOOL, 1847

Built in 1847, Quincy School was the first Boston school to have a separate room for each class, a separate desk for each student, and the first to have a head and sub-head masters. The student population reflected the diffenert ethnic groups who lived in the area. At the turn of the century, Quincy School could boast 14 different national groups. By 1955, however, the student body was 9SO/o Chinese. The original Quincy School was 4 stories and had a peaked roof with cupola. The top story was blown off in a hurricane in 1938, and the building was repaired with a. flat roof.

TAI TUlJG VI LLAGE HOUSING FHOB C: T

Tai Tung Village, containing 214 units, contrasts greatly with the existing housing fabric of Chinatown in terms of height and building materials. Reflecting the need for more subsidized housing in a limited amount of space, it, in .a way, helped to stabilize the community by slowing the forced exodus of Chinese to the other parts of the city.

ST JAHES CHURCH

While most immigrant groups stayed in the area only briefly, the Irish, Syrians a.11d Chinese stayed for longer period of time and each set up some sort of community despite tl1e noise and pollution in the surrounding areas. The area was predominantly Irish between the ·1850's and the 1880s. st. James, a Roman Catholic Church, was built during this period and still stands today. CHINATOWN GATEWAY ( PAI- LOU )

The 36 feet high, double-roofed pai-lou is situated at the east end of Beach St. It was dedicated on August 22 , i982 in conjunction with the August Moon Festival. Its ceramic roof tiles and stone carvings were presented to Boston Chinatown by the -Jrtt>•,dsJ<, p be-fwnn Republic of China in 1976 f or the Bicentennial celebration as a token of~ the people of etr±n:a:-Mt{,..}lf.J ond· the people of Boston. The gateway symbolizes the entrance to Chinatown and preservation of a unique cultural heritage.

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~ .} ~ } t' 0 I '\ (j \' · :: ~ - · ;"' r ~ of _,_ A.e- c;\l 'f\~ ~ e .., Chinatown Explorations How are people dressed? (for children 8-12 years old) e Both in "typical American" and in Chinese-style clothing. The questions provided below will serve to guide students in their exploration of Chinatown and Sounds: Is it noisy? should be used with the section about the Chinese e You bet; it is a crowded, commercial and grocery store. residential district wedged between major thoroughfares. The best way to explore a new place is to keep your eyes and ears open. Observe all things: Signs: Observe the street signs, store signs, people, sounds, signs, foods and stores. As you posters, menus. In how many different are exploring, try to be like a fly on the wall. languages are they written? If you are not obviously watching, you will see e Chinese is the main language, but some more. shops have signs in Khmer and Vietnamese as well. People: Who lives in Chinatown? e Mostly Chinese people, mostly new Foods: What kinds of foods are sold in the immigrants, mostly low-income people. grocery stores? Many Southeast Asians live in Chinatown e American as well as Asian. as well. In what way is the Chinatown grocery Who works here? store similar to and different from echinatown residents work in the ' grocery stores in your neighborhood? restaurants, garment factories and • Both sell food, both cater to local shops, many of which are owned by people tastes. In Chinatown the store serves who live outside Chinatown. Tufts New Asians and people who want Asian foods. England Medical Center employs Chinese and non-Chinese. Stores: What kinds of stores are there? •Gift shops with items from Ch i na, Who visits Chinatown? bakeries, restaurants, travel agencies, e Suburban Chinese, Asians and non-Chinese grocery stores, clothing and yard goods who want to buy groceries, attend stores. Many stores cater to tourists. special events or visit relatives and friends. Do the owners know the customers? 4tin the stores for the neighborhood, such Where else do Chinese and Asians live? as grocery stores, yes; in the gift e Everywhere; other urban neighborhoods, stores, probably not. It depends who particularly Allston-Brighton, as well as the store serves primarily. suburban communities, such as Lexington. PROFILE OF BOSTON'S CHINATOWN NEIGHBORHOOD -Based on 1987 BRA Chinatown Survey 7-10-91

CHINATOWN: A Historic Asian Anchor

The first Chinese immigrants settled in Boston were laborers who pitched their tents at the Ping-On Alley (Alley of Peace and Safety) during 1870s.

The oldest corrununity organization began in 1890: over 20% of Asian businesses have been operating 1n Chinatown for more than 20 years.

91% of Chinatown's 5000 residents are Chinese: 2% are Vietnamese. Cambodian or other Asian ethnicity.

55% of all Chinatown's users are Chinese. and 8% are either Vietnamese or Cambodians.

Asians own 35% of the land and medical institutions 27%, while 19% is publicly owned, including 14% by the City.

CHINATOWN: A Growing Neighborhood of Chinese immigrant families.

Chinatown's population has tripled since 1970s from about 1,500 to over 5,000 in the core area, the majority being first generation immigrants.

* 66% of Chinatown's residents were born abroad: 33% of them came from China and 24% from Hong Kong.

• 13% of residents lived 1n Chinatown less than 1 year. 32% between 2 to 5 years . and 33% longer than 10 years.

* 6 out of every 10 households in Chinatown are families: 48% of all families have children living with them. and 41% have at least one elderly person.

* The average income of a Chinatown family was 77% of city average in 1979. while 42% reported income below $10.000 1n the 1987 survey.

CHINATOWN: A Thriving ABian BusineBB Center

About 185 businesses in Boston's Chinatown are serving the Asian community in the metropolltan area and in New England.

• Professional and personal services account for 29% of Chinatown businesses . followed by restaurants/bakeries (25%) and markets/groceries (20%).

* 46% of the Chinatown businesses were started within the past 6 years.

* Over 50% of the Chinatown businesses would like to expand, most prefer current location (37%) or another location 1n Chinatown (43%).

• Over 40 Asian enterprises are operating 1n the lower Washington Street area and pioneering the revitalization of the adjacent Midtown Cultural District. CHINATOWN: A Center of Access for Asian Immigrants

The central location of Chinatown and the concentration of community services provide Asian immigrants with the initial access to jobs, housing, health care, and general information, referral, and counselling. o A total over 60 community organizations and service providers are active in the Chinatown community in Metropolitan Boston. at least 40 are located in and around Chinatown. o Over 60% of all Asians who live. work. shop, visit or pass by Chinatown utilize at least one community service program cur:rently available in the neighborhood. o Almost 1 out of every 4 clients of service~ agencies comes from outside Boston. about 52% live in Chinatown and the adjacent areas. the remaining 23% come from other Boston neighborhoods. o 71% of Chinatown residents do not own a car; 34% of Chinatown workers travel to work by public transportation. 28% walk.

CHINATOWN: A Community of the Future

The role of Boston's Chinatown in the Asian community at large will become increasingly complex through the 1990s. o Asians in Boston will increase from 15.150 in 1987, representing 2.7% of total population. to about 33,000 in 2000, representing 4.8% of the population. o Asians in Massachusetts will increase at an annual rate of 4. 7% between 1980 and 2010, compared to 0.3% of the statewide growth rate. o Chinese immigrants from China, Hong Kong and Taiwan will be closely matched by Indochinese refugees from Cambodia and Vietnam - including ethnic Chinese - to make up the majmity of new arrivals; each of these groups accounted for about 20% of the new immigrants in 1986. o Asian immigrants arriving from abroad have been joined by those migrating from other states attracted by the job opportunities - including those requiring only limited English proficiency. o Chinatown will remain a prtmary choice of residence for the first generation immigrants and their families. The Asian community at large will become increasingly heterogeneous. because of the diversity in ethnicity plus variation- or disparities - in economic conditions and social status. o The growth and emergence of Asian enclaves or satellite communities in Metropolitan Boston will be effected by the increase in and the diversity of Asian population, by the changes in job distributions, and by the constraints or opportunities for Chinatown, the neighborhood, to expand and to grow. SOUTH COVE/CHINATOWN WALK SOUTH COVE/CHINATC)WN WALK Action for Ec·onornic ctnd Social justice

WonH.:n\ organi1.atiom working f~1r >lH.: i.tl dJ.tnge .tnd notwmic equ.dity an.: described in rhe South Cove/Chinatown W.dk. IZ.tn ging from women'> rrade union auiviries to the international prog : ant~ of' a Catholic sisrerhood, the walk indudes the story of .1 wunun-run >ettlentent hmt>e and a famom cooking >chool.

..-TJME One-and-a-half hour> ..-BEGIN lnfinmation Booth, Boston Conuno11, or ( )Jd South Meeting BOSTON House, 30H Washington Street COMMON ..-DIRECTIONS 1:rom the lnf(mnation Buotl1, cro>> 'll·enwnt Street, turn ld'r on West Street. From Old Sourh Meering I lome, walk south on Washingron Sneer, righr on Wesr Srreet. For Old Sourh, >ee D 14.

c 1ELIZABETH PEABODY BOOK SHOP, 13-1 S WEST STREET

The bookshop of Elizabeth Pqbody ( IH04 - IH~4) i> bnt known as the locarion of the Conversatior1s {t:d by Margaret Fuller (I HI O- IH50) which helped crystallize New England Tran>cendentali>m, a movement encom­ aging the perfi:crion of each individual. Fuller prnented her revolutionary views on women's righrs in her Conver>atiom and as editor of the DiaL Elizaberh 1\:abody imroduced kindergartens ro Bmron. ller younger sis­ rers were each married in rhe Eunily parlor behind the boobhop. Sophia, an anisr, became Sophia Peabody Hawthorne (I HO~ - IH71). wife of author Nathaniel llawthorne in I H42, and Mary, an educator, became Mary Peabody Mann ( 1806-IHH?), wife and as>ociate of educator Horace Mann a year larer.

..-DIRECTIONS Walk down to WJ.>hingtun Street and take a right pa,>ing rhe Opera Company of BosHlll f(Hmded by Sarah Caldwell. 'limt ldi on Avenue dt.: Lafayent.: and righr on Chauncy Streer to ~ Iarrison Avullte. TELEPHONE EXCHANGE, LEBANESE-SYRIAN LADIES' AID SOCIETY, C2 2-8 HARRISON AVENUE AND OXFORD PLACE C5 76 TYLER STREET A successful srrike of 8,000 wonwn telephone operarors in April 1919, The women of the l.ehanese-Syrian l.adie~ ' Aid StKil·ty rai~t:d money lin led by Julia O'Connor I Parker! ( 1890- 1972), paralyzed telephone service new arrivals and w provide relief 10 people in the Nt:ar East. Founded in in five New England St;Ht:S for six days. Thi!> building is an expansion of the South Cove arc1 in 191 7, the society !>ponsornl t:VL'Ilt!> f ~>r fund-rais­ the Oxford Street exchange whne O'Connor worked. Switchboard opn­ ing that made them J center lor the !>ociallilc of the n>mmunity. h later ators, who were mostly young single Irish-American women, were expect­ moved ro 1he South End. ed to work at breakneck speed often on split !>hifrs. They were punished with detention as if they were still in high school. Supported by the MARYKNOLL SISTERS, Women's Tradt: Union League, O'Connor and her team negotiated a set­ C 6 79 TYLER STREET tlemem that included a $3 to $4 weekly raise. (see C IO) . Mmher Mary Jmeph Rogers ( 1882-1 'J'i'i), a BmLOil Public School gradu­ uate and teacher, li>unded 1he Maryknoll Si!>ters of St. Dominic, a nation­ •DIRECTIONS Note the sign across the s1reer for the lnrernationJI Ladies al order whose members were firs! known li>r their protC~sional Krvice in Garment Workers Union. Below the telephone building, turn left into an C hina before the Communist takeover. Mnnber~ now ~erve all over the alley and follow it to a small park on Oxford Street marked by a 40-foot world, panicularly in l..nin America. The mis!>ion on Tyler Stret:L ~erves mural, "'lravdlers in an Autumn Landscape," a copy of a 300-year-old the Boston Chinese community. C hinese painting. Cross Beach Street to Tyler Streer. South and east of Beach Street was South Cove, a tidal flat until 1he 1830s. QUINCY SCHOOL AND DENISON HOUSE, C 7 90 AND 93 TYLER STREET C 3 PHILLIS WHEATLEY LANDING PLACE, BEACH AND TYLER STREET When the Quincy School opened in 1847, teacher~ had their own da!>s­ rooms for the first rime in America. Women teachns were in charge of Phillis Wheatley (c 1753- 1784), the first published African-American each grade but were supervised by a male principal. Students sa! at !heir womn, poet in America, landed while still a small 'child in 1761 in the own desks instead of at long benches. Boys and girls arrended ditlerent slave ship Phillis at Avery's Wharf located near rhe presem position of grammar schools; the Quincy School was for boys. The Chinese­ Tyler Streer. She was purchased at auction by the Wheatley family. Her American Civic Association runs a multi-service center in the building mistress, Suzannah Wheatley, became her mentor {see also 0 14). today. Denison House, a woman-run se11lement house, occupied three buildings across the street for fifty years (now a vacant lor). founded in NEW ENGLAND CHINESE WOMEN'S ASSOCIATION, 1892 by the College Settlement House Association, Denison House was C4 2 TYLER STREET direned by Helena Dudley ( 1858-1932) and Vida Scudder ( 1861- The blue and gold sign on the second tloor marks rhe New England 1954), a Wellesley College protl:ssor. Their ~hop sold crafts produced by C hinese Women's Association founded in 1942 by Chew Shee Chin local women. They ran a medical dispensary, a milk station, and taught {1899-1985) and other Boswn Chinese women in response to Madame English. The heritage of Lebanese, Syrian, and Italian immigrant womt:ll C hiang Kai Shek's appeal for China relief during World War I I. The asso­ was honored through cralis and tolk dancing. Dudley believed women's ciation cominues to serve the Boston Chinese community as a network­ greatest need was for a living wage and helped organize the Women's ing and social service organization. Chew Shee C hin was one of the first Trade Union League (see C2, C I 0). When aviator Amelia Ear han ( 1897- C hinese-American women to work in Boston's garment industry (~ee 1937) was a ~ocial worker there, she showert:d ll o~10n with leafl et~ from a C8). plane announcing a Deni~on House slfet:t bir.

..-DIRECTIONS ( :o111inue ro 1he t:nd of Tyler Sirt:el ; !urn right on ( )ak.

'l/1 CHINATOWN COMMUNITY MURAL, "UNITY AND COMMUNITY," wonlcn \Vorkcr ~ joined and held rnajo r offi ce~. Ant ong rhe prc.:~ id c JH ~ • C 8 34 OAK STREET were tckplwrH: operators Julia O 'Connor l'.nkcr and R o ~c hnkcl ~ t c in Norwood (I WJ 1- 1'JHO). For fift y yc.n~ they al ~ o helped organ ill· Bmton The garment workc:r in this mural painted in I'JH(J ~ymholizcs the nuny library workers, retail clerks, and oHice cleann~ . Asian-American women who work in the g:urm:nt industry. Whc:n one of Boston's largest garment bctorics shut irs doors in I 'JH'), .)00 women .-DIRECTIONS 'llrrn left on Boylswn St r-c:ct 10 l'.rrk Squ.J rc. were thrown 0111 of work. Asian-American women successfully demanded retraining rights and that rhe sessions be conducted in their native lan­ WOMEN EDITORS, guages. A day care cmter occupies the first floor of the building and a C11 PARK SQUARE community garden is on the corner of Oak and Washington Street. Novelist Pauline Hopkins (I H56- l 1).10) edited lhe Co lored Amerim n ..-DIRECTIONS As you continue along Oak Street crossing Washington w from 1900 to I 904 in an office in Park Squ:~rc: . I kr goal was ro p11blish a Tremont Street, notice the friezes on the new Quincy School designed by journal devoted ro "the development of Afro-American art and litera­ artist Maria Termini using drawings by children in the old Quincy ture." She included a series of :~niclcs , "bmous Womc:n of the Negro School. Take a right on Tremont Street. Race," and reponed the news of the rejection of Josephine St.Pierre Ruffin\ New Era Club for membersh ip in the General Federation o f CHINESECULTURE INSTITUTE, Women's Clubs in 1902 (sec BH) . Anorher publication edi ted by women C 9 276 TREMONT STREET with oftlces in Park Square was Our Bodies Ourselves, published by the Boston Women's H ealth Collective in 1970. The Collc:ctive is now in Art historian Doris C.J. Chu founded the art gallery of the Chinese Somerville. Culture Institute in 19RO ro promote racial harmony through cultural understanding and to stimulate interest in Chinese history, philosophy, ..-DIRECTIONS Co back along Boylston Street to Tremont Street, turn left literature, and art. The Institute displays Chinese art and offers Chinese and continue back along the Boston Common toward the Information plays, concerts, lectures, and workshops. Boorh. When passing the Colonial Theatre, note the plaque li sting prominent actresses who performed there . ..-DIRECTIONS Continue down Tremont Street passing rhe Wang Cemer and rhe Wilbur Theatre, noting the Schubert Thearre across the srreer. c 12 THE BOSTON COOKING SCHOOL, 174 TREMONT STREET Both the Wilbur and the Schubert display plaques listing names of famous actresses who have performed on rheir stages. Cross Tremont Street at the corner of Stuan Street and cross Stuan Street ro the As principal of rhe Boston Cooking School, the earliest women's school Transportation Building. Walk through the atrium ro Boylston Place. for professional cooking in Boston, Fanny brmc:r published her famous cookbook from this site in 1896. llcr cookbook revolutionized cooking BOSTON WOMEN'STRAIJE UNION LEAGUE, by using scientific measurements in recipes. Within 50 years, nearly three C 10 S BOYLSTON PLACE million copies were printed, making Fanny Farmer's name a household word. She hoped her hook would "awaken an interest . . . which will lead During the Crear Depression, the Bosron Women's Trade Union League to deeper thought and broader study of what to eJt." maintained offices and a soup kitchen in this building owned and occu­ pied on the upper floors by Boston's exclusive Tavern C lub for men. Soon after the National WTU L was established at Faneuil H all in 190j, the Boston branch assisted women workers in forming trade unions and aid­ ing strikes, including the telephone operators' strike of 19 19 (see C2). Although upper middle class women reformers began rhe BWTUL, 22