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Self-Assessment Answers Cases 1 - 15 Self-Assessment Answers Cases 1 - 15 Chairs: Richard Carr (UK) Rossitza Lazova (USA) Self Assessment Preçis XXXVIII Symposium of the International Society of Dermatopathology, Glasgow, 28-30 September 2017 Self-Assessment Answers Part 1 – Friday 29th September 2017 No Time First Name Surname Country Selected Cases Page 1 16:20 Mona Abdel-Halim Egypt Fluoroscopy: radiodermatitis 3 2 16:26 Asha Kubba India Papulonecrotic tuberculid 5 3 16:32 Doina Ivan USA Crystaloglobulinemia 6 4 16:38 Francisco Bravo Peru Gnathosmiasis 7 5 16:44 Jose Cardoso Portugal Acral persistent papular mucinosis 9 6 16:50 Agnes Carlotti France Anaplastic Kaposi's Sarcoma 11 7 16:56 Benedicte Cavalier-Balloy France Acantholytic extrammary genital Pagets disease 12 8 17:02 Heung Chong UK Plaque like myofibroblastic tumour of infancy 14 9 17:08 David Cassarino USA Mycoplasma induced rash & mucositis syndrome 15 (EM-like) 10 17:14 Reem El Bahtimi Dubai Cutaneous lymphadenoma 16 11 17:20 Lydia Essary USA Primary cutaneous coccidiodomycosis 18 12 17:26 Maxwell Fung USA Sclerodermoid GVHD w cutaneous amyloid 19 13 17:32 Anjela Galan USA Granuloma-annulare-like mets. Breast 20 14 17:38 Joerg Schaller Germany Randalls disease (non-amyloid light chains) 22 15 17:44 Katrin Kerl Switzerland Lavamisol induced occlusive vasculitis 24 2 Self Assessment Preçis XXXVIII Symposium of the International Society of Dermatopathology, Glasgow, 28-30 September 2017 Case 1 Mona R.E. Abdel-Halim, MD, Dip Dermpath (ICDP-UEMS) DIAGNOSIS FLOUROSCOPY INDUCED CHRONIC RADIODERMATITIS Clinical Summary: A 66-year-old male patient presented with a well defined square shaped indurated/sclerotic focally ulcerated plaque with atrophic areas on the right sub-scapular area of 2 years duration. The patient's medical history included coronary artery disease for which he underwent percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty 6 months prior to the onset of the lesion. Microscopic Features: Histopathological examination of a large deep surgical biopsy, including part of the ulcer, revealed: necrotic debris covering the ulcerated area of the epidermis. The adjacent epidermis was hyperplastic with vacuolated keratinocytes and fibrin was focally deposited beneath the epidermis. Blood vessels in the superficial and mid dermis showed luminal thrombosis and some showed fibrin deposition and hyaline material in their walls. Mild perivascular non specific infiltrate composed of lymphocytes and histiocytes was detected in addition to many bizarre shaped fibroblasts, some were multi-nucleated. The dermis was densely sclerotic with esinophilic homogenized collagen, absent hair follicles (with preserved arrector pili muscles), and marked reduction in sweat glands with only few degenerated sweat coils. Subcutaneous fat was reduced with sclerosed areas. Discussion: The potential of radiodermatitis developing from interventional fluoroscopy is increasing nowadays with the increased therapeutic and diagnostic indications, complexity and length of procedures, and accordingly doses of radiation used (1). A typical fluoroscopic procedure exposes the patient approximately to 0.02 to 0.05 Gy/minute, however doses as high as 0.5 Gy/minute have been reported (2). Cardiac catheterization procedures generally expose patients to an average dose of 2.5 Gy. Due to radiation being focused mainly on stenosed vessels, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty procedures are more hazardous as radiation doses can reach 6.4 Gy (3). As in classic radiodermatitis, fluoroscopy induced radiodermatitis can be acute, chronic or subacute. Acute radiation skin injury can occur with a threshold dose of 2-8Gy and this usually develops within 7-14 days after the procedure. Acute reactions present with erythema, vesicles, erosions, pain and tenderness. On the other hand, a cumulative threshold dose of 10- 12Gy usually lead to late onset manifestations of chronic radiodermatitis that may take months to years to develop and are known as fluoroscopy induced chronic radiodermatitis (FICRD) (4, 5). These are characterized by permanent erythema, sclerosis, atrophy (white areas), permanent reticulated erythema/telangiectasia, desquamation, refractory ulcerations, discoloration and pruritus (4) and may be complicated by invasive basal or squamous cell carcinoma (6). Subacute cases exhibit overlapping features (7). The following triad is essential in establishing a diagnosis of fluoroscopy induced radiation dermatitis: history of interventional fluoroscopic procedure, skin lesions with appropriate characteristics of radiodermatitis and location of the lesions at the entrance site of ionizing radiation for that particular procedure which gives it a peculiar geometric outline; 3 Self Assessment Preçis XXXVIII Symposium of the International Society of Dermatopathology, Glasgow, 28-30 September 2017 square shaped or rectangular (4). The most frequently affected sites related to coronary procedures include: scapular and sub-scapular areas, mid back, right mid axillary and right anterolateral chest depending on which vessels are visualized (4). Due to the possible long interval between the development of FICRD and the actual fluoroscopic procedure, patients usually do not relate the skin manifestations to the procedure and this leads to diagnostic difficulties (5). Accordingly, awareness of this entity is important for dermatologists/dermatopathologists and the possibility of FICRD should be raised whenever cutaneous lesions mimicking radiodermatitis are seen in any of the above mentioned peculiar anatomical locations. References: 1. Aerts A, Decraene T, van den Oord JJ, Dens J, Janssens S, Guelinckx P, Flour M, Degreef H, Garmyn M. Chronic radiodermatitis following percutaneous coronary interventions: a report of two cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2003; 17(3):340-3 2. Malkinson FD. Radiation injury to skin following fluoroscopically guided procedures. Arch Dermatol. 1996; 132(6):695-6 3. Lichtenstein DA, Klapholz L, Vardy DA, Leichter I, Mosseri M, Klaus SN, Gilead LT. Chronic radiodermatitis following cardiac catheterization. Arch Dermatol. 1996; 132(6):663-7 4. Koenig TR, Wolff D, Mettler FA, Wagner LK. Skin injuries from fluoroscopically guided procedures: part 1, characteristics of radiation injury. Am J Roentgenol 2001; 1773- 11 5. Lee J, Hoss D, Phillips TJ. Fluoroscopy-induced skin necrosis. Arch Dermatol. 2003;139(2):140-2 6. Davis MM, Hanke CW, Zollinger TW, Montebello JF, Hornback NB, Norins AL. Skin cancer in patients with chronic radiation dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989;20(4):608-16 7. Stone MS, Robson KJ, LeBoit PE. Subacute radiation dermatitis from fluoroscopy during coronary artery stenting: evidence for cytotoxic lymphocyte mediated apoptosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38(2 Pt 2):333-6. 4 Self Assessment Preçis XXXVIII Symposium of the International Society of Dermatopathology, Glasgow, 28-30 September 2017 Case 2 Dr Asha Kubba DIAGNOSIS: PAPULO-NECROTIC TUBERCULIDE Clinical Summary: 37 F Papulo-nodular eruption on erythematous base, some are ulcerated. Located on upper arms, both legs up to buttocks.. Microscopic features: A central wedge shaped neutrophilic microabcess extends into mid reticular dermis. Epidermis is completely necrotic. The infiltrate is surrounded by a ring of granulomatous infiltrate including epithelioid cells and multinucleated giant cells including Langhan type . Dense infiltrate of lympho-histiocytes , plasma cells, neutrophils and eosinophils are present in deep dermis and subcutaneous fat. Epithelioid granulomas and fat necrosis are noted. Vasculitis is absent. Fite stain is negative for acid fast organisms. Second biopsy, of the nodule on the leg shows superficial and deep lympho-histiocytic infiltrate ; extensive lobular necrosis and panniculitis with granulomatous inflammation. A medium sized vessel shows fibrinoid necrosis and lymphocytic inflammation of vessel wall surrounded by epithelioid granulomas and granulomatous infiltrate. Discussion: Tuberculides are considered to be a hypersensitivity reaction to M. tuberculosis infection somewhere in the body. Such reactions are seen in individuals with high degree of immunity documented by strongly positive Mantoux test. Cutaneous lesions of tuberculide may present as a) lichen scrofulosorum; b) papular / papulo- necrotic tuberculide and c) Erythema induratum. Papulo-necrotic tuberculide (PNT) presents as papulo-nodular eruption, some lesions may show central necrosis. Lesions are typically seen on the upper and lower limbs and less commonly on ears and genitals. The papulo-necrotic lesions heal with varioliform scar formation. Sometimes, more than one type of lesions is seen in one patient as illustrated by the present case. Acid fast organisms are not detected by special stains and mycobacterial culture are usually negative. Mycobacterial DNA has been detected by PCR in some cases. Tuberculides respond to antiTB treatment. Clinically and histologically lesions of PNT can be mistaken for Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta ( PLEVA). Histologically, PNT lesion may involve the hair follicle resulting in necrosis which has to be differentiated from suppurative folliculitis. Presence of palisading granuloma with necrosis can mimick granuloma annulare. Suppurative palisading granulomas due to infectious cause would be in the differential diagnosis. References: 1. Jordan HF, Niekerk V, Louw M. Papulo-necrotic tuberculide Am J Dermpath 1994; 16 (5): 474-485 2. Hakllensleben NDL, deVries HJC, Lettinga KA etal Tuberculides: cutaneous indicator
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