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Introduction to Marine Biology Course Guide

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Introduction to Marine Biology Course Guide BIOLIntroduction to MarineF150 Biology Course Guide An Independent Learning Course 3 credit hours Developed and Graded by Susan DeLisa [email protected] University of Alaska Fairbanks Copyright © 2012 University of Alaska Fairbanks (revised 2.28.13) The University of Alaska Fairbanks is an affirmative action/equal opportunity employer and educational institution. Table of Contents Preface Welcome ............................................................................................................................................ v Introduction Course Outline and Requirements..................................................................................................... v Part One Setting The Stage: Principles of Marine Science Lesson 1 The Scope, History and Practice of Marine Biology .........................................................................3 Lesson 2 The Benthic Environment ..................................................................................................................7 Lesson 3 The Pelagic Environment ................................................................................................................ 19 iii Lesson 4 Biological Principles, Cells, Organisms & Ecosystems .................................................................... 37 Welcome & Introduction Welcome Part Two The Players: A Survey of Marine Organisms Lesson 5 Microorganisms and the Tree of Life: A Huge Cast of Tiny Characters ......................................... 53 Lesson 6 The Producers: Marine Autotrophs and Primary Production ........................................................ 67 Request for Exam #1 ...................................................................................................75 Lesson 7 Marine Invertebrates—The Lower Phyla ...................................................................................... 79 Lesson 8 Marine Invertebrates—The Higher Phyla ..................................................................................... 87 Lesson 9 Marine Fishes ................................................................................................................................. 97 Lesson 10 Marine Reptiles and Birds ........................................................................................................... 105 Lesson 11 Marine Mammals .......................................................................................................................... 115 Request for Exam #2 .................................................................................................123 Part Three Putting It All Together: Marine Ecosystems Lesson 12 Life At The Top: The Epipelagic Realm ......................................................................................... 129 Lesson 13 The Netherworld: The Mesopelagic and Deep-Sea Realms ......................................................... 137 Lesson 14 On the Shelf: Continental Shelf Communities ............................................................................... 141 Lesson 15 Between Two Worlds: The Intertidal Zone and Estuaries ............................................................. 145 Lesson 16 The Human Factor ........................................................................................................................ 151 Request for Final Exam ..............................................................................................157 Appendix ................................................................................................................................................ 161 iv BIOL F150: Introduction to marine biology to F150: Introduction BIOL WELCOME Welcome to Biol 150, an Introduction to Marine Biology, the scientific study of life in the sea. This simple definition can be mislead- ing, since marine biology is not really a separate science, but rather encompasses all aspects of biology as it applies to marine organisms and their environments. Marine environments cover nearly three quarters of the planet and are extremely varied, ranging from mangrove swamps and tidal pools, to volcanic vents and trenches lying miles below the surface of the sea. The variety of life inhabiting these environments is equally diverse. We depend on the ocean and its life for food and raw materials, transportation and recreation, and even for the oxygen we breathe and the regulation of Earth's climate. Yet, only a tiny fraction of this huge realm has been explored. Amazingly, we have better maps of the moon and other planets in our solar system, than we have of the ocean floor! Marine biology is an exciting field, with new discoveries being made every day. At the same time, there is growing concern about the health of the oceans, and how that affects the health of the planet. The future of the oceans, and indeed our own future, depend on how well we study this complex system, and how wisely we use the knowledge we gain. Course Organization and Requirements v This course is divided into three parts, each building on the last, synthesizing information into a more complex and complete pic- Welcome & Introduction Welcome ture. Part One includes an overview of the scope and history of marine biology and the scientific method, a review of basic marine geology, physics and chemistry, and basic biological and ecological principles necessary for the study of marine organisms and their environments. In Part Two, we are introduced to the marine organisms, from the smallest bacteria, to the largest whales. In Part Three, we visit these organisms in their homes, the major marine habitats where organisms interact with each other and their surroundings to create unique ecosystems. Finally, we step back for a critical look at our own interactions with the marine world. The course includes 16 lessons, each with a reading assignment and a written assignment. You will send your an- swers to the written assignments to UAF eLearning and Distance Education, according to the instructions found at their website or in your "Survival Handbook." Usually, your work will be graded and returned to UAF within one week. There are also 3 exams, one at the end of each of the 3 parts of the course, and instructions for taking the exams are inserted at the appropriate places in this Course Guide. Exams are open-book format, with a time limit of 4 hours. The only materials that you may have to consult during exams will be this Course Guide and your textbook. Although the exams are open-book, remember that it is important to be well-prepared, in order to comfortably complete the exam in the allotted time. Because of the vast scope, complexity and interdisciplinary nature of marine biology, even at an introductory level, this course covers a huge amount of information. Reading assignments are extensive and there may be many new concepts, and much new vocabulary to master. So, it is critical that you understand the course requirements and plan a schedule that will be manageable for you, and at the same time will allow you to complete the course on time. To help with this, the written assignment for Lesson 1 includes a "Planning Schedule" to be filled out in duplicate, one copy to be sent in with your completed assignment, and the other to be kept by you, so you can record and monitor your progress. It also helps to have a systematic approach to studying. To get oriented, look at the list of Objectives at the beginning of each lesson, and at the questions in the written assignment at the end of each lesson. Then, read the material in the Course Guide for that lesson, followed by the reading assignment in the textbook. As you read, keep the objectives and questions for that lesson in the back of your mind. Study the material until you have a good understanding. Then answer the questions. To show your understanding of the material, you must answer clearly and completely, and in your own words, not those of the textbook, Course Guide or other references. If you need help, you may contact the instructor, Susan DeLisa, at [email protected] or at 907-474-4011 between 8:00am and 8:00pm Alaska Time. Submit all work to UAF eLearning and Distance Education. Grading System Your grade is calculated as the percentage of points earned, out of a maximum of 1000 points. Written assignments account for 55% of your grade, exams for 45% (each exam is worth up to 150 points). Final grades will be assigned according to the following scale: 72–77% = C 98-100% = A+ 70–71% = C– 92–97% = A 68–69% = D+ 90–91% = A– 62–67% = D 88–89% = B+ 59–61% = D– 82–87% = B below 59% = F 80–81% = B– vi 78–79% = C+ Extra Credit If a student's grade is borderline passing, then it may be possible to earn extra credit by writing a paper, upon approval by the instructor. This is NOT a required (or usual) assignment for this class. Extensions and Incompletes All students must complete all coursework within one year from enrollment and will receive a grade based on work completed. Semester-based students may apply for an incomplete IF they meet the requirements described in the "Survival Handbook" (generally, must have at least half the work done and a passing grade). No Incomplete grades or additional extensions will be given after one year from enrollment. BIOL F150: Introduction to marine biology to F150: Introduction BIOL Required Textbooks The texts required for this course are this Course Guide and Marine Biology 9th Ed., by Peter Castro and Michael Huber (ISBN 978-0-07-352420-7). The publishers (McGraw Hill) also offer
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