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Evolution Der Algen Und Plastiden (T Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Vorlesung 63052 Biodiversität: Evolution der Algen EvolutionEvolution derder AlgenAlgen undund PlastidenPlastiden Teil 5: Viridiplantae Thomas Friedl Abteilung Experimentelle Phykologie undund Sammlung von Algenkulturen Albrecht-von-Haller-Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften www.epsag.uni-goettingen.de Biodiversität: Evolution der Algen WS 2007/8 Mi 12:15 - 13:00 im Seminarraum 1.213 oder kleinen Hörsaal Evolution der Algen und Plastiden (T. Friedl) 17.10. Einführung, Übersicht über die Algen, Vorstellung der Abteilung EPSAG 24.10. Cyanobakterien 31.10. - Besichtigung der Abteilung und SAG (I. Lang) - 07.11. -- 14.11. Primäre Endosymbiose 21.11. Glaucophyta, Rotalgen 28.11. Grünalgen und Entstehung der Landpflanzen 05.12. Sekundäre Endosymbiose, Cryptophyta, Chlorarachniophyta 12.12. Stramenopiles + Haptophyta = "Chromista"? 19.12. Alveolates,Euglenozoa, Abschlußbetrachtung 09.01. Imke Lang: Cryokonservierung 16.01. Imke Lang: Anwendung von Algen in der Biotechnologie 23.01 Kathrin Mohr: Erfassen von Algenbiodiversität mit molekularen Methoden. I 30.01 Kathrin Mohr: Erfassen von Algenbiodiversität mit molekularen Methoden. II Benutzername: evolution Passwort: ers01ter www.epsag.uni-goettingen.de Primary endosymbiosis Secondary endosymbiosis Tertiary endosymbiosis Cyanobacterium Ciliates primary host Rhodophyta Sporozoa Glaucophyta Chlorophyta secondary host peridinin-containing Dinoflagellates Heterokontophyta, secondary host Haptophyta tertiary host fucoxanthin-containing Dinoflagellates Oomycetes heteroloboseid Cryptophyta Amoeboflagellates Chlorarachniophyta Dinoflagellates with cryptophyte-like Euglenophyta tertiary host reduced endosymbiont Entstehung der Plastiden durch primäre Endosymbiose Grüne Pflanzen und Grünalgen Rotalgen (Chl a und b, ß-Carotin) (Chl a und Phykobiline, Phycobilisomen) Grünalgen Landpflanzen Glaucophyta (Plastiden ähnlich Rotalgen, aber Peptidoglukan-Schicht) Kern- und Plastidengene zeigen übereinstimmend diese Beziehungen: erweiterter Begriff „Plantae“ Verlust der Peptidoglukan-Wand GreenGreen AlgaeAlgae Viridiplantae What are green algae? • double membrane-bound plastids • containing chlorophyll a and b,beta carotene and xanthophylls • a unique stellate structure linking nine pairs of microtubules in the flagellar base • starch is stored inside the plastid • cell walls when present are usually composed of cellulose Stellate structure in Volvox globator Melkonian M. 1987, Systematics of the Green Algae, p. 89 Schema einer Grünalgenzelle: Chlamydomonas sp. Geißel (Flagellum) Geißelapparat Plastidenhülle (2 Membranen) Thylakoide (in Stapeln) Zellwand Augenfleck Zellkern mit Nukleolus Pyrenoid Stärkekörner Evolution der Grünalgen • Vielfalt an Organisationsformen • Entstehung der Landpflanzen A. Pascher's view of the phylogeny Traditional system of the Green Algae of Green Algae and Plants based on the level of organization Adolf Pascher (1881 - 1945) see also Fritsch 1935, Fott 1971 GreenGreen AlgaeAlgae Viridiplantae Ultrastructure of flagellated cells Ultrastructure of flagellated cells Cytokinesis / Mitosis Lewis L.A. & McCourt R.M. (2004) Am. J. Bot. 91: 1535-1556. The Viridiplantae (= Green plants) are divided into two major lineages synapomorphies? flagellar roots in cruciate condition phycoplast unilateral flagellar root (maximum parsimony analysis, 70 ingroup taxa phragmoplast 1679 pos., bootstrap teststests with 500 repl. from NJ and MP, thick lines indicate support >70% ) 18S rDNA phylogeny of the Green Algae synapomorphies? Chlorophyta no MLS (multi-layered structure) flagellar roots in cruciate condition Streptophyta MLS (multi-layered structure) Mesostigma viride flagellar roots in cruciate condition ! (maximum parsimony analysis, 70 ingroup taxa 1679 pos., bootstrap teststests with 50000 repl. from NJ and MP, thick lines indicndicate support >70% ) Marin B. & Melkonian M. 1999, Protist 150, p.409. MLS (multilayered structure) in flagellar roots of Mesostigma viride Melkonian M. 1987, Pl. Syst. Evol. 164, 93-122. • flagellates basal, but of multiple origins Chlorophyta Pyramimonas lunata Pyramimonas propulsa Prasinophytes Streptophyta Mesostigma viride The Charales is a sister-group with all Landplants (revealed by multigene analyses; Karol et al. 2001) (maximum parsimony analysis, 70 ingroup taxa 1679 pos., bootstrap teststests with 500 repl. from NJ and MP, thick lines indicate support >70% ) Lebenszyklus von Chara Thallusspitze, quer Coronula ("Krönchen") Seitenzweige Oogon Achsenzelle (mit Berindung) (mit steriler Hülle !) Spermatozoide Oogon + vegetativer Antheridium Thallus B! efruchtung: (gegliedert in Nodien und Internodien) Oogamie Antheridium Spermatozoid Zygote (2n) R! eduktionsteilung (nach van den Hoek 1993) Keimung der Zygote: junger Thallus Phylogenie der Charophyta kombinierter 4-Gene-Datensatz, Karol et al., Science 294: 2351-2353 (2001) Streptophyta Chlorophyta 18S rDNA phylogeny of the Green Algae Trebouxiophyceae • mainly soil algae, lichen symbionts • mainly coccoids Chlorophyceae • mainly freshwater • incl. colonial flagellates Ulvophyceae • morphologically very diverse Chlorophyta • marine and freshwater • incl. Cladophorales and Dasycladales ? Prasinophytes • scaled flagellates Streptophyta • few "algal lineages" - the Charophytes Streptophyta • land plants (maximum parsimony analysis, 70 ingroup taxa 1679 pos., bootstrap teststests with 50000 repl. from NJ and MP, thick lines indicndicate support >70% ) Phylogenie der Charophyta kombinierter 4-Gene-Datensatz, Karol et al., Science 294: 2351-2353 (2001) Streptophyta Chlorophyta Phylogenie der Charophyta kombinierter 4-Gene-Datensatz, Karol et al., Science 294: 2351-2353 (2001) StreptophytaMesostigma viride Chlorophyta Phylogenie der Charophyta kombinierter 4-Gene-Datensatz, Karol et al., Science 294: 2351-2353 (2001) Streptophyta Chlorophyta Phylogenie der Charophyta kombinierter 4-Gene-Datensatz, Karol et al., Science 294: 2351-2353 (2001) Streptophyta Chlorophyta Phylogenie der Charophyta kombinierter 4-Gene-Datensatz, Karol et al., Science 294: 2351-2353 (2001) Streptophyta Chlorophyta.
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