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Bacterial Diseases of Cultured Marine Fish in Japan

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Bacterial Diseases of Cultured Marine Fish in Japan 魚 病 研 究 Fish Pathology, 33(4), 221-227, 1998.10 Bacterial Diseases of Cultured Marine Fish in Japan Riichi Kusuda*1 and Kenji Kawai*2 *1Department of Marine Biotechnology, Fukuyama University,Fukuyama, Hiroshima 729-0251, Japan *2Department of Aquaculture,Kochi University, Nankoku,Kochi 783-8502,Japan (ReceivedMarch 4,1998) Many species of pathogenic bacteria have been reported from marine fishes in Japan: Aeromonas salmonicida (atypical), clamydia like organisms (epitheliocystis organisms), Edwardsiella tarda, Flexibacter maritimus, Lactococcus garvieae (syn. Enterococcus seriolicida), Mycobacterium sp., Nocardia seriolae (syn. N. kampachi), Photobacterium damsela subsp.piscicida (syn. Pasteurella piscicida), Pseudomonas anguilliseptica, Pseudomonas putida, Renibacterium salmoninarum (in maricultured salmonids), Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus equisimilis, Streptococcus iniae, Vibrio alginolyticus, Listonella anguillarum (syn. Vibrio anguillarum), Vibrio ichthyoenteri, Vibrio ordalii, Vibrio trachuri and some other minor or unknown species. These bacteria usually give damages to some limited fish species, however, most of them have been found to be distributed in other cultured and wild fish species which will be possible hosts or carriers of pathogens. Drug resistance, deteriora tion of water around farms, and spread of pathogens by transporting seedling fish are the major problems for the control of disease in Japanese mariculture. Key words: bacterial disease, marine fish , Edwardsiella tarda, Lactococcus garvieae, Photobacterium damsela subsp. piscicida Intensive marine fish culture was started in the farm Outline of Fish Diseases ing of yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata at around 1927 in Japan. At present more than 30 fish species are Recent production of maricultured fish is shown in cultured, most of them being cultured in net cages at Table 1. Yellowtail, red sea bream Pagrus major, coho shallow area. However, result of aquaculture, success salmon Oncorhyncus kisutch, olive flounder (Japanese or failure, is always influenced by the prevalence of fish flounder) Paralichthys olivaceus, Japanese horse mack disease. In spite of efforts to develop new drugs and erel Trachurusjaponicus, tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes, improve culture techniques, bacterial disease is still a stripedjack Pseudocaranx dentex, filefish Stephanolepsis serious problem in marine aquaculture in Japan. In this cirrhifer, black sea bream Acanthopagrus schlegeli and paper, diseases occurring in maricultured fish in Japan crimson sea bream Evynnisjaponica are the main fishes are described with some topics on serious ones. produced in fish farms. Totally, 271,000 tons of fish are produced by aquaculture in 1994. Damages in Table 1. Production of marine fishes cultured in Japan in 1994 *2 Author to whom correspondence should be addressed . Fax: +81-888-64-5197 222 R. Kusuda and K. Kawai Table 2. Annual economical losses due to diseases in marine these fish due to diseases are shown in Table 2. A total fish culture in Japan of about 200 million U.S. dollars including the cost for medication is lost every year in Japanese mariculture industry. Table 3 shows pathogenic bacteria of marine fish and their host fish reported in Japan. Among diseases caused by Gram-negative bacteria, Edwardsiella tarda infection in olive flounder, red sea bream and yellow tail, Flexibacter maritimus infection in red sea bream and olive flounder, Photobacterium damsela subsp. piscicida (syn. Pasteurella piscicida) infection in yel lowtail and black sea bream, Listonella anguillarum Table 3. A list of bacteria pathogenic to marine fish in Japan Bacterial diseases of marine fish in Japan 223 Table 4. Drugs licensed for fisheries use in Japan (syn. Vibrio anguillarum) infection in red sea bream, tiger puffer and olive flounder and Vibrio spp. infec tions in various marine fishes cause serious damages every year. Among diseases caused by Gram-positive bacteria, Lactococcus garvieae (syn. Enterococcus seriolicida) infection in yellowtail, olive flounder and red sea bream, Mycobacterium sp. infection in yellow Profile of Major Diseases tail, Nocardia seriolae (syn. Nocardia kampachi) infec tion in yellowtail, Renibacterium salmoninarum infec Streptococcus infection of yellowtail tion in coho salmon and Streptococcus iniae infection The most serious damage is caused by L. garvieae in yellowtail, olive flounder and rabbit fish Siganus infection in yellowtail of all the fish diseases. This dis fuscescens cause serious damages in farms. ease was first reported in 1976 (Kusuda et al., 1976) and At present, uses of 25 drugs shown in Table 4 are later the causative bacterium was named as Enterococcus authorized by the Japanese Government. Frequent use seriolicida (Kusuda et al., 1991). Recently it was of those drugs is always accompanied with occurrence found to be a junior synonym to L. garvieae (Teixeira et of drug resistant bacteria, and several mechanisms for al., 1996). The disease has been called streptococcicosis acquiring resistance in fish pathogenic bacteria were reviewedor streptococcus by Aoki infection (1992). becauseResistance theof causative fish pathogensdrugsdevelops bacte-notonly year by yearto but also seasonally in oneyear. Farmersusually chooseproperdrugs to the adviceaccording ofprefectural fisheries experimentalstations. 224 R. Kusuda and K. Kawai rium had been called Streptococcus sp. for long period temperature rose to 26-27•Ž in mid summer. The fish before it was classified as E. seriolicida. that survived disease outbreaks acquired immunity The disease occurs both in young and adult yellowtail against the infection and therefore the mortalities were at grow-out stages mainly in hot season. Typical clini low in autumn when sea water temperature decreased to cal signs are haemorrhage in the inside wall of the oper 22-23•Ž (Kusuda, 1977). However, recent cases show culum, ulcer in the caudal peduncle, exophthalmus and that it occurs from early summer to autumn causing haemorrhage in the liver and intestine (Kusuda et al., severe losses every year. 1976). The bacterium is isolated from the brain as well Infected fish usually do not show clear external dis as the kidney and spleen. Colonization of the bacte ease sign except small grey spots derived by scaling-off rium is observed also in the tissue of the intestine. The on the body. Internally, granuloma-like deposits can intestine was reported as the invading site for the bacte be seen as white spots in the spleen and kidney which rium by Kusuda and Kimura (1978). Amberjack are composed of bacterial mass and accumulation of Seriola dumerili, olive flounder, red sea bream, and phagocytes (Kubota et al., 1970; Nelson et al., 1989). some other marine fishes are also infected by this bacte The process of the infection is acute and dead fish rium. usually open their mouth from "internal" suffocation. Antibiotics in the groups of macrolide and The causative bacterium had been called Psteurella chrolamphenicol are effective to treat the disease. Star piscicida after Janssen and Surgalla (1968) gave this vation of the fish by fasting for several days will effec name. Recently, Gauthier et al. (1995) reported that tively prevent further spread of the infection and reduce the bacterium is the synonym to Photobacterium mortality (Taniguchi, 1982). A formalin-inactivated damsela from investigations on rRNA sequences, DNA oral vaccine was commercialized in 1997 for this disease. DNA hybridization analysis and biochemical characteri S. iniae causes the disease of similar clinical signs zation analysis. However, as differences in flagellation which is also called streptococcal infection. The host and some other biochemical characteristics were found range is rather wider than that of L. garvieae infection. between authentic strains of P. damsela and P. piscicida, S. iniae infection occurs in yellowtail and olive floun they proposed a subspecies, P. damsela subsp. piscicida, der as well as wild fishes such as sardine Sardinops to this bacterium. melanostictus and hairtail Trichiurus lepurus. The Ampicillin, oxolinic acid, florfenicol and oxytetracy bacterium is isolated most frequently from the brain. cline are used for medication of pseudotuberculosis. The infected fish sometimes show skeletal deformity However, drug resistant strains of P. damsela subsp. probably because the bacterium affects nervous system piscicida are frequently isolated from the medicated and by infecting brain (Kaige et al., 1984). The bacterium dead fish. There have been many trials of vaccination is sometimes called as ƒÀ-haemolytic streptococcus against this disease. Formalin-killed bacterin, compo distinguishing from L. garvieae. S. iniae shows clear ƒÀ- nent vaccine and live cell vaccine were tested by injec haemolysis while L. garvieae shows unclear ƒ¿ tion, immersion, oral administration or spray method. haemolysis on the blood agar. Fish affected - with S. However, reliable or reproducible results have not been iniae can be treated similarly to those infected with L. obtained in Japan until now*. One of the reason why garvieae. Infections with S. iniae or other ƒÀ-haemolytic vaccination is not effective for this disease is supposedly streptococci are observed in the variety of hosts (Ogawa that the bacterium has a profile of intracellular parasite et al., 1982) including fresh water fishes such as tilapia, in the phagocytes (Nelson et al., 1989). ayu and rainbow trout. Edwardsiella tarda infection Photobacterium damsela subsp. piscicida
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