2731

Index

1923 Geneva Protocol on Arbitration Anti-​suit , 83, 84, 85 Clauses, 120 , 798, 800, 802, 803, 804, 1952 Arrest Convention, 134, 135 805 EU rules, 141 , 928 Exclusions, 136 Legal aid, 1088 Recognition and enforcement of foreign Mediation, 1250 judgments, 139 Online dispute resolution, 1314 Scope of application, 135 Public international and private international Substantive rules, 136 law, 1451 1993 Maritime Liens and Mortgages Service of documents, 1628 Convention, 134 Accessory connecting factors, 34, 448 1999 Arrest Convention, 134 Culpa in contrahendo, 495 EU rules, 140 , 1544 Exclusions, 136 Accessory connection Flag, 136 Connecting factor, 448 , foundations, 139 Negotiorum gestio, 1303 Liability of owner, 137 Prescription, 1371 Party autonomy, 139 Torts, 1712, 1714 Recognition and enforcement of foreign Unjust enrichment (restitution), 1811 judgments, 139 Accident Scope of application, 135 Carriage of passengers, 271, 274, 275, 276 Substantive rules, 136 Accident compensation New Zealand, 2374 Absence Accidents at sea Absence (disappearance, presumed Maritime torts, 1220 death) 1, 2, 3, 4 Account Preservation Order Regulation Brussels I (Convention and Regulation), 4 Brussels I (Convention and Regulation), 225 China, 3 Civil and commercial matters, 348 Concept, 1 Account-​payee-​only cheques, 296 Connecting factor, 4 Account Preservation Order Regulation , and establishment, 3, Attachment of bank accounts, 681 5 Accursius Function, 1 Bartolus, 158 Germany, 2 Private , history of, 1391 Greece, 4 Acquisition by prescription Israel, 3 Prescription, 1368 , 3 Acquisition citizenship ius sanguinis , 4 Nationality, 1291 , 4 Acquisition citizenship ius soli Pakistan, 3 Nationality, 1291 Personal , 6 Act of state doctrine Peru, 2415 Bonds and loans, 217 Portugal, 4 Acta iure gestionis Spain, 4 Civil and commercial matters, 351, 356 Turkey, 4 Acta iure imperii Absence of Civil and commercial matters, 347, 351, 354, 356 Matrimonial property, 1242 Acte clair doctrine Abuse of law of Justice of the , 489 of (fraus legis), 705, 706 Actio iniuriarum Acceleration clauses Personality rights, 1351 Bonds and loans, 215 Actio pauliana Acceptance of documents Donation, 565 Personal status, 1350 Act-​of-​state doctrine Access to justice , 385

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2732 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Act-​of-​state doctrine (cont.) Portugal, 14, 18 Recognition of administrative acts, 1488 Private international law, methods of, 18 Acts in law Public policy (ordre public), 18 Poland, 2429 Public policy, 21 Adaption Recognition, 21 and emancipation, 251, 253 Same-​sex marriages, 16, 19 Comparative law and private international Spain, 14, 17, 18 law, 422 Succession, 13, 14 Connecting factor, 448 Sweden, 19 Social protection and private international , 18, 19 law, 1650 Thailand, 14 Adjudication Unification of law, 19 Alternative dispute resolution, 60 Uniform substantive law and Private International Place of performance, 1364 law, 19 Adjustment , 14, 18, 19 Adjustment/​adaption (anpassung), 8 USA, 14 Connecting factor, 448 Administration of private international law writings Kegel, Gerhard, 9 Albania, 1858 Adjustment/​adaption (anpassung) Angola, 1865 Classification (characterization), 9 Argentina, 1872 Connecting factors, 36 Austria, 1890 Germany, 11 Belarus, 1899 Adoption, 13 Belgium, 1912 Albania, 14 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1923 Aliens law (Condition des étrangers, Brazil, 1932 Fremdenrecht), 51 Bulgaria, 1944 Argentina, 14 Canada, 1952 Australia, 14 China, 1975 Austria, 18, 19 Colombia, 1983 Belgium, 14, 18 Croatia, 1994 Bolivia, 14 Czech Republic, 2011 Brazil, 14 Denmark, 2024 Canada, 18 Egypt, 2056 Capacity and emancipation, 18 Estonia, 2065 Chile, 14 Finland, 2075 Choice of law, 19 France, 2083 CIDIP, 328 Georgia, 2093 Colombia, 14 Germany, 2104 Congo, 14 Ghana, 2114 Cooperation, 20 , SAR of China, 2131 Denmark, 14, 19 Hungary, 2141 Domicile, habitual residence and Iceland, 2150 establishment, 15, 17 India, 2158 Finland, 19 Indonesia, 2169 Foreign law, application and ascertainment, 18 Iran, 2176 France, 14, 17, 18 Ireland, 2185 Germany, 14, 17, 18 Israel, 2195 Haiti, 14 Japan, 2221 Iceland, 19 Kazakhstan, 2236 Italy, 14, 18 Korea, 2244 Japan, 14, 18 Latvia, 2257 , 18, 19 Lebanon, 2266 Madagascar, 14 , 2280 Maintenance obligations, 14 Lithuania, 2289 Mali, 14 , 2299 Mexico, 14 Macau, SAR of China, 2308 Nationality, 15, 17 Macedonia, FYR, 2318 Netherlands, 14 Mexico, 2338 Niger, 14 Montenegro, 2348 Norway, 14, 19 Mozambique, 2354 Paraguay, 14 Netherlands, 2360

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Index 2733

New Zealand, 2370 China, 15 Nigeria, 2379 Citizenship, 15 Norway, 2393 Growth, 15 Paraguay, 2401 Jurisdiction, foundations, 18 Poland, 2425 Rules, 15 Portugal, 2435 ADR Romania, 2445 Alternative Dispute Resolution Serbia, 2473 (ADR). See Alternative Dispute Singapore, 2484 Resolution Slovakia, 2496 Mediation, 1246, 1247 Slovenia, 2505 ADR Directive South Africa, 2517 Online dispute resolution, 1320 Spain, 2528 Adults, protection of, 21 Sweden, 2538 Applicable law, 26 Switzerland, 2551 Capacity and emancipation, 22 Taiwan, 2560 Property and proprietary rights, 25 Tunisia, 2584 Adverse possession Turkey, 2594 Prescription, 1368 Ukraine, 2606 AFNOR conditions United Kingdom, 2615 Construction contracts, 459 Uruguay, 2630 Agency USA, 2640 Agency and authority of agents, 29, 30 Venezuela, 2650 Bulgaria, 1946 Vietnam, 2661 China, 30 Administration of the estate Commercial agency, franchise and distribution Succession, 1683, 1684, 1687 contracts, 392, 395 Administrative cooperation Connecting factors, 30, 35 Maintenance obligations, 1185, 1193 Netherlands, 2361 Administrative decisions Place of business, 37 Divorce and personal separation, 543 States, failed and non-​recognized, 1655 Recognition of legal situations evidenced by Taiwan, 2564 documents, 1501 Agency and authority of agents Admiralty Austria, 32 Currie, Brainerd, 508 Belgium, 32 Admiralty law () Bulgaria, 32 Arrest of vessels, 132, 133 Canada, 32 Admissibility China, 32 Arbitration, investment, 103 Czech Republic, 32 Admonitory tort rules Estonia, 32 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 587 Germany, 32 Adoption Italy, 32 Czech Republic, 2013, 2017 Japan, 32 Ecuador, 2049 Korea, 32 Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 700 Liechtenstein, 32 France, 2087 Lithuania, 32 Hague Adoption Convention, 868 Poland, 32 Human rights and private international law, 882 Russian Federation, 32 Ireland, 2190 Spain, 32 Italy, 2214 Switzerland, 32 Netherlands, 2366 Taiwan, 32 Optional (facultative) choice of law, Turkey, 32 1329, 1330 United Kingdom, 32 Peru, 2417 Agency by estoppel Slovakia, 2498, 2501 Estoppel, 678 Slovenia. 178 Agents Substitution, 1679 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Sweden, 2542, 2545, 2547 waterways, 257, 258, 260 United Kingdom, 2624 Carriage of passengers, 272, 275 Adoption, intercountry, 15 Agreement to mediate Aliens law (Condition des étrangers, Contract, as, 1252 Fremdenrecht), 55 Mediation, 1249, 1252

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2734 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Agreements as to succession Guardianship, 1862 Rome IV Regulation (succession), 4, 1585 Habitual residence, 1861 Succession, 1682, 1687, 1688 Hague Conference on Private International Air law (uniform law) Law, 1855 Maritime law (uniform law), 1218 Hague Conventions, 1855 Air traffic control History and development of private international Air law (uniform law), 47 law, 1857 Air traffic, contractual liability Intellectual property, 1860 Air law (uniform law), 47 International conventions, 1855 Air transport Jurisdiction, 1858 Air law (uniform law), 43, 45 Main sources of law, 1867 Carriage of passengers, 270, 275 Maintenance obligations, 1861 Air transportation, crew Major legislation, 1855 Air law (uniform law), 44, 47 Marriage, 1861 Air transportation, goods Matrimonial property, 1861 Air law (uniform law), 44 Nationality, 1860 Air transportation, passenger Obligations, 1859 Air law (uniform law), 41, 44 PILA, 1855 Air transportation, persons Property rights, 1860 Air law (uniform law), 40 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 1863 Air transportation, product liability Significance of EU private international Air law (uniform law), 47 law, 1856 Air transportation, third-​party liability Sources of private international law, 1855 Air law (uniform law), 43 Special , 1858 Aircraft Succession, 1862 Property and proprietary rights, 1432 United Nations Conventions, 1856 Aircraft collision West Balkan Convention, 1832, 1833 Air law (uniform law), 44 Aldricus Aircraft operator , 49 Air law (uniform law), 43 Life and work, 48 Aircraft Protocol More effective law, 48 Security interests in mobile equipment (uniform More useful law, 48 law), 1623, 1624, 1626 Private international law, 48 Aircraft, rights in Rediscovery in 20th century, 50 Register, 1626 Result selectivism, 50 Security interests in mobile equipment (uniform ALI Intellectual Property Principles law), 1622, 1623 CLIP Principles, and, 370 Air-​service, non-​scheduled CLIP, 369 ICAO, 887 Coordination of proceedings, 370 Air-​service, scheduled Intellectual property, applicable law, 966, 968 ICAO, 887 Intellectual property, jurisdiction, 971, 978, 979 Akerlof, George Internet, liability, 1004, 1005 Behavioural economics and private international Lex originis, 370 law, 171, 177 Scope, 368 Akzessorische Anknüpfung Territoriality, 1707 Liability, capital market, 1136 Alien Tort Statute Albania, 1855 Comity, 387 Administration of private international Territoriality, 1703 law, 1858 Aliens Adoption, 1862 Aliens law (Condition des étrangers, Application and enforcement of foreign law, 1858 Fremdenrecht), 51 Arbitration, 1863 Aliens law (Condition des étrangers, Fremdenrecht) Bilateral agreements, 1856 Brazil, 56 Case-​law, 1857 China, 55 Children, 1862 Historical development, 51 Choice of law, 1859 Hungary, 57 Civil Procedure Code, 1855 India, 55 Corporations, 1862 Iran, 55 Divorce, 1861 Japan, 57 Doctrinal writings, 1857 Nationality, 53 European Conventions, 1856 Property and proprietary rights, 52, 54 Family matters, 1860 Thailand, 55

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Index 2735

Reciprocity, 52, 56, 1469 Restatement (First and Second) of Conflict of Alternative Anknüpfung Laws, 1545 Connecting factor, 446 American legal realism Alternative connecting factor Better law approach, 181 Connecting factor, 445 Party autonomy, 1338 Kinship and legitimation, 1072, 1073, 1074 Andean Community Renvoi, 1543 Ecuador, 2044 Alternative dispute resolution Angola, 1864 Arbitration, maritime, 113, 115, 116 Administration of private international law, 1865 Choice of forum and submission to Arbitration, 1866 jurisdiction, 64 Bilateral treaties, 1864 Choice of law, 62, 63, 64 Capacity, 1865 Classification (characterization), 62 Choice of court, 1866 Court-​annexed, 60 Contractual obligations, 1865 Cross-​border, 61 Corporations, 1866 Domicile, habitual residence and General part, 1865 establishment, 60 International civil procedure, 1866 Enforcement of settlement, 64 International conventions, 1864 Formal requirements and validity, 64 Major legislation, 1864 Hybrid procedures, 60 Marriage, 1866 Maintenance obligations, 65 Non-​contractual liability, 1865 Private international law, 60 Personal law, 1865 Rise of, 58 Portugal, 1864, 1865 Rome Convention and Rome I Regulation Private international law, basic principles, 1865 (contractual obligations), 63 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 1866 Settlement, 64 Sources of private international law, 1864 Substantive law, 64 Special part, 1865 Alternative dispute resolution, electronic Succession, 1866 Online dispute resolution, 59, 1314, 1319 Anknüfungsbegriff Alternative dispute resolution, online Connecting factor, 441 Online dispute resolution, 59, 1314, Anknüpfungsgegenstand 1318, 1319 Prescription, 1371, 1375 Promotion, 1319 Anknüpfungsgrund Alternative reference Connecting factor, 441 Better law approach, 184, 185 Anknüpfungsmerkmal Alternative risk transfer Connecting factor, 441 Reinsurance contracts, 1531 Anknüpfungsmoment Altruism Connecting factor, 441 Behavioural economics and private international Anknüpfungspunk law, 174 Connecting factor, 441 American Conflicts Revolution Anküpfungsgegenstan Choice of law, 66, 68, 69 Connecting factor, 441 Connecting factor, 451 Anküpfungsgegenstand Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 584 Burden of proof, 240 Interest and policy analysis in private international Connecting factor, 240 law, 980 Annexation Kegel, Gerhard, 1068 Nationality, 1300 Lex fori, 1107 Annulment Private international law, foundations, 1388 Brussels IIa Regulation, 229, 230, 231, 233 Restatement (First and Second) of Conflict of Anpassung Laws, 1546, 1548, 1552 Connecting factor, 448 American Institute of International Law Anti-​Counterfeiting Trade Agreement Bustamante, Antonio Sánchez de, 245 Internet, liability, 1003 American Law Institute Antidiscrimination, 70 CLIP, 366 Classification (characterization), 360 Collective redress, 380 Cross-​law conflicts, 78 Game theory and private international law, 831 Employment contracts, applicable law, 74, 621 Intellectual property, applicable law, 966 EU Directives, beyond, 77 Intellectual property, jurisdiction, 971 EU States, failing to comply, 76 , 1163, 1165 France, 71, 75 Provisional measures, 1442 Germany, 71 Rabel, Ernst, 1461 Human rights and private international law, 70

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2736 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Antidiscrimination (cont.) Scope, 1099 Intra-​EU conflicts, 77 Substitution, 1677 Lease contracts and tenancies, 1080 Apparent authority Netherlands, 71, 75 Agency and authority of agents, 31, 38 Norway, 71, 75 Estoppel, 678 Overriding mandatory nature, 75 Appeal(s) Private international law, 71 Austria, 781 Public policy (ordre public), 76 England and Wales, 781 Safeguarding EU standards, 76 Foreign law, judicial review, 778, 779, 780, 782 Social protection and private international Forum non conveniens, 806 law, 1652 Germany, 781 Spain, 71 Possibility of, 782 United Kingdom, 71 Romania, 782 USA, 71 Applicable law Antidiscrimination model Adoption, 18, 19 WTO and private international law, 1845 Adults, protection of, 26 Anti-​suit injunctions, 79 Alternative dispute resolution, 62 Arbitration, 89 Antidiscrimination, 72, 74 Australia, 81, 1881, 1882 Assignability/​Assignment of claims, 143, 144 Brussels I Regulation (recast), 227 Austria, 1891 Canada, 81, 84 Bill of exchange, 190 Challenging power, 84 Bulgaria, 1944 Comity, 80, 81, 84, 385 Cessio legis, 288, 289, 292, 293, 295 Court’s power, nature, 80 Cheques, 296 Cross-​border cases, 79 Classification (characterization), 364 Damages, 82 CLIP, 365, 370 Discretion, 84 Colombia, 1986 Enforcement, 81, 925 Companies, 416 EU law, 85 Contractual obligations, 62 France, 80 Culpa in contrahendo, 496, 497 Germany, 80 Damage(s), 518 Grounds for relief, 82 Direct action, 535, 960 Injunction, 79, 82, 924, 925, 929 Divorce and personal separation, 543, 548 Jurisdiction, 82 Dominican Republic, 2041 Limitations, 84 Ecuador, 2048 Lis alibi pendens, 1159, 1161, 1163, 1165 Foundation, 365 Public policy, 80, 84 Guardianship, custody and parental responsibility, Reciprocity, 1469 864, 865, 866, 868, 869 Remedies, 82, 84, 1532, 1533 Independent determination, 34 Requirements, 82 Insurance contracts, 954, 956 Singapore, 2486 Intellectual property, applicable law, 961 United Kingdom, 80, 81, 82, 84, 2617 Internet, liability, 1003 USA, 80, 84 Kazakhstan, 2230, 2231, 2239 Antitrust Latvia, 2260 Competition law (antitrust), 425 Liechtenstein, 2281 Competition, unfair, 436 Life insurance contracts, 1152, 1154, 1155, 1156 Antitrust regulation , 2329 Comity, 385, 387 Maritime torts, 1223 Anton Piller order Marriage, 1228, 1230, 1231 Freezing injunctions and search orders, 812, 815 Matrimonial property, 1239 Apostille Mediation, 1252 CIEC/​ICCS (International Commission on Civil Nuclear liability, 1312 Status), 333, 337 Proceedings, law governing, 1409, 1412 e-​Apostille, 1100 (doctrine), 1423 Effect, 1099, 1103 Reinsurance contracts, 1525, 1527, 1531 Legalisation of public documents, 1099, 1103 Remedies, 1532 Recognition of legal situations evidenced by Same-​sex marriages, 1607 documents, 1495 Saudi Arabia, 2462 Apostille Convention Social protection and private international law, Contracting states, 1099 1649, 1650, 1651 Legalisation of public documents, 1099 Application and ascertainment of foreign law, 769

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Index 2737

China, 1975 Public policy (ordre public), 777 GEDIP, 844 Refusal, 777 Georgia, 2093 Romania, 2445 Application (and enforcement) of foreign law Russian Federation, 2456 Albania, 1858 Serbia, 2474 Argentina, 1872 Singapore, 2485 Belarus, 1899 Slovakia, 2496 Belgium, 1912 Slovenia, 2506 Bilateral/​multilateral conventions, 775 South Africa, 2517 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1923 Spain, 2528 Brazil, 1932 Sweden, 2538 Bulgaria, 1942, 1945 Switzerland, 2552 Canada, 1952 Taiwan, 2561 Chile, 1962, 1967 Tunisia, 2584 Colombia, 1983 Turkey, 2594 Conflict of law, 769 Ukraine, 2606 Croatia, 1995 United Kingdom, 2615 Cuba, 2006 Uruguay, 2630 Czech Republic, 2011 USA, 2640 Denmark, 2025 Venezuela, 2650 Dominican Republic, 2042 Vietnam, 2661 Egypt, 2057 Application controls Estonia, 2066 Foreign law, judicial review, 778 Factors, 772 Application of private international law Finland, 2075 Chile, 1959 Foreign law, application and ascertainment, 6, 18 Appointment of public officials Foreign law, judicial review, 778, 779, 780, 781, 782 Recognition of administrative acts, 1488 France, 2083 Appropriate forum Georgia, 2093 Forum non conveniens, 798, 799, 801, 802, 805 Germany, 2104 Arbitrability, 131 Ghana, 2114 Arbitration, international commercial, 93 Goldschmidt, Werner, 854, 855, 856, 857, 860 Arbitration, international commercial Hong Kong, SAR of China, 2132 Party autonomy, 113 Human rights and private international law, 884 Arbitral awards Hungary, 2141 Arbitration, (UNCITRAL) Model Law, 86, 128 Iceland, 2150 CIDIP, 326 India, 2158 Estoppel, 678 Indonesia, 2170 Institutions, 1128 Iran, 2177 Voluntary compliance, 1128 Ireland, 2185 Arbitration Israel, 2195 Air law (uniform law), 42 Iura novit curia, 772 Albania, 1863 Judicial application, 776 Alternative dispute resolution, 58, 86 Kazakhstan, 2237 Angola, 1866 Korea, 2244 Arbitration, (UNCITRAL) Model Law, 86, 126 Latvia, 2258 Arbitration, international commercial, 86, 102 Lebanon, 2267 Arbitration, investment, 97, 102, 103, 105 Lex fori, 776 Arbitration, maritime, 106 Lithuania, 2290 Argentina, 1878 Macedonia, FYR, 2318 Austria, 1886, 1887, 1893 Malta, 2331 Belarus, 1898, 1906 Mexico, 2338 Belgium, 1918 Montenegro, 2348 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1928 Netherlands, 2360 Brazil, 1938 New Zealand, 2371 Brussels I Regulation (recast), 227 Nigeria, 2380 Brussels I Regulation, 228 Non-​judicial authorities, 777 Bulgaria, 1949 Norway, 2393 Canada, 1958 Paraguay, 2401 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Poland, 2425 waterways, 258 Portugal, 2435, 2436 China, 1980

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2738 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Arbitration (cont.) Public international law and private international Colombia, 1989 law, 129 Confidentiality/​privacy, 795 Reinsurance contracts, 956, 1529 Croatia, 2001 Romania, 2451 Cuba, 2003, 2004, 2007 Rome Convention and Rome I Regulation Czech Republic, 2018 (contractual obligations), 88 Denmark, 2030, 2035 Russian Federation, 2461 Dominican Republic, 2040 Saudi Arabia, 2463 Ecuador, 2045, 2052 Sea waybills and other transport documents, 1619, Egypt, 2060 1620 Estonia, 2070 Serbia, 2482 Estoppel, 677 Singapore, 2492 Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 704 Slovakia, 2502 Evidence, procurement of, 89 South Africa, 2523 Finland, 2079 Spain, 2535 Floating choice of law, 767 Sweden, 2547 Forum (and law) shopping, 795 Switzerland, 2557 France, 89, 2089 Taiwan, 2567 Georgia, 2100 Thailand, 2580 Germany, 2111 Tunisia, 2589 Ghana, 2115, 2118 Turkey, 2601 Greece, 2128 Ukraine, 2611 Hong Kong, SAR of China, 2138 UNICITRAL, 1762 Hungary, 2146 United Kingdom, 2626 Hybrid procedures, 60 Uruguay, 2636 Iceland, 2155 USA, 89, 2646 India, 89, 2161 Venezuela, 2657 Indonesia, 2173 Vietnam, 2666 Iran, 2182 Arbitration agreement, 109 Ireland, 2192 Anti-​suit injunctions, 79, 85, 930 Israel, 2194, 2206 Arbitration, (UNCITRAL) Model Law, 128 Italy, 2218 Arbitration, international commercial, 93, 129 Japan, 2227 Arbitration, investment, 102 Kazakhstan, 2242 Assignability/​Assignment of claims, 94 Korea, 2252 Capacity and emancipation, 94, 96 Latvia, 2263 Direct action, 534 Lebanon, 2275 Injunction, 929 Lex maritima, 1116 Insurance contracts, 955 Liechtenstein, 2285 Overarching goal, 117 Lithuania, 2296 Proper law (doctrine), 1424 Litigation, alternative, 86 Reinsurance contracts, 1524, 1526 Lugano Convention, 1178 Arbitration clauses Luxembourg, 2304 Arbitration, maritime, 107 Macau, SAR of China, 2314 Bill of lading, 199, 200 Macedonia, FYR, 2325 Estoppel, 677 Malta, 2329, 2333 Form, 108 Mediation, 1250, 1251, 1252 Reinsurance contracts, 1526 Mexico, 2344 Arbitration, international commercial, 58, 61, 65, 97 Montenegro, 2353 Arbitration, maritime, 107, 111 Mozambique, 2356 Choice of law, 86, 87, 91, 96 National rules, 127 CIDIP, 326 Netherlands, 2368 Jurisdiction, foundations, 86, 87, 93 New Zealand, 2377 Jurisdiction, limits under international law, 87, 93 Nigeria, 2384 Lex mercatoria, 1119, 1125 Norway, 2396 Arbitration, investment Online dispute resolution, 1314, 1318, 1321, 1322 Canada, 97 Paraguay, 2409 Context, 97 Party autonomy, 86, 87, 90, 92, 96 Costs, 105 Poland, 2432 Germany, 98 Portugal, 2441 Historical development, 97 Proceedings, law governing, 1412 International investment treaties (IITs), 97

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Index 2739

International state responsibility, 105 Stand-​alone, 118 Mexico, 97 Standardized procedure, 119 Pakistan, 98 Ukraine, 123 Private international law, 101 United Kingdom, 124 Property and proprietary rights, 101 USA, 119, 122 Public policy, 97 Arbitration rules Remedies, 98, 103 Arbitration, international commercial, 88, 90, 92 Stabilization clauses, 102 Arbitration, (UNCITRAL) Model Law, 86, 87, 95, Substantive principles, 104 105, 109, 126 USA, 97 Amendments, 127 Arbitration, maritime, 106 Bulgaria, 130 Applicable law, 111 EU law, 131 Arbitration, international commercial, 107 Freedom, 127 Arrest of vessels, 140 Germany, 129, 130 Choice, 108 Interpretations, 131 Definition and concept, 106 Japan, 130 Dispute resolution, 113 Limitations in scope, 130 Form of arbitration clause, 108 Other legal instruments, 131 Formal requirements and validity, 110 Overview, 127 Germany, 112 Private international law, express reference, 128 Institutions, 113 Procedure, 128 Italy, 109 Public policy (ordre public), 1456 Liner transport, 115 Scope, 127 Party autonomy, 108 Spain, 130 Procedural rules, 113 Territorial scope, 128 Procedure, 107, 113 Tunisia, 130 Role and importance, 1116 Turkey, 130 Salvage, 1117, 1596 Variations in enacting, 131 Special procedure, 115 Architect’s contract Transnational, 106 Construction contracts, 461, 463 Uniform substantive law and private international Area of freedom, security and justice law, 116 European Union and private international United Kingdom, 109, 111, 116 law, 690 USA, 110, 116 Human rights and private international law, 886 Arbitration, recognition of awards, 59, 61, 65 Argentina, 1867 Arbitration, maritime, 109 Administration of private international law, 1872 Awards set aside abroad, 122 Adoption, 1878 Developments, 121 Application of foreign law, 1872 Enforcement, 118 Arbitration, 1878 European Union and private international Bilateral agreements, 1869 law, 125 Bilateral and multilateral treaties, 1868 France, 119 Capacity, 1877 Germany, 118 Case-​law, 1870 Grounds for refusing recognition and Children, 1874, 1878 enforcement, 120 Choice of law, 1875 Historical requirements for recognition and CIDIP, 1869 enforcement, 120 Civil and Commercial Code, 1867 International commercial arbitration, 88, 89, 92, Corporations, 1873, 1876 93 Courts, 1872 Jurisdiction, foundations, 119 Custom and usage, 1871 Lex fori, 121 Divorce and personal separation, 1874, 1877 New York Convention, 120 Family matters, 1874, 1877 Notion, 117 General structure, 1872 Online dispute resolution, 1319 Goldschmidt, Werner, 852, 853, 859, 1871 Parallel entitlement, 118 Hague Conference on Private international Public international law and private international law, 1868 law, 123 Hague Conventions, 1868 Public policy (ordre public), 1453, 1457, 1458 History and development of private international Public policy, 121, 123 law, 1871 Recognition of administrative acts, 1486 Integration process, 1870 Recognition, 118 Intellectual property, 1876

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2740 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Argentina (cont.) Provisional measures, 136 International conventions, 1868 Public policy, 140 Jurisdiction, 1872 Purpose, 133 Maintenance obligations, 1874, 1877 Recognition and enforcement of foreign Marriage, 1874, 1877 judgments, 139 Non-​contractual obligations, 1876 Romans, 132 Obligations, 1873, 1875 Security, 133, 134 Parent-​child relationship, 1874, 1877 Sister ship rule, 136, 138 Property rights, 1873, 1876 Spain, 132, 134 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 1878 The Rules of Oléron, 132 Scholarly writing, 1871 Uniformity, 135 Sources of private international law, 1867 United Kingdom, 132, 139 Succession, 1875, 1878 USA, 132, 139 Traditional system, 1867 Aruba Treaties of Montevideo, 1869 Netherlands, 2358 Argentré, Bertrand de Ascertainment of foreign law Private international law, history of, 1393 Burden of proof, 237, 243, 771, 773, 774, 775, 776 Arkansas Content of foreign law, 774 Better law approach, 180 Factual-​legal consideration, 769 Arrest of Vessels, 132 Foreign law, judicial review, 778, 779 1952 Arrest Convention, 134, 135, 136 Not ascertained, 776 1952 Substantive rules, 136 Parties, role of, 773, 774 1993 Maritime Liens and Mortgages Russian Federation, 2456 Convention, 134 Sufficiently, 776 1999 Arrest Convention, 134, 135, 136 ASEAN Albania, 134 Vietnam, 2659 Arbitration, 140 Asser, Tobias Michael Carel Belgium, 139 Mancini, Pasquale Stanislao, 1196 Brussels I (Convention and Regulation), 140 Private international law, history of, 1395, 1396, Bulgaria, 134 1397 Common features, 133 Assessment of damages Concept, 132 Damages, 512, 513, 514, 515, 517, 518 Conflict, possible, 136 Substance and procedure, 1674 Connecting factor, 139 Asset Demised chartership, 138 Arbitration, investment, 98, 99, 100, 101 Dispute of ownership, 137 Freezing injunctions, 812 Domicile, habitual residence and Assignability/​Assignment of claims, 141 establishment, 135 Applicable law, 143, 144, 148, 149 Ecuador, 134 Arbitration, international commercial, 94 Estonia, 134 Article 14 Rome I Regulation, 150 Exceptions, 138 Assignability, 145 Flag, 135 Austria, 146 Forum arresti, 133 Choice of laws rules, 147 France, 132, 136, 139 Claimant, 147 Function, 133 Conditions, 146 Harmonizing definition, 135 Costs, 145, 149 of owner, 133 Credit, 142 International arrest conventions, 134 Debtor’s domicile, 147 Italy, 132, 135, 136, 139 Debtor, 144, 146 Judicial sale (ship), 133 Domicile, habitual residence and entitlement, 147 Jurisdiction, 133, 139, 140 Due diligence, 149 Latvia, 134 Effectiveness, 144, 147, 149 Lex fori, 135 France, 146, 147 Liability of companies, 133 Germany, 149 Liability of non-​owner, 137 Harmonization, 142 Liability of owner, 137, 138 Insolvency, 148 Netherlands, 139 Italy, 146 Normal conditions, 136 Lex situs of claim, 148 Notion, 132 Location, 143, 147, 148 Procedural matters, 135 Netherlands, 146 Property and proprietary rights, 133, 136 Party autonomy, 150

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Index 2741

Priority, 147, 150 Cross-​vesting, 1881, 1885 Property and proprietary rights, 146 Domicile, 1882 Regulatory framework, 144 Double actionability, 1883 Relationship between assignee and debtor, 146 Electronic commerce, 595 Relationship between assignor and assignee, 143, Federal system, 1879, 1882, 1885 149 Forum non conveniens, 1881, 1884 Rome I Regulation (contractual obligations), 144 Full faith and credit, 1883, 1884 Situs of assignor, 148 Hague Conference on Private International Spain, 146 Law, 1885 Subrogation, 146 Historical background, 1879 Substantive regulation, 142 Independent common law, 1880 Third parties, 146 Jurisdiction, 1880 Uniform rules, 147 Mutual trust and cooperation, 1882 Voluntary, 141 New Zealand, 1884 Assignment of credit Other international relations, 1885 Property and proprietary rights, 146 Proof of foreign law, 1884 Assignment of debt Property, 1882 Property and proprietary rights, 1433 Prospects for private international law, 1885 Assignment of receivables, 142 Recognition and enforcement of Factoring (uniform law), 142, 147, 732, 733, 737, 738 judgments, 1884 Assistance, administrative Renvoi, 1883 Double taxation treaties, 570, 573 Service of proceedings, 1880 Assisted negotiations Tort, 1882 Online dispute resolution, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1323 Trans-​Tasman proceedings, 1884 Assisted reproduction Austria, 1886 Access, 205 Academic commentary, 1890 Bioethics and private international law, 203, 204, Administration of private international law, 1890 208 Applicable law, 1891 European Court of Human Rights, 205 Arbitration, 1886, 1887, 1893 Italy, 205 Bilateral conventions, 1887 Recognition of parentage, 205 Case-​law, 1890 United Kingdom, 205 Companies and other legal entities, 1892 Assisted suicide Contentious matters, jurisdiction in, 1890 Belgium, 208 Conventions and domestic legislation, 1886 Bioethics and private international law, 203, 207 Conventions on private international law, 1886 Netherlands, 208 Divorce and personal separation, 1892 Association of Maritime Arbitrators of Canada Domestic legislation, 1886 (AMAC), 114 EU private international law, 1888 Astana Treaty Family matters, 1892 Kazakhstan, 2235 Hague Conference on Private International Asylum seekers Law, 1886 Nationality, 1300 Intellectual property, 1892 Athens Convention Jurisdiction, 1890 Carriage of passengers, 272, 273 Marriage, 1892 Transport law (uniform law), 1728, 1729, 1731, Multilateral conventions, 1886 1737 Nationality, 1892 Athens Convention 1974, 140 Non-​contentious matters, jurisdiction in, 1891 Attachment Obligations, 1891 Injunction, 924, 926, 928, 930 Private international law, history of, 1394 Attachment of bank accounts, 682 Property, 1892 Account Preservation Order Regulation, 681 Recognition and enforcement of foreign Ausschlussfristen judgments, 1893 Prescription, 1369 Sources of private international law, Australia, 1879 1886 Anti-​suit injunctions, 1881, 1882 Succession, 1893 British territories, 1879 UNCITRAL, 1886, 1893 Choice of law, 1882 UNIDROIT, 1886 Constitutional law and private international law, Uniform law, 1888 452, 453, 454 Authentic act Constitutional law and private international law, Legalisation of public documents, 1095, 1096, 1883, 1885 1098

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2742 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Authentic instruments Electronic commerce, 592 Brussels Convention, 1097 Online dispute resolution, 1318, 1320, 1321 Characteristics, 1095 B2c contracts Civil law systems, 1095 CESL, 278, 280, 281, 283 Enforceability, 1103 Competition, unfair, 433 European Enforcement Order Regulation, 1097 Electronic commerce, 592 European sources, 1097 Online dispute resolution, 1318, 1320, 1321 Evidential value, 1103 Back-​to-​back cover principle Formal requirements, 1104 Reinsurance contracts, 1525, 1526, 1527 International instruments, 1097 Balancing approach Legalisation of public documents, 1094, 1095 Competition law (antitrust), 429 Lugano Convention, 1182 Balancing of interests Maintenance obligations, 1192 Renvoi, 1540 Personal status, 1347 Baldus Proof, 1095 Private international law, history of, 1391 Public documents, 1095 Bank Recognition of legal situations evidenced by Cheques, 295 documents, 1495, 1500 Bank accounts Rome IV Regulation (succession), 1586 Account Preservation Order Regulation, 681 Succession Regulation, 1097 Brussels I Regulation (recast), 682 Succession, 1683, 1690 Property and proprietary rights, 1434 Unibank, 1097 Authentication Iceland, 2154 Legalisation of public documents, 1095, 1104 Bar of recognition Authenticity Service of documents, 1632 Recognition of legal situations evidenced by Bar, Carl Ludwig von documents, 1496 Kahn, Franz, 1058, 1059 Authority Mancini, Pasquale Stanislao, 1198 Agency and authority of agents, 29, 30, 35 Bareboat charter Commercial agency, franchise and distribution Flag, 758 contracts, 391 Barrier crossing Connecting factors, 30 Party autonomy, 1339, 1341 Germany, 36 Barriers to trade Grant of, 30, 31, 37 WTO and private international law, 1844, 1845, 1848 Power of attorneys, 31 Bartin, Étienne, 8, 151 Proof of, 38 Algeria, 152 Recognition of legal situations evidenced by Aubry, Charles, 152 documents, 1495, 1496 Batiffol, Henry, 169 Authority beyond the state Case-​law, 153 Globalization and private international law, 846, Characterization (see also Classification), 155 847 Conflict of laws, 154 Automated negotiations Conflit mobile, 155 Online dispute resolution, 1315, 1316 Connecting factors, 155 Automatic recognition Dreyfus affair, 153 Belgium, 1913 Foreign judgments, 152, 156 Autonomous rules Influence on private international law, 156 Sweden, 2546 International jurisdiction, 156 Autonomy of conflict of laws Kahn, Franz, 154, 155, 156, 1060 Kegel, Gerhard, 1066 Lex fori, 155 Availability bias Life and work, 151 Behavioural economics and private international Overriding mandatory rules, 155 law, 172 Paris, 152 Aviation law Particularism, 154 Netherlands, 2367 Party autonomy, 156 Avoidance of service of process abroad Pillet, Antoine, 154 Service of documents, 1632 Politics, 153 Awards set aside abroad Practical experimentation, 153 Arbitration, recognition of awards, 92, 96, 122 Private international law, history of,, 151, 153 Rau, Charles-​Frédéric, 152 B2b contracts Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 154 CESL, 278, 281, 282, 283 Son’s death, 153

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Index 2743

Studies, 152 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 164, 166, 168 Traditionalist, 153 Spirit of synthesis, 168 Universalism, 154 Tradition, 166 Work, 44 Baxter, William Bartolus of Sassoferrato, 157 (American) Conflict of Laws Revolution, 67 Accursius, 158 Currie, Brainerd, 510 Cinus, 158 Game theory and private international law, 831 Conflict of laws, 158, 161 Interest and policy analysis in private international Contracts, 159 law, 984 Custom, 160 Unilateralism, 1783, 1785 Delicts, 159 Beale, Joseph Effect of judgments, 161 Bartolus, 158 Extraterritorial, extraterritoriality, 160 Better law approach, 180 Influence on private international law, 161 Comity, 384 Language, 162 Dicey, Albert Venn, 530 Legacy, 162 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 587 Life and work, 158 Interest and policy analysis in private international Private international law, history of, 157, 162, law, 980 1391, 1392, 1395 Recognition of legal situations evidenced by Real property, 159 documents, 1497 School of Orléans, 158 Restatement (First and Second) of Conflict of Secular statutes and customs, 159 Laws, 66, 1546 Succession, 160 USA, 2639, 2640 Testaments, 159 Vested rights theory, 66, 1814 Theory of statutes, 158, 159, 161 Becker, Gary S Unilateralism, 1780 Economic analysis and private international Base erosion and profit shifting law, 575 Double taxation treaties, 572 Behavioural economics, 175 Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Behavioural law and economics, 174 Region of the People’s Republic of China Behavioural psychology, 171 Hong Kong, SAR of China, 2129 Bounded rationality, 172 Basic rule Bounded self-​interest, 174 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 585 Choice of law by rationally disinterested agents, Batiffol, Henri, 163 176, 177 Academic beginnings, 164 Choice of law with negative effects on third Architecture of method, 168 parties, 176 Bartin, Étienne, 169 Economics of information, 171 Biography, 163 Instrumental innovation, 174 Career, 164 Nudging, 175 Commitments, 167 Positive limitations, 174 Companies, 405 Preference inconsistency, 172 Contracts, 167 Preference instability, 173 Coordination of legal systems, 163, 169 Private international law, 170, 171, 174, 175 Disciples, 165 Processing information, 172 Discord, 165 Rational choice, 171 Doctrine, 168 Behavioural law and economics Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 167 Behavioural economics and private international Enlightened liberalism, 165 law, 174 Gothot, Pierre, 166, 168 Economic analysis and private international Judicial positivism, 166 law, 575 Legacy, 165 Positive limitations, 174 Les amis d’Henri Batiffol, 165 Belarus, 1894 Life, 163 Administration of private international law, 1899 Localization, 169 Application of foreign law, 1899 Mancini, Pasquale Stanislao, 168 Arbitration, 1898, 1906 Person, 163 Capacity, 1905 Post-​scriptum, 170 Case-​law, 1898 Pragmatism, 164, 168, 170 Children, 1904 Rabel, Ernst, 167 Contracts, 1901 Renvoi, 169 Corporations, 1900, 1905 Savignism, 168 Courts and non-​judicial authorities, 1899

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2744 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Belarus (cont.) Major legislation, 1906 Divorce, 1903 Marriage, 1916 Doctrinal writings, 1898 Matrimonial property, 1917 Family matters, 1901, 1903 Multilateral instruments, 1908 Hague Conference on Private International Nationality, 1907, 1916 law, 1897 Non-​contractual obligations, 1914 Hague Conventions, 1897 Non-​judicial authorities, 1912 History and development of private international Obligations, 1914 law, 1899 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1325 Inheritance matters, 1905 Overriding mandatory provisions, 1907, 1914 Intellectual property, 1898, 1901, 1903 Party autonomy, 1916, 1917 International and national law, 1895 Property and goods, 1915 International conventions, 1895 Public policy, 1914, 1916, 1917 Jurisdiction, 1900 Recognition and enforcement of foreign Major legislation, 1894 judgments, 1913 Marriage, 1903 Registered partnerships, 1916 Non-​contractual obligations, 1902 Same-​sex relationships, 1917 Obligations, 1900, 1901 Sources of private international law, 1906 Property, 1900, 1902 Special courts, 1912 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 1905 Succession, 1917 Road transport, 1897 Surrogacy, 1917 Sources of private international law, 1894 Trusts, 1915 Succession, 1901 Treaties on private international law, 1896 Financial instruments, 740 UNCITRAL, 1897 Benelux UNIDROIT, 1897 Luxembourg, 2297 Unjust enrichment, 1902 Benevolent intervention in another’s affairs Wills, 1905 Negotiorum gestio, 1302 Belgium, 1906 Berne Convention Administration of private international TRIPS, 1748, 1749, 1751 law, 1912 WIPO and private international law, 1836, 1838, Adoption, 1916 1839 Application of foreign law, 1912 Bernstein, Herbert Arbitration, 1918 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 585 Automatic recognition and enforcement of foreign Best interests of the child, 16, 21 judgments, 1913 Better law Bilateral conventions, 1909 (American) Conflict of Laws Revolution, 67 Case-​law, 1911 Comparative law and private international law, Choice of law, 1913 417, 421 Contractual obligations, 1914 Currie, Brainerd, 510 Corporations, 1917 USA, 180, 2639, 2644 Doctrinal writing, 1911 Better law approach, 179 EU private international law, 1910 Choice of law, beyond, 185 Family matters, 1916 Choice of law, 316 Federal state, 1907 Content consideration, 179 General rules and principles, 1912 Criterion or approach, 181 Goods in transit, 1915 Critiques, 182 Guiding principles and structure, 1912 Descriptive or normative, 181 Habitual residence, 1916 Efficiency, 183 Hague Conference on Private International Forum law preference, 182 Law, 1908 Inherent indeterminacy, 182 Hague Conventions, 1908 Judicial authority, lack of, 183 Historical developments of sources, 1911 Legislative selectivism, 183 History and evolution of private international Origins and development, 179 law, 1911 Private international law, methods of, 179, 1402 Inheritance, 1917 Reception by the courts, 180 Insolvency, 1917 Reliable standards, lack of, 182 Intellectual property, 1915 Result-​selective statutory rules, 183 International conventions, 1908 Sovereign equality, violation of, 183 Jurisdiction, 1913 Statutory selectivism, 184 Kegel’s ladder, 1916 Substantivism, 185

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Index 2745

BGB Payment, 192 Kahn, Franz, 1057 Payments under, 188 Biases Peru, 189 Behavioural economics and private international Portugal, 189 law, 172, 174 Practical importance, 188 Bigamy Private international law, sources, 190 Marriage, 1227 Protest, 192 Bilateral act Russian Federation, 189 Competition, unfair, 440 Sweden, 189 Bilateral conflict rules Switzerland, 189 Employment contracts, applicable law, 616, 617, Territoriality, 191 622 Time limit, 192 Employment, posting of workers, 656 Transfer to other parties, 188 Bilateral conventions UNCITRAL, 190 Argentina, 1869 UNIDROIT, 1766 Austria, 1887 United Kingdom, 190 Belgium, 1909 USA, 189, 190 Liechtenstein, 2278 Validity, 191 Service of documents, 1629 Bill of lading, 193 Bilateral investment treaty (BITs) Arbitration, maritime, 107, 109, 110, 116, 200 Arbitration, investment, 97 Books of lading, 195 Germany-​Pakistan, 98 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Indonesia-​Netherlands, 98 waterways, 260 Bilateral legal assistance treaties Carriage of goods by sea, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, Croatia, 1992, 1995 198, 199, 200, 261, 262, 263, 264, 266 Bill of exchange, 187 China, 197, 199 Acceptance, 192 Consignment note, 194 Bulgaria, 189 Contract, 201 Capacity, 191 Copies, 194 Cheques, 188, 295, 296, 297 Delivery of goods, 194 Choice of law, method, 190 European Court of Justice case-​law, 200 CIDIP, 327 European rules, 198, 200 Codification, 189 Forum (and law) shopping, 199 Commercial practice, 188 France, 197 Connecting factors, 192 Freedom of contract, 198 Customs and usage, 188 Functions, 193 Denmark, 189 Germany, 197 Drawee’s creditworthiness, 188 Historical development, 195 Formal requirements, 191 Hong Kong, 197 Fragmentation of law, 192 International regime, 196 France, 189 Italy, 197 Geneva Conventions, 189 Jurisdiction, 199, 200 Germany, 189 Legal sources, 196 Harmonization, 189, 192 Letter of lading, 195 Hungary, 189 Maritime law (uniform law), 197, 1215, 1216 Indorsement, 192 Minimum content, 196 International harmonization, 189 Multimodal carriage contracts, 193, 197, 1263, 1265 Interpretation, 191 National legislation, 197 Italy, 188, 189 Nationality of vessel or contracting parties, 196 Japan, 189 Notion, 193 Latin America, 190 Order, 1615 League of Nations, 189 Private international law, 198 Legal rules, 188 Reasonableness test, 199 Lex mercatoria, 188 Rotterdam Rules, 201 Merchant innovation, 188 Sea waybills and other transport documents, 194, National and regional harmonization, 189 1615, 1617, 1618 Nationality, 191 Standard features, 194 Norway, 189 Straight, 1616 Notion, 187 Thailand, 2577 Obligations, 191 Third party rights over choice of forum, 201 Parties to the original bill, 187 To bearer, 193

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2746 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Bill of lading (cont.) US pipeline embargo, 210 To order, 193 USA, 213 Trade usages, 197, 198, 200 Bonaire Transfer ownership, 193 Netherlands, 2358 Uniform law, 196 Bonds United Kingdom, 197 Choice of law, 217 Universal use, 195 Financial instruments, 739, 741, 742, 744 USA, 197 Foreign currency, 216 Bioethics and private international law, 202 History, 216 Assisted reproduction techniques, 204 State, 216 Assisted suicide, 207 Bonds and loans, 214 Belgium, 205 Applicable law, 216, 218 Bioethics and the law, 202 Belgium, 217 Bioethics, 202 Capacity, 219 Challenges, 204 Choice of jurisdiction, 216 Death tourism, 203, 208 Choice of law, 216 Euthanasia, 207 Conflict of laws, 218 Informed consent, 202, 203 Consumer protection, 218 Living Wills, 207 Content, 214 Medical professionals, 204 Contracts, 217 Succession, 207 Currency, 217, 218 Surrogacy, 205 Definition, 214 Theoretical background, 202 History, 215 Transsexuality, 207 Insolvency, applicable law, 218 Travel between states, 203 Intermediaries, 218 United Kingdom, 205 International mandatory rules, 217 Black letter rules Legal nature, 214 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 586 Legal personality, 219 Block reference Market law, 216 Israel, 2198 Parties, 214 Blocking statutes, 209 Party autonomy, 216 Abstract, 211 Private international law, 216 Applicable law, 212 Public interference, 217 British Protection of Trading Interests Act, 211 Security, 218 Canada, 212 Standard terms, 215 Clawback, 212 Structure, 215 Competition law (antitrust), 214, 428 United Kingdom, 216 Concept, 209 USA, 216, 217 Cuba, 211 Bonos mores Damages, 212 Formal requirements and validity, 784 Economic warfare, 210 Book 10 Dutch New Civil Code Embargo, 603, 605 General provisions, 2362 European reactions to US pipeline embargo, 210 Netherlands, 2362 Evidence, procurement if, 212 Borrowing statutes Foreign law, application and ascertainment, 212 Forum (and law) shopping, 789 Function, 209 Prescription, 1373 Historical development, 210 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1919 Mandatory rules (overriding), 213 Administration of private international law, 1923 Money, 212 Adoption, 1926 Political instrument, 213 Application and enforcement of foreign law, 1923 Private international law, 209 Arbitration, 1928 Prohibited disclosure of information, 212 Bilateral treaties, 1922 Public international law, 209 Case-​law, 1922 Public policy, 212 Child-​parent relationship, 1927 Recognition and enforcement of judgments (civil Choice of law, 1925 law), 212 Constitution, 1919 Recognition and enforcement of judgments Corporations, 1925, 1927 (common law), 212 Divorce, 1926 Regulation of content, 211 Doctrinal writing, 1923 Survey, 210, 211 EU private international law, 1922 United Kingdom, 211, 212 Family matters, 1924, 1926

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Index 2747

Federal act, 1921 Major legislation, 1928 General jurisdiction, 1924 Marriage, 1934, 1936 Hague Conference on Private International Matrimonial property, 1936 Law, 1921 MERCOSUR, 1930 History of private international law, 1923 Obligations, 1933, 1935 Inheritance, 1925, 1927 Pledge, 1935 Intellectual property, 1924, 1926 Property, 1934, 1935 International conventions, 1921 Recognition and enforcement of foreign Jurisdiction, 1923 judgments, 1938 Major legislation, 1919 Scope of jurisdiction, 1933 Marriage, 1926 Sources of private international law, 1928 Matrimonial property, 1926 Special courts, 1932 Obligations, 1924, 1925 Succession, 1934, 1937 Property, 1924, 1926 UNCITRAL, 1930 Recognition and enforcement of UNIDROIT, 1930 judgments, 1927 Brussels Civil Liability Convention Sources of private international law, 1919 Nuclear liability, 1308 Special courts, 1923 Brussels Convention United Nations conventions, 1922 Attachment of bank accounts, 681 West Balkan Convention, 1832, 1833 Austria, 223 ZRSZ, 1919 Bill of lading, 198, 200 Bounded rationality Brussels I (Convention and Regulation), 220 Behavioural economics and private international Brussels I system, 219 law, 172 Brussels IIa Regulation, 233 Bounded self-​interest Choice of forum and submission to Behavioural economics and private international jurisdiction, 305 law, 174 Court of Justice of the European Union, 221 Brazil Denmark, 220, 222 Administration of private international Employment contracts, applicable law, 619 law, 1932 Employment contracts, jurisdiction, 625, Adoption, 1936 627, 630 Annulment, 1937 Employment, posting of workers, 656 Application and enforcement of foreign Evolution, 222 law, 1932 Finland, 223 Arbitral awards, 1939 Freight forwarding contracts, 822 Arbitration, 1938 GEDIP, 837 Bustamante Code, 1929 Greece, 223 Case-​law, 1931 Intellectual property, jurisdiction, 972 Children, 1934 Interpretation, autonomous, 1008 Choice of forum, 1933 Ireland, 222 Choice of law, 1935 Jenard Report, 223 CIDIP Conventions, 1929 Lis alibi pendens, 1158, 1160, 1161, 1164, 1165 Civil Code, 1931 Lugano Convention, 1176 Commercial Code, 1931 Pendency, 221 Concurrent jurisdiction, 1932 Portugal, 223 Constitution, 1928 Recognition and enforcement, 222 Corporations, 1934, 1937 Regulation, to, 224 Divorce, 1936 Schlosser Report, 223 Doctrinal writing, 1931 Spain, 223 Family matters, 1934, 1936 Sweden, 223 Federal system, 1928 Treaties in private international law, 1745 Goods in transit, 1935 United Kingdom, 222 Hague Conference on Private International Brussels I (Convention and Regulation), 4 Law, 1930 Antidiscrimination, 77 History of private international law, 1931 Anti-​suit injunctions, 81, 85 Intellectual property, 1934, 1936 Arbitration, international commercial, 89 International contracts, 1935 Carriage of goods by sea, 268 International conventions, 1929 Civil and commercial matters, 219, 220, 221 Jurisdiction, 1932 Court of Justice of the European Union, 486, LINDB, 1929 487, 488 Maintenance obligations, 1937 Rule of law, 483

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2748 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Brussels I Regulation (see also Brussels I Regulation Cultural objects, protection of, 498, 503 (recast)) Damages, 512, 514, 517, 518 Amendments, 223 Direct action, 533 Arbitration, 228 Domicile, habitual residence and Bill of lading, 200, 202 establishment, 227 Choice of forum and submission to jurisdiction, Donation, 561 305, 306, 307, 309, 310, 311 Employment contracts, jurisdiction, 624, 625, 626, Civil and commercial matters, 348, 351, 352, 353, 627, 628, 629, 630 354, 355, 356 Exequatur, 226 CLIP, and, 370 Flag, 760 Consumer contracts, 223 GEDIP, 838 Contractual matters, 223 Intellectual property, jurisdiction, 972 Court of Justice of the European Union, 221 Internet, jurisdiction, 992 Employment contracts, applicable law, 619 Joint Statement, 466 Employment contracts, jurisdiction, 625, 627, 630 Jurisdiction, contracts and torts, 1032, 1036 Employment, posting of workers, 656 Jurisdiction, limits under international law, 1053, European Union and private international law, 1055 691, 694 Lis alibi pendens, 1158, 1161, 1164 Evolution, 222 Lugano Convention, 1178, 1182, 1184 Exclusive competences, 223 Pendency, 227 Features, 220 Personal scope, 465 Freight forwarding contracts, 822 Progress, 228 GEDIP, 837 Small Claims Regulation, 1643, 1644, 1646 Heads of jurisdiction, 223 Third states, 227 Insurance contracts, 223 Brussels IIa Convention Intellectual property, jurisdiction, 972 Treaties in private international law, 1746 Interpretation, autonomous, 1007 Brussels IIa Regulation, 229 Lis alibi pendens, 224, 1158, 1161, 1164, 1165 Abolition of exequatur, 234, 235 Lugano Convention, 1176, 1177, 1178, 1182, 1183 Appeal, 234 Place of performances, 223 Background, 229 Preliminary reference to CJEU, 221 Brussels Convention, 233 Public policy (ordre public), 1455 Certificate, 302 Recognition and enforcement of judgments Child abduction, 233 (common law), 1482 Child’s habitual residence, 232, 233 Recognition of judgments, 223 Civil and commercial matters, 681, 682, 683 Territoriality, 369 Common nationality, 231 Torts, 224 Context, 229 West Balkan Convention, 1833 Cooperation of central authorities, 235 Brussels I Regulation (recast) (see also Brussels I Decisions on matrimonial matters, 233 Regulation), 226 Decisions on parental responsibility, 233 ‘Although a factor will be’, 467 Divorce and personal separation, 546, 547, 551 ‘Directed activities’, 467 Enforceable , 682 ‘Within the scope of those activities’, 467 European Account Preservation Order (EAPO), Arbitration, 227 and, 683, 685 Article 15, circumstances of application, 466 European Court of Justice, 229 Article 15, material scope, 466 Exclusions, 549 Article 15, 464 First instance decision, 234 Article 16, 468 Forum (and law) shopping, 790 Article 17, 468 GEDIP, 841 Assessment, 228 Guardianship, custody and parental Bill of lading, 200 responsibility, 869 Choice of court agreements, 227 Habitual residence, 231, 232 Choice of forum and submission to jurisdiction, Hague Child Abduction Convention, and, 301 305, 306, 308, 309, 310 Ireland, 231 Civil and commercial matters, 348, 351, 352, 353, Jurisdiction, 231, 232 354, 355, 356 Jurisdictional rules, 548, 549 CMR, 258 Marriage, 230 Consumer contracts, 464 Non-​return order, after, 302 Consumer’s country, 467 Non-​return order, 233 Contract requirement, 465 Parental responsibility, 232 Cross-​border enforcement, 226 Private international law practice, 236

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Index 2749

Private international law theory, 235 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 1949 Public policy (ordre public), 1455 Rights in rem, 1947 Public policy, 234 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 1940 Recognition and enforcement of decisions, 233 Sources of private international law, 1941 Recognition and enforcement of foreign State, 1946 judgments and awards, 234 Succession, 1944, 1948 Recognition, 552 Supranational EU law, 1942 Registered partnerships, 553 Unincorporated entities, 1946 Rome III Regulation (divorce), and, 1574, 1575, Bundling of issues 1578 Choice of law, 314 Same-​sex marriages, 548, 1606 Burden of proof, 236 Scope, 230 Adjustment/​adaption (anpassung), 11 Significance, 235 Aliens law (Condition des étrangers, Structure, 230 Fremdenrecht), 52 United Kingdom, 231 Applicability of certain private international Bucheffekten provision, 240 Financial instruments, 740 Applicable law, 237 Build and design contract Brussels I Regulation (recast), 239 Construction contracts, 459, 460, 461, 463 Brussels I Regulation, 239 Building agreements Burden of producing evidence, 237, 238 Construction contracts, 463 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Building contracts waterways, 257, 259 Construction contracts, 460 Classification, 237 Bulgaria, 1939 Concept, 236 Administration of private international law, 1944 Connecting factor, 240 Adoption, 1944, 1948 Foreign law, 243 Agency, 1946 France, 238 Applicable law, 1944 Germany, 243 Application and enforcement of foreign law, 1942, International jurisdiction, on, 239 1945 Italy, 238, 243 Application of PILA, 1940 Lex fori, 238, 241 Arbitration, 1949 Non liquet, 240, 241 Bilateral treaties, 1941 Parties, 242 Capacity, 1945 Private international law, 236, 237, 239 Closest connection and other principles, 1940 Risk allocation, 236 Codification, 1939, 1940 Situations, 241 Consular conventions, 1941 Solution of private international problems, 237 Corporations, 1946 Spain, 238 Divorce, 1947 Structural characteristics, 239 Extinctive prescription, 1946 Substance and procedure, 1671 Family matters, 1943, 1947 Sweden, 238 Forms of transactions, 1946 United Kingdom, 238 Guardianship, 1948 Weaker party, 240 Hague Conference on Private International Bürgschaft Law, 1941 Guarantees, 862 Hague Conventions, 1941 Business transactions History of private international law, 1939 Capacity and emancipation, 252, 253, 254, 683 Intellectual property, 1944, 1946 Businesses International conventions, 1941 Regulatory competition, 1515, 1516 International usage, 1942 Responsiveness, 1516 Jurisdiction, 1942 Bustamante, Antonio Sánchez de Kinship and legitimation, 1947 Bustamante Code, 247 Lugano Convention, 1941 Classification of laws, 246 Maintenance, 1948 Havana School of Private International Marriage, 1947 Law, 245 Name of individuals, 1946 Influence, 249 Obligations, 1944, 1948 Life and work, 244 Personal rights, 1943 Private international law, contribution to, 245 Physical persons, 1945 Bustamante Code PILA, 1940 Argentina, 245 Property, 1944, 1946 Brazil, 244, 250, 1929

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2750 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Bustamante Code (cont.) New York Convention, 1950 Bustamante, Antonio Sánchez de, 245, 247 Obligations, 1953, 1955 Chile, 245, 248, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1966, Patrimonial claims, 1954 1967, 1968, 1969 Proper law (doctrine), 1955 Colombia, 245 Property, 1954, 1956 Cuba, 248, 249, 2003, 2006, 2007 Québec’s codification of private international Dominican Republic, 2038 law, 1950 Ecuador, 2043 Québec, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1956, 1958 Influence on legal practice, 249 Real and substantial connection, 1952 Mexico, 245 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 1958 Paraguay, 245, 2399 Same-​sex marriage, 1954, 1957 Personal laws, 247 Sources of private international law, 1950 Private order laws, 248 Special courts, 1952 Territorial laws, 248 Specific jurisdiction, 1953 Treaty, as, 250 Torts, 1953, 1956 Uruguay, 245 Capacity USA, 245 CIEC/​ICCS (International Commission on Civil Venezuela, 2648 Status), 333 Voluntary laws, 248 Cuba, 2005 Immovable property, 892 C2b contracts Personal status, 1346, 1347, 1349 Online dispute resolution, 1321 Capacity and emancipation, 251, 683 C2c contracts Adults, protection of, 22 Online dispute resolution, 1318, 1320, 1321 Aliens law (Condition des étrangers, Calabresi, Guido Fremdenrecht), 51 Economic analysis and private international Arbitration, international commercial, 94 law, 575 Business transactions, 252 Calvo doctrine Comparative perspectives, 251 Ecuador, 2046 Conflit mobile, 252 Canada, 1950 Connecting factor, 253 Administration of private international Dépeçage, 251 law, 1952 Legal capacity, 251, 252 Adoption, 1955 Legal personality, 251, 252 Application and enforcement of foreign , 251 law, 1952 Lex substantiae actus, 251 Arbitration, 1958 Mandatory norms, 255 Case-​law, 1950 Natural person(s), 251, 252 Choice of law, 1955 Peru, 2415 Common law, 1951 Principle of non-​discrimination, 252 Constitutional law and private international law, Public policy, 255 452, 453, 454, 1951 Reciprocity, 255 Corporations, 1955, 1957 Tempus regit actum principle, 252 Custody, 1955 Validity rules, 252 Divorce, 1954, 1957 Cape Town Convention Doctrinal writing, 1951 Assignment, 1627 Family matters, 1954, 1956 Creation mechanisms, 1625 Forum non conveniens, 1953 Default remedies, 1626 , 1953 Entry into force, 1623 General jurisdiction, 1952 In insolvency, 1626 Guardianship, 1954 International interest, 1625 Hague Conference on Private International Membership, 1623 Law, 1950 Mobile equipment, 1621 History of private international law, 1951 Outside insolvency, 1626 Inheritance, 1955, 1957 Perfection, 1625 Intellectual property, 1956 Priority, 1625 International conventions, 1950 Scope of application, 1624 Jurisdiction, 1952 Security interests in mobile equipment (uniform Maintenance obligations, 1957 law), 1621, 1623, 1624 Major legislation, 1950 Substantive application, 1624 Marriage, 1954, 1956 Territorial application, 1624 Matrimonial property, 1954, 1957 Two-​instruments structure, 1624

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Index 2751

UNIDROIT, 1621 Jurisdiction, 258 Capital control Liability of road carrier, 257 Bonds and loans, 217 Limitation of actions, 259 Cargo Multimodal carriage contracts, 1265, 1267, 1269 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Carriage of goods by sea, 261 waterways, 257, 258 Arbitration, maritime, 116 Sea waybills and other transport documents, 1616, Autonomous interpretation, 265 1618 Background, 261 Carpzov, Benedict Bill of lading, 193, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, Private international law, history of, 1394 261, 262, 263, 264, 266 Carriage by air Carrier’s habitual residence, 267 Transport law (uniform law), 1730, 1732 Conflict of conventions, 263 Carriage by inland waterways Escape clause, 264, 268 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Freight forwarding contracts, 265, 817 waterways, 260 Habitual residence, 265, 267 CMNI, 260 Maritime law (uniform law), 1215 Transport law (uniform law), 1734 Multimodal carriage contracts, 1262 Carriage by rail Objective connecting factor, 267 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Objectives of conventions, 262 waterways, 259 Party autonomy, 262, 263, 265 Transport law (uniform law), 1732, 1733 Relevant rules and their structure, 264 Carriage by road Sea waybills and other transport documents, 1615, Acts and omissions of carrier and other 1616 persons, 257 Special notions, 265 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Uniform choice of law rules, 264 waterways, 257 Uniform law conventions, 262 Damage, 257 Uniform law, purpose, 261 Exonerating circumstances, 257 Carriage of passengers, 269 Liability of carrier, 257 Air law (uniform law), 40 Limit of liability, 257 Carriage by air, 275 Period of liability, 257 Carriage by rail, 277 Transport law (uniform law), 1732, 1733 Carriage by sea, 272, 276 Carriage by sea Choice of law, 269 Arbitration, maritime, 116 Connecting factor, 269, 272 Sea waybills and other transport documents, 1615, European law, 275 1616 Liability, limitation of maritime, 1140, 1143, 1144 Transport law (uniform law), 1731, 1733 Liability, 271 Carriage of baggage Maritime law (uniform law), 1210, 1212, 1215 Air law (uniform law), 40, 41 Overview, 269 Carriage of cargo Passenger Rights Regulation, 275 Air law (uniform law), 40, 41 Rome Convention and Rome I Regulation Liability, limitation of maritime, 1143 (contractual obligations), 269 Carriage of goods Transport law (uniform law), 1730 Freight forwarding contracts, 818, 819, 820, 821 Carrier International conventions, 1737 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Liability, limitation of maritime, 1140, 1143 waterways, 258, 261 Maritime law (uniform law), 1210, 1212, 1215 Carriage of goods by sea, 262, 265, 267, 268 Multimodal carriage contracts, 1262, 1269 Carriage of passengers, 272, 274, 275, 276, 277 Thailand, 2577 Economic risk, 818, 822 Transport law (uniform law), 1732 Freight forwarding contracts, 819, 820 Carriage of goods by air Cartels Bill of lading, 194 Competition law (antitrust), 426 Carriage of goods by road Cartesio CIDIP, 327 Freedom of establishment/​persons (European Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Union) and private international law, 810 waterways, 255 Cascade connections Arbitration, 258 Choice of law, 318 Carriage by inland waterways, 260 Kegel, Gerhard, 1066, 1070 Carriage by rail, 259 Cascade of connecting factors Conventions, 255 Choice of law, 318 Freight forwarding contracts, 817 Kegel, Gerhard, 1066, 1070

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2752 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Case-​law Switzerland, 2550 Albania, 1857 Taiwan, 2560 Argentina, 1870 Tunisia, 2583 Belarus, 1898 Turkey, 2593 Belgium, 1911 Ukraine, 2605 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1922 Uniform substantive law and private international Brazil, 1931 law, 1773, 1774 Canada, 1950 United Kingdom, 2614 China, 1973 Uruguay, 2629 Colombia, 1982 USA, 2639 Croatia, 1993 Venezuela, 2649 Czech Republic, 2010 Vietnam, 2660 Denmark, 2023 Cassation appeal Dominican Republic, 2038 Foreign law, judicial review, 782 Ecuador, 2044, 2046 Cassis de Dijon Egypt, 2055 Court of Justice of the European Union, 485 Estonia, 2064 WTO and private international law, 1847 Finland, 2073 Casualty insurance France, 2082 Insurance contracts, 959 Georgia, 2092 Caution Germany, 2102 Guarantees, 862 Ghana, 2113 Cavers, David, 50 Hong Kong, SAR of China, 2131 (American) Conflict of Laws Revolution, 66, 67 Hungary, 2140 Currie, Brainerd, 66, 507, 510 Iceland, 2149 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 587 India, 2157 Interest and policy analysis in private international Indonesia, 2164 law, 66 , 980, 984, 985, 987 Iran, 2176 Unilateralism, 1783 Ireland, 2184 USA, 2639, 2642 Israel, 2194 CEFTA Japan, 2220 West Balkan Convention, 1833 Kazakhstan, 2235 Celebration Korea, 2243 Marriage, 1229, 1230, 1232 Latvia, 2256 Central administration Lebanon, 2265 Domicile, habitual residence and establishment, Liechtenstein, 2280 555, 560 Lithuania, 2288 Central Authorities Macau, SAR of China, 2307 Maintenance obligations, 1185, 1187, 1192, 1193 Macedonia, FYR, 2318 Service of documents, 1630 Malta, 2327 Central counterparties Mexico, 2337 Financial instruments, 740 Montenegro, 2347 Central Europe Netherlands, 2358 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1326 New Zealand, 2369 Central People’s Government of the PRC Nigeria, 2379 Hong Kong, SAR of China, 2129, 2130, 2137 Norway, 2389 Central Securities Depositories (CSDs) Paraguay, 2400 Financial instruments, 739, 744 Peru, 2410 Centralization Poland, 2424 Financial instruments, 739, 741, 743 Portugal, 2434 Centre of gravity Public policy (ordre public), 10 Escape clause, 669 Romania, 2444 Centre of interests Russian Federation, 2455 Personality rights, 1353 Saudi Arabia, 2465 Centre of main interest Serbia, 2472 Aspects, 540 Singapore, 2483 Director’s liability, 540 Slovakia, 2495 Head office approach, 540 Slovenia, 2504 Centre of main interests South Africa, 2516 Ascertainable by third parties, 949 Spain, 2527 Group of companies, 949 Sweden, 2537 Insolvency, applicable law, 934

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Index 2753

Insolvency, jurisdiction and vis attractiva, 948 Meaning, 287 Location, 949 Social protection and private international law, Notion, 948 1648, 1650, 1651 Practical problems, 950 Social security within the EU, 294 Transfer, 949, 950 Special rules, 293 Centros Subsidiarity, 288 Court of Justice of the European Union, 485 Third party payer, 288 Freedom of establishment/​persons (European Champagne fairs Union) and private international law, 809, 811 Lex mercatoria, 1120, 1123 Certificate of succession Changing choice of law Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1329, 1330 Floating choice of law, 767, 768 Rome IV Regulation (succession), 1586 Characteristic obligation Succession, 1683 Switzerland, 2553 Certificate of succession Characteristic performance Succession, 1690 Austria, 1891 Certificates of service of process Economic analysis and private international Service of documents, 1631 law, 581 CESL, 280 Liechtenstein, 2281 1st regime model, 285 Characterization (see also Classification) 28th (29th) regime model, 283 Antidiscrimination, 72, 78, 360 2nd regime model, assessment, 283 Bartin, Étienne, 8, 155 2nd regime model, 282 Characterization, meaning, 359 B2b contracts, 278 Choice of law, 359 B2c contracts, 278 Competition, unfair, 435 Background, 278 Connecting factor, 360 CESL-​D, 279 Connecting factors, 36 CISG, 282, 285, 286, 287 Damages, 364 , 512, 513, 515, 516, 517, 518, 519 Content, 279 Definitional differences, 360 Contracts between traders and consumers, 281 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 586, 588 Contracts between traders, 281 Employment contracts, applicable law, 621 Digital content, 280 EU private international law, 359 Gap filling, 286 Family matters, 359 GEDIP, 839 Goldschmidt, Werner, 852, 853, 855, 856, 857 General aspects, 278 Immovable property, 893 General contract law, 280 Kahn, Franz, 155, 1059 Goods, 280 Lebanon, 2268 Hague Sales Convention, 286 Liability, capital market, 1130, 1133, 1134, 1136, Harmonization, 279 1138 History, 278 Property and proprietary rights, 1429 Installation, maintenance or repair, 280 Rabel, Ernst, 358, 1464 International conventions, 286 Russian Federation, 2458 Justification for unification of European contract Serbia, 2475 law, 281 Uniform substantive law, 359 Proposal, 278, 279 Unjust enrichment (restitution), 1809 Regulatory approach, assessment, 283 Charter party Regulatory approach, 282 Bill of lading, 194, 196 Relationships to private international law, 282 Carriage of goods by sea, 262, 266 Remedies, 281 Single voyage, 265 Sale contracts and sale of goods, 280 Checks Structure, 279 CIDIP, 327 Test case, as, 279 Cheques, 295 Cessio legis, 287 Applicable law, 296 Applicable law, 289, 292, 293 Bills of exchange, 296, 297 Assessment of solution, 292 Capacity, 297 Connecting factors, 290 Common law states, 296 Connecting points, 289 Content, 296 Delimitation, 290 Conventions, 296 General regime, 288 Definition and Concept, 295 Insurance against civil liability, motor vehicles, 295 History, 296 Maintenance obligations, 293 Latin America, 296 Material scope, 291 Notion, 295

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2754 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Cheques (cont.) Choice-​of-​law agreement, 1961 Private international law rules, 296 Civil procedure, 1969 Sources of law, 296 Concept, 1959 Chernobyl incident Conventional law, 1960 Nuclear liability, 1305, 1307 Corporations, 1966 Chicago Convention Customary law, 1960 ICAO, 887, 889, 890 Divorce, 1965, 1968 Child Evidence, 1962, 1969 Surrogacy, 1691, 1692, 1693, 1694, 1695, 1696 Exceptions of an international character, 1969 Child abduction, 297 Exequatur, 1967 Bilateral conventions, 301 Extradition, 1968 Brussels IIa Regulation, 230, 233, 234, 301 Foreign arbitral awards, 1968 Child’s wellbeing, 297 Foreign judgments on divorce, 1968 CIDIP, 300, 328 Form in acts and contracts, 1963 Concept, 297 Hague Conference on Private International Divorce and separation rates, 298 Law, 1960 Domestic violence, 303 Industrial property, 1967 European Child Custody Convention, 867 Intellectual property, 1967 European legal sources, 301 International commercial arbitration, 1963 Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 701 International contracts, 1963 Forum (and law) shopping, 790 International cooperation, 1968 Guardianship, custody and parental responsibility, Jurisdiction, 1961 297, 298, 301, 302 Letters rogatory, 1959, 1960, 1968 Habitual residence, 297, 300 Maintenance obligations, 1965 Hague Child Abduction Convention, 867 Marriage, 1964 Harmonization, 304 MERCOSUR, 1960 Historical development, 298 National law, 1959 International legal sources, 299 Personal status, 1964 Legal sources, 298 Personal statute, 1964 Modern trends, 302 Principle of territoriality, 1962 National legal sources, 298 Proof of foreign law, 1962 Notion, 297 Property, 1963 Operational problems, 302 Recognition of judgments, 1967 Parental responsibility, 297, 298 Right to appeal at trial, 1969 Practical problems, 303 Sources of private international law, 1959 Principle of non-​discrimination, 298 Succession, 1966 Private international law, 297 United Nations Conventions, 1960 Purpose and function of law, 297 China, 1970 Rights of access, 302, 303 Administration of private international law, 1975 Rights of custody, 299, 300 Adoption, 1978 Switzerland, 303 Agency and authority of agents, 30 USA, 298 Application of foreign law, 1975 Visitation rights, 297 Arbitration, 1980 Child marriage Bilateral conventions, 1972 Marriage, 1227 Case-​law, 1973 Child protection Choice of law, 1976 Guardianship, custody and parental responsibility, Contractual disputes, 1976 13, 864, 865, 868, 869 Courts and non-​judicial authorities, 1975 Hague Child Protection Convention, 868 Cultural Revolution, 1974 Child support Divorce, 1978 Maintenance obligations, 1185, 1189 Doctrinal writings, 1973 Children Electronic commerce, 599 New Zealand, 2376 Family matters, 1978 Chile, 1959 Guardianship, custody and parental Annulment, 1965, 1968 responsibility, 1978 Applicable law, 1962 Hague Conference on Private International Application of foreign law, 1962 Law, 1971 Application of private international law, 1959 Hague Conventions, 1971 Bustamante Code, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1966, History and development of private international 1967, 1968, 1969 law, 1973 Capacity, 1964 Hong Kong, SAR of China, 1971

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Index 2755

Intellectual property, 1978 Existence or exercise, issues ancillary to, 310 International conventions, 1971 Existence or exercise, issues subordinate to, 307 Jurisdiction, 1975 Judicial jurisdiction, 304 Legal persons, 1978 Jurisdiction, 304 Macau, SAR of China, 1971, 2305 Procedural laws, and, 308 Major legislation, 1970 Proceedings, law governing, 1408 Marriage, 1978 Submission to jurisdiction, 311 Moveable property, 1977 Thailand, 2579 Non-​contractual disputes, 1976 Voluntary appearance, 305 Obligations, 1977 Choice of forum clause Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1326, 1327 Lis alibi pendens, 1164 People’s Republic of China, 1970 Restatement (First and Second) of Conflict of Property rights and interests, disputes, 1976 Laws, 1549 Property rights, 1977 Choice of international custom Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 1979 Vietnam, 2660, 2664 Sources of private international law, 1970 Choice of jurisdiction Succession, 1979 Restatement (First and Second) of Conflict of Supreme People’s Court, 1973 Laws, 1546, 1547, 1549, 1550 Territorial jurisdiction, 1976 Switzerland, 2551 Torts, 1977 Choice of law, 311 United Nations conventions, 1972 (American) Conflict of Laws Revolution, 66, 68, Warsaw Convention, 1972 69 China Maritime Arbitration Commission ‘Copernican turn’, 312 (CMAC), 114 Account Preservation Order Regulation, 687 Chinese customary law Accumulating different laws, 315 Hong Kong, SAR of China, 2131 Adults, protection of, 27 Choice-​influencing considerations Agency and authority of agents, 29, 35, 37 Better law approach, 180 Albania, 1859 Choice-​of-​court agreement Alternative dispute resolution, 62, 63, 64 Choice of forum and submission to Antidiscrimination, 72, 74 jurisdiction, 310 Arbitration, international commercial, 86, 87, 91, Employment contracts, jurisdiction, 631 96 Express agreements, 1188 Arbitration, maritime, 111, 112 Habitual residence, 1186 Arbitration, (UNCITRAL) Model Law, 129 Italy, 2210 Argentina, 1875 Maintenance obligations, 1185, 1188 Assignability/​Assignment of claims, 147 Substantial validity, 1186 Australia, 1882 Tacit prorogation, 1188 Austria, 1886, 1891 Weaker parties, 1186 Bartin, Étienne, 169 Choice of forum Batiffol, Henry, 166, 167, 169, 170 Canada, 1953 Belarus, 1901, 1902 Choice of forum and submission to Belgium, 1913 jurisdiction, 304 Better law approach, 316 Electronic commerce, 594 Bill of lading, 198 Party autonomy, 1339, 1341 Bioethics and private international law, 203, 206 Choice-​of-​forum agreements Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1925 Party autonomy, 1340 Brazil, 1935 Vietnam, 2662 Bundling, 315 Choice of forum and submission to jurisdiction, 304 Canada, 1955 Agreements on jurisdiction, 307 Capacity and emancipation, 684 Alternative dispute resolution, 64 Carriage of goods by sea, 264 Antidiscrimination, 78 Carriage of passengers, 269 Choice of forum, 304 China, 1976 Choice, agreement or submission, by, 305 CIEC/​ICCS (International Commission on Civil Common law , 308 Status), 335 Contractual obligations, 472 Classical school, 1387 Contractual relationships, 306 Classification (characterization), 359 Derogation by choice or agreement, 306 Collective redress, 378 Discretion, 307 Colombia, 1986 Effect of parties’ agreement, 305, 310 Commercial agency, franchise and distribution Enforceable obligations, 305, 310 contracts, 394, 396

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2756 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Choice of law (cont.) Jurisdiction selecting method, 179 Concept, 1383 Kazakhstan, 2238 Conflict rules, 687 Korea, 2247 Connecting factor, 318 Latvia, 2260 Connecting technique, 318 Law selecting method, 179 Consequences, 313 Lease contracts and tenancies, 1082 Content consideration, 179 Lebanon, 2269 Court of Justice of the European Union, 485 Lex fori, 6 Criteria, 316 Liechtenstein, 2277 Croatia, 1990, 1998 Limited, 445, 446 Cuba, 2004 Lithuania, 2290 Czech Republic, 2014 Luxembourg, 2301 Denmark, 2030 Macau, SAR of China, 2310 Divorce and personal separation, 543, 546, 549 Macedonia, FYR, 2321 Dominican Republic, 2037, 2042 Marriage, 1227, 1230 Economic analysis and private international law, Matrimonial property, 1239 577, 580, 581, 583 Mexico, 2342 Ecuador, 2045 Middle East, 317 Electronic commerce, 594 Modern trends, 1389 Employment contracts, 74 Modern, shift to, 830 Employment contracts, applicable law, 616, 618, Modern, 831 620, 622 Montenegro, 2348 Employment, collective bargaining, 607, 608, 610, Mozambique, 2354 612 Multiple connections, 319 Employment, industrial disputes, 635, 638, 639, Names of individuals, 1283, 1289 640 Nationalization, 316 Environmental liability, 664, 665 Netherlands, 2362 Estonia, 2068 Nigeria, 2381 Estoppel, 678 Norway, 2395 Expert liability, 721 Object of referral, 314 Federal structure, 317 Operation of referral, 316 Finland, 2076 Paraguay, 2403 Floating choice of law, 766 Party autonomy, 1336, 1338, 1340, 1341 Foreign law, application of, 312 Peru, 2414 Foreign law, 312, 317 Place of performance, 1360 France, 2086 Poland, 2426 Freedom of establishment/​persons (European Political school, 1388 Union) and private international Portugal, 2436 law, 810 Preliminary question, 315 Game theory and private international law, 831 Prescription, 315 Georgia, 2096 Private international law, foundations, 1383 Ghana, 2115 Proceedings, law governing, 1407 Government interest analysis, 316 Proximity, 316 Hong Kong, SAR of China, 2135 Public policy (ordre public), 313 Huber, Ulrik, 876 Purpose, 1387 Human rights and private international law, 883 Recognition of legal situations evidenced by Hungary, 2143 documents, 1499, 1502, 1503 Iceland, 2153 Regulatory competition, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1520, Immovable property, 891 1521 Implications, 315 Renvoi, 317 India, 2159 Restatement (First and Second) of Conflict of Indonesia, 2170 Laws, 67, 1546, 1549, 1550 Insurance contracts, 958, 959, 960 Romania, 2449 Interest and policy analysis in private international Rome Convention and Rome I Regulation law, 66 (contractual obligations), 1556 Interregional/​Interstate law, 317, 1015, 1016 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual obligations), Iran, 2177 69, 1572 Ireland, 2184 Russian Federation, 2458 Israel, 2198 Sale contracts and sale of goods, 74 Italy, 2211 Saudi Arabia, 2462 Japan, 2223 Scope of referral, 317

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Index 2757

Serbia, 2474 Italy, 2211, 2213 Singapore, 2488 Tunisia, 2582, 2584 Slovakia, 2499 Chrematist courts Slovenia, 2510 Private international law, history of, 1390 Sources of uniformity, 834 CIDIP South Africa, 2519 Adoption, 328 Spain, 2531 Arbitral awards, 326 Structure of conflict rule, 313 Arbitration, international commercial, 326 Succession, 1686, 1688 Background, 320 Survey, 313 Bills of exchange, 327 Sweden, 2542 Brazil, 1929 Switzerland, 2553, 2554, 2555, 2556 Canada, 320 Taiwan, 2562 Carriage of goods by road, 327 Thailand, 2572 Checks, 327 Tunisia, 2587 Child abduction, 328 Turkey, 2595 Codification of private international law, 320, 321, Ukraine, 2606 329 United Kingdom, 2618 Colombia, 1981 Uruguay, 2631 Commercial companies, 327 USA, 2642 Cuba, 2004 Venezuela, 2653 Domicile, 328 Vietnam, 2663 Dominican Republic, 2039 Westphalian model, 312 Execution of preventative measures, 326 Choice-​of-​law agreements (see also Choice-​of-​law Extraterritorial validity of foreign judgments, 326 clauses) Fifth, 322 Employment contracts, applicable First, 321 law, 617, 623 Foreign judgements, 326 Formal requirements and validity, 783 Foreign law, 323 Formalities, 1187, 1190 Foundations, 320 Law, choice of, 1186 Fourth, 322 Maintenance obligations, 1186 General rules of private international Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1328 law, 323 Rome Convention and Rome I Regulation Goldschmidt, Werner, 859 (contractual obligations), 1556 Inter-​American Codification, 322, 329 Substantive validity, 1187 International contracts, 327 Weaker parties, 1186 Invoices, 327 Choice-​of-​law clause(s) Judicial cooperation, 325 Game theory and private international law, 833 Legal capacity, 328 Regulatory competition, 1519, 1520 Legal personality, 328 Restatement (First and Second) of Conflict of Letters rogatory, 324 Laws, 1550 Mexico, 2337 Choice of law, contract Minors, 329 Proper law (doctrine), 1423, 1425 Paraguay, 2398 Restatement (First and Second) of Conflict of Peru, 2411 Laws, 1548, 1550, 1551, 1552 Powers of attorney, 328 Choice of law of incorporation Promissory notes, 327 Behavioural economics and private international Public policy, 323, 324, 325 law, 176 Second, 321 Regulatory competition, 1517 Sixth, 322 Choice of law of negative externalities Support obligations, 328 Behavioural economics and private international Taking of evidence abroad, 325 law, 176 Third, 322 Choice-​of-​law principles Uruguay, 2627 Insurance contracts, 956, 959 USA, 320 Choice-​of-​law process Vested rights, 324 Interest and policy analysis in private international Work, 321 law, 980, 987 CIEC/​ICCS (International Commission on Civil Choice-​of-​law rule(s) Status), 3, 330 Egypt, 2057 Austria, 331, 334, 336 Iran, 2173, 2174, 2176 Austria, 1887 Israel, 2199 Belgium, 330, 331, 334

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2758 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

CIEC/​ICCS (International Commission on Civil Background, 337 Status) (cont.) Behavioural economics and private international Bureau, 332 law, 177 Choice of law, 335 Buyer, 340, 343 Civil status documents, 333 Certain contracts, 343 Competences, 331 CESL, 282, 285, 286, 287 Convention 14, 336 Court of Justice of the European Union, 488, 490 Convention no 17, 333 Culpa in contrahendo, 493 Convention no 33, 333 Damages, 340 Convention no 4, 335 Declaration, 343 Convention no 9, 334 Estoppel, 678 Conventions nos 16 and 34, 333 EU law, and, 345 Conventions nos 19, 21 and 31, 335 Express reference to private international Conventions nos 3 and 8, 334 law, 342 Conventions, 332 Factoring (uniform law), 731, 732, 733, 736 Cooperation between authorities, 334 Financial instruments, 741 Foundation, 330 Financial leasing (uniform law), 749, 752 France, 330, 331 Formation of contracts, 338 Function, 331 Forum (and law) shopping, 790 Future developments, 336 Freedom from form requirements, 338, 344 General Assembly, 332 Fundamental breach of contract, 340 Germany, 330, 331, 336 Gap-​filling, 342 Greece, 334, 336 General rules, 338 Harmonization, 335 Georgia, 2091 Historical background, 330 Hong Kong, SAR of China, 2130 Italy, 330, 331, 334, 336 Interest, 341 Kinship and legitimation, 1072 Internationality requirement, 342 Language, 331 Interpretation, autonomous, 1006, 1007, 1011 Legal nature, 330 Limitations, 342, 344 Legal sources, 331 Offer, 339 Luxembourg, 330, 331, 334, 336 Other instruments, and, 345 Member States, 331 Parties’ rights and obligations, 339 Names of individuals, 1284 Party autonomy, 344 Netherlands, 330, 331, 334, 336 Private international law, and, 341 Organization, 331 Rabel, Ernst, 1461, 1463 Organs, 331 Remedies, 340 Portugal, 331, 334 Remedies, 1535 Presidency, 332 Reservations, 343 Private international law, and, 333 Sale contracts and sale of goods, 337, 1589, 1593 Recommendations, 333 Scope of application, 344 Seat, 331 Seller, 339, 343 Secretary General, 332 Set-​off, 345 Switzerland, 330, 331 Slovakia, 2499 Switzerland, 2550 Sphere of application, 342 Turkey, 331, 336, 2591 Standard contract terms, 339 Working methods, 332 Tangible, moveable goods, 343 Cinus Territorial units, 343 Bartolus, 158 Thailand, 2577 CIS UNCITRAL, 341, 1760, 1762, 1764, 1765 Belarus, 398, 399 UNIDROIT, 1770, 1771 Commonwealth of Independent States and private Unification, justification for, 337 international law, 397 Uniform substantive law and private international Conventions/​agreements, 398 law, 31, 1775, 1776, 1777, 1778, 1779 Georgia, 398, 399, 2091, 2092 Uniform substantive law, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345 Harmonization, 403 Ciskei Impact on practice, 402 States, failed and non-​recognized, 1655 International cooperation, 398 Citizen litigation Kazakhstan, 2233 Collective redress, 373, 374 Russian Federation, 398, 399, 402, 403, 2454 Citizenship Russian Ukraine, 398 Adoption, intercountry, 15 CISG, 337 Loss, 1292 Acceptance, 339 Nationality, 1289

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Index 2759

Citizenship of the (European) Union Greece, 2122 Nationality, 1298 Registered partnerships, 1505 Civil (registered) partnership Same-​sex marriages, 1604 Hungary, 2143, 2146 Civil procedure Civil and commercial matters, 346 Aliens law (Condition des étrangers, Account Preservation Order Regulation, 348 Fremdenrecht), 56 Acta iure gestionis, 356 Chile, 1969 Application to controversial, 355 UNIDROIT, 1770 Basic structures, 347 Civil register Bilateral conventions, 355 Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 699 Brussels I (Convention and Regulation), 220, 348, Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1329 351, 352, 681, 682, 683 Civil solidarity pact Choice of forum and submission to Registered partnerships, 1505 jurisdiction, 305 Civil status Claim’s legal basis, 353 CIEC/​ICCS (International Commission on Civil Classification (characterization), 361 Status), 333, 334, 336 Collective redress, 376 Cuba, 2005 Concept and function, 346 Personal status, 1348 Court of Justice of the European Union, Civil status documents 352, 353 Personal status, 1346, 1350 Criminal law, 355 Civil status officer EC Denmark Agreement, 354 Personal status, 1348, 1350 EU law, 351 Civil status registry Exclusive reference, 347 Personal status, 1346, 1348 Factual basis of claim, 354 CJEU. See Court of Justice of the European Hague Convention, 349 Union Historical background, 347 Claim Insolvency Regulation, 349 Arrest of vessels, 132, 133, 135, 136 Instrument’s objectives, 352 Assignability/​Assignment of claims, 142, 143 Interpretation method and principles, 352 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Interpretation, 346, 347 waterways, 258, 259 Legal Sources, 349 Cessio legis, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293 Lugano Convention, 348, 354 Lex situs, 148 Maintenance, 349 Claim for restitution Material scope, 348 Cultural objects, protection of, 501, 502, 503 Member State as party, 353 Claim for return Nature of court, 353 Cultural objects, protection of, 501, 502, 503 No express reference, 349 Claimant Payment Order Regulation, 348 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Private antitrust enforcement, 356 waterways, 257, 258, 261 Public authority as party, 353 Claims for damages in air traffic, arbitration Public authority, 354 proceedings Punitive damages, 355 Air law (uniform law), 42 Recurring concept, 351 Claims for damages in air traffic, court fees Rome Convention and Rome I Regulation Air law (uniform law), 42 (contractual obligations), 29, 348, 351, 476, Claims for damages in air traffic, jurisdiction 1554 Air law (uniform law), 42 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual obligations), Claims for damages, non-​contractual 348, 351, 352 Air law (uniform law), 43 Small Claims Regulation, 348, 1641, 1644 Classical legal thought Specific concept, 348 Story, Joseph, 1661 Specific matter but no express reference, 349 Classification see( also Characterization), 357 Substantive provisions giving rise to claim, 353 Adjustment/​adaption (anpassung), 8, 9, 10, 12 law, 356 Alternative dispute resolution, 62 Civil aviation Assimilation clauses, 363 Air law (uniform law), 40 Burden of proof, 237, 240 Civil law Burden of proof, 364 Arrest of vessels, 133, 135, 139 Choice of law, 315 Trust, 1752, 1756 Claim, 358 Civil law approach Companies, 361, 406 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1326 Comparative law and private international law, Civil partnership 420, 423

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2760 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Classification see( also Characterization) (cont.) Exclusive jurisdiction, 368 Connecting factor, 358, 360, 441, 448 Infringement, 371 Consistency, 358, 362 Initial ownership, 370 Culpa in contrahendo, 364, 494 Intellectual property, applicable law, 966, 967, 968 Directly classified, 358 Intellectual property, infringements, 369 Director’s liability, 541 Intellectual property, jurisdiction, 978, 979 Domestic law, reference to, 362 Interpretation, 371 Exclusion clauses, 363 Internet, liability, 369, 371, 1005 International conventions, 359 Jurisdiction, 368 Interpretation of legal terms, 360 Lex originis, 370 Legislature, determined by, 364 Multiple defendants and joint liability, 369, 1278 , 358 Prorogation, 368 Lex fori, 357, 363 Provisional measures, 370 Limitation, 358, 364 Purpose, 367 Method of interpretation, 362 Recognition, 372 National law interpretation, 362 Scope, 367 National legal systems, in, 357 Secondary liability, 372 Notion, 357 Security rights, 372 Prescription, 364, 1375 Special jurisdiction, 369 Principles of interpretation, 360 Structure, 367 Problem, 357 Territoriality, 369, 370, 372, 1707 Scope established, 363 Ubiquitous infringement, 372 Solution, 357 Cloning Sweden, 2542 Bioethics and private international law, 202, 203 Thailand, 2570 Closeness Turkey, 2595 Private international law, methods of, 1404 Clawback Closest connection Blocking statutes, 210, 212 Alternative dispute resolution, 63 Donation, 564, 565 Choice of law, 88 CLC Collective agreement, 609 Liability, limitation of maritime, 1144, 1146 Connecting factors, 94, 95 Maritime torts, 1220 Escape clause, 669, 672 Clearing Israel, 2203 Financial instruments, 739 Kegel, Gerhard, 1066, 1067, 1069 Clearing and settlement Renvoi, 1544 Liability, capital market, 1131 CMI Clientele Maritime law (uniform law), 1212 Commercial agency, franchise and distribution UNCITRAL, 1759 contracts, 393 CMNI CLIP Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Applicable law, 370 waterways, 255, 260, 261 Background and context, 365 CMR EU, 366 Brussels I Regulation (recast), 258 Future developments, 372 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Intellectual property, applicable law, 365, 966 waterways, 255, 256, 260 Intellectual property, jurisdiction, 365, 368, 971 Conflicting stipulations, 258 Japan, 366 COTIF CIM, and, 259 Korea, 366 Defence, 257 Private international law, contribution to, 366 Forum (and law) shopping, 791 USA, 366 Georgia, 2091 CLIP Principles Liability of road carrier, 257 ALI Principles, and, 370 Limit of liability, 257 Background and context, 366 Limitation, 259 Brussels I Regulation, and, 370 Period of liability, 257 CLIP, 366, 367 Scope, 256 Closest connection, 371 Types of damage, 257 Contracts, 369, 370 Uniform substantive law and private international Coordination of proceedings, 370 law, 1776 Draft, 366 Coase Theorem Employment contracts, applicable law, 371 Behavioural economics and private international Enforcement, 372 law, 172, 173, 176, 177

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Index 2761

Economic analysis and private international Employment, maritime, 648 law, 578 Employment, posting of workers, 611 Market failure, 579 Europe, 606 Transaction costs, 578 Individual contracts, and, 609 Coase, Ronald H Mandatory provisions, 610 Behavioural economics and private international Role, 606 law, 172 Rome I Regulation (contractual obligations), 609 Economic analysis and private international law, Strike, 633 575, 578 United Kingdom, 606 Co-​determination Collective bargaining Companies, 406 Employment contracts, applicable law, 614, 615, Codex Theodosianus 621, 622 Private international law, history of, 1391 Employment contracts, jurisdiction, 614 Codification Employment, collective bargaining, 606 Bulgaria, 1939, 1940 Employment, maritime, 648 CIDIP, 320, 322, 329 Employment, posting of workers, 608, 611, 656 Cuba, 2003 Collective redress, 373 Hague Conference on Private International Aggregate claims, 375 Law, 871 American exceptionalism, 373 Portugal, 2433 Anticipated recognition, 380 Story, Joseph, 1661 Anti-​suit injunction, 381 Treaties in private international law, 1743 Background, 373 Codification of private international law Bricolage of existing instruments, 377 Agency and authority of agents, 32 Change, reasons for, 373 Bustamante, Antonio Sánchez de, 244, 245, 250 Choice of law, 378 CIDIP, 320, 321, 329 Compensation, 374, 379 Connecting factor, 442, 451 Consumer protection, 373, 374, 376, 379, 381 Goldschmidt, Werner, 858 Cross-​border specific risks, 377 Hague Conference on Private International Damages, 379 Law, 871 Deal-​busting procedures, 377 Código Bustamante Dispute resolution, 376, 377 Aliens law (Condition des étrangers, Employment claims, 376, 379 Fremdenrecht), 53 Environmental claims, 374, 375, 376, 379 Bustamante, Antonio Sánchez de, 245 European legal culture, 374 Private international law, history of, 1397 Financial services, 379 Cognitive dissonance Globalization, 377 Behavioural economics and private international Human rights claims, 373, 374, 375, 379 law, 172 Injunction, 374, 375 Cognitive psychology Jurisdiction, 376, 377 Behavioural economics and private international Market regulation, 374, 376, 379 law, 172 Mass arbitration claims, 376 Preference inconsistency, 172 Netherlands, 380 Preference instability, 173 New cultural divide, 375 Processing information, 172 Obsolescent models, 375 Collective action Policy proposals, 378 Employment, industrial disputes, 632 Preclusion, 381 Fundamental right, as, 634, 637 Private international law, 375 Overriding mandatory provisions, 638 Procedural law of forum, 375 Proportionality, 637 Products liability, 373, 374, 379 Restriction’s approach, 638 Prorogation, 377 Territoriality, 635 Public/​Private claims distinction, 379 Collective action clauses (CACs) Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 376 Bonds and loans, 215 Regulatory misfit, 377 Collective agreement Settlements, 380 Characterization (classification), 609 Traditional heads of jurisdiction, 379 Closest connection, 609 Collectivization of litigation Competition law, 607 Collective redress, 380 Effect, 606 Collision Employment contracts, applicable law, 609, 610 Applicable law, 762 Employment contracts, jurisdiction, 610 Flag, 761, 762 Employment, collective bargaining, 606 Maritime torts, 1219

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2762 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Colombia, 1981 Beale, Joseph, 384 Absence (disappearance, presumed death), 1985 Choice of law, 312, 313 Administration of private international law, 1983 Content, 386, 387 Adoption, 1988 Context, 382 Application of foreign law, 1983 Convenience, 387 Arbitration, 1989 Decision making, 390 Bilateral instruments, 1983 Forum non conveniens, 385, 798, 801, 805 Capacity, 1988 Game theory and private international law, 831, Case-​law, 1982 832 Choice of forum, 1985 History, 382 Choice of law, 1986 Huber, Ulrik, 383, 385, 386, 387, 389, 876, 877, CIDIP, 1981 879, 880 Civil Code, 1981 Injunction, 926, 928 Commercial contracts, 1986 Judicial pragmatism, 387 Company, 1985 Lis alibi pendens, 1159, 1160, 1163 Corporations, 1985, 1987 Nature, 386 Courts and non-​judicial authorities, 1983 Netherlands, 383 Divorce and personal separation, 1986, 1988 Privatization of conflict of laws, 388 Doctrinal writings, 1982 Public international law and private international Ecuador, 1985 law, 1448 Family matters, 1985, 1988 Public policy (ordre public), 1453, 1458 Guardianship, custody and parental Public/​private international law, 386, 389 responsibility, 1986 Reciprocity, 387 Hague Conference on Private International Recognition of legal situations evidenced by Law, 1981 documents, 1497 Hague Conventions, 1981 Reinterpretation, 389 History and development of private international Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 384 law, 1982 Self-​restraint, 389 Intellectual property, 1987 Story, Joseph, 383, 387, 389, 1662 Inter-​American conventions, 1982 Types, 385 International conventions, 1981 USA, 384, 386, 2640 Jurisdiction, 1984 Utility, 387 Major legislation, 1981 Vested rights theory, 66, 384, 386, 1813 Marriage, 1988 Voet, Paulus and Johannes, 383, 1821, 1822, 1823, Obligations, 1984, 1986 1824 Personal actions, 1985 Comity, adjudicatory, 385 Preventive measures, 1984 Comity, executive (comity of the courts), 385 Proof of foreign commercial practice, 1984 Comity of nations Proof of foreign law, 1984 Private international law, history of, 382, 1393, Property rights, 1985, 1987 1395 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 1989 Story, Joseph, 1662 Sources of private international law, 1981 Comity, prescriptive, 385 Succession, 1986, 1988 Commercial agency, 391 Combined connection Agency and authority of agents, 29, 391, 395 Connecting factor, 448 Commercial agency, franchise and distribution Comfort letter contracts, 391 Guarantees, 861 Commercial background, 392 COMI Concepts, 391 Domicile, habitual residence and establishment, 560 Historical development of law, 393 COMI shift Commercial agency, franchise and distribution Behavioural economics and private international contracts, 391 law, 176 Commercial background, 391 Comitas Concepts, 391 Voet, Paulus and Johannes, 1821, 1822, 1823, 1824 Conflict rules, 394 Comitas gentium Commercial companies Private international law, history of, 1393 CIDIP, 322, 327 Comité Maritime International (CMI), 134 Commercial custom Comity, 66, 382 Lex mercatoria, 1123, 1125, 1126, 1127 Abstention, 389 Commercial law Anti-​suit injunctions, 80, 81, 84, 85, 385 Economic modernization, 1124 Background, 382 Evolution, 1120

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Index 2763

Fragmentation, 1124 Community rights History, 1119 Unitary intellectual property rights and Lex mercatoria, 1119, 1123, 1125, 1129 jurisdiction, 1792 Commercial practice Unitary intellectual property rights and private Competition, unfair, 433 international law, 1801 Meaning, 435 Community Trade Marks Commercial register Intellectual property, applicable law, 964 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1329 Unitary intellectual property rights and Commission de transport jurisdiction, 1792 Freight forwarding contracts, 816, 819 Unitary intellectual property rights and private Commission international de l’état civil international law, 1801 Luxembourg, 2299 Companies, 404 Common domicile Agency and authority of agents, 30 Interest and policy analysis in private international Antidiscrimination, 72, 75, 78 law, 981, 982, 983, 984, 986, 988 Arrest of vessels, 133 Common European Sales Law Company law, 406 Country of origin rule, 482 Company, 404 Culpa in contrahendo, 494 Director’s liability, 404, 409 Estoppel, 680 Double taxation treaties, 570 Common European Sales Law. See CESL Liechtenstein, 2282 Common foreign and security policy Netherlands, 2361 European Union and private international law, 688 New Zealand, 2377 Common law South Africa, 2522 France, 2088 Companies and consumers Trust, 1752, 1756 Creditors, as, 682 Common law approach Companies, transnational groups of, 411 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1326 Applicable law, 414, 416 Common law jurisdictions Company law, 417 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1325, 1326, Concept and notion, 411 1330 Control, 412, 414 Proper law (doctrine), 1424 Creditors, 414 Common law marriage Current regulation, 413 Marriage, 1230 Dissolution, 416 Common practice European regulation, 414 Kazakhstan, 2235 Formation, 412, 414 Commonwealth of Independent States See CIS Freedom of choice, 415 Commorientes Germany, 416 Adjustment/​adaption (anpassung), 9 Historical development, 411 Communications Decency Act Informal arrangements, 416 Internet, liability, 1000 Legal sources, 413 Communitarization of the conflict of laws Liquidation, 413 Croatia, 1991, 1993 Minority shareholders, 411, 414, 415, 416 Community Modern trends, 416 Globalization and private international law, 849, National rules, 416 850, 851 On-​going business, 412, 414 Community design Portugal, 413 Intellectual property, applicable law, 964 Purpose, 411 Intellectual property, jurisdiction, 978 Structure, 415 Unitary intellectual property rights and Company jurisdiction, 1792 Aliens law (Condition des étrangers, Unitary intellectual property rights and private Fremdenrecht), 55 international law, 1801 Austria, 1892 Community interest China, 1971 Kegel, Gerhard, 1067 Director’s liability, 540 Community of laws, 169 Greece, 2121, 2128 Community of Nations, 154 Company (establishment) Community Plant Variety Right Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 703 Unitary intellectual property rights and Company law jurisdiction, 1792 Antidiscrimination, 71, 75 Unitary intellectual property rights and private Classification/​characterization, 406 international law, 1801 Companies, transnational groups of, 417

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2764 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Company law (cont.) Scholarship, 418 Companies, 404 Substantive rules in private international law, 422 Conflict of laws, 409 Substitution, 422, 1677 Connecting factors, 405 Succession, 1683 Conventions, 408 Third school, 423 European Court of Justice case-​law, 409 Transposition, 422 European international, 408 Compensation European Union, competence, 408 Marine pollution, 1220 Germany, 407 Maritime torts, 1221 Hidden conflict rule, 410 Compensation for damage Inbound situations, 409 Environmental liability, 661, 663, 664, 667, 909 Incorporation theory, 405, 408, 409 Compensatory tort rules Interest-​theory, 404 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 587 Liability, capital market, 1135, 1138 Competence Outbound situations, 410 Ecuador, 2045 Party autonomy, 405 Competencia desleal Real seat theory, 405, 407 Competition, unfair, 433 Regulation competition, 405 Competition Sources, international, 407 Public policy (ordre public), 1459 Substitution, 1679 Thailand, 2577 Third party protection, 405 Competition, jurisdictional Third state companies, 410 Regulatory competition, 1515 Transfer of real seat, 408 Competition law (antitrust), 425 Transfer of seat, 410 Bilateral approaches, 430 Company organs Compromise solutions, 428 Agency and authority of agents, 30 Concept, 425 Comparative impairment Contractual disputes, 430 (American) Conflict of Laws Revolution, 67 Effects principle, 427 Comparative law and private international European Union, 428, 431 law, 421 Features, 425 Currie, Brainerd, 510 Germany, 428 Interest and policy analysis in private international Historical development, 426 law, 984 Jurisdiction, 426 USA, 2639 Outlook, 432 Comparative law, 417 Public international law, 429 Adaption, 422 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual obligations), Application of private international law, 419 431, 1569 Applied, private international law as, 424 Strict territoriality, 427 Bartin, Étienne, 152, 153, 156 Substantive law, 430 Better law, 421 Switzerland, 431 Classification/​characterization, 420 Tort liability for infringement, 430 Comparative impairment, 421 Unilateral approaches, 427 Comparative law and private international law, 417 United Kingdom, 429 Consequences, 424 USA, 425, 426, 427, 429, 430 Domestic law, 419 Competition law, findings of foreign competition European legislature, 419 authorities False conflicts, 421 Recognition of administrative acts, 1494 Foreign law content, determination, 420 Competition, restriction of Forum non conveniens, 423 Competition law (antitrust), 425, 426, 428, 431 Individual legal phenomena, 417 Competition, unfair, 432 Judges, 419 Antitrust, 432, 436 Kahn, Franz, 423, 1060 Application, 434 Kegel, Gerhard, 1063, 1064 Background, 432 Lease contracts and tenancies, 1081 Bilateral acts, 440 Legal transplants, 417 Civil law jurisdiction, 433, 434 Ordre public, 422 Classification (characterization), 435 Private international law, as basis, 423 Common law jurisdiction, 433, 434 Private parties, 419 Conflict of laws, 434 Rabel, Ernst, 32, 418, 420, 423, 1460, 1461, 1462, Connecting factor, 449 1465 Country of origin principle, 438 Renvoi, 420 De minimis limitations, 439

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Index 2765

Europe, 432, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438 Arbitration, international commercial, 87, 96 Intellectual property rights, 436 Bartin, Étienne, 154 Market effects principle, exceptions, 440 Bartolus, 161 Market effects principle, 437, 438 Batiffol, Henry, 166 Market regulation, 433 Bulgaria, 1939 Modern law, 434 Colombia, 1981, 1982, 1986 Mosaic approach, 439 Constitutional law and private international law, 453 Private international law, 434 Currie, Brainerd, 66, 506, 507, 508 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual Employment, maritime, 644, 647 obligations), 440 Foreign law, application and ascertainment, 769 Rules of conflicts attachment, 437 Formal requirements and validity, 783 Structure, general, 434 Georgia, 2092 Tort law paradigm, 433 Huber, Ulrik, 876 Torts, 1715, 1716 Insurance contracts, 958, 959, 960 Typology of conflicts, 439 Intra-​national, 823 Unlauterer Wettbewerb, 433 Kazakhstan, 2236 USA, 434, 435, 436, 437 Lebanon, 2268 Complex torts Malta, 2330 Products liability, 1413 Mancini, Pasquale Stanislao, 1196 Torts, 1714 Marine insurance, 1202, 1203 Composite legal systems Names of individuals, 1283 Nationality, 1299 Private international law, foundations, 1381 Compulsory insurance Rome III Regulation (divorce), 549, 550, 553, Direct Action, 532 1574, 1576 EU, 959 Turkey, 2595 Insurance contracts, 955, 959 Conflict of Laws in Intellectual Property.See CLIP Marine insurance, 1208 Conflict of systems Traffic accidents, 1725 Unilateralism, 1790 Transport law (uniform law), 1731 Conflict rules USA, 960 Connecting factor, and, 441 Compulsory license Latvia, 2257 TRIPS, 1750, 1752 Recognition of legal situations evidenced by Concession de vente documents, 1496, 1501, 1503 Commercial agency, franchise and distribution Conflict rules, bilateral contracts, 391, 392, 396 Choice of law, 314 Conciliation Conflict rules, structure Alternative dispute resolution, 59 Choice of law, 313 Online dispute resolution, 1314, 1318, 1321 Conflict rules, unilateral UNCITRAL Model Law, 60, 61 Choice of law, 314 Concubinage Unilateralism, 1787 Hong Kong, SAR of China, 2137 Conflicting judgments Concurrence déloyale Recognition and enforcement of foreign Competition, unfair, 433 judgments (civil law), 1477 Condictio indebiti Conflicts justice Unjust enrichment (restitution), 1810 Dépeçage, 526 Condition des étrangers Interest and policy analysis in private international Aliens law (Condition des étrangers, law, 987 Fremdenrecht), 51 Kegel, Gerhard, 1067 Conduct regulation Private international law, foundations, 1387, 1389 Local data, 1171 Conflicts revolution Conferment of nationality (American) Conflict of Laws Revolution, 67, 69 Nationality, 1291, 1298, 1299 Currie, Brainerd, 66, 506 Recognition of administrative acts, 1487, 1488, Interest and policy analysis in private international 1489 law, 980, 987 Confiscation Conflit mobile Expropriation, 726, 728, 729, 730 Bartin, Étienne, 155 Conflict of conventions Capacity and emancipation, 252 CISG, 345 Connecting factor, 450 Conflict of laws, 66 Immovable property, 893 Aldricus, 49 Lebanon, 2268 Arbitration, (UNCITRAL) Model Law, 130 Prescription, 1368

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2766 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Conflit mobile cont.( ) Personal, 449 Property and proprietary rights, 1431 Poland, 2424, 2427 Security interests in mobile equipment (uniform Prescription, 1369, 1371, 1372, 1375, 1378 law), 1622 Private international law, methods of, 442 Connecting factor, 441 Purpose, 442 Accessory, 448 Separate, 442 Adjustment/​adaption (anpassung), 36 Social protection and private international law, 1649 Adults, protection of, 22, 25 Subjective choice, 446 Agency and authority of agents, 30, 35 Subjective connection, 444 Agent’s place of business, 37 Subsidiary, 443, 446 Alternative, 445 Substantive law, 445 Apparent authority, 38 Time, 450 Arbitration, international commercial, 89, 95 Typical, 449 Arbitration, (UNCITRAL) Model Law, 128 Connecting factor, change over time Capacity and emancipation, 252 Connecting factor, 450 Carriage of goods by sea, 263, 266, 267 Connecting factor, proof of Carriage of passengers, 269, 272 Burden of proof, 240, 241, 242 Cessio legis, 290 Connections, alternative Characterization (see also Classification), 36 Choice of law, 319 Choice of law, 318 Connecting factor, 445 CIEC/​ICCS (International Commission on Civil Private international law, methods of, 1405 Status), 335 Connections, cumulative Classification/​Characterization, 441, 448 Choice of law, 319 Combined, 448 Connecting factor, 447 Commercial agency, franchise and distribution Connections, multiple contracts, 396 Connecting factor, 445 Companies, 405, 407 Private international law, methods of, 1405 Comprehensive assessment, 442 Connections, residual or subsidiary Concept and notion, 441 Choice of law, 318, 319 Conflict rule, and, 441 Connecting factor, 443, 446 Cumulative, 447 Private international law, methods of, 1405 Damages, 512, 513, 515, 516, 517 Consignment note Direct connection, 445 Bill of lading, 194 Director’s liability, 539, 541 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Distributive, 448 waterways, 256, 258, 259 Domicile, 555 Consignor Donation, 563 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Employment contracts, applicable law, 617 waterways, 257, 258 Escape clause, 442 Carriage of goods by sea, 264, 265, 267 Floating choice of law, 767 Consitutio Antoniniana Function, 442 Private international law, history of, 1391 Goldschmidt, Werner, 853, 855, 857, 858, 860 Consolat de Mar Historical development, 451 Lex maritima, 1113, 1114 Indirect connection, 445 Consolidation Interregional/Interstate​ law, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019 Freight forwarding contracts, 821 Jurisdiction, contracts and torts, 1038 Constitution Jurisdiction, 450 Australia, 1879, 1883, 1885 Kegel, Gerhard, 443, 447, 1066, 1069 Constitutional Court Legal certainty, 442 Colombia, 1982 Liability, capital market, 1133 Slovenia, 2504 Limited choice of law, 445, 446 Constitutional law Marriage, 1231, 1233 Constitutional law and private international law, Modern trends, 451 12, 452, 453, 456 Most favourable clauses, 446 Human rights and private international law, 12, Multiplicity of, 445 880, 883, 884 Names of individuals, 1283 Jurisdiction, foundations, 1044 Nationality, 6 Constitutional law and private international law, 452 Nationality, 1290, 1292, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299 Australia, 452 Objective connection, 444 Canada, 452 Overall assessment, 443 Legally pluralist states, 452 Party autonomy, 36 Rights protection, 454

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Index 2767

Separation of powers, 452 Netherlands, 2361 Structure, 452 Party, other, 465 USA, 452 Passive or sedentary consumers, 1558 Constitutionalization Personal scope, 465, 468 Adjustment/​adaption (anpassung), 12 Principle of most favourable law, 1558 Constitutionalization of private law Provisions that cannot be derogated from by Personality rights, 1351, 1352, 1359 contract, 470 Construction contracts, 457 Public policy (ordre public), 1459 Absence of choice of law by parties, 460 Regulatory competition, 1518, 1521 Architects, with, 461 Rome Convention and Rome I Regulation Building contracts, 460 (contractual obligations), 1558 Choice of law, 459 Sale contracts and sale of goods, 74, 1590 Consumer protection, 462 Service contracts, 469 Definition, 457 Targeted activity criterion, 1559 Engineers, with, 461 Timeshare contracts, 470 Harmonization of choice of law, 458 Consumer Credit Directive Historical development, 457 European Union and private international law, 692 Overriding mandatory provisions/​rules, 463 Consumer groups Pre-​harmonization period, 457 Collective redress, 374, 378 Proper law, 459 Consumer protection Standard contracts, 459 Behavioural economics and private international Subcontracts, 462 law, 177 Turnkey contracts, 461 Carriage of passengers, 275 CESL, 279, 281, 283 Remedies, 1534 Construction contracts, 462 Constructive trusts Consumer contracts, 63, 464, 469, 470 Trust, 1753, 1757 Directives, 471 Consular authorities Economic analysis and private international Legalisation of public documents, 1095, 1098, law, 583 1101 Formal requirements and validity, 785 Consular or diplomatic authorities Guarantees, 863 Service of documents, 1630 Online dispute resolution, 1317, 1322, 1323 Consumer contracts, 464 Rationale for, 464 Antidiscrimination, 78 Unfair terms, 471 Article 6, circumstances of application, 470 Consumers Article 6, material scope, 468 Austria, 1889 Behavioural economics and private international Competition, unfair, 433, 434, 435, 437, 439 law, 177 Consumer contracts, 465 Choice of forum and submission to jurisdiction, Internet, jurisdiction, 989, 990 306 Liechtenstein, 2279 Choice of law, 468 Regulatory competition, 1515, 1516 Circumstances article 15 applies, 466 Responsiveness, 1516 Collective redress, 374 Social protection and private international Consumer protection, 464 law, 1649 Consumer, 465 Consumer Sales Directive Contract requirement, 465 CESL, 281 Contracts relating to immovable property, 469 Contentious matters Contracts relating to package travel, 469 Liechtenstein, 2280 Definition, 1558 Contract Donation, 563 Bartolus, 159 Economic analysis and private international Batiffol, Henry, 167 law, 583 Canada, 1953, 1955 Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 702 Capacity and emancipation, 252, 253, 254 Excluded contracts, 469 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Exclusions, 1559 waterways, 258, 259 Financial services, 470 Cessio legis, 290 Insurance contracts, 954, 955, 958 Cuba, 2006 Internet, jurisdiction, 994 Culpa in contrahendo, 72, 73 Jurisdiction, 464, 468 Damage(s), 512, 513, 516, 518, 519 Life insurance contracts, 1155, 1156 Floating choice of law, 767 Material scope of art 15, 466 Internet, jurisdiction, 993

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2768 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Contract (cont.) Lease contracts and tenancies, 1083 Israel, 2199 Liability, 475 Italy, 2216 Malta, 2328 Jurisdiction, contracts and torts, 1033, 1035, 1036 Mediation, 62 New Zealand, 2373 Netherlands, 2360, 2367 Place of performance, 1360, 1361, 1362, 1366, Place of performance, 1360, 1361, 1364, 1365 1367 Principles of European Contract Law, 473 Proper law (doctrine), 1423 Rome Convention and Rome I Regulation South Africa, 2519 (contractual obligations), 472, 474, 477, 1555 Sweden, 2539, 2543 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual obligations), Switzerland, 2553 474, 1562, 1564, 1571 Taiwan, 2566 Sale contracts and sale of goods, 74 Ukraine, 2608 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 1612 Vietnam, 2663 Social protection and private international law, Contract law 1649 Antidiscrimination, 71, 74 United Kingdom, 2619 GEDIP, 839 Contrat sans loi Liability, capital market, 1130 Party autonomy, 1337, 1339 Regulatory competition, 1515, 1517, 1519, 1521 Contribution Contract of carriage Burden of compensation, 1277 Carriage of goods by sea, 265 Forms, 1279 Carriage of passengers, 270, 271, 272, 276 Instruments, 1277 European Court of Justice, 821 Multiple defendants and joint liability, 1277, 1279, Freight forwarding contracts, 817, 820, 821, 822 1280 Hague-​Visby Rules, 1617 Privileges of single debtor, 1281 Sea waybills and other transport documents, 1615, Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual obligations), 1617 1279, 1280 Contract without law US law, 1281 Floating choice of law, 766 Control Party autonomy, 1336 Companies, transnational groups of, 412, 414, 415 Contracting state Convention Hague Conference on Private International Hague Conference on Private International Law, Law, 870 870, 871, 872, 873 Contracts Treaties in private international law, 1744 Culpa in contrahendo, 490 Uniform substantive law and private international Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 702 law, 1773 Greece, 2121 Cook, Walter Wheeler Macau, SAR of China, 2310 (American) Conflict of Laws Revolution, 67 Contractual liability Currie, Brainerd, 508 Culpa in contrahendo, 490, 491 Interest and policy analysis in private international Expert liability, 721 law, 980 Contractual obligations, 61, 472 Restatement (First and Second) of Conflict of Adults, protection of, 22 Laws, 1547 Alternative dispute resolution, 63 Cooperation Antidiscrimination, 70 Adoption, 17 Brussels I Regulation (recast), 475 Cooperation of authorities Choice of forum and submission to jurisdiction, Brussels IIa Regulation, 229, 235 305, 307, 310 Child abduction, 298 Conclusions, 477 Guardianship, custody and parental responsibility, Culpa in contrahendo, 495 867, 868, 869 Definition, 1555 Cooperative internationalism Discrimination, 73 Batiffol, Henry, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167 Donation, 561 Coordination Employment, industrial disputes, 477, 478, 635, Private international law, methods of, 1401, 1402, 636, 640, 641 1405 Exemption clauses as defence to liability in Coordination of legal systems tort, 478 Batiffol, Henry, 163, 169 Floating choice of law, 766, 767, 768 ‘Copernican turn’ Greece, 2121 Choice of law, 312 Jurisdiction, contracts and torts, 1032, 1034, 1035, Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 1610 1036 Copyright

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Index 2769

CLIP, 367, 370 Korea, 2245, 2247 European Court of Justice, 968 Latvia, 2259, 2261 Intellectual property, applicable law, 961, 969 Lebanon, 2270 Intellectual property, common law applicable Luxembourg, 2302 law, 963 Macau, SAR of China, 2312 Intellectual property, European applicable law, 964 Macedonia, FYR, 2320, 2323 Intellectual property, international applicable Management, 539 law, 963 Mexico, 2340, 2343 Intellectual property, jurisdiction, 973 Montenegro, 2352 Intellectual property, national applicable Mozambique, 2355 law, 962 Netherlands, 2366 Internet, jurisdiction, 993, 996, 997 Nigeria, 2382 Internet, liability, 1001, 1002 Norway, 2394, 2395 Licence contract, 1146 Paraguay, 2402, 2407 TRIPS, 1749, 1750, 1751 Peru, 2417 Waseda Principles, 966 Portugal, 2440 WIPO and private international law, 1838, 1840 Recognition of legal situations evidenced by Corporate control contract documents, 1495, 1496, 1499 Companies, transnational groups of, 412 Romania, 2448, 2450 Corporate law Russian Federation, 2458, 2460 Centre of main interest, 540 Serbia, 2481 Choice of law, 540 Singapore, 2487, 2490 Companies, 405 Slovenia, 2510 Director’s liability, 539 Spain, 2530, 2532 Game theory and private international law, 833 Structure, 539 GEDIP, 844 Switzerland, 2557 Regulatory competition, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, Tunisia, 2588 1520 Turkey, 2598, 2600 Corporation Ukraine, 2607 Regulatory competition, 1519 United Kingdom, 2625 Corporations Uruguay, 2635 Albania, 1862 USA, 2646 Argentina, 1873, 1876 Venezuela, 2652, 2655 Belarus, 1900, 1905 Vietnam, 2664 Belgium, 1917 WTO and private international law, 1851 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1925, 1927 Cosmopolitanism Brazil, 1934, 1937 Private international law, foundations, 1383 Bulgaria, 1946 Cost funding Canada, 1955, 1957 Legal aid, 1088 Chile, 1966 COTIF CIM Colombia, 1985, 1987 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Companies, 407, 410 waterways, 255, 260 Croatia, 1996, 1999 CMR, and, 259 Czech Republic, 2014, 2018 Council of Europe Denmark, 2027, 2033 Liechtenstein, 2278 Ecuador, 2046 Council of Europe conventions Egypt, 2058 Austria, 1887 Estonia, 2068, 2070 Council of Ministers Finland, 2076, 2077 European Union and private international France, 2085, 2088 law, 688 GATS, 1851 Council of State Georgia, 2095, 2098 Colombia, 1983 Germany, 2110 Countermeasures Hungary, 2145 Blocking statutes, 209, 210, 212 Iceland, 2152, 2154 Country of origin principle, 479 Incorporation, 540 Application to private law, 1817 India, 2160 Competition, unfair, 438 Indonesia, 2171 Concept, 479, 482 Ireland, 2187 Economic freedom, 479, 480 Israel, 2204 EU legislation, 481 Kazakhstan, 2240 European citizenship, 481

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2770 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Country of origin principle (cont.) Lugano Convention, 1182 European Union and private international law, 697 Rome IV Regulation (succession), 1586 Free movement of goods, 482 Courtoisie, international Free movement of people, 481 Comity, 382 Freedom of establishment, 481 Covenants Freedom of establishment/​persons (European Bonds and loans, 215 Union) and private international law, 807, Credit 810, 811 Assignability/​Assignment of claims, 142 Historical development, 480 Cessio legis, 287 Implementation, 480 Crediting method Limitations, 482 Advantages, 568 Preconditions, 482 Double taxation treaties, 568, 572 Rationale, 479 Creditor Recognition, 480 Arrest of vessels, 134 Vested rights theory, 480, 1816 Cessio legis, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 293 Wächter, Carl Georg von, 1831 Companies, transnational groups of, 414 Coupled connection Guarantees, 861 Connecting factor, 448 Habitual residence, 293 Court-​annexed ADR Maritime, 132 Alternative dispute resolution, 60 Creditor protection Lex fori, 63 Donation, 565 Court decrees Crisis of the conflict of laws Divorce and personal separation, 543 Interest and policy analysis in private international Court fees law, 987 Payment Order Regulation, 1344 Kegel, Gerhard, 987, 1068 Court of Justice of the European Union, 483 Croatia, 1990 Anti-​suit injunctions, 81, 85 Administration of private international Brussels I (Convention and Regulation), 220, 221, law, 1994 222, 223 Adoption, 1997, 2000 Civil and commercial matters, 353 Application of foreign law, 1995 Collective action, 638 Arbitration, 2001 Composition, 483 Case-​law, 1993 Constitutionalization process, 486 Choice of law, 1990, 1998 Consumer cases, 488 Corporations, 1996, 1999 Defence, 222 Courts and non-​judicial authorities, 1994 Denmark, 487 Divorce and personal separation, 1997 EU and national law, 486 Doctrinal writings, 1993 European Court of Justice, 483 Exclusive jurisdiction, 1995 Filtering, 489 Family matters, 1997, 2000 Foundation, 483 Hague Conference on Private International Function, 483 Law, 1991 Integration, 222 Hague Conventions, 1991 Interpretation, autonomous, 221, 483, 1007, 1009, History and development of private international 1014 law, 1994 Ireland, 487 Intellectual property, 1997, 1999 Jurisdiction, contracts and torts, 486 International civil procedure, 1994 Jurisdiction, 487 International conventions, 1991, 1992 Languages used, 484 Jurisdiction, 1995 Legal certainty, 222 Maintenance obligations, 1997 Mutual trust, 222 Major legislation, 1990 Place of performance, 1364, 1366, 1367 Marriage, 1997, 2000 Preliminary reference, 221 Matrimonial property, 1997, 2000 Principle based reasoning, 222 Obligations, 1996, 1998 Rabel, Ernst, 1465 Parent-​child relationship, 2000 Reform, 489 Personal law, 1994 Rule of law, 483, 484 PILA, 1990, 1994 Schuman, Robert, 483 Property rights, 1996, 1999 United Kingdom, 487 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2001 Court review Regional European conventions, 1992 Arbitration, recognition of awards, 124, 125 Significance EU private international law, 1993 Court settlement(s) Sources of private international law, 1990

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Index 2771

Special jurisdiction, 1996 Independence, 2002 Statutist theory, 1994 International conventions, 2003, 2004 Succession, 1998, 2001 Jurisdiction, 2004 United Nations conventions, 1992 Legal persons, 2005 West Balkan Convention, 1833 Major legislation, 2002 Cross-​border cases Marriage, 2004, 2005 Payment Order Regulation, 684, 1342, 1345 Model of law, 2003 Provisional measures, 687 Participation in codification, 2003 Provisional measures, 1442, 1447 Property, 2006 Cross-​border convention Public policy, 2007 Companies, 407, 408, 410 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2007 Cross-​border disputes Regulatory rules, 2005 Electronic commerce, 593 Rules of application, 2006 Legal aid, 1090, 1091, 1092, 1094 Sources of law, 2002 Mediation, 1247 Succession, 2006 Cross-​border enforcement UNCITRAL, 2003 Account Preservation Order Regulation, 681, 682 Culpa in contrahendo, 72, 490 Cross-border​ industrial action Applicable law, determination of, 496 Employment, industrial disputes, 635, 636, 637, Applicable law, deviations, 497 638 Classification (characterization), 72, 494 Cross-​border insolvency Common European Sales Law, 494 Colombia, 1985 Common law jurisdictions, 493 Insolvency, applicable law, 931, 937 Compensation, 491, 492, 494, 495, 497 Insolvency, cooperation and recognition, 939, 944, Contracts, 490 945 Contractual liability, 490, 491 Insolvency, jurisdiction and vis attractiva, 947 European law, 494 Territoriality, 1707 Expert liability, 720, 724 Cross-​border mediation Formation of contract, 490 Mediation, 1248, 1252 Germany, 492 Cross-border​ portfolio transfer Good faith, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 497 Reinsurance contracts, 1530 Historical development, 491 Cross-​border tort International law, 493 Local data, 1170 Italy, 492 Omission, by, 1715 Jehring, Rudolph von, 491 Torts, 1709 Legal sources, 492 Crossed cheques, 296 Legitimate reliance, 490, 493, 497 Cross-​vesting Liability, capital market, 1134 Australia, 1881, 1885 National law, 492 Crystallization Portugal, 492 Private international law, methods of, 1406 Pre-​contractual liability, 490, 492, 493, Cuba, 2002 496, 497 Applicable law, 2005 Private international law problems, 494 Arbitration, 2003, 2004, 2007 Promissory estoppel, 493 Background, 2002 Purpose, 490 Basic structure of law, 2005 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual obligations), Bilateral conventions, 2004 497, 1571 Blocking statutes, 209, 211 Tort/​delict, 490, 491, 492, 493, 495, 496 Bustamante Code, 2003, 2006, 2007 UNIDROIT. 127 Bustamante, Antonio Sánchez de, 244, 245, 247, USA, 493 248, 249 Cultural good Capacity, 2005 Cultural objects, protection of, 498, 499, 500, 501, Choice of law, 2004 502 CIDIP, 2004 Cultural heritage Civil Code, 2002 Cultural objects, protection of, 498, 500, 504 Civil status, 2005 Cultural identity Contractual obligations, 2006 Nationality, 1293 Extra-​contractual obligations, 2006 Cultural objects Formal validity, 2005 Conditions for protection, 501 General characteristics of the system, 2002 Cultural objects, protection of, 498, 499, 500, 501, Hague Conference on Private International 502 Law, 2003 UNIDROIT, 1770

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2772 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Cultural objects, protection of, 498 Unilateralism, 1782, 1783, 1784, 1785, 1786 Article 12 of the Directive 93/​7/​EEC, 504 USA, 2639, 2642 Article 90 of the Code de Droit International Work, 507 Privé Belge, 505 Custody (of securities) Brussels I Regulation (recast), 503 Liability, capital market, 1131 Council Regulation 116/​2009/​EC, 502 Custom and usage Council Regulation 752/​93/​EEC, 502 Argentina, 1871 Definition, 498 Customary law Directive 93/​7/​EEC (now 2014/​60/​EU), 503 Chile, 1960 , 502 Lease contracts and tenancies, 1078 Hague Convention (1954), 500 Lex mercatoria, 1121 History, 499 Ukraine, 2605 International law, 500 Customs Mandatory provisions, 505 Georgia, 2092 Private international law, 504 Kazakhstan, 2235 UNESCO Convention, 500 Cyprus UNIDROIT Convention, 501 States, failed and non-​recognized, 1657, 1658 Cultural property Czech Republic, 2008 Cultural objects, protection of, 498, 499, 500, 503, Acquisitive prescription, 2016 504, 505 Administration of private international law, 2011 Definition, 498, 500, 502 Adoption, 2013, 2017 History, 499 Application and enforcement of foreign law, 2011 International law, 500 Arbitration, 2018 Property and proprietary rights, 1432 Bilateral conventions, 2009 Switzerland, 2554 Bills of exchange, 2015 Cumulative connecting factor Capacity, 2017 Connecting factor, 447 Case-​law, 2010 Renvoi, 1544 Cheques, 2015 Curaçao Children, 2017 Netherlands, 2358 Choice of law, 2014 Curatorship Civil Procedure Code, 2008 Adults, protection of, 24 Codification, 2009 Curing of deficiencies of service Contracts, 2015 Service of documents, 1631 Corporations, 2014, 2018 Currency Courts and other authorities, 2011 Account, of, 1258 Divorce, 2017 Definition, 1255 Doctrinal writing, 2010 Determination in contractual relationship, 1257 Employment contracts, 2015 Money and currency, 1255 European Union, 2009 Payment, of, 1259 Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 2015 State sovereignty, 1255 Exceptional cases of applicable law, 2014 Use, relationships implying, 1257 Family matters, 2013, 2016 Currie, Brainerd, 50, 66, 506 Functional immunity of state, 2012 (American) Conflict of Laws Revolution, 67 Guardianship, 2017 Admiralty law, 508 Hague Conventions, 2016 Choice of law cases, 509 History of private international law, 2010 Conflict of laws, 508 Incidental (preliminary question), 2014 Datum, 1166 Insolvency, 2014 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 587, 589 Intellectual property, 2016 European approach, 511 International conventions, 2009 Governmental interest analysis, 508, 510, 511 Jurisdiction, 2011 Guarantees, 863 Major legislation, 2008 Interest and policy analysis in private international Marriage, 2017 law, 66, 506, 980 Multilateral conventions, 2009 Legal poetry, 507 Nationality, 2017 Lex fori, 1107 Non-​contractual relations, 2015 Life, 507 Obligations, 2012, 2015 Private international law, contribution to, 508 PILA, 2008, 2009 Private international law, foundations, 1384, 1386 Property, 2012, 2016 Private international law, influence on, 510 Public order reservation, 2014 Restatement (First and Second) of Conflict of Laws, 1549 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2018

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Index 2773

Registered partnerships, 2013, 2017 Dassonville Relations between parents and children and some Court of Justice of the European Union, 485 other relations, 2013 WTO and private international law, 1846 Relations between spouses, 2013 Data privacy Rights in rem, 2016 Electronic commerce, 592, 597 Sources of private international law, 2008 Level, 598 Succession, 2013, 2017 Datum Unilateral legal acts, 2015 Country of origin rule, 480 Datum, data D’Argentré, Bertrand Local data, 1166 Comity, 383 Datum, moral Lex fori, 1106 Local data, 1166 Daily Mail Datum theory Freedom of establishment/​persons (European Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 589 Union) and private international law, 810 Davignon Report Damage European Union and private international Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland law, 688 waterways, 256, 257, 260, 261 De facto case-​law Damage caused by aircraft Vietnam, 2660 Transport law (uniform law), 1735 De minimis limitation Damage(s), 512 Competition, unfair, 439 Applicable law, 518 Death or personal injury Arbitration, recognition of awards, 117, 125 Carriage of passengers, 270, 271, 273, 274, 275, 277 Choice of forum and submission to jurisdiction, Matrimonial property, 1235, 1239 305, 311 Debt CISG, 340 Money and currency, 1258, 1259 Concept and notion, 512 Money and currency, 682 Connecting factor, 517 Debt recovery Contract, 512, 513, 516, 518, 519 Debt recovery, cross-​border, 65, 519 Current European regulation, 517 Debt recovery, cross-​border, 519 Current international regulation, 517 Austria, 521 Current national regulation, 516 Double jeopardy, 523, 525 Discrimination, 72 Enforcement jurisdiction, 520 Escape (homin) device, 519 Enforcement measures, effects of, 523 European legal sources, 516 England, 522 Function, 513 European Account Preservation Order, 524 Germany, 512 France, 522 Habitual residence, 519 German-​speaking states, 520 Historical development, 513 Germany, 521 Intellectual property, applicable law, 964, 965 Insolvency, 524 International legal sources, 515 Lugano Convention, 522 Legal sources, 515 Prospects, 524 National legal sources, 515 Recognition, 523, 524 Place of, 515, 516, 519 Sovereignty, 520, 521, 524 Public policy, 512 Switzerland, 520, 521 Purpose, 513 Territoriality, 523, 524 Remedies, 1535 Debtor Substance and procedure, 515, 519, 1674 Assignability/​Assignment of claims, 144 Switzerland, 512 Cessio legis, 288, 289, 290, 291 Terrorism, 46 Guarantees, 861, 862 Tort/​delict, 512, 513, 515, 516, 518, 519 Status, 144 United Kingdom, 513 Debts (property regime) USA, 512 Property and proprietary rights, 1433 Damages (intellectual property) Déchéances TRIPS, 1748, 1750 Prescription, 1369 Damages, on the surface Decisional harmony Air law (uniform law), 44, 45 Public international law and private international Damages, third-​party damages law, 1452 Air law (uniform law), 43 Reciprocity, 1468 Dane, Nathan Declaration Story, Joseph, 1661 Remedies, 1534, 1536

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2774 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Declaration of death Intellectual property, jurisdiction, 975 Absence (disappearance, presumed death), 1, 2, States, failed and non-​recognized, 1653, 1659 3, 4, 7 Denmark, 2019 Slovakia, 2498 Administration of private international law, 2024 Decree absolute Alternative grounds of jurisdiction, 2027 Divorce and personal separation, 543 Application of private international law and Decree nisi foreign law, 2025 Divorce and personal separation, 543 Arbitration, 2030, 2035 Deeds Bilateral arrangements, 2023 Bonds and loans, 215 Case-​law, 2023 Defamation Choice of law, 2030 Constitutional law and private international Civil procedure law, 2020, 2023, 2026 law, 456 Commercial activities, 2028 Jurisdiction, contracts and torts, 1041 Contractual obligations, 2027 Personality rights, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1356 Conventions by global organizations, 2021 United Kingdom, 2617, 2620 Conventions by regional organizations, 2023 Default rules Corporations and other legal entities, 2027, 2033 Economic analysis and private international Courts and non-​judicial authorities, 2024 law, 578 Custody of children, 2029, 2034 Optional (facultative) choice of law, Doctrinal writings, 2024 1325, 1329 Domicile, 2026 Délai prefix Environmental liability, 2032 Prescription, 1369 EU private international law, 2023 Delaware-​Effect European Conventions, 2023 Regulatory competition, 1517 Europol, 2020 Delay Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 2031 Air law (uniform law), 41 Express choice of law provisions, 2020 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Family matters, 2029, 2033 waterways, 256, 257, 259, 261 Hague Conference on Private International Carriage of passengers, 274, 275, 277, 278 Law, 2021 Delayed choice of law Hague Conventions, 2021 Floating choice of law, 766 Hague Rules, 2022 Delibation History and development of private international Recognition and enforcement of foreign law, 2024 judgments (civil law), 1478 Home jurisdiction, 2026, 2027, 2028, 2030 Delict Insolvency, 2028 Environmental liability, 658, 660 Intellectual property, 2028, 2033 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 1612 International conventions, 2020, 2021 South Africa, 2519 Jurisdiction, 2025 Wächter, Carl Georg von, 1829 League of Nations, 2021 Delivery Legislation, 2020 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Legitimacy of children, 2034 waterways, 256, 257, 259, 260 Lex fori, 2031, 2034 Jurisdiction, contracts and torts, 1039 Marital agreements, 2034 Place of performance, 1361, 1362, 1366, 1367 Marriage, 2029, 2034 Delocalization Matrimonial property, 2029, 2034 France, 2089, 2090 Nature of things, 2019, 2024 Delocalized approach Non-​contractual obligations (torts), 2027, 2031 Arbitration, recognition of awards, 122 Nordic Conventions, 2020, 2023 Demand Nordic Maritime Code, 2022 Regulatory competition, 1515, 1516, 1517 Obligations, 2027, 2031 Demand guarantee Opt-​in to EU instruments, 2020 Guarantees, 862 Property rights in immovables, 2027 Dematerialization Property rights in movables, 2032 Bonds and loans, 216 Property rights, 2032 Financial instruments, 739, 740 Public policy (ordre public), 2031 Democratic participation Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2035 Nationality, 1294 Reservations to EU treaties, 2020, 2022, 2023 Déni de justice Sources of private international law, 2019 Maintenance obligations, 1187, 1189 Statute theory, 2024, Denial of justice Succession, 2030, 2034

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Index 2775

Trade marks, 2028 Direct action, 531, 533, 535 Unfair competition, 2032 Hague Traffic Accident Convention, 1724 United Nations Conventions, 2022 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual Dépeçage, 526 obligations), 1724 (American) Conflict of Laws Regulation, 69 Traffic accidents, 1723, 1724 Admissibility under Rome I Regulation, 526 Direct action, jurisdiction and applicable law Areas other than contract, 527 Direct action, 532, 533, 538 Capacity and emancipation, 251 Direct actions, 531 Conflicts justice, 526 Applicable law, 535, 960 Connecting factor, 448 Arbitration agreements, 534 Impossibility, 527 Australia, 532 Inseverability, 527 Brussels I Regulation (recast), 533 Limits, 526 Characterization (classification), 532 Local data, 1168, 1169 Choice of law, 535 Multiple partial choice of law, 526 Concept, 531 Objective, 528 Current regulation, 533 Partial choice of law, 526 Domicile, 533, 534 Party autonomy, 526 England, 532 Phenomenon, as, 526 EU, 957, 960 Prescription, 1378 Germany, 533 Rome Convention and Rome I Regulation Insurance contracts, 532, 533, 534, 535, 536, 537, (contractual obligations), 526, 1556 957 Severability, 526 Joinder, 535 Social protection and private international Jurisdiction agreements, 534 law, 1651 Jurisdiction, 533, 957 Succession, 528 Legal mechanisms, 532 Tacit partial choice, 527 Lex fori, 533, 534, 536 Depolitization of private international law Liability of insurer, 532 Wächter, Carl Georg von, 1830, 1831 Pay to be paid clause, 536 Depository receipts Private international law, 532 Financial instruments, 739, 741 Road traffic accidents, 537 Deregulation Rome Convention and Rome I Regulation Country of origin rule, 480 (contractual obligations), 536 Party autonomy, 1340 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual obligations), Derivatives 534, 536, 538 Financial instruments, 739, 742 Substantive law solutions, 531 Design United Kingdom, 537 Intellectual property, applicable law, 962 USA, 531, 957, 960 Intellectual property, jurisdiction, 973 Direct applicability and direct effect of EU law Unitary intellectual property rights and Court of Justice of the European Union, 485, 486, jurisdiction, 1792 487, 488 Designation of foreign law Direct effect Switzerland, 2552 European Union and private international law, 688 Destination Direct ownership system Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Financial instruments, 740 waterways, 256 Directives Dicey, Albert Venn, 529 European Union and private international law, Conflict of laws, 529 692, 693 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 529 Uniform substantive law and private international Influence, 531 law, 1772 Life, 529 Director’s liability, 539 Rule, Comment and Illustration, 530, 531 Agency cost challenge, 539 United Kingdom, 531 Brussels I (Convention and Regulation), 539 Vested rights theory, 1814 Brussels I Regulation (recast), 542 Westlake, John, 529 Centre of main interest, 540 Work, 529 Characterization (classification), 541 Digital Millennium Copyright Act Connecting factors, 539 Internet, liability, 1000 Corporate jurisdiction, 542 Dikelogy Corporate law, 539 Goldschmidt, Werner, 853, 858 Duties, 539 Direct action against liability insurance Europe, 539, 540

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2776 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Director’s liability (cont.) Distributive connecting factor Insolvency law, 540 Connecting factor, 448 International (adjudicatory) jurisdiction, 542 Divorce Place of incorporation, 539 Availability, 543 Principal-​agent-​conflicts, 539 Belarus, 1903 Real seat theory, 539 Brussels IIa Regulation, 229, 230, 231, 233, 236, Torts law, 541 546, 547, 548, 549, 551, 552, 553 USA, 539, 540 Canada, 1954, 1957 Wrongful trading, 539, 541, 542 Chile, 1965, 1968 Disappearance Divorce and personal separation, 543 Absence (disappearance, presumed death), 1, 4, 6 Ecuador, 2049 Disclosure Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 699, 703 Liability, capital market, 1132, 1137 Interreligious law, 1020, 1021, 1023, 1024, 1026 Obligations, 1137 Ireland, 2188 Disconnection clause Italy, 2213 European Union and private international law, 694 Jurisdiction, 232 Discovery Marriage, 543, 549, 551, 554, 1227 Comity, 712 Matrimonial property, 550, 1235, 1237, 1239 Evidence, procurement of, 712, 713 Meaning, 543 Discretion Recognition of foreign decrees, 550 Adjudicatory, models of, 798 Recognition, 545 Anti-​suit injunctions, 84 Rome III Regulation (divorce), 229, 546, 549, 550, Arbitration, recognition of awards, 123, 126 553, 1574 Forum non conveniens, 798, 799, 803 Same-​sex marriage, 543, 549, 551, 553, 554 Injunction, 927, 929 Slovakia, 2501 Jurisdiction agreements, and, 799 South Africa, 2518, 2521 Jurisdiction, foundations, 1045 Sweden, 2540, 2544, 2546 Discretion of courts Divorce and personal separation, 543 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1327, 1329 Applicable law, 548 Discretionary devices Brussels IIa Regulation, 546, 549 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1328 Concepts and differences in substantive law, 543 Discrimination Connecting factor, 445, 447, 448 Adjustment/​adaption (anpassung), 12 Divorce industry, 545 Aliens law (Condition des étrangers, European legal instruments, 547, 549, 551 Fremdenrecht), 53 European regulation, 545 Contractual obligations, 73 Forum (and law) shopping, 544, 545, 546, 549, Nationality, 1298, 1300, 1301 553 Pre-​contractual stage, 72, 76 GEDIP, 546, 841 Disinterested forum Greece, 547, 2123 Currie, Brainerd, 509 Historical development, 544 Disposition of property upon death International conventions, 544 Succession, 1687, 1688, 1690 International legal instruments, 547, 549, 551 Dispute resolution Jurisdiction, 546 Adjudication, 60 Legal sources, 544 Conciliation, 59 Lex fori, 1109 Hybrid procedures, 60 Migratory divorce, 545 International arbitration, 122 National applicable law, 548 Mediation, 58, 59, 61, 1246, 1249 National law, 546, 550 Dispute resolution/​settlement (WTO) National legal sources, 544 WTO and private international law, 1845, 1849 Peru, 2416 Distanzdelikt Recognition of foreign decrees, 550 Local data, 1170 Recognition of foreign judgments, 544 Distribution Divorce and separation rates Commercial agency, franchise and distribution Child abduction, 298 contracts, 391 Doctrinal writings Distribution agreement Albania, 1857 Licence contract, 1147 Argentina, 1871 Distribution contracts Belarus, 1898 Concept, 391 Belgium, 1911 Conflict rules, 394 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1923 Contracts, type, 394 Brazil, 1931

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Index 2777

Canada, 1951 Bulgaria, 1939, 1942 China, 1973 Chile, 1962 Colombia, 1982 Doctrine of conflict interests Croatia, 1993 Nationality, 1293 Czech Republic, 2010 Document Denmark, 2024 Recognition of legal situations evidenced by Ecuador, 2044 documents, 1495, 1496 Egypt, 2055 Document of title Estonia, 2065 Bill of lading, 193, 194, 195 Finland, 2073 Property and proprietary rights, 1434 France, 2082 Sea waybills and other transport documents, 1617 Germany, 2103 Domain names Ghana, 2113 Internet, jurisdiction, 991, 995 Hong Kong, SAR of China, 2131 Online dispute resolution, 1316, 1317 Hungary, 2140 WIPO and private international law, 1842 Iceland, 2150 Domestic companies India, 2157 Companies, 407, 410 Indonesia, 2165 Domestic law Iran, 2176 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1324, 1325, Ireland, 2184 1327, 1328, 1329 Israel, 2194 Domestic partner Japan, 2220 Registered partnerships, 1505 Kazakhstan, 2235 Domicile Korea, 2244 Aliens law (Condition des étrangers, Latvia, 2256 Fremdenrecht), 51, 54 Lebanon, 2265 Australia, 1882 Liechtenstein, 2280 British Empire, 555 Lithuania, 2289 Capacity and emancipation, 251, 253 Macau, SAR of China, 2308 CIDIP, 328 Macedonia, FYR, 2318 CIEC/​ICCS (International Commission on Civil Malta, 2327 Status), 333, 335 Mexico, 2337 Connecting factor, 442, 449, 450, 555, 556 Montenegro, 2347 Divorce and personal separation, 544, 547, 550 Netherlands, 2358 Greece, 2120, 2127 New Zealand, 2370 Jurisdiction, limits under international law, 1052, Nigeria, 2379 1053, 1055 Norway, 2389 Kahn, Franz, 1059, 1062 Paraguay, 2400 Marriage, 18, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233 Poland, 2424 Matrimonial property, 51 Portugal, 2435 Nationality, 15, 17, 1290, 1292, 1295, 1296, 1298, 1299 Romania, 2444 Personal status, 1348 Russian Federation, 2455 Private international law, methods of, 1403 Serbia, 2473 Recognition of legal situations evidenced by Singapore, 2484 documents, 1503 Slovakia, 2495 Restatement (First and Second) of Conflict of Slovenia, 2504 Laws, 1551 South Africa, 2515 Social protection and private international Spain, 2527 law, 1649 Sweden, 2537 Switzerland, 2551, 2553, 2555, 2556 Switzerland, 2550 Domicile, habitual residence and establishment, 3, Taiwan, 2560 15, 17, 555 Thailand, 2570 Adoption, 15, 17 Tunisia, 2583 Aircraft operator, 42 Turkey, 2593 Alternative dispute resolution, 60 Ukraine, 2605 Connecting factor, 556 United Kingdom, 2614 Dicey, Albert Venn, 529 Uruguay, 2629 Domicile, habitual residence and establishment USA, 2639 Domicile principle Venezuela, 2650 Bustamante, Antonio Sánchez de, 245, 247 Vietnam, 2660 Domicile, habitual residence and establishment Doctrine Connecting factor, 558

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2778 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Dominant position, abuse Succession law, 562, 564 Competition law (antitrust), 425 Trade/​profession, in, 563 Dominican Republic, 2036 Double actionability (rule) Applicable law, 2037, 2041 Australia, 1883 Application of foreign law, 2042 Choice of law, 319 Arbitration, 2040 Personality rights, 1355 Background to PILA, 2039 Double renvoi Bilateral agreements, 2039 Renvoi, 1538 Bustamante Code, 2038 Double taxation Capacity, 2042 Economic effects, 567 Case-​law, 2038 Economic, 567 Choice of law, 2037, 2042 International, See International double taxation CIDIP, 2039 Legal, 567 Civil Code, 2037 Methods for prevention, 568 Civil procedure, 2037 Potential, 567 Effect of PILA, 2043 Prevention, 567 Exclusive jurisdiction, 2041 Double taxation treaties, 566 Exempt matters, 2040 Arbitration, 573 France, 2038 Assignment of the right to tax, 571 General jurisdiction, 2041 Bilateral regulation, 569 Goals of PILA, 2040 Common misapprehensions, 567 Hague Conference on Private International Constitutionality of treaty, 574 Law, 2039 Content, 570 Incomplete system to modern codification, 2036 Crediting method, 568 International conventions, 2038 DTT Policy, 574 Jurisdiction, 2041 Exemption method, 568 Multilateral agreements, 2039 Germany, 1699, 1701, 1699, 1701 Multiple defendants, 2041 Information exchange, 573 New PILA, 2039 Interpretation, 569 Obligations, 2037, 2041, 2042 Legal nature, 569 Personal rights, 2042 Methods, 568 PILA structure and common provisions, 2040 Model agreements, 1700 PILA, 2036 Multilateral regulation, 569 Property, 2037, 2041 Mutual agreement procedures, 573 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2042 Non-​discrimination, 573 Special jurisdiction, 2041 Permanent establishment, 569 Succession, 2037, 2038, 2042 Procedural matters, 573 Tourism, 2040 Scope of application, 570 Uncertainty, 2037 Structure, 570 Donation, 561 Taxation, international, 571, 1696, 1697, 1701 Assets other than land, 563 Temporal scope, 570 Classification (characterization), 561 Territorial scope, 570 Connecting factor, 563 Treaty override, 573 Contractual obligations, 561 Types of , 570 Creditor protection, 565 Unilateral regulation, 568 Delimitation to other legal institutions, 561 Draft Common Frame of Reference Family law, 562, 564 Estoppel, 680 Fiduciary duties of donor, 565 Drawee Formal requirements, 563 Bill of exchange, 187, 188, 191 Foundations and trusts, 563 Cheques, 295, 296 Gratuitous transfers, 562 Drawer Insolvency, 565 Bill of exchange, 187 Jurisdiction, 561 Cheques, 296 Land, 563 Driving licences Mandatory provisions, 565 Recognition of administrative acts, 1491, 1492 Mortis causa, 562 Droit acquis Notion, 561 GEDIP, 843 Property and proprietary rights, 565 Vested rights theory, 1813 Restrictions in interest of third parties, 564 Droit commun législatif Revocation, 562, 563 Rabel, Ernst, 1462 Special forms, 562 Droit d’aubaine

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Index 2779

Aliens law (Condition des étrangers, Principle of the closest connection, 581 Fremdenrecht), 56 Regulatory competition, 579 Due process States as relevant actors, 579 Constitutional law and private international Theoretical background, 575 law, 455 Transaction costs, 578 USA, 2641 Economic court Dumoulin, Charles Belarus, 1896 Mancini, Pasquale Stanislao, 1197 Economic freedom Matrimonial property, 1236 Country of origin rule, 479, 480 Private international law, history of, 1393 Freedom of establishment/​persons (European Dutch school Union) and private international law, 807 Comity, 382, 383 Economic sanctions Huber, Ulrik, 876, 879 Delimitation, 603 Duty to recognize Embargo, 96, 600 Trust, 1754, 1755, 1756, 1758 EU law, 601 Extraterritoriality, 602 East Germany Property and proprietary rights, and, 602 States, failed and non-​recognized, 1655, 1656 Security Council, 601 Eastern Europe Unilateral rules, 603 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1326 Economic theory eBL (Electronic bills of lading), 201 Private international law, foundations, 1389 ECC-​Net Ecuador, 2043 Online dispute resolution, 1319 Acts of voluntary jurisdiction, 2048 E-​commerce. See Electronic commerce Adoption, 2049 E-​Commerce Directive Alternative forum, 2047 Aims, 1002 Applicable law, 2048 Choice of law, 1002 Arbitration, 2045 Electronic commerce, 596 Bankruptcy proceedings, 2048 European Union and private international Bustamante Code, 2043 law, 693 Calvo doctrine, 2046 Framework, 1001 Capacity, 2048 Freedom to provide services, 596 Case-​law, 2044, 2046 Harmonization, 1001 Choice of law, 2045 Internet, liability, 1000 Colombia, 1985 Limitations of liability, 1001 Contract law in absence of agreement, 2050 Mutual recognition, 1002 Corporations, 2046 Vested rights theory, 1817 Defendant forum, 2047 Economic analysis Divorce, 2049 Concepts, 575 Doctrinal writings, 2044 Economic analysis and private international Domestic sources of law, 2044 law, 575 Domicile, 2048 Game theory and private international law, 830 Enforcement of foreign judicial and arbitral Economic analysis and private international decisions, 2051 law, 575 Enforcement of international arbitral awards, 2052 Characteristic performance, 581 Evidence, 2051 Classical school, 577 Family matters, 2049 Coase Theorem, 578 Forums selected by parties, 2045 Concepts of economic analysis of law, 575 General forums, 2045 Conceptual characteristics, 577 In rem actions, 2048 Consumer protection, 583 Inheritance proceedings, 2048 Current state, 580 Institutional sources of law, 2044 Development, 575 International defences, 2052 Economic models of human behaviour, 575 International judicial competence, 2045 Effects, 577 Jurisdiction, 2045 Efficiency, 576 Major legislation, 2043 Individuals as relevant actors, 578 Marriage, 2049 Market failure, 579 Nationality, 2048 Normative agenda, 578 Obligations, 2050 Party autonomy, 580 Party autonomy, 2050 Place of damage/​injury, 582 Paternity and child support, 2049 Political school, 577 Persons, 2048

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2780 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Ecuador (cont.) Jurisdiction, 2056 Procedural acts, 2051 Major legislation, 2053 Property, 2051 Marriage, 2059 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2052 Matters of personal status, 2054, 2055, 2059 Regional conventions, 2044 Obligations, 2058 Sources of private international law, 2043 Property, 2058 Special forum, 2048 Public policy, 2055, 2057 Succession, 2049 Recognition and enforcement of foreign Tacit submission, 2047 judgments, 2060 Edict of Thessalonica Sources of private international law, 2053 Private international law, history of, 1392 Succession, 2059 EEA-​Agreement Torts, 2058 Freedom of establishment/​persons (European United Nations Conventions, 2054 Union) and private international law, 808 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 584 EEJ-​Net Batiffol, Henry, 167 Online dispute resolution, 1319 Datum theory, 588, 589 Effective judicial protection International, regional and interstate conflicts Embargo, 602 law, 589 Effectiveness Lex fori, 49, 586, 587, 589, 590, 592, 1107 Recognition of legal situations evidenced by Life, 584 documents, 1495, 1496 Local data, 585, 589, 591, 1166 Effects of marriage Moral data, 585, 589, 591 Marriage, 1233 National codifications, 590 Effects principle Private international law, contribution to, 585 Competition law (antitrust), 427, 428, 429, 431, 432 Private international law, foundations, 1384 Efficiency Private international law, influence on, 589 Better law approach, 182, 183 Restatement, 586 Economic analysis and private international Separation of interstate from international law, 576 conflicts law, 587 EFTA Superlaw, EU Regulations as, 589 West Balkan Convention, 1832 Work, 584 EGBG Eigenwechsel Names of individuals, 1284 Bill of exchange, 188 EGBGB Eingriffsnormen Germany, 2101, 2102, 2103 Local data, 1167 Kahn, Franz, 1057, 1058 Electronic commerce, 592 Kegel, Gerhard, 1065, 1066, 1070 Australia, 595 Egypt, 2053 China, 599 Administration of private international law, 2056 Choice of forum, 594 Alimony, 2059 Choice of law, 594 Application of foreign law, 2057 Click-​wrap agreements, 594 Arbitration, 2060 Coverage, 592 Capacity, 2058 Definition, 592 Case-​law, 2055 European law, 596 Choice of law, 2057 Geolocation technologies, 597 Civil procedure, 2053 Historical development, 592 Classification (characterization), 2057 International initiatives, 595 Corporations, 2058 Internet, jurisdiction, 990, 991, 993, 994 Courts, 2056 National law, 593 Doctrinal writings, 2055 Online dispute resolution, 1315 Family matters, 2059 Private international law, and, 593 Geneva Conventions, 2054 Technology-​neutral law, 595, 598 Hague Conference on Private International UNCITRAL, 1759, 1761, 1763 Law, 2054 USA, 594 Hague Conventions, 2054 Emancipation History and development of private international Capacity and emancipation, 251 law, 2055 Embargo, 599 Human rights, 2054 Analytical perspectives, 600 Intellectual property, 2058 Authority of organizations, 601 International conventions, 2053 Bonds and loans, 217 Interreligious law, 1023, 1024, 2059 Categories, 600

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Index 2781

Contractual consequences, 604 Employment contracts, applicable law, 74, 615, 619 Definition, 599 Antidiscrimination, 72, 621 Due process, 602 Brussels I (Convention and Regulation), 619 EU law, 601 Choice-​of-​law agreements, 617 Extraterritoriality, 602 Classification (Characterization), 621 Forum state, 603 CLIP, 371 Legal analysis, 600 Conflict rules, 616 Lex contractus, 604 Connecting factors, 617 Limits, 602 Engaging business, 620 Overriding mandatory provision, as, 603 Escape clause, 620 Preferential trade agreements, 600 EU model, 616 Private international law perspective, 603 Habitual workplace, 618 Public international law, 600 Lex contractus, scope, 621 Scope of application, 603 Non-​EU jurisdictions, 617 Security Council, 601 Overriding mandatory provisions, 622 Third country, 605 Protection of weaker party, 616 Empirical legal research Public policy dimension, 615 Behavioural economics and private international Rome I Regulation (contractual obligations), 617, law, 172, 174, 175 619, 620, 622, 623, 624 Employee participation USA, 618 Employment contracts, applicable law, 621 Employment contracts, individual Employment Flag, 758 Social protection and private international law, 1650 Employment contracts, jurisdiction, 78, 624 Employment, collective bargaining, 606 Application (and enforcement) of foreign law, 627 Choice of law, 608 Application of foreign law, 627 Collective agreement, 606 Choice-​of-​court agreements, 631 Collective/​individual contracts, 609 Choice-​of-​law agreements, 631 Definition, 607 Claims brought by employees, 625 Germany, 606 Claims brought by employer, 630 ILO Conventions, 607 Country where employer is domiciled, 626 International changes, 607 Employee’s country of domicile, 629, 630 International regulatory framework, 607 Forum (and law) shopping, 631 Japan, 606 Forum selection clauses, 631 Jurisdiction, 608 Legislative developments, 625 Regulating posted workers, 611 Place of engaging business, 628 Transnational collective bargaining, 613 Place of work, 627, 630 Transnational company level, 613 Posted workers, 629 USA, 606 Protection of employees, 624 Employment contracts Structure, 625 Agency and authority of agents, 29 Employment, industrial disputes, 632 Antidiscrimination, 71, 74, 78 Choice of law, 635 Austria, 621 EU limitations on right to take industrial Choice of forum and submission to jurisdiction, 306 action, 636 Country where employer is domiciled, 626 International regulatory framework, 634 Employment, collective bargaining, 609, 613, 614 Jurisdiction, 635 Employment contracts, applicable law, 617, 619 Legal terminology, 633 Employment contracts, jurisdiction, 625, 626 , 638 Employment, posting of workers, 651 Regulatory framework, 633 Germany, 621 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual Habitual workplace, 618 obligations), 638 Judicial annulment, 631 Settling, 633 Lex loci laboris, 1560 United Kingdom, 633 Netherlands, 621, 2361 Employment, maritime, 641 Other contracts, and, 629 Background, 641 Place of employer’s establishment, 619 Collective bargaining, 648 Place of engaging business, 628 Concept, 641 Place of work, 627, 630 Conflict of laws, 647 Public policy (ordre public), 1459 Current regulation, 643 Rome Convention and Rome I Regulation Flags of convenience, 643 (contractual obligations), 29, 1560 Forum (and law) shopping, 647, 649 Social protection and private international law, 1648 Historical development, 642

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2782 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Employment, maritime (cont.) Enforcement jurisdiction Individual employment contracts, 644 Competition law (antitrust), 429 Industrial action, 649 Jurisdiction, limits under international law, 1052 Information, consultation and participation Enforcement of foreign judgments rights, 649 Reciprocity, 1467, 1470 International jurisdiction, 644 Enforcement proceedings Manning agencies, 642 Proceedings, law governing, 1411 Place of employer’s establishment, 620 Enforcement without declaration of enforceability Place of engaging business, 645, 646, 647 Payment Order Regulation, 1344 Place of work, 645, 646, 647 Engineer’s contract Private international law and collective labour Construction contracts, 461 relations, 648 England and Wales Special relationship, 641 Formal requirements and validity, 788 Uniform law, 643 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1325, 1326 Unlawful industrial action, 649 United Kingdom, 2612 Employment law Enhanced cooperation Commercial agency, franchise and distribution Rome III Regulation (divorce), 546, 1574 contracts, 391, 393, 394, 397 Environmental authorisations Public policy dimension, 615 Environmental liability, 666 Employment, posting of workers, 650 Recognition of administrative acts, 1493 Bilateral conflict rules, 656 Environmental damage Cross-​border, 650 Environmental liability, 657, 661 Economic freedom v protection of workers, 651 Prevention, 662 EU fundamental freedoms, 652 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual obligations), Free movement of workers, 652 658, 661, 663, 1569 Freedom to provide services, 652 Uniform substantive law, 666 Host state, possible responses, 650 Environmental liability, 657 Laval, 655 Background, 657 Posted Workers Directive, 653 Characterization of property-​based claims, 662 Social dumping, 650 Current regulation, 659 Unilateral conflict rules, 656 Derogation, 665 Endowment effect Environment damage, 661 Behavioural economics and private international Fault-​based liability, 659, 664 law, 173, 177 Harmonization, 667 Energy Charter Treaty Historical development, 658 Arbitration, investment, 97 Legal sources, other, 666 Enforceability Lex loci actus, 659, 665 Account Preservation Order Regulation, 685 Lex loci damni, 659, 660, 663 Enforcement Lex loci delicti, 658 Account Preservation Order Regulation, 682, 685 Maritime law (uniform law), 1214 Anti-​suit injunctions, 81 Outline, 657 Arbitration, recognition of awards, 118 Overriding mandatory provisions, 666 Arrest of vessels, 135 Prevention of environmental damage, 662 CLIP, 365, 372 Public policy, 666 Cross-border​ effects of enforcement measures, 523 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual obligations), Debt recovery, cross-​border, 65, 520, 682 660, 665, 1569 England, 522 Rules of safety and conduct, 665 France, 522 Strict liability, 659, 663, 664 German-​speaking states, 520 Territorial connecting factor, 663 Immunity, 897, 899 Territorial sovereignty, areas not subject to, 664 Injunction, 925 Torts, 658, 1709, 1715 Recognition and enforcement of foreign Violations of the environment, 660 judgments (civil law), 1471 Equal protection of the laws (US Constitution) Recognition and enforcement of foreign Interest and policy analysis in private international judgments (common law), 1479 law, 986 Recognition of legal situations evidenced by Equal treatment documents, 1500 Antidiscrimination, 71, 72, 74, 75, 78 Remedies, 1533, 1536 Uniform substantive law and private international Enforcement (intellectual property) law, 1773 Intellectual property, applicable law, 964, 967, 968, 969 Equal treatment of domestic and foreign law TRIPS, 1751 Portugal, 2435

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Index 2783

Equal treatment of men and women Rule, 671 Kegel, Gerhard, 1066 Sales contract, 673 Nationality, 1291, 1296 Serbia, 2476 Equality Structure, 671 Human rights and private international law, 882, Succession, 670, 672, 674, 1686 883, 884 Tort/​delict, 668, 673 Nationality, 1296 Unitary conflict rule, 671 Equity Unjust enrichment (restitution), 1812 Anti-​suit injunctions, 80, 82 Usage, 668 Estoppel, 676 Essential validity Injunction, 924, 928 Marriage, 1229 Trust, 1753, 1757 Establishment Equivalence Domicile, habitual residence and establishment Recognition of administrative acts, 1486, 1489, Connecting factor, 555 1490, 1493 Insolvency, applicable law, 934, 938 Substitution, 1677 Insolvency, jurisdiction and vis attractiva, 950 Erfolgsort Establishment of companies Personality rights, 1352 Companies, 409, 410 Erie Doctrine Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 703 Forum (and law) shopping, 789 Estonia, 2061 Escape clause, 668 Administration of private international law, 2065 Adults, protection of, 26, 27 Application and enforcement of foreign law, 2066 Carriage of goods by sea, 264, 268 Arbitration, 2070 Circumstances as a whole, 669 Bilateral agreements, 2063 Closer connection, 672 Case-​law, 2064 Concept, 668 Choice of law, 2068 Connecting factor, 442, 451, 668, 671, 672 Civil procedure, 2062 Consumer contract, 668 Contractual obligations, 2069 Contracts, 669 Corporations, 2068, 2070 Discrimination, 73 Courts and non-​judicial authorities, 2065 Employment contracts, applicable law, 620, 668, 669, Doctrinal writings, 2065 671 Estonia-​Russian Convention, 2064 Employment, industrial disputes, 639 Family matters, 2067, 2069 Employment, maritime, 647, 648, 649 Hague Conference on Private International European Court of Justice, 671 Law, 2063 European Union, 670 Hague Conventions, 2063 Exception, 671 History of private international law, 2065 Expert liability, 724 Independence, 2065 Extent, 670 Intellectual property, 2067, 2069 Flexibility, 668 International conventions, 2062 Function, 668 International customary law, 2064 Germany, 673 Jurisdiction, 2067 Habitual residence, 668, 669, 670 Lex fori, 2062 Habitual workplace, 671 Major legislation, 2061 Hiring branch of employer, 671 Marriage, 2068 Historical development, 669 Non-​contractual obligations, 2069 Intellectual property, applicable law, 968 Obligations, 2067, 2069 Italy, 669 PILA, 2062 Italy, 2212 Property, 2067, 2069 Kegel, Gerhard, 1069 Public policy, 2066, 2068 Local data, 1167 Significance of EU private international Macedonia, FYR, 2321 law, 2064 Negotiorum gestio, 1304 Sources of private international law, 2061 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1327 Succession, 2068, 2069 Outlook, 674 United Nations Conventions, 2064 Outside European Union, 670 Estoppel, 674 Rome Convention and Rome I Regulation Arbitration clauses, 677 (contractual obligations), 668, 669, 671, 672, Australia, 675 673, 1557, 1560 Choice of law, 678 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual CISG, 678 obligations), 1568 Common European Sales Law, 680

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2784 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Estoppe (cont.) Procedure, 684, 685 Concept, 674 Public policy, 686 Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR), 680 Recognition and enforcement, 685 Emergence, 678 Remedies, 686 EU law, 677 Review, 686 European contract law, 679 Scope, 683 Forum selection clause, 677 Significance, 686 France, 677 Structure, 684 Good faith and fair dealing, 678, 679 Switzerland, 684 Good faith, 676 United Kingdom, 683 Historical development, 674 European Arbitration Convention, 123 Inconsistent behaviour, 678, 679 European Atomic Energy Community International contract law, 678 European Union and private international law, 688 International law, 676 European basic freedoms Legitimate expectations, 676, 677 Freedom of establishment/​persons (European Lex mercatoria, 675, 678 Union) and private international law, 811 Other concepts, and, 676 Recognition of administrative acts, 1489, 1490 Prescription, 676, 1368, 1374 European Blocking Regulation, 210, 213 Principles of European Contract Law (PECL), 680 European Certificate of Succession Private international law, and, 677 Rome IV Regulation (succession), 1586 Reasonable expectations, 676 Succession, 1683, 1691 Reliance, 676 European Child Custody Convention, 301 Substance and procedure, 1671 Guardianship, custody and parental Types, 675 responsibility, 867 Unconscionability, 676 European Choice of Law Revolution UNIDROIT Principles of International Connecting factor, 451 Commercial Contracts, 679 European citizenship United Kingdom, 675 Country of origin rule, 481 USA, 675 European Union and private international law, 695 Venire contra factum proprium, 676 Personal status, 1349 Waiver, 676 European Coal and Steel Community EU fundamental freedoms European Union and private international law, 687 Employment, posting of workers, 651, 652, 656 European Commission EU law (Regulations and Directives) Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1326, 1327 Austria, 1888 European contract law European Union and private international law, 694 Contracts between traders and consumers, 281 Unilateralism, 1789 Contracts between traders, 281 EU legislation Estoppel, 679 Consumer contracts, 470 Justification for unification, 281 Country of origin rule, 481 Private international law, and, 282 Insurance contracts, 956 Reform, 278 EU private international law (see European private European Convention on Human Rights international law) Constitutional law and private international law, EU/​US comparison of collective redress 455, 456 Collective redress, 373, 374, 375 Human rights and private international law, , 880, Eurasian Economic Community 884, 885, 886 Kazakhstan, 2233 Lease contracts and tenancies, 1080 Russian Federation, 2454 Names of individuals, 1283 Euro Personality rights, 1357 Money and currency, 1255, 1257 European Court of Human Rights Eurobonds GEDIP, 836 Bonds and loans, 216 Human rights and private international law, 881, European Account Preservation Order (EAPO) 882, 885, 886 Account Preservation Order Regulation, 682 European Court of Justice Brussels I Regulation (recast), and, 683, 685 Arrest of vessels, 141 Creation, 683 Bill of lading, 200 Debt recovery, cross-​border, 524 Composition, 484 Denmark, 683 Conflict court, as, 484 Ireland, 683 Constitutional relevance of EU law, 486 Jurisdiction, 684 Court of Justice of the European Union, 483 Maintenance obligations, 683 Direct applicability, 485

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Index 2785

Direct effect, 485, 486, 487, 488 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual obligations), Employment contracts, applicable law, 619, 620, 473, 474, 475, 1562, 1564, 1573 623, 624 Rome III Regulation (divorce), 1579 Employment contracts, jurisdiction, 626, 627, 628, 629 Rome IV Regulation (succession), 1584, 1588 Employment, posting of workers, 652, 654, 655 Succession, 1683 Escape clause, 671 European Service Regulation EU and national law, 486 Brussels I Regulation, 226 Formation, 483 European Single Market Horizontal perspective, 490 Cultural objects, protection of, 502 Interpretation, autonomous, 1007, 1011, 1014 European Small Claims Procedure Jurisdiction, 487 Small Claims Regulation, Languages used, 484 European Succession Regulation Names of individuals, 1285 Authentic acts, 1691 Posted Workers Directive, 654 Brussels I Regulation, 225 Principles of interpretation, 360 Choice of law, 1688 Private international and procedural law, 487 Escape clause, 1686 Public international law, 487 Habitual residence, 1684 Reference procedure, 488, 489 Party autonomy, 1686 Role, 485 Renvoi, 1685 Specialization, need for, 489 Rome IV Regulation (succession), 10, 1580 European Economic Area Succession, 1683 Liechtenstein, 2278 European Union European Enforcement Title Albania, 1856 Brussels IIa Regulation, 234 Area of freedom, security and justice, 690 European Group for Private International Law Belgium, 1910 GEDIP, 835 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1922 European Legal Aid Directive, 1091 Brussels and Rome Convention, 689 Aim, 1091 Croatia, 1993 Alternative dispute resolution, 1093 Czech Republic, 2009 Application, 1091 Denmark, 2023 Authentic instruments, 1093 Economic sanctions, 601 Background, 1091 Electronic commerce, 596 Commission report, 1094 Estonia, 2064 Cross-border​ disputes, 1091, 1092 European citizenship, 695 Denmark, 1091 External competence, 693 Eligibility criteria, 1093 Finland, 2073 Extrajudicial procedures, 1093 Foundation, 687 Legal aid, 1090 France, 2080 Matters covered, 1092 Fundamental freedoms, 696 Minimum harmonization, 1094 Germany, 2101 Minimum standards, 1092 Hungary, 2139 Natural person, 1092 Internet, liability, 1001 Outlook, 1093 Ireland, 2183 Procedure, 1093 Italy, 2208 Scope, 1092 Judicial cooperation in civil matters, 690, 691, 697 Standard forms, 1091 Judicial cooperation in criminal matters, 689, 690 Sufficient resources, 1091 Latvia, 2253, 2254 European Order for Payment Legal basis, 690 Payment Order Regulation, 683, 1342 Liechtenstein, 2278 Substitution, 1681 Lithuania, 2288, 2295 European Patent Court Lugano Convention, 1176, 1184 Brussels I (Convention and Regulation), 227 Luxembourg, 2299 European Patent Package Macedonia, FYR, 2317 Unitary intellectual property rights and Malta, 2326 jurisdiction, 1794 Member States, 689 European private international law Montenegro, 2346 Austria, 1888 Negative harmonization, 695 Lease contracts and tenancies, 1081 Netherlands, 2358 Malta, 2326, 2327 Non-​discrimination, 695 Rome I Regulation (contractual obligations), 473, Norway, 2388 474, 475, 687 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1326

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2786 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

European Union (cont.) History, 698 Poland, 2423 Home country divorce, 699 Positive harmonization, 689 Insolvency, 704 Relationship with private international law, 689 Jurisdiction, more than one, 707 Romania, 2444 Jurisdiction, only one, 707 Secondary law, 691, 697 Law of aliens, 704 Slovakia, 2495 Limitation of autonomy, 705 Spain, 2612 Local law applies, 705 Spain, 2526 Locus regit actum, 703 Sweden, 2536, 2539, 2545 Marriage abroad, 698 Treaty of Amsterdam, 690 No evasion, 705, 707 Treaty of Lisbon, 691 Open questions, 706 Ukraine, 2604 Ordre public, 706 European Union and private international law, 687 Parent-​child relationship, establishment of, 700 Air law (uniform law), 40 Paternity, 700 Foundation of European Union, 687 Principle of evasion, 707 Greece, 2119 Private international law, legislation, 698 Public policy (ordre public), 1455 Private international law, literature, 698 Relationship, 689 Public international law, other cases, 705 Sector-​specific rules, 692 Public policy, 706 European Union law Rapid sanction of evasion, 706 Contractual/​non-​contractual obligations, 473 Recital (26) of the Succession Regulation, 701 Estoppel, 677 Remedies, 705 Lugano Convention, 1176, 1177, 1183 Repudiation, 699 Names of individuals, 1284 Restricted choice, 702 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual obligations), Same-​sex marriage, 698, 699 1562, 1565 Substitution, 706 European Works Council Succession, 701 Employment, collective bargaining, 613 Surrogate mother, 700 Euthanasia Tønder marriages, 699 Belgium, 208 Third party involved, 707 Bioethics and private international law, 203, 204, 207 Third party not involved, 707 The Netherlands, 208 Uruguay, 2631 Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 698 Weaker parties, 702 Abuse of law, 706 Evasion of laws Adoption, 700 Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 698 Arbitration, 704 Evidence (intellectual property) Article 21 Rome I Regulation, 702 TRIPS, 1750 Article 3(3) Rome I Regulation, 702 Evidence Article 3(4) Rome I Regulation, 702 Substance and procedure, 1670 Article 9 Rome I Regulation, 702 Evidence, procurement of, 56, 709 Change of habitual residence, 701 Arbitration, 89 Child abduction, 701 Background, 709 Choice of law by , 701 Central authority, 714, 715, 717 Choice of national law, 701 Directly taking by requesting court, 714, 718 Companies, establishment of, 703 Evidence Regulation, 713 Contracts, 702 Fishing expedition, 713 Divorce at home, 699 Hague Evidence Convention, 716 Divorce, 703 International law, and, 710 Effect of evasion, 707 Judicial inferences, 711 Elimination of foreign decisions, 706 Judicial power, 713 Elimination of foreign law, 706 Legal basis, 713 Evasion, 708 Letters of request, 717, 718 Evaluation, 705 Parties/​representatives, 714 Ex parte divorces of by consent, 699 Procedural law, 718 Flags of convenience, 705 Taking of evidence by requested court, 713 Formalities, 703 Teleconference, 711, 713 Forum conveniens, 704 USA, 711, 718 Forum selection, 703 Videoconference, 711, 713 Fraudulent evasion, 706 Evidence Regulation Free choice in contracts, 702 Applicable law, 715

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Index 2787

Background, 713 Recognition and enforcement of judgments (civil Contemplation of proceedings, 713 law), 1478 Direct taking of evidence, 714 Recognition and enforcement of judgments European Court of Justice, 711, 715, 716 (common law), 1480, 1483 Exclusivity, 715 Exonerating circumstances Public order (ordre public), 715 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Refusal to give evidence, 714 waterways, 257 Scope of application, 714, 715, 718 Exorbitant jurisdiction Taking of evidence by requested court, 713 Austria, 1891 Evidential value Jurisdiction, foundations, 1046, 1050 Legalisation of public documents, 1103 Jurisdiction, limits under international law, 1054 Recognition of legal situations evidenced by Liechtenstein, 2281 documents, 1496 Luxembourg, 2301 Ex parte procedure Expert Provisional measures, 1445, 1446 Contractual liability, 721 Examination of the application Evidence, procurement of, 712, 714, 715 Payment Order Regulation, 1343 Expert liability, 719, 720, 721, 723 Exception Free advice, 722 Escape clause, 668, 670, 671 Habitual residence, 722 Exception clause Non-​contractual liability, 723 Switzerland, 2552 Professional, 722 Exchange rate Expert liability, 719 Money and currency, 1256 Agents/​representatives, 721 Exclusive economic zone Brussels I Convention and Regulation, 721 Maritime torts, 1220, 1221 Choice of law, 721 Exclusive jurisdiction Closest connection, 725 Act of State doctrine, 973 Consumer protection, 722 Austria, 1890 Contractual liability, 721 Denial of justice, 975 Contractual/​non-​contractual liability, Dismissal of entire case, 974 distinguishing, 720 European Court of Justice, 973 Culpa in contrahendo, 724 Incidental (preliminary) question, 974 Damages, 721 Intellectual property, jurisdiction, 368, 973, 978 Definition, 719 Jurisdiction, contracts and torts, 1034 Escape clause, 724 Justification, 973 France, 720 Mitigating scope, 974 Germany, 720 Non-​EU intellectual property rights, 974 Habitual residence, 722 Private international law, methods of, 1402 Lex damni, 723 Staying proceedings, 974 Non-​contractual liability, 723 Territoriality, 974 Proper law in absence of choice of law, 722 Tunisia, 2587 Rome Convention and Rome I Regulation Validity claims, 973 (contractual obligations), 720 Execution Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual obligations), Debt recovery, cross-​border, 523, 525 720, 721, 725 Immunity, 896, 899, 902, 904 Substantive law, 719 Exekutionsordnung Tort, 720 Austria, 1886 United Kingdom, 720 Liechtenstein, 2277 Express trusts Exemplary damages Trust, 1752, 1753, 1756, 1757 Damages, 512, 515, 516 Expropriation, 54, 726 Exemption method Applicable law, 726 Advantages, 572 Arbitration, investment, 98, 104 Disadvantages, 572 Comity, 385 Double taxation treaties, 568, 572 Enforcement, 728 Exequatur EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, 729 Brussels I Regulation (recast), 226 Expropriating state, 728 Brussels IIa Regulation, 234, 235 France, 727, 730 Chile, 1967 Germany, 727, 729 Foreign arbitral awards, 1968 Humanitarian public law, 728 Foreign judgments on divorce, 1968 Intangibles, 727 Lebanon, 2274 Limit to recognition, 729

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2788 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Expropriation (cont.) Ottawa Factoring Convention and private Non-​discrimination, 728 international law, 735 Non-​recognition, 728 Ottawa Factoring Convention, 732 Property and proprietary rights, 726 Overview of substantive rules, 733 Public policy (ordre public), 729 Party autonomy, 738 Recognition of administrative acts, 1492 Reservations, 737 Shares, 727 Set-​off, 735 State immunity, 726 Sphere of application, 732 Territoriality principle, 726 Subsequent assignments, 735 United Kingdom, 728, 730 Validity of transfer, 734 Violation of public international law, 728 Factors External competence Commercial agency, franchise and distribution European Union and private international law, 693 contracts, 396 Extinctive prescription Facultative choice of law Prescription, 1368, 1370 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1324 Extra-​contractual obligations Facultative reinsurance Lebanon, 2270 Reinsurance contracts, 1523, 1524, 1531 Liability, capital market, 1132 Failed state Extradition States, failed and non-​recognized, 1652 Chile, 1968 Fair and equitable treatment Extraterritorial application Arbitration, investment, 98, 104 Blocking statutes, 210, 212, 213, 214 Fair trial Competition law (antitrust), 428, 429 Human rights and private international law, 881, Territoriality, 1704, 1706 882 Extraterritorial enforcement Legal aid, 1089 Cultural objects, protection of, 503 Fairness Extraterritorial, Extraterritoriality Arbitration, recognition of awards, 124 Bartolus, 160 Behavioural economics and private international Comity, 383, 385 law, 174 Electronic commerce, 598 Fait accompli exception Embargo, 602 Netherlands, 2364 Globalization and private international law, 846, False categories 849, 851 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 588 Presumption against, 1702 False conflicts Territoriality, 1702 (American) Conflict of Laws Revolution, 67 Comparative law and private international Facteur de rattachement law, 421 Connecting factor, 441 Currie, Brainerd, 67, 508, 509, 510 Factoring Interest and policy analysis in private international Factoring (uniform law), 731 law, 67, 982, 983, 984, 985 Financial leasing (uniform law), 747, 749 USA, 2639, 2642, 2644 Importance, 731 False theory International contract, 732, 733 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 588 Liquidity and financing, 731 Falsus procurator Protecting business, 731 Agency and authority of agents, 32, 34, 35, 36 UNCITRAL, 1760 Familial legal relations UNIDROIT, 1766, 1770 Netherlands, 2366 Uniform substantive law and private international Family law law, 1775, 1776, 1777, 1778 Donation, 562, 564 Factoring (uniform law), 731 GEDIP, 840 Background, 731 Human rights and private international law, 883 Contract validity, 733 Islamic, 885 Debtor protection, 734 Names of individuals, 1283 Developing countries, 734 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 1612, 1613 Express and implicit references to private Social protection and private international international law, 736 law, 1648 Function, 731 Family matters Justification for unification, 731 Albania, 1860 Limitations to sphere of application, 736 Argentina, 1874, 1877 National law, 732 Austria, 1892 Non-​assignment clause, 734 Belarus, 1901, 1903

Jürgen Basedow, Giesela Rühl, Franco Ferrari and Pedro de Miguel Asensio - 9781782547235 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/30/2021 12:33:07PM via free access 2789

Index 2789

Belgium, 1916 Uruguay, 2634 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1924, 1926 USA, 2645 Brazil, 1934, 1936 Venezuela, 2653, 2656 Bulgaria, 1943, 1947 Vietnam, 2663, 2664 Canada, 1954, 1956 Famosissima quaestio China, 1978 Private international law, history of, 1393 Colombia, 1985, 1988 Fault-​based liability Croatia, 1997, 2000 Environmental liability, 659, 664 Czech Republic, 2013, 2016 Transport law (uniform law), 1730, 1731, 1732, Denmark, 2029, 2033 1737 Egypt, 2059 Favor laesi Estonia, 2067, 2069 Local data, 1169 Finland, 2076, 2077 Favor testamenti France, 2085, 2087 Rome IV Regulation (succession), 1585 Georgia, 2096, 2098 Favorem valididatis Germany, 2108 Formal requirements and validity, 784, 785 Ghana, 2116 Federal Greece, 2122 Australia, 1879, 1882, 1885 Hong Kong, SAR of China, 2134, 2137 Federal Trade Commission Hungary, 2143, 2145 Commercial agency, franchise and distribution Iceland, 2152, 2153 contracts, 392, 393 India, 2160 Federalism Indonesia, 2171, 2172 Constitutional law and private international law, Iran, 2180 452, 453, 454, 455 Ireland, 2187, 2188, 2189, 2190 Fianza Israel, 2194, 2201 Guarantees, 862 Kazakhstan, 2240 Fictions Korea, 2246, 2249 Property and proprietary rights, 1432 Latvia, 2259, 2261 Fictitious service Liechtenstein, 2283 Service of documents, 1631, 1632, 1633 Lithuania, 2293 FIDIC conditions Luxembourg, 2303 Construction contracts, 459, 460, 461 Macau, SAR of China, 2312 Filiation Macedonia, FYR, 2320, 2323 Personal status, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349 Mexico, 2341, 2344 Peru, 2416 Montenegro, 2350 Slovakia, 2498, 2501 Mozambique, 2355 Final relief New Zealand, 2373, 2375, 2377 Applicable law, 1534 Nigeria, 2382 Enforcement, 1536 Norway, 2395 Jurisdiction, 1536 Paraguay, 2403, 2408 Remedies, 1534 Peru, 2412 Substance and procedure, 1673 Poland, 2430 Finality Directive Portugal, 2438 Financial instruments, 744 Romania, 2448, 2450 Finality of arbitral awards Russian Federation, 2458, 2460 Arbitration, recognition of awards, 124, 125 Saudi Arabia, 2463, 2464, 2467 Financial asset Serbia, 2478 Financial instruments, 739, 744 Singapore, 2487, 2489 Financial collateral Slovakia, 2497, 2501 Financial instruments, 744 Slovenia, 2509, 2512 Property and proprietary rights, 1434 South Africa, 2520 Financial collateral agreements Spain, 2530, 2533 Financial instruments, 744 Sweden, 2540, 2544 Luxembourg, 2297, 2302, 2304 Switzerland, 2555 Financial Collateral Directive Taiwan, 2562, 2566 Financial instruments, 744 Thailand, 2574 Financial instruments, 739 Tunisia, 2586, 2588 Bills of exchange, 739 Turkey, 2597, 2600 Bonds and loans, 215, 216, 217 Ukraine, 2609 Bonds, 739, 741, 742, 744 United Kingdom, 2622 Central counterparties, 740

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2790 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Financial instruments (cont.) UNIDROIT Financial Leasing Convention, 748 Cheques, 739 UNIDROIT Model Law on Leasing, 748 Choice of law, 742 Financial reinsurance Clearing, 739 Reinsurance contracts, 1531 Derivatives, 739, 742 Finland, 2070 EU Financial Market Regulation, 744 Administration of private international law, 2075 European Union, 743 Application of foreign law, 2075 Finality Directive, 744 Arbitration, 2079 Financial Collateral Directive, 744 Bilateral conventions, 2072 Geneva Securities Convention, 741 Case-​law, 2073 Hague Securities Convention, 744 Choice of law, 2076 Historical background, 739 Codification of private international law, 2074 Intermediaries, 739, 740, 745 Contractual obligations, 2073, 2077 International harmonization, 741, 744 Corporations, 2076, 2077 Letters of credit, 739 Courts and non-​judicial authorities, 2075 Liability, capital market, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1132 Doctrinal writings, 2073 National conflict rules, 743 European Conventions, 2072 National divergence, 740 Family matters, 2076, 2077 Negotiable instruments, 739, 741 Hague Conference on Private International Notion, 739 Law, 2071 Ownership system, 740 Hague Conventions, 2071 Party autonomy, 745 History and development of private international Primary market, 1130 law, 2073 Private international law, 742 ILO Conventions, 2072 Property law, 740, 744, 745 Independence, 2073 Prospectus publication, 742 Intellectual property, 2076, 2077 Providing false information, 743 International conventions, 2071 Scope of private international law, 742 International transport, 2072 Secondary market, 1130 Jurisdiction, 2076 Securities, 739 Major legislation, 2070 Set-​off, 1637 Marriage, 2075, 2077 Settlement, 739 Matrimonial property, 2077 Shares, 739, 741, 742, 744, 746 Multilateral conventions, 2072 Substantive law, 740 Non-​contractual obligations, 2077 Transfer, 741 Obligations, 2076, 2077 Uniform law, need for, 746 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1325 USA, 740, 743 Property, 2076, 2077 Financial leasing Recognition and enforcement of foreign Benefits, 748, 749 judgments, 2078 Definition, 749 Registered partnerships, 2078, 2079 Financial leasing (uniform law), 747 Significance of European private international Function, 748 law, 2073 Leasing contract, 748, 751, 753 Sources of private international law, 2070 Sub-​leasing, 750 Succession, 2076, 2078 Uniform substantive law and private UNCITRAL, 2071 international law, 748, 749, 751, 754, 1774, Unilateral conflicts rules, 2071 1775, 1777 Fiore, Pasquale Financial leasing (uniform law), 747 Private international law, foundations, 1395 Default, 751 First Amendment Express and implicit references to private Constitutional law and private international international law, 752 law, 456 Leasing contract, 750, 752 First Restatement of Conflict of Laws Limitations to sphere of application, 753 Restatement (First and Second) of Conflict of Overview of substantive rules, 750 Laws, 1546 Parties’ rights/​obligations, 750 USA, 2640 Party autonomy, 754 Flag, 755 Reservations, 753 Arrest of vessels, 135 Spheres of application, 749 Brussels I (Convention and Regulation), 760 Supply agreement, 750, 752, 753 Civil liability, jurisdiction, 762 UNIDROIT Financial Leasing Convention and Collision, 761 private international law, 751 Concept, 755

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Index 2791

Enforcement of maritime claims, 764 Forced execution Function, 755 Substitution, 1680 Genuine link, 756, 757 Forced marriages Historical development, 756 Marriage, 1227 Individual employment contracts, 758 Forclusion Insurance contracts, 760 Prescription, 1369 Localization, 758 Foreign administrative acts Locus regit actum, 764 Recognition of administrative acts, 1492 Marine pollution, 762 Foreign arbitral award, 130 Maritime contracts, 758 Taiwan, 2568 Maritime liens, 763 Turkey, 2601 Maritime torts, 761, 1219, 1223 Foreign citizens Mortgages, 763 Kazakhstan, 2231, 2238, 2241 Permanent change, 758 Foreign corporations Private international law, 756 Aliens law (Condition des étrangers, Public international law, 755 Fremdenrecht), 51, 55 Registration, 758 Foreign court theory Rights in rem, 762 Israel, 2203 Risks, 760 Renvoi, 1538 Rome I Regulation (contractual obligations), 758, 760 Foreign decrees Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual Recognition of legal situations evidenced by obligations), 761 documents, 1495 Sales contract, 761 Foreign elements Temporary change, 758, 763 Taiwan, 2559, 2560, 2561, 2562 Flag state Foreign investments Flag, 755, 756, 757, 758, 759, 761, 762, 763, 764 Ecuador, 2047 Marriage, 764 Public policy, 97 Flags of convenience Foreign judgments Employment, maritime, 643, 645, 647, 648, 649 CIDIP, 326 Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 705 Mediation, 1253 Flag, 755, 757, 758 Recognition and enforcement of judgments (civil IMO, 906 law), 90, 1471 Property and proprietary rights in vessels, 1439, Recognition and enforcement of judgments 1440 (common law), 90, 1479 Flexibility Taiwan, 2568 Escape clauses, 27, 668, 669, 671, 674 Foreign law Financial leasing (uniform law), 748 Absence of conclusive position, 771 Flexibilization Ascertainment of content, 774 Private international law, methods of, 1404 Bartin, Étienne, 156 Floating choice of law, 765 Bilateral/​multilateral conventions, 775 Arbitration, 767 Choice of law, 312, 313, 317 Autonomy, 768 CIDIP, 323 Contract formation, 766 Content sufficiently ascertained, 776 Disputed contractual consent, 765 Countries endorsing factual condition, 781 Germany, 767 Countries endorsing hybrid condition, 782 Legislative solution, 768 Countries endorsing legal condition, 780 Lex contractus, 768 Divorce and personal separation, 546, 548, 549, Parties’ intention, 766 553 Post-​contractual choice of law, 767 European Union, 780 Rome I Regulation (contractual obligations), 768 Ex officio, 769, 773 Situations, 766 Factual nature, 771, 772, 778, 781 Switzerland, 767 Factual-​legal condition, 769 The Netherlands, 767 Foreign law, application and ascertainment, 18 Torts, 767 Foreign law, judicial review, 778 Uncertainty in national law, 766 Forum non conveniens, 801, 802 Foelix, Jean Jacques GEDIP, 844 Private international law, foundations, 1395 Huber, Ulrik, 876, 877, 879 Story, Joseph, 1665 Hybrid nature, 770, 771, 772, 773, 778, 782 Force majeure Italy, 2213 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Judicial application of, 776 waterways, 257 Legal aid availability, 775

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2792 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Foreign law (cont.) Foreign law, judicial review, 778 Legal nature, 770, 772, 778, 780 Background, 778 Legal-​factual condition, 778 Countries endorsing factual condition, 781 Lex fori, 1105, 1106, 1111 Countries endorsing hybrid condition, 782 Macau, SAR of China, 2308 Countries endorsing legal condition, 780 Malta, 2331 European Union, 780 Marriage, 1230 Ex officio, 778 Pleading before national courts, 771 Foreign law, application and ascertainment, 778, Recognition of legal situations evidenced by 779, 781, 782 documents, 1497, 1501, 1504 Legal-​factual condition and revision of national Refusal of application, 777 resolutions, 778 Revision of resolutions, 778 Foreign law, proof of Foreign law, application and ascertainment, 769 Burden of proof, 243, 771, 773, 774, 775 Comparative law and private international law, 420 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1329 Conflict of laws, 769 Foreign settlement Content not ascertained, 776 Mediation, 1253 Content of foreign law, 774 Foreigners Content sufficiently ascertained, 776 Aliens law (Condition des étrangers, Foreign law, judicial review, 778, 779, 781, 782 Fremdenrecht), 51, 52, 53, 57 Human rights and private international law, 884 Reciprocity, 1469 Iura novit curia, 772 Forfeiture of rights Judicial application, 776 Estoppel, 678 Legal aid, 775 Form Non-​judicial authorities, 777 Cuba, 2005 Pleading of law before national courts, 771 Formal requirements and validity, 783, 786, 787 Proceedings, law governing, 1407 Form of juridical acts Refusal, 777 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 1612 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual Formal requirements obligations), 769 Formal requirements and validity, 783 Foreign law, application of Legalisation of public documents, 1104 Bilateral/​multilateral conventions, 775 Formal requirements and validity, 783 Choice of law, 312 Alternative dispute resolution, 64 Conflict of law, 769 Arbitration, maritime, 108, 109, 110 Factors, 772 Choice of forum and submission to jurisdiction, GEDIP, 844 304, 307, 308 Greece, 2119 Concept, 783 Human rights and private international law, 884 Condition, as, 783 Iura novit curia, 772 Conflict of laws, 783 Judicial application, 776 Current regulation, 785 Lex fori, 776 De-​formalization, 783 Non-​judicial authorities, 777 England, 788 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1324, 1325, EU law, 785 1326, 1327, 1329, 1330 France, 788 Public policy (ordre public), 777, 1453, 1457, 1459 Function, 784 Public policy, 27 Germany, 788 Reciprocity, 1467 Historical development, 784 Refusal, 777 Informal contracts, 783 Thailand, 2571 International legal regulation, 785 Foreign law, ascertainment of International legal sources, 784 Burden of proof, 237, 243, 771, 773, 774, National legal sources, 784 775, 776 Private law, 783 Content of foreign law, 774 Purpose, 784 Factual-​legal consideration, 769 Rome I Regulation (contractual obligations), 785 Foreign law, judicial review, 778, 779 USA, 787 Not ascertained, 776 Formal validity Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1324, 1325, Marriage, 783, 787, 788, 1226, 1228, 1232 1327, 1328 Formal validity of legal acts Parties, role of, 773, 774 Bartolus, 157, 159, 160 Sufficiently, 776 Formal requirements and validity, 783, 784 Foreign law, enforcement of see Application (and Formal validity of transactions enforcement) of foreign law Russian Federation, 2459

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Index 2793

Formation of contract Appeal(s), 806 Culpa in contrahendo, 490 Arbitration, recognition of awards, 89 Formation of contracts Arrest of vessels, 140 CISG, 338 Australia, 798, 1881, 1884 Floating choice of law, 766 Bill of lading, 199 Forum (and law) shopping, 789 Canada, 1953 Arbitration, 795 Choice of forum and submission to Behavioural economics and private international jurisdiction, 798 law, 176 Civil law jurisdictions, 799 Bioethics and private international law, 204 Comity, 385, 798, 801, 805 Brussels I (Convention and Regulation), 791 Comparative law and private international Brussels IIa Regulation, 790 law, 423 Choice of forum and submission to Cost of proceedings, 801, 803, 804 jurisdiction, 69 Denial of redress, 803 CMR, 791 Effectiveness of proceedings, 802 Costs, 795 Elements, 801 Defining , 792 EU law, 800 Enforceability of judgments, 794, 795 Factors to be taken into account, 801 Evidential rules, 794, 795 Foreign law, application and ascertainment, 802 Giuliano-​Lagarde Report, 789 France, 799 Horizontal, 794 Hong Kong, SAR of China, 2134 Impartiality of court, 794, 795 Importance, scale and complexity of International instruments, 790 proceedings, 805 Italy, 792 Interests of justice, 802, 804 Judicial process, 794, 795 Interlocutory nature, 805, 806 Language, 794, 795 Israel, 2197 Lex fori, 789, 1105 Jurisdiction, foundations, 1045 Montreal Convention, 791 Legal process, 805 New York Convention, 791 Lex fori, 1105, 1111 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1326 Lis alibi pendens, 799, 804, 1159, 1161, 1162, 1163, Prescription, 1370, 1373 1165, 1166 Proceedings, law governing, 1407 Models of adjudicatory discretion, 798 Public international law and private international New Zealand, 2372 law, 1452 Nigeria, 2380 Reasons, 794 Parallel proceedings, 801 Statute of limitations, 789 Party autonomy, 802 Torts, 1709, 1710 Personality rights, 1354 Unification of private international law, 789 Principle, in, 803 Uniform substantive law and private international Private rights model, 800 law, 792 Procedural efficiency, 804 USA, 789, 793 Public interest, 798 Value neutrality, 793 Related claims, 802 Vertical, 794 South Africa, 2518 Forum States, failed and non-​recognized, 1653 Remedies, 1532, 1533, 1535 Thailand, 2579 Substance and procedure, 1667 United Kingdom, 798, 801 Forum actoris USA, 798, 799 Personality rights, 1354 Forum of necessity/​Forum necessitatis Forum arresti (jurisdiction) GEDIP, 838 Arrest of vessels, 133, 135, 139, 140 Goldschmidt, Werner, 858, 859, 860 Netherlands, 2361 Maintenance obligations, 1187, 1189 Forum at the place of performance of the Switzerland, 2551 obligation Forum regit processum Freight forwarding contracts, 822 Proceedings, law governing, 1408, 1409, 1411 Forum conveniens Forum rei Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 704 Netherlands, 2360 Forum necessitatis Forum selection clause Venezuela, 2653 Bill of lading, 197, 199 Forum non conveniens, 797 Estoppel, 677 Adjudicatory discretion and jurisdiction Game theory and private international law, 834 agreements, 799 Jurisdiction, contracts and torts, 1035

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2794 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Forum shopping Social protection and private international Bad faith, 793 law, 1647 Blatant, 793 Sources of private international law, 2079 Definition, 792 Special courts, 2083 Forum (and law) shopping, 69, 789 Statute theory, 2082 Inappropriate, 793 Substantive rules of international arbitration, 2089 Reasons, 794 Succession, 2085, 2087 Forwarding at a fixed price Territorial scope of international arbitration, 2089 Freight forwarding contracts, 818 UNCITRAL, 2081 Fourth party United Nations Conventions, 2081 Online dispute resolution, 1314, 1315, 1323 Francescakis, Phocion, 165, 169, 170 Fragmentation Franchise agreement Adjustment/​adaption (anpassung), 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 Licence contract, 1147 Framing effects Franchise and distribution contracts Behavioural economics and private international Rome Convention and Rome I Regulation law, 173, 175 (contractual obligations), 1557 France, 2079 Franchising, 391 Administration of private international Commercial agency, franchise and distribution law, 2083 contracts, 391 Adoption, 2087 Commercial background, 392 Application and enforcement of foreign law, 2083 Concepts, 392 Application of domestic grounds for territorial Conflict rules, 396 jurisdiction, 2084 Historical development of law, 393 Arbitration, 2089 UNIDROIT, 1769, 1770 Articles 14 and 15 Civil Code, 2083 Frank, Jerome Bilateral conventions, 2081 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 584 Bilateral treaties of judicial cooperation, 2088 Franz Kahn Library Case-​law, 2082 Kahn, Franz, 1058 Choice of law, 2086 Fraud on the law Choice-​of-​law rules in arbitral proceedings, 2089 Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 698 Civil union, 2087 Goldschmidt, Werner, 854, 855, 857 Common law, 2088 Fraude à la loi Contractual obligations, 2086 Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 698, 700, 704, 705, Corporations, 2085, 2088 706 Doctrinal writings, 2082 Fraus legis European Conventions, 2081 Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 698 Family matters, 2085, 2087 Goldschmidt, Werner, 855 Formal requirements and validity, 788 Portugal, 2436 Hague Conference on Private International Free movement of corporations Law, 2080 Court of Justice of the European Union, 485, 486 Hague Conventions, 2080 Free movement of EU citizens History of private international law, 2082 Names of individuals, 1284 Intellectual property, 2085, 2086 Free movement of goods International conventions, 2080 Court of Justice of the European Union, 485 Jurisdiction, 2083 Cultural objects, protection of, 502 Major legislation, 2079 European Union and private international law, 696 Marriage, 2087 Negative harmonization, 697 Matrimonial property, 2087 Free movement of judgments in civil and commercial Obligations, 2084, 2086 matters, 682 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1325, 1327 Lugano Convention, 354, 684, 1175, 1176 Parentage, 2087 Free movement of people Private international law, history of, 1393 Employment, collective bargaining, 612 Property, 2085, 2086 Free movement of workers Recognition and enforcement of foreign Employment, posting of workers, 651, 652 judgments, 2088 Free trade Review of international arbitral awards, 2090 Torts, 1716 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 2082 WTO and private international law, 1845, 1847, 1852 Significance of European private international Free trade agreements law, 2080 TRIPS, 1752 Significance of private international law, 2083, Freedom of association 2088 Employment, collective bargaining, 607

Jürgen Basedow, Giesela Rühl, Franco Ferrari and Pedro de Miguel Asensio - 9781782547235 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/30/2021 12:33:07PM via free access 2795

Index 2795

Employment, industrial disputes, 632, 633, 634 Freight forwarding contracts, 816 Political strikes, 634 Art 4(1)(b) Rome I Regulation, 819 Freedom of choice Art 5(1) Rome I Regulation, 821 Arbitration, (UNCITRAL) Model Law, 130 Carrier’s habitual residence, 818, 820 Economic analysis and private international Carrier, 819 law, 580 Conflict of laws, 818 Regulatory competition, 1516, 1520, 1521, 1522 Continuity between Rome Convention and I Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual Regulation, 818 obligations), 1572 Contract of carriage, 821 Freedom of contract Contract purpose undeterminable, 821 Party autonomy, 1336, 1337 Economic risk, 818, 822 Freedom of establishment Exclusive obligation, 820 Companies, transnational groups of, 413, 415, 416 Jurisdiction, 822 Companies, 404, 408, 409, 410, 808, 809 Mixed contracts with separable obligations, 821 Freedom of establishment/​persons (European National provisions, 818 Union) and private international law, 808 No specific uniform law, 817 Freedom of establishment/​persons (European Place of delivery, 818 Union) and private international law, 807 Place of performance, 822 Background, 807 Presumed carrier, 820 Doctrinal implications for corporate choice of Pure, 819 law, 810 Substantive law, 816 Inbound situations, 809 Unimodal transport conventions, 817 Mobility of companies, 809 Fremdenrecht Negative harmonization, 697 Aliens law (Condition des étrangers, Outbound situations, 809 Fremdenrecht), 51 Personal scope, 808 Friedrich-​Wilhelm-​University of Berlin Scope, 808 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 1609 Substantive scope, 808 Frustration of contracts Territorial scope, 808 Embargo, 604, 605 Transfer of statutory seat, 810 Fukushima incident Freedom of expression Nuclear liability, 1305 Personality rights, 1351, 1353, 1357 Full adoption/​Plenary adoption, 14, 21 Freedom of persons Full faith and credit Freedom of establishment/​persons (European Australia, 1883, 1884 Union) and private international law, 808 Full Faith and Credit clause, 823 Freedoms of the air Alaska, 828 ICAO, 887 Brussels I (Convention and Regulation), 825 Freezing injunction California, 828 Assets within jurisdiction, 812 Choice of law, 827 Disclosure order, 814 Constitutional framework, 823 Effect, 812 Content, 823 Enforcement, 925 Due process clause, 825, 827 Freezing injunctions and search orders, 812 Each State, 825 Grounds, 812 Early jurisprudence, 828 Injunction, 924, 930 Effect of laws, 823 Jurisdiction, 930 Employment, 826, 828, 829 Property and proprietary rights, 812 Fraud, 827 Purpose, 812 Full faith and credit, 823, 824, 827 Restrictions, 813 Interventionism, 828 Subject, 812, 814 Intra-​national conflict of laws, 823 Substantive proceedings, and, 812 Judicial proceedings, 823, 824 Third parties, 814 Jurisdiction of the Court that recognised the Undertaking in damages, 813 judgment, 825 Without notice, 812 Jurisdiction of the Court that rendered the Worldwide, 814 judgment, 825 Freezing injunctions and search orders, 811 Kansas, 829 Erga omnes character, 811 Laissez faire, 828 Significance, 816 Legislative history, 824 Freezing order Limits, 824 Freezing injunctions and search orders, 814, 815 Massachusetts, 828 Remedies, 1532, 1533 Minnesota, 828

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2796 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Full Faith and Credit clause (cont.) Forum (and law) shopping, 834 Mississippi, 825 Game theory and modern choice of law, 831 Missouri, 825, 828 Game theory and private international law, 830, Mutuality of collective estoppel, 827 831 New Hampshire, 828 Interjurisdictional competition, 834 New York, 828 Interstate cooperation and competition, 832 Non-​mutuality, 827 Judicial jurisdiction, 834 Preclusive effect, 826 Law market, 833 Private international law, methods of, 1406 Private law model, 831, 832, 833, 834 Procedural matters, 830 Products liability law, 833 Public acts, 823, 824, 827 Public law model, 831, 832 Public policy, 825 Shift to modern choice of law analysis, 830 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 824 Sources of uniformity, 834 South Carolina, 826 USA, 831, 834 Sufficient contacts and interest, 828 Vested rights approach, 831 USA, 2637 Gap filling Usage, 824 CESL, 34, 286, 342 Vermont, 828 Comity, 389 Vested rights theory, 828 Garantie Wisconsin, 828 Guarantees, 862 Full harmonization Garnishment CESL, 34, 279, 280 Austria, 520 Full reinsurance clause Debt recovery, cross-​border, 520, 521, 523 Reinsurance contracts, 1524, 1526 Double jeopardy, 523 Functional approaches England, 522 Interest and policy analysis in private international France, 522 law, 984 German-​speaking states, 520 Fundamental economic freedoms Germany, 521, 522 Employment, industrial disputes, 635, 636, 637, Recognition of jurisdiction, 524 638 Switzerland, 520 Employment, posting of workers, 651 GATT Fundamental freedoms Embargo, 600 European Union and private international law, 696 WTO and private international law, 1845, 1847, Private law, 696 1850 Trust, 1758 GEDIP, 835 Fundamental labour rights Aims, 835 Employment, collective bargaining, 607, 608, 612, Applicable law, 841 613 Application of foreign law, 844 Employment, industrial disputes, 637, 638 Basic problems, 842 Freedom of association, 634 Brussels I Regulation (recast), 838 Right to collective bargaining, 632 Brussels I Regulation, 837 Right to industrial action, 632 Brussels IIa Regulation, 841 Right to strike, 635 Distance Selling Directive, 840 Fundamental Principles of Civil Legislation of the Divorce, 841 USSR and the Republics Environmental liability, 660 , 840 Commonwealth of Independent States and private Founding, 835 international law, 400 General part of European private international Fundamental rights law, 845 Embargo, 601, 602 Human rights, 843 Human rights and private international law, 880, Insolvency Convention, 839 883, 884 International civil and commercial matters, 837 Legal aid, 1089 International cooperation, 844 Matrimonial property, 1236 International family law, 840 International property law, 840 Game theory International succession law, 842 Alternative models, 832 Jurisdiction, 837 Choice of law, 830 Legislative jurisdiction of European Union, 842 Competition between sovereigns, 832 Lex patriae, 844 Cooperation among sovereigns, 832 Lugano Convention, 837, 839 Corporate law, 833 Maintenance Regulation, 841, 842 Economic analysis, 830 Matrimonial property, 841 Europe, 831 Matters of private international law, 842

Jürgen Basedow, Giesela Rühl, Franco Ferrari and Pedro de Miguel Asensio - 9781782547235 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/30/2021 12:33:07PM via free access 2797

Index 2797

Members, 836 Choice of law, 2096 Partnerships, 841 CIS, 2091, 2092 Personal law of corporations, 844 CISG, 2091 Product liability, 840 Contractual obligations, 2095, 2097, 2098 Property matters, spouses and partners, 842 Corporations, 2095, 2098 Recognition and enforcement judgments (civil COTIF, 2091 law), 837 Courts and non-​judicial authorities, 2093 Recognition theory v rules on law, 843 Customs, 2092 Rome I Regulation (contractual obligations), 839 Divorce, 2096 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual Domicile, 2095 obligations), 840 Family matters, 2096, 2098 Rome III Regulation (divorce), 841 Hague Conference of Private International Services Directive, 840 Law, 2091 Third states, 842 Hague Conventions, 2091 Unfair competition, 840 History and development of private international Working sessions, 836 law, 2092 Gender (legal) Intellectual property, 2091, 2096, 2098 Personal status, 1346 International conventions, 2091 Transsexual and transgender persons, 1738 Jurisdiction, 2093 General common law Legal nature of foreign law, 2093 Story, Joseph, 1664 Major legislation, 2090 General effects of marriage Marriage, 2096, 2098 Kegel, Gerhard, 1066 Matrimonial property, 2099 Marriage, 1233 Minsk Convention, 2091, 2094 General jurisdiction Multilateral conventions, 2091 Austria, 1890 Multiple proceedings, 2094 Jurisdiction, foundations, 1049 Nationality, 2099 Liechtenstein, 2280 Non-​contractual obligations, 2097 USA, 2641 Obligations, 2095, 2097 General part of private international law Partnership and Cooperation Agreement, 2092 Germany, 2102, 2104 PILA, 2096 General principles of law Principle of incorporation, 2098 Lex mercatoria, 1120, 1125, 1126 Property, 2095, 2098 General problems Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2100 Bartin, Étienne, 156 Sources of private international law, 2090 Geneva Aircraft Convention Soviet private international law, 2092 Security interests in mobile equipment (uniform Succession, 2096, 2099 law), 1623 United Nations Conventions, 2091 Geneva Securities Convention German Council of Private International Law Financial instruments, 741, 742, 746 Kegel, Gerhard, 1064, 1065, 1066 Genuine link German Maritime Arbitration Association Flag, 756, 757 (GMAA), 114 IMO, 906 German private international law Property and proprietary rights in vessels, 1438, Kegel, Gerhard, 1064, 1065 1440 Germany, 2101 Geographical indication Adjustment, 2106 Competition, unfair, 437 Administration of private international law, 2104 TRIPS, 1749 Adoption, 2109 Unitary intellectual property rights and private Application and enforcement of foreign law, 2104 international law, 1797 Arbitration, 2111 Geolocation Basic principles of private international law, 2104 Internet, jurisdiction, 990, 995 Bilateral conventions, 2102 Geolocation technologies Case-​law, 2102 Electronic commerce, 597 Classification (characterization), 2104 Georgia, 2090 Codification of substantive law, 2103 Administration of private international law, 2093 Contractual obligations, 2107 Adoption, 2096, 2099 Corporations, 2110 Application of foreign law, 2093 Divorce, 2109 Arbitration, 2100 Doctrinal writings, 2103 Bilateral conventions, 2091 Double taxation treaties, 568, 569, 570, 572 Case-​law, 2092 DTT policy, 574 Children, 2099 EGBGB, 2092, 2097, 2101, 2102, 2103

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2798 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Germany (cont.) Family matters, 2116 EU private international law, 2101 Hague Conference of Private International Family matters, 2108 Law, 2112 Formal requirements and validity, 788 History of private international law, 2113 Habitual residence, 2109 Inheritance matters, 2116 Hague Conference of Private International International conventions, 2112 Law, 2102 Jurisdiction and arbitration agreements, 2114 Hague Conventions, 2101 Jurisdiction, 2114 History of private international law, 2103 Kingdoms and tribes, 2113 Incidental questions, 2105 Major domestic legislation, 2112 Inheritance matters, 2109 Marriage, 2116 Intellectual property, 2108 Obligations, 2115 International civil litigation, 2110 Property, 2115 International conventions, 2101 Recognition and enforcement of arbitral Jurisdiction of state courts, 2110 awards, 2118 Legal transactions, 2107 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2116 Major domestic legislation, 2102 Setting aside judgments, 2117 Mandatory rules, 2106 Sources of private international law, 2112 Marriage, 2108 Special courts, 2114 Multiple , 2106 Statutory regime, 2117 Nationality, 2108, 2109 Supreme Court Ordinance, 2113 Non-​contractual obligations, 2107 United Nations Conventions, 2112 Obligations, 2107 Gleichlauf Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1327, 2104 Private international law, methods of, 1403 Other legal transactions, 2107 Rome IV Regulation (succession), 1583 Partnerships with foreign corporations, 407 Global limitation of liability Party autonomy, 2109 Liability, limitation of maritime, 1142, 1145 Primacy of law at place property is situated, 2105 Globalization Private international law, history of, 1394 Employment, collective bargaining, 607 Property, 2108 Employment, industrial disputes, 635 Public policy, 2106 Employment, maritime, 643 Recognition and enforcement of foreign Employment, posting of workers, 650 judgments, 2111 Factoring (uniform law), 731 Reference to multi-​unit states, 2105 Globalization and private international law, 845 Registered partnerships, 2109 Lex maritima, 1114 Relocating corporations, 407 Recognition of administrative acts, 1487, 1488 Renvoi, 2105 Globalization and private international law, 845 Residence, 566 Absence (disappearance, presumed death), 1 Securities, 2110 Balancing acts, 849 Social protection and private international law, Challenges, 847 1647, 1650 Community of laws, 850 Sources of private international law, 2101 Conflict of laws, 846 Special courts, 2104 Constitutionalism, 851 Stateless persons, 2106 Disconnection, 845 Unilateralism, 2106 Future, 850 Gesetzeserschleichung Governance gap, 848, 850 Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 698 Governmental interest analysis, 849 Gesetzesvermeidung Human rights, 848 Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 698 Intellectual autonomy, 848 Ghana, 2112 Interconnected markets, 848 Administration of private international law, 2114 Judicial practice, 848 Application and enforcement of foreign law, 2114 Legal pluralism, 849 Arbitration, 2115, 2118 Method, 849 Case-​law, 2113 Multilateralist methodology, 849 Choice of law, 2115 Neoliberalism, 850 Common law regime, 2116 New claims of authority, 847 Divorce, 2116 Paradox, 846 Doctrinal writings, 2113 Private international law, foundations, 1381, 1389 Dualism, 2112 Private international law, history of, 1400 Economic Community of West African Private law, 851 States, 2112 Private sovereignty, 847

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Index 2799

Public policy, 849 Interest and policy analysis in private international Public/​private divide, 851 law, 984, 987 Research agenda, 851 Lex fori, 1107, 1108 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 850 Long term impact, 511 Social justice, 851 USA, 2642 Social theory, 851 Governmentality Statutism, 850 Globalization and private international law, 846 Theory, 849 Governments, non-​recognized Unilateralism, 850 States, failed and non-​recognized, 1654 Gold clauses Governments, unrecognized Bonds and loans, 215, 217, 218 States, failed and non-​recognized, 1654 Goldman, Berthold Great Britain Lex mercatoria, 1125 Private international law, history of, 1394 Goldschmidt, Werner, 852, 855 Greece, 2119 Argentina, 1871 Absence (disappearance, presumed death), 2120 Ascent, influence and demise, 859 Adoption, 2124 Codification of private international law, 858 Arbitration, 2128 Contribution to private international law, 854 Capacity, 2121, 2125 Cosmopolitism, 858 Children, 2123 Direct method, 855 Civil procedure, 2127 Fraud on the law, 857 Civil status matters, 2120 Humanism, 858 Codification, 2119 , 855 Company, 2121 Indirect method, 855 Contracts, 2121 Indirect norm, 853, 855 Custody, 2120 Law of tolerance, 854, 857 Divorce and personal separation, 2123 Life, 852 Domicile, 2120, 2127 Normological method, 854 European Regulations, 2119 Notorious fact, 857 Family matters, 2122 Optimism, 858 Form of legal acts, 2126 Purist system of private international law, 860 General jurisdiction, 2127 Theory of juridical use, 854, 856, 860 Hague Conference of Private International Trialistic theory, 852, 853, 856 Law, 2120 Uniform law(s), 857, 858 Hellenic Institute of International and Foreign Work, 852 Law, 2119 Good faith Immovable property, 2125 Culpa in contrahendo, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 497 Jurisdiction, 2127 Estoppel, 676, 677, 678, 679 Law of persons, 2120 Good faith and fair dealing Legal entities, 2121 Estoppel, 678, 679, 680, 681 Lex fori, 2120, 2123, 2126, 2127 Goodrich, Herbert F Maintenance obligations, 2123 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 585 Maritime law, 2126 Goods Marriage, 2120, 2122 Carriage by inland waterways, 260 Movable property, 2125 Carriage by rail, 259 Nationality, 2120, 2124, 2125, 2126 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Ordre public, 2127 waterways, 256, 258, 259 Origins of modern private international Sea waybills and other transport documents, 1618 law, 2119 Goodwill Party autonomy, 2121 Comity, 387, 389 Property, 2125 Gothot, Pierre Recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral Batiffol, Henry, 166, 168 awards, 2128 Governance Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2128 Globalization and private international law, 846, Renvoi, 2126 848, 849, 851 Sources of private international law, 2119 Lex mercatoria, 1119, 1121, 1128, 1129 Succession, 2124 Governmental interest analysis Torts, 2122 (American) Conflict of Laws Revolution, 66 UNCITRAL, 2120 Currie, Brainerd, 506, 508, 509, 510, 511, 980 Grotius, Hugo Guarantees, 66, 863 Comity, 383, 386 Immediate impact, 510 Private international law, foundations, 1394

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2800 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Group action (cross-​border) Measures of protection, 865, 866, 868 Collective redress, 373, 375, 376, 377, 378, 380 Netherlands, 865 Group insurance Sweden, 865 EU, 960 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, 865 Insurance contracts, 960 World War I aftermath, 864 Life insurance contracts, 1152, 1154, 1157 Guest statutes USA, 960 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 588, 589 Groupe européen de droit international privé Günstigkeitsprinzip GEDIP, 835 Environmental liability, 659, 663 Grouping of assets Property and proprietary rights, 1435 Habitual residence Grouping of contracts Adults, protection of, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28 Escape clause, 668 Belarus, 1900, 1902, 1903, 1905, 1906 Guarantee Carriage of goods by sea, 265, 267 Cessio legis, 288 Child abduction, 297, 300 Guarantees, 861 Connecting factor, 441, 442, 443, 445, 447, 448, Absence of express choice, 862 449, 450 Applicable law, 862 Consignor, 265, 267 Capacity, 863 Definition, 1557 Consumer protection, 863 Divorce and personal separation, 547, 548, 549, Express choice of law, 862 550, 553 Form of guarantee, 863 Escape clause, 668, 669, 670 Form, 862 Italy, 2212 Notion, 861 Kinship and legitimation, 1074 Parties, 861 Marriage, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1233 Practical importance, 862 Names of individuals, 1283, 1289 Private international law, 862 Nationality, 1292, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1300, Public policy, 864 1301 Regulatory sources, 862 Personal status, 1348, 1349 Similar phenomena, 861 Private international law, history of, 1399 Typology, 862 Rome Convention and Rome I Regulation Guarantia (contractual obligations), 475, 1557, 1559 Guarantees, 862 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual Guarantie obligations), 1567 Guarantees, 862 Rome IV Regulation (succession), 1581, 1582, Guarantor 1583, 1584 Cessio legis, 288, 290, 292 Sea carrier, 267 Guarantees, 861, 862, 863 Social protection and private international Guardianship law, 1649 Adults, protection of, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28 Succession, 1684, 1686, 1688, 1690 Guardianship, custody and parental responsibility, Switzerland, 2553, 2554 13, 14, 864, 865, 866 Haftungsausfüllung Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1325, 1326, Local data, 1171 1329, 1330 Hague Academy of International Law Slovakia, 2498 Kegel, Gerhard, 1068 Guardianship, custody and parental responsibility, Hague Adoption Convention, 17, 18, 20 21, 864 Guardianship, custody and parental Agency and authority of agents, 30 responsibility, 868 Boll, 865 Hague Adult Protection Brussels IIa Regulation, 869 Adults, protection of, 21 Concept, 864 Demographic changes, 21 Connecting factor, 442 Hague Adult Protection Convention, 21, 22 Convention of 12 June 1902, 866 Adults, protection of, 22 Custody rights, 865, 867 Austria, 21 Dispute, 299 Bioethics and private international law, 208 European Child Custody Convention, 867 Brussels IIa Regulation, 24 Hague Adoption Convention, 868 Choice of law, 27 Hague Child Abduction Convention, 867 Connecting factor, 22 Hague Child Protection Convention, 868 Czech Republic, 21 Hague Infant Protection Convention, 866 Estonia, 21 Historical development, 864 Finland, 21

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Index 2801

France, 21 Choice of forum and submission to Germany, 21 jurisdiction, 308 Greece, 21 Choice of law, 871 Ireland, 21 CIDIP, 329 Italy, 21 Competences, 871 Jurisdiction, 23, 25 Contribution to private international law, 873 Luxembourg, 21 Councils, 872 Netherlands, 21 Cuba, 2003 Personal scope, 23 Divorce and personal separation, 545, 548, 554 Poland, 21 European Union and private international law, Practical importance, 28 695, 874 Recognition, 1446 Foundations, 870 Recognition and enforcement, 27 Function, 871 Significance, 28 Future developments, 874 Spatial scope, 22 GEDIP, 836, 837, 839, 844 Structure, 25 Greece, 2120 Switzerland, 21 Guardianship, custody and parental responsibility, United Kingdom, 21 864, 865 Hague Agency Convention Holistic approach, 874 Agency and authority of agents, 29, 33 Kahn, Franz, 1058 Argentina, 33 Legal nature, 870 Bulgaria, 33 Lis alibi pendens, 1165 Denmark, 33 Luxembourg, 2298 France, 33, 35 Mancini, Pasquale Stanislao, 1196 Italy, 33 Membership, 870 Korea, 33 New instruments, 872 Netherlands, 33 Ordinary Session, 872 Portugal, 33 Organization, 871 Reservations, 33 Private international law, foundations, 1320, 1382, Rome I Regulation (contractual obligations), 33 1397, 1400 Switzerland, 33 Private international law, history of, 870 Hague Child Abduction Convention, 299, 301 Public international law and private international Application, 299 law, 1448, 1450, 1452 Guardianship, custody and parental Public policy (ordre public), 1456 responsibility, 867 Reciprocity, 1467 Objective, 299 Recognition of divorce and personal Procedure, 299 separation, 551 Refusal of return, 299 Sale contracts and sale of goods, 1589 Return mechanism, 303 Soft law, 873 Treaties in private international law, 1746 Special Commission, 872 Hague Child Maintenance Convention Treaties private international law, 871 Maintenance obligations, 1185, 1191 UNCITRAL, 871, 1759, 1760, 1763 Hague Child Protection Convention UNIDROIT, 1766, 1768, 1770, 1771 Adults, protection of, 22, 23, 25, 27, 28 West Balkan Convention, 1833 Brussels IIa Convention, 233 Working methods, 872 Brussels IIa Regulation, 24 Hague Conference on Private International Law, Child abduction, 300 Torts, 1709 Guardianship, custody and parental Hague Conference on Private International Law. responsibility, 868 Electronic commerce, 595 Lex fori, 1109 Hague Convention on Divorce and Legal Separation Names of individuals, 1284 Divorce and personal separation, 544 Recognition, 1446 Public policy, 552 Renvoi, 27 Ratification, 545 Treaties in private international law, 1744, 1746 Relevance, 551 Hague Choice of Court Convention Hague Conventions, 22 Treaties in private international law, 1747 Austria, 1886, 1887 Hague Conference Belgium, 1908 Environmental liability, 660 Civil and commercial matters, 347, 349, 352, 356 Hague Conference on Private International Law, 20, Connecting factor, 22 33, 870 Cultural objects, protection of, 498, 499, 500 Child abduction, 300 Kahn, Franz, 1058

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2802 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Hague Conventions (cont.) Hague Sales Convention Legal aid, 1090 CESL, 287 Liechtenstein, 2278 Rome instruments, and, 1590 Loi uniforme, 23 Sale contracts and sale of goods, 1589 Mancini, Pasquale Stanislao, 1199 Scope of application, 1590 Provisional measures, 1442, 1444 Hague Securities Convention Public policy (ordre public), 1456 Financial instruments, 744, 746 Switzerland, 2549 Treaties in private international law, 1748 Hague Divorce and Separation Convention Hague Service Convention Divorce and personal separation, 547, 553 Civil and commercial matters, 346, 347, 350 Public policy, 552 Hague Succession Convention Recognition of foreign decrees, 551 Choice of law, 1687, 1688 Recognition, 552 Escape clause, 1686 Relevance, 551 Party autonomy, 1686 Scope, 551 Succession, 1683 Hague Estates Administration Convention Treaties in private international law, 1746 Succession, 1683 Hague Testamentary Dispositions Convention Hague Evidence Convention Succession, 1683, 1688 Applicable law, 717 Hague Traffic Accident Convention Background, 716 Contracting states, 1718 Civil and commercial matters, 347, 350 Damages, 515, 517, 1720, 1721 Exclusivity, 717 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual obligations), Judicial personnel, 717 1718, 1719 Measures, 716 Torts, 1709 Scope of application, 717, 718 Traffic accidents, 1718 Treaties in private international law, 1747 Hague Infant Protection Convention Applicable law, 1754 Guardianship, custody and parental Contracting states, 1753 responsibility, 866 Extending scope, 1753 Hague Maintenance Convention General limitations, 1755 Background, 1185 Party autonomy, 1754 Jurisdiction, 1188 Recognition of trusts, 1755 Maintenance obligations, 1191 Required characteristics, 1753 Negative rule on jurisdiction, 1189 Restrictions on scope, 1754 Treaties in private international law, 1746, 1747 Scope of applicable law, 1754 Hague Maintenance Protocol Scope, 1753 Choice-​of-​law agreements, 1186 Trust, 1753 Creditors, categories of, 1190 Hague-​Visby Rules Denmark, 1186, 1192 Arbitration, maritime, 115 Exequatur procedure, 1192 Bill of lading, 196, 197, 198 Protective rules, 1187 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland United Kingdom, 1186, 1192 waterways, 261 Weaker parties, 1190 Carriage of goods by sea, 261, 262, 263, Hague Maintenance Recognition and Enforcement 264, 266 Convention Lex maritima, 1114, 1115 Maintenance obligations, 1185, 1191 Maritime law (uniform law), 1216 Hague Products Liability Convention Multimodal carriage contracts, 1263, 1264, 1266 Applicable law, 1416 Rotterdam Rules, and, 1263 Damages, 515, 517 Sea waybills and other transport documents, 1617 Habitual residence, injured party’s, 1417 Transport law (uniform law), 1733, 1737 Place of injury, 1417 Hamburg Rules Principal place of business, 1417 Arbitration, maritime, 115 Products liability, 1413, 1416 Bill of lading, 197 Torts, 1709 Carriage of goods by sea, 262, 263, Hague Protection of Adults Convention 264, 266 Escape clauses, 26, 27 Maritime law (uniform law), 1216 Hague Recognition and Enforcement Convention Multimodal carriage contracts, 1263, 1266 Treaties in private international law, 1747 Sea waybills and other transport documents, 1619 Hague Rules Handlungsort Lex maritima, 1115 Personality rights, 1352 Transport law (uniform law), 1729, 1733 Handover

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Index 2803

Hong Kong, SAR of China, 2129, 2130, 2131, Finland, 2073 2138 France, 2082 Macau, SAR of China, 2308 Georgia, 2092 Handschuhehe Germany, 2103 Marriage, 1229 Ghana, 2113 Harmful event Hong Kong, SAR of China, 2131 Environmental liability, 658, 659, 660 Hungary, 2140 Harmonization Iceland, 2150 Agency and authority of agents, 33 India, 2157 Arbitration, recognition of awards, 118, 126 Indonesia, 2165 Capacity and emancipation, 251 Iran, 2176 CIEC/​ICCS (International Commission on Civil Ireland, 2183 Status), 335 Israel, 2195 Commonwealth of Independent States and private Italy, 2207 international law, 403 Japan, 2220 Comparative law and private international Kazakhstan, 2236 law, 417 Korea, 2244 Factoring (uniform law), 731 Latvia, 2257 Intellectual property, applicable law, 964 Lebanon, 2266 Intellectual property, jurisdiction, 370, 970 Lex fori, 49, 1106 Havana School of Private International Law Lithuania, 2289 Bustamante, Antonio Sánchez de, 245 Macau, SAR of China, 2305 Head office functions Macedonia, FYR, 2318 Director’s liability, 540 Mexico, 2337 Heck, Philipp Montenegro, 2347 Companies, 404 Netherlands, 2359 Helms-​Burton Act New Zealand, 2370 Blocking statutes, 209, 210, 211 Nigeria, 2379 Hert, Johann Nikolaus Norway, 2389 Private international law, history of, 1394 Paraguay, 2400 Heuristics Poland, 2424 Behavioural economics and private international Portugal, 2435 law, 172, 177 Romania, 2445 Hicks, John Russian Federation, 2455 Economic analysis and private international Serbia, 2473 law, 577 Singapore, 2484 Hidden conflict rule Slovakia, 2496 Companies, 408, 410 Slovenia, 2504 Limits, 410 South Africa, 2516 High Court Spain, 2527 Hong Kong, SAR of China, 2129, 2131, 2132 Sweden, 2537 History and development of private international law Switzerland, 2551 China, 1973 Tunisia, 2583 Colombia, 1982 Turkey, 2593 History of private international law Ukraine, 2605 Albania, 1857 Unilateralism, 1780 Aldricus, 48 United Kingdom, 2614 Argentina, 1871 Uruguay, 2629 Bartin, Étienne, 151, 153 USA, 2640 Bartolus, 157, 162 Venezuela, 2650 Belarus, 1899 Vietnam, 2661 Belgium, 1911 Holder Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1923 Bill of exchange, 187, 188, 189, 192 Brazil, 1931 Holmes, Oliver Wendell Bulgaria, 1939 Dicey, Albert Venn, 529 Canada, 1951 Home-​state standard Croatia, 1994 Behavioural economics and private international Czech Republic, 2010 law, 177 Denmark, 2024 Homeward trend Egypt, 2055 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1327 Estonia, 2065 Renvoi, 1539

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2804 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Hong Kong (Special Administrative Region of the Influence on private international law, 879 People’s Republic of China) 2129 Law of the place, 877, 878 Administration of private international law, 2131 Lex fori, 1106 Application of foreign law, 2132 Life, 875 Arbitration, 2138 Marriage, 878 Bilateral agreements, 2130 Personal status, 878 Case-​law, 2131 Private international law, history of, 875, 1393, Central Authority, 2132 1395 Chinese customary law, 2131 Propositions, 877 Choice of law, 2135 Recognition of legal situations evidenced by CISG, 2130 documents, 1497 Classification (characterization), 2136 Story, Joseph, 879, 1662 Courts, 2131 Succession, 879 Cross-border​ service of judicial documents, 2132 Work, 875 Divorce, 2134 Hull formula Doctrinal writings, 2131 Aliens law (Condition des étrangers, Enforcement of judgments, 2132 Fremdenrecht), 54 Family matters, 2134, 2137 Human rights Forum (non) conveniens doctrine, 2134 Adjustment/​adaption (anpassung), 12 Hague Conference on Private International Capacity and emancipation, 255 Law, 2130 Child abduction, 297, 300 Hague Conventions, 2130 Constitutional law and private international Handover, 2129, 2130, 2131, 2138 law, 455 History of private international law, 2131 GEDIP, 843 Immunity, 2135 Globalization and private international law, 848 Independence, 2131 Human rights and private international law, 880, Inheritance matters, 2137 883 Intellectual property, 2136 Immunity, 903 International conventions, 2129 Legal aid, 1089 Interregional arrangements, 2129 Public international law and private international Jurisdiction and arbitration agreements, 2133 law, 1451 Jurisdiction, 2133 Reciprocity, 1470 Kinship and legitimation, 2135 Human Rights and private international law, 880 Major domestic legislation, 2129 Adoption, 16, 882 Marriage, 2137 Antidiscrimination, 70 Matrimonial property, 2137 Application of foreign law, 884 Moçambique rule, 2134 Choice of law rules, 883 Obligations, 2135 Constitutional controls, 881, 884 Property, 2136 Control over norms, 881 Same-​sex relationships, 2137 Foreign law, application and ascertainment, 884 Service, 2134 Foreign norms, 884 Sources of private international law, 2129 Forum’s conception of human rights, 884 Status as Special Administrative Region of the France, 883 People’s Republic of China, 2129 Free movement of judgments, 886 Torts, 2136 Germany, 883 Unjust enrichment, 2136 Good faith, 883 Hōrei Historical background, 881 Japan, 2219, 2220, 2223, 2225 Italy, 883 Horkheimer, Max Judicial enforceability, 880 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 584 Jurisdiction, 881 Huber, Ulrich Legitimate expectation, 883 USA, 2640 Public policy (ordre public), 881, 884, 885, 1454, Vested rights theory, 1813 1458, 1459 Huber, Ulrik, 875 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 882, Anglo-​American private international law, 879 885 Capacity, 877 Right to fair trial, 881, 882 Choice of law, 312, 876 Right to family life, 882, 883 Comity, 383, 385, 386, 387, 389, 876, 877, 879, 880 Right to marriage, 884 Contribution to private international law, 875 Source of rights, 880 Foreign law, 876, 877, 879 Status acquired abroad, 882 Immovable property, 878 USA, 881, 885

Jürgen Basedow, Giesela Rühl, Franco Ferrari and Pedro de Miguel Asensio - 9781782547235 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/30/2021 12:33:07PM via free access 2805

Index 2805

Humboldt University Bilateral aviation conventions, 887 Rabel, Ernst, 1464 Chicago Convention, 887 Hungary, 2138 Council, 888 Administration of private international law, 2141 Financing, 889 Adoption, 2146 Flight safety, 888, 890 Application of foreign law, 2141 Freedoms of the air, 887 Arbitration, 2146 Future developments, 890 Bilateral conventions, 2139 General Assembly, 889 Case-​law, 2140 History, 887 Choice of law, 2143 Implementation into national law, 890 Classification (characterization), 2144 International development aid, 888 Codification, 2141 Mediation, 889 Contractual obligations, 2142, 2144 Regional offices, 889 Corporations, 2145 Scope, 890 Courts and other authorities, 2141 Secretariat, 889 Divorce, 2146 Sovereignty over airspace, 887, 889 Doctrinal writings, 2140 Structure, 888 EU Regulations, 2139 Targets, 888 European Foreign Law Convention, 2142 Tasks, 888 Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 2144 Technological advances, 890 Exclusive jurisdiction, 2142 Uniform areas, 888 Family matters, 2143, 2145 Uniform law, 888 Hague Conference of Private International ICC Arbitration Rules Law, 2139 Lex mercatoria, 1126, 1127 Hague Conventions, 2140, 2141 ICE conditions History and development of private international Construction contracts, 459 law, 2140 Iceland, 2147 Industrial property, 2143, 2145 Administration of private international Insolvency, 2143 law, 2150 Intellectual property, 2145 Application and enforcement of foreign law, 2150 International conventions, 2139 Arbitration, 2155 Jurisdiction, 2142 Bankruptcy, 2154 Legal entities, 2145 Bilateral agreements, 2149 Maintenance obligations, 2146 Case-​law, 2149 Major domestic legislation, 2138 Choice of law, 2153 Marriage, 2141, 2145 Civil Procedure Act, 2147 Matrimonial property, 2146 Corporations, 2152, 2154 Multilateral conventions, 2139 Court system, 2150 Nationality, 2145 Divorce and personal separation, 2152 Non-​contractual obligations, 2142, 2144 Doctrinal writings, 2150 Obligations, 2142, 2144 Domicile abroad, 2147 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1325 EEA Agreement, 2148 PILA, 2139 Enforcement of Foreign Decisions Act, 2148 Property, 2143, 2144 Family matters, 2152, 2153 Reciprocity, 2146 Hague Conference on Private International Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2146 Law, 2149 Sources of private international law, 2138 Hague Conventions, 2149 Special jurisdiction, 2142 History of private international law, 2150 Succession, 2143, 2146 Immovable property, 2152 Hyperbolic discounting Inheritance matters, 2152, 2153 Behavioural economics and private international International conventions, 2148 law, 174, 178 Jurisdiction, 2151 Hypothetical will Lugano Convention, 2148, 2151 Escape clause, 669 Major legislation, 2147 Marriage, 2153 IAEA Obligations, 2151, 2153 Nuclear liability, 1306, 1308 Party autonomy, 2153 ICANN Property, 2152, 2153 Online dispute resolution, 1316, 1322 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2151 WIPO and private international law, 1842 Sources of private international law, 2147 ICAO, 887 Torts, 2153

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2806 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

IMF Scope of application, 899 Maritime torts, 1220 Sovereignty, 898 Money and currency, 1255, 1257, 1261 Statutory approach, 897 IMF Agreement Succession, 897 Bonds and loans, 217 Temporal scope of application, 900 Money and currency, 1261 United Nations, 903 Immigration authorities Waiver, 900, 901, 904 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1329 Immunity, absolute Immobilization Immunity, 902 Bonds and loans, 216 Immunity, diplomatic Financial instruments, 739, 741, 743 Immunity, 902 Immovable property, 890 Immunity, functional Alternative dispute resolution, 64 Immunity, 898, 900 Austria, 892, 1891, 1893 Material scope of application, 900 Capacity, 892 Immunity, personal Characterization (classification), 893 Immunity, 901 Conflit mobile, 893 Material scope of application, 901 Cultural objects, protection of, 503 Temporal scope of application, 901 Formal requirements and validity, 785, 786 Immunity, restrictive Foundation of lex situs, 891 Immunity, 897 Greece, 2125 Immunity, waiver of Immovables 890 Immunity, 900, 901, 904 Jurisdiction, 895 IMO Lease contracts and tenancies, 1082 Choice of forum, 912 Lex rei sitae, 890 Compensation, 910 Liechtenstein, 2282 Competences, 905 Matrimonial property, 894 Conflict rules, 911 Netherlands, 2361 Contribution to private international law, 907 New Zealand, 2373 Environmental risks, 908 No freedom of choice of law, 891 Fishing vessels, 908 Principle, 890 Flags of convenience, 906 Property and proprietary rights, 891, 893, 894, Foundation, 904 895, 1428, 1429 Freedom of access and trade, 905 Safety standards, 895 Function, 905 Sale contracts and sale of goods, 891, 892, 895, General approach, 910 1592, 1593, 1594 Genuine link, 906 Scope of application, 892 Interpretation, 911 Succession, 894 Legal nature, 904 Tenancies, 895 Liability, 909 Transfer of ownership, 892 Maritime law (uniform law), 1212, 1214, 1217 United Kingdom, 2621 Maritime pollution, 908 Immunity, 896 Maritime safety, 907 Absolute, 902 Maritime security, 908 Act of State Doctrine, 901 Methods, 906 Case by case approach, 898 Multinational cooperation, 905 Commercial activities, 901 Nuclear liability, 908, 1308 Diplomatic, 902 Oil pollution, 909 Economic crisis, 902 Organization, 906 Execution, 899 Overview, 907 Functional, 898, 900 Private international law, role, 910 Hong Kong, SAR of China, 2135 Standard compliance, 906 Human rights, 903 Standard setting, 906 Immovable property, 897 Tacit acceptance, 1217 Insolvency, 897 UNCLOS, 909 Intellectual property rights, infringement, 897 Uniform law, 907 Limiting of non-​state international actors, 903 Uniform private international law rules, 911 Material scope of application, 897 Uniform substantive law and private international Personal, 901 law, 910 Peru, 2413 United Maritime Consultative Council, 905 Public powers, 900 Imperative law Restrictive, 897 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1325

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Index 2807

In personam judgment Status or relationship, 912 Singapore, 2490 Substantive law rule, 914 In personam jurisdiction Thailand, 2570 Anti-​suit injunctions, 81 Uniformity, 914, 917, 922 Freezing injunctions and search orders, 811 Income Injunction, 924 Active/​passive, 568 Jurisdiction, foundations, 1042 Double taxation treaties, 571 Singapore, 2485 Foreign, 568 In rem judgment Types, 571 Singapore, 2491 Inconsistent behaviour In rem jurisdiction Estoppel, 678, 679, 680 Cultural objects, protection of, 499, 503, 504 Incorporation Jurisdiction, foundations, 1042, 1046 Behavioural economics and private international Inbound situations law, 176, 178 Companies, 408, 409 Sea waybills and other transport documents, 1617 Freedom of establishment/​persons (European Incorporation rule (corporations) Union) and private international law, 809 WTO and private international law, 1851 Incapacity Incorporation theory Adults, protection of, 22, 23 Companies, 405, 408 Capacity and emancipation, 252 Conflict of laws, 409 Inchoate rules Director’s liability, 539 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 586, 587, 588 Freedom of establishment/​persons (European Incidental (preliminary) question, 6, 23, 912 Union) and private international law, 810 A priori solutions, 921 Regulatory competition, 1520 Absence of forum interest, 919 INCOTERMS Case-​by-​case approach, 922 Lex mercatoria, 1126 Choice of forum, 914 Indemnification Choice of law, 315 Multiple defendants and joint liability, 1272, 1281 Conditions of problem, 914 Indemnity Connection between main question, 917 Guarantees, 861 Connection with main question, 919 Independent adoption, 15 Deference for foreign lex causae, 918 Independent evidentiary proceedings Dependent connection, 913, 914, 917 Evidence, procurement of, 709, 715, 716, 717 Discretion, 921 Independent guarantee Diverging decisions, 914 Guarantees, 862 Domestic, 912 Index clauses Empirical approach, 921 Bonds and loans, 215, 218 Foreign state interest, 919 India, 2155 Forum policy, 921 Administration of private international Germany, 2105 law, 2158 Goldschmidt, Werner, 855 Application of foreign law, 2158 Independent connection, 913, 914, 915 Arbitration, 2161 Internal consistency, 915, 916 Bengal law, 2157 International harmony of decisions, 917 Case-​law, 2157 International uniformity, 918 Choice of law, 2159 International, 913 Code of Civil Procedure, 2155 Legal certainty, 917, 922 Codified personal laws, 2156 Lex causae, 913, 914, 917 Corporations, 2160 Lex fori, 912, 913, 914, 915 Courts, 2158 Main question, and, 912, 913, 923 Divorce and personal separation, 2158 Nationality, 1291 Doctrinal writings, 2157 Practical issues, 914, 920 Family matters, 2160 Probability of raising, 922 Forum non conveniens, 2159 Procedural rules, 916, 921 Hague Conference on Private International Public policy, 919, 920 Law, 2157 Recognition of administrative acts, 1492 Hague Conventions, 2156 Recognition of foreign judgments, 916 Hague Rules, 2156 Recognition of status or relationship, 915, 916 History and development of private international Renvoi, 915, 917 law, 2157 , 913, 914, 915, 921 History in post-​independence era, 2158 Result-​oriented approach, 920, 921 History in pre-​independence era, 2157

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2808 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

India (cont.) Intergentiel law, 2163, 2165, 2166 Immovable property, 2160 Interlocal law, 2168 International conventions, 2156 International conventions, 2164 Interreligious law, 1022, 1025 Interreligious law, 1025, 2167 Interreligious marriage, 2158 Interreligious marriages, 2167 Jurisdiction based on subject matter, 2159 Intertemporal law, 2168 Jurisdiction of suits of other kinds, 2159 Jurisdiction, 2169 Jurisdiction, 2158 Jurisprudence of internal conflict of laws, 2169 League of Nations (Geneva) Convention, 2156 Legal pluralism, 2162 Local limits of jurisdiction, 2159 Major legislation, 2162 Major legislation, 2155 Marriage, 2171 Marriage, 2160 Models, 2168 Movable property, 2160 Personal status, 2166 Obligations, 2159 Post-​independence laws, 2163, 2167 Pecuniary jurisdiction, 2159 Property, 2170 Property, 2160 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2172 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2161 Religious judiciary, 2169 Sources of private international law, 2155 Sources of private international law, 2162 Succession, 2161 Succession, 2172 Torts, 2160 Voluntary submission to European private Indirect norm law, 2166 Goldschmidt, Werner, 853, 855 Women’s rights, 2172 Indirect ownership system World Trade Organization, 2164 Financial instruments, 740 Indorsement Individual employment contracts Bill of exchange, 188, 191, 192 Employment, maritime, 642, 644 Industrial action Indonesia, 2162 Choice of law, 635 Administration of private international law, 2169 Employment, industrial disputes, 632 Adoption, 2172 Employment, maritime, 649 Application of foreign law, 2170 EU limitations, 636 Arbitration, 2173 International regulatory framework, 634 Berne Convention, 2164 Jurisdiction, 635 Case-​law, 2164 Legal terminology, 633 Choice of law, 2170 Right, See Right to industrial action Civil procedure, 2163 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual obligations), Code of civil procedure, 2163 638, 1570 Colonialism, 2162 Industrial design Contractual obligations, 2170 TRIPS, 1749 Corporations, 2171 Industrial disputes Courts, 2169 Employment, industrial disputes, 632 Defunct internal conflict of laws, 2168 Social protection and private international law, Delictual obligations, 2170 1650, 1651 Doctrinal writings, 2165 Industrial property Dutch influence, 2168 Chile, 1967 Economic policy, 2169 Hungary, 2143, 2145 European law, 2166 Industrial relations Family matters, 2171 Employment, industrial disputes, 632, 633, 635 General judiciary, 2169 Employment, maritime, 642 General Provisions of Legislation for Informal adoption, 14 Indonesia, 2162 Information overload Geography, 2169 Behavioural economics and private international Hague Conference on Private International law, 172, 174 Law, 2164 Infringement History and development of conflict of laws, 2165 Intellectual property, applicable law, 964, 965, 966, 967 History and development of external conflict of Intellectual property, jurisdiction, 975 laws, 2168 Ingmar History and development of internal conflict of Commercial agency, franchise and distribution laws, 2166 contracts, 29, 395 ICSID Convention, 2164, 2169 Inheritance Intellectual property, 2171 Albania, 1862 Inter-​population-​group law, 2167 Belarus, 1905

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Index 2809

Belgium, 1917 Inland navigation law Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1925, 1927 Netherlands, 2367 Canada, 1955, 1957 Inland water carrier Germany, 2109 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Ghana, 2116 waterways, 260, 261 Hong Kong, SAR of China, 2137 Inlandsbeziehung Iceland, 2152, 2153 Public policy (ordre public), 1454, 1457 Israel, 2203 Innocent bystanders Kazakhstan, 2241 Products liability, 1413, 1415, 1416, 1419 Lebanon, 2272 Inseverability Montenegro, 2352 Dépeçage, 527 Nigeria, 2383 Insider trading Portugal, 2439 Liability, capital market, 1139 Serbia, 2480 Insolvency Singapore, 2487, 2489 Belgium, 1917 Slovenia, 2510, 2511 Bonds and loans, 219 Switzerland, 2556 Czech Republic, 2014 Turkey, 2598, 2600 Denmark, 2028 Ukraine, 2610 Direct action, 532, 533, 535, 537 United Kingdom, 2624 Director’s liability, 539, 540, 541, 542 USA, 2646 Donation, 565 Initiation of proceedings Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 704 Service of documents, 1628, 1633 Forum (and law) shopping, 790 Injunction, 924 GEDIP, 839 Anti-​suit. see Anti-​suit injunctions Hungary, 2143 Canada, 924 Insolvency, applicable law, 931 Choice of forum and submission to jurisdiction, Insolvency, cooperation and recognition, 939 305, 310 Insolvency, jurisdiction and vis attractiva, 948 Comity, 926 Luxembourg, 2303 Commercial litigation, 924 Singapore, 2490 Deference, 928 Sweden, 2542 Direct enforcement, 925 Territoriality, 1707 Discrimination, 72 UNCITRAL, 1763 Enforcement, 925 United Kingdom, 2625 EU law, 929 Vietnam, 2663 Extraterritoriality, 925, 926 Insolvency, applicable law, 931 France, 924, 925 Agency and authority of agents, 30 Freezing, 930 Detrimental acts, 935 Germany, 925 Effect of proceedings on creditor, 932 In personam, 925, 927, 930 Effect of proceedings on debtor, 932 In rem, 925, 928 Effect of proceedings on individual actions and Indirect enforcement, 926 lawsuits, 933 Internet, jurisdiction, 989, 993, 996 Effect of proceedings on ongoing contracts, 935 Intra-​territoriality, 925 Effect of proceedings on third parties, 932 Jurisdictional connection, 926 Insolvency Regulation (Recast), 938 Lease contracts and tenancies, 1080 Insolvency Regulation, 932 Remedies, 1532, 1534, 1536 Jurisdiction, 931 Requirements, 82 Jurisdictional approach, 931 Transnational, legitimacy of, 926 Lex concursus, 931 Van Uden, 930 Overriding mandatory provisions, 937 Injunction (intellectual property) Public policy, 937 TRIPS, 1750 Ranking claims, 934 Injunctive relief Reservation of title, 935 Ancillary to foreign proceedings, 927 Safeguarding rights in rem, 934 Contempt of court, 926 Set-​off, 933 Enforcement, 925, 926 Territoriality, 931 Equity, 924 Uniform rules, 936 In personam, 928 Unresolved issues, 937 Injunction, 924 Insolvency, cooperation and recognition, 939 Power to grant, 927, 929 Approaches, 939 Provisional measures, 1442 Closing proceedings, 941

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2810 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Insolvency, cooperation and recognition (cont.) Conflict of laws, 932 Cooperation between courts, 944 Cooperation framework, 943 Cooperation between liquidators, 944 Detrimental acts, 935 Cooperation framework, 943 Establishment, 950 Debt recovery, cross-​border, 524 European Court of Justice, 945 Main and secondary proceedings, 940, 944, 945 Exceptions to lex concursus, 935 Main liquidator’s powers, 943 Immovable property, 935 Mutual recognition, 941 Individual actions and lawsuits, effect of Mutual trust, 941, 942 proceedings, 933 Opening judgment, 941 Insolvency, applicable law, 932 Opening proceedings, 941 Insolvency, cooperation and recognition, 940 Opening time, 942 Jurisdiction, 948 Proceedings’ effects, 940 Jurisdictional approach, 931 Public policy, 942 Legitimate interests, 933 Recognition and enforcement framework, 941 Lex fori, 1110 Recognition and enforcement of judgments/​ Lex rei sitae, 935 proceedings, 941 Liquidator’s duties, 944 Refusal, 942 Location of centre of main interests, 949 Revision of Insolvency Regulation, 945 Notion of centre of main interests, 948 Secondary liquidator’s powers, 943 Ongoing contracts, effect of proceedings, 935 Territorial proceedings, 944 Opening proceedings, 948 UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-​Border Overview, 932 Insolvency, 940 Parties, effect of proceedings, 932 Universality, principle of, 939 Public policy (ordre public), 1455 Insolvency, jurisdiction and vis attractiva, 83, 947 Public policy, 937, 942 Ancillary actions, 951 Ranking claims, 934 Centre of main interests, 948 Recognition and enforcement framework, 941 Establishment, 950 Reservation of title, 935 European Court of Justice, 951 Revision, 945 Human means and goods, 950 Safeguarding rights in rem, 934 Insolvency regulation, 948 Set-​off, 933 Non-​transitory activity, 950 Transfer of centre of main interests, 949 Territorial proceedings, 951 Uniform rules, 936 Scope, 948 Unresolved issues, 937 UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-​Border Insolvency Regulation (Recast) Insolvency, 948 Advantages, 946 Insolvency law Changes to regime, 945 Director’s liability, 540 Coordinator, 946 Insolvency proceedings Group of companies, 949 Detrimental acts, 935 Insolvency, applicable law, 938 Effect of on creditor, 932 Insolvency, cooperation and recognition, 945 Effect of on debtor, 932 Jurisdiction, innovation, 953 Effect of on individual actions and lawsuits, 933 Inspire Art Effect of on ongoing contracts, 935 Court of Justice of the European Union, 485 Effect of on third parties, 932 Freedom of establishment/​persons (European Insolvency, jurisdiction and vis attractiva, 948 Union) and private international law, 809, 811 Jurisdiction in national law, 948 Institut, 153, 154 Procedural issues, 931 Institute of International Law Proceedings, law governing, 931, 1412 Mancini, Pasquale Stanislao, 1195 Ranking claims, 934 Instrumental innovation Reservation of title, 935 Behavioural economics and private international Safeguarding rights in rem, 934 law, 174 Set-​off, 933, 1640 Insufficiency of personal faculties Uniform rules, 936 Adults, protection of, 22, 23 Insolvency Regulation Insurance Aims, 932 Cessio legis, 288, 290, 295 Ancillary actions, 951 Direct action, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535, 537, 538 Annexes, 942 European Motor Insurance Directives, 537 Avoidance rules, 936 Joinder, 535 Brussels I (Convention and Regulation), 941 Marine insurance, 1200 Classification (characterization), 361 Road traffic accidents, 537

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Index 2811

Insurance, compulsory France, 2085, 2086 Air law (uniform law), 45 Georgia, 2096, 2098 Insurance contracts, 954 Germany, 2108 Antidiscrimination, 70, 72, 75, 78 Harmonization, 1800 Applicable law, 957 Hong Kong, SAR of China, 2136 Choice of forum and submission to jurisdiction, Hungary, 2145 306 Indonesia, 2171 Compulsory insurance, 955, 959 Intellectual property, applicable law, 961 Concept, 954 Internet uses of protected works, 968 Cross-​border provision, 954 Internet, jurisdiction, 992, 996 Current regulation, 956 Internet, liability, 998, 1001, 1003 Direct action, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535, 536, 537 Iran, 2179 Direct actions, applicable law, 960 Ireland, 2191 Direct actions, jurisdiction, 957, 960 Israel, 2194, 2200 EU, 956, 957, 960 Kazakhstan, 2240 Flag, 760 Korea, 2246, 2248 Foreign elements, 955 Latvia, 2259, 2261 Group insurance, 960 Lebanon, 2270 Hague Convention on Law Applicable to Traffic Licence contract, 1147, 1150 Accidents, 960 Liechtenstein, 2282 Human life, 954 Lithuania, 2292 Jurisdiction, 956 Luxembourg, 2303 Large risk insurance, 958 Macau, SAR of China, 2311 Legal sources, 955 Macedonia, FYR, 2320, 2323 Life insurance, 955 Mexico, 2341, 2343 Mass and large risk insurance, 957, 958 Montenegro, 2350 Peculiarities, 954 New Zealand, 2375 Private international law of insurance, 956 Peru, 2412, 2418 Reinsurance, 961 Poland, 2431 Uniform law, 955 Portugal, 2438 USA, 956, 957, 958, 960 Romania, 2448, 2450 Insurance of the air carrier Serbia, 2478 Air law (uniform law), 42 Singapore, 2487, 2489 Intangibles Slovenia, 2508, 2512 Debt recovery, cross-​border, 520 South Africa, 2520 Individual and collective regime, 1435 Spain, 2530, 2533 Property and proprietary rights, 1433 Switzerland, 2555 Situs as connecting factor, 1433 Taiwan, 2566 Integration process Territoriality, 964, 965, 966, 969, 1760 Argentina, 1870 Thailand, 2578 Intellectual property TRIPS, 1749 Albania, 1860 Tunisia, 2586, 2588 Argentina, 1876 Turkey, 2597, 2599 Austria, 1892 Ukraine, 2608 Belarus, 1898, 1901, 1903 UNCITRAL, 1761 Belgium, 1915 Unitary intellectual property rights and Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1924, 1926 jurisdiction, 1791 Brazil, 1934, 1936 Unitary intellectual property rights and private Bulgaria, 1944, 1946 international law, 1796 Canada, 1956 United Kingdom, 2622 Chile, 1967 Uruguay, 2633 China, 1978 USA, 2645 Colombia, 1987 Venezuela, 2653, 2655 Competition, unfair, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 962 Vietnam, 2663, 2666 Concept, 961 WTO and private international law, 1852 Croatia, 1997, 1999 Intellectual property, applicable law, 961 Czech Republic, 2016 ALI Principles, 966, 968 Denmark, 2028, 2033 CLIP Principles, 966, 968 Egypt, 2058 CLIP, 365 Estonia, 2067, 2069 Common law legal sources, 963 Finland, 2076, 2077 Common/​civil law differences, 963

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2812 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Intellectual property, applicable law (cont.) Torts, 1709, 1716 Current regulation, 964 TRIPS, 1750 Escape clause, 968 Intellectual property rights (localization rule) European legal sources, 964 Property and proprietary rights, 1433 European regulation, 967 Intended parents Exclusive rights, 962, 964, 965, 969 Surrogacy, 1691, 1692, 1693 Extra-​territoriality, 968 Interpretation, interdependent Function, 962 Interpretation, autonomous, 1012 Harmonized principles, 1704 Inter-​American Convention on Conflicts of Laws Initial ownership, 965, 966 concerning Checks International legal sources, 963 Cheques, 296 International regulation, 965 Inter-​American Return of Children Convention, 300 Legal sources, 962 Inter-​American Specialized Conferences on Private Lex contractus, 965 International Law Lex loci deliciti, 965 Brazil, 1929, 1934 , 965, 967 Bustamante, Antonio Sánchez de, 245, 250 Lex originis, 965 Chile, 1960 Licence contract, 1150 Ecuador, 2048, 2051 Minimum standards, 963 Mexico, 2335 Modern trends, 967 Paraguay, 2398 National legal sources, 962 Intercarrier agreement National regulation, 964 Air law (uniform law), 40, 43 Ownership, 963, 964, 969 Interconfessional marriages Purpose, 962 Iran, 2180 Secondary infringement, 968 Interessenlehre Territoriality, 965, 967, 968 Kegel, Gerhard, 1062 Ubiquitous infringement, 968 Interest analysis Waseda Principles, 966, 968 California, 981 Intellectual property, jurisdiction, 970 Comparative law and private international law, Brussels system, 972 421 CLIP, 365, 368 Europe, 988 Contributory infringement, 977 Interest and policy analysis in private international Exclusive jurisdiction, 973, 978 law, 980 General jurisdiction, 975 New York, 981 Harmonization, 970 Permutations, 982 Infringement jurisdiction, 975, 978 Interest and policy analysis in private international International, 971 law, 980 Multi-​state infringements, 976, 979 Badly indeterminate outcomes, 985 Nature, 971 Bilateral conflict rules, 988 New trends, 978 Choice of law, 316 Personality rights, 976 Courts, 981 Place of damage, 976 Discrimination, 986 Scope of authority, 972 Domestic interpretation, 983 Territoriality principle, 971 Europe, 986 TRIPS, 970, 971, 974 False conflicts, 982 Ubiquitous infringement, 979 Governmental interest analysis, 980 Intellectual property rights Home bias, 986 Rome Convention and Rome I Regulation Home party preference, 985 (contractual obligations), 1557 Interest analysis, 981 Sale contracts and sale of goods, 1594 Lex fori bias, 983 Intellectual property rights, infringements Loss allocating rules, 982 China, 1978 Origins, 980 CLIP, 367, 369, 371, 372 Orthodox version, 980, 983, 985 Intellectual property, applicable law, 964, 965, 966, Pervasive issues, 982 969 Private justice, 984 Internet, liability, 998, 999, 1001, 1004, 1005 Public interests, 984 Jurisdiction, contracts and torts, 1035, 1040, 1041 Reality of state interests, 985 Remedies, 966 State interest, 982 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual obligations), Territorialism, 980, 984, 987 437, 967, 1570 True conflict, 983 Territoriality, 1705 Unclear concepts, 985

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Index 2813

Unilateralism, 983 International administrative law USA, 980 Substitution, 1676 Vested rights, 980 International and community source of private Zero interest cases, 982 international law Interest-​theory Bulgaria, 1941, 1942 Companies, 404 International business transactions Intergential law Thailand, 2576 Indonesia, 2163, 2165, 2166 International Capital Market Association (ICMA) Intergovernmental organizations Bonds and loans, 215 Hague Conference on Private International Law, International Central Securities Depositories 870, 871, 872, 874 (ICSDs) Interim measure of protection Financial instruments, 739 Arrest of vessels, 133, 135 International Centre for Settlement of Investment Interim measures Disputes Provisional measures, 1442, 1445, 1446 Arbitration, investment, 97, 99 Interim proceedings International Civil Aviation Organization Netherlands, 2362 Air law (uniform law), 40, 44, 46 Interim relief Security interests in mobile equipment (uniform Applicable law, 1532 law), 1624 Enforcement, 1533 International Civil Aviation Organization, financing Jurisdiction, 1533 ICAO, 889 Provisional measures, 1442, 1444, 1445 International Civil Aviation Organization, structure Remedies, 1532 ICAO, 888 Substance and procedure, 1673 International Civil Aviation Organization, targets Inter-​jurisdictional competition ICAO, 888 Globalization and private international law, 850 International Civil Aviation Organization, tasks Interlocal conflicts ICAO, 888 Wächter, Carl Georg von, 1831 International civil litigation Interlocal law Germany, 2110 Indonesia, 2168 International civil procedure Intermediaries Ukraine, 2610 Agency and authority of agents, 30, 34 International commercial arbitration Bonds and loans, 218 Arbitration, (UNCITRAL) Model Law, 86, 87, Commercial agency, franchise and distribution 95, 119 contracts, 391 Arbitration, recognition of awards, 88, 89, 92, 93, Financial instruments, 739, 740, 745 119, 120, 121, 124 Internet, liability, 999, 1003, 1004 Chile, 1963 Intermediated securities UNCITRAL, 1761, 1762 Liability, capital market, 1131, 1132 International conceptualism UNIDROIT, 1771 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 586 Internal affairs doctrine International contract law Game theory and private international law, 833 Estoppel, 678 Internal market (of the EU) International contracts CESL, 281, 285 Chile, 1963 Collective redress, 379 CIDIP, 327 Consumer contracts, 464 Paraguay, 2405 Cross-​border measures, 690 International conventions European Union and private international law, Albania, 1855 691, 692, 694, 697 Argentina, 1868, 1869 Freedom of establishment/​persons (European Australia, 1885 Union) and private international law, 807, Austria, 1886 808, 809 Belarus, 1895 Fundamental freedoms, 696 Belgium, 1908 Intellectual property, applicable law, 964 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1921 Internet, liability, 1002 Brazil, 1929 Life insurance contracts, 1151 Canada, 1950 Recognition of legal situations evidenced by China, 1971 documents, 1498 Classification (characterization), 358 Taxation, international, 1699 Colombia, 1981 International abstention Croatia, 1991 Lis alibi pendens, 1162 Cuba, 2003, 2004

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2814 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

International conventions (cont.) USA, 2638 Czech Republic, 2009 Venezuela, 2648 Denmark, 2020, 2021 Vietnam, 2659 Dominican Republic, 2038 International double taxation Egypt, 2053 Causes, 566 Estonia, 2062 Lawfulness, 567 Finland, 2071 Legal term, 566 France, 2080 International economic law, conflict of Georgia, 2091 Unilateralism, 1790 Germany, 2101 International elements Ghana, 2112 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1325, 1327, 1329 Guardianship, custody and parental International framework agreement responsibility, 866 Employment, collective bargaining, 607, 613, 614 Hong Kong, SAR of China, 2129 International harmony of decisions/​International Hungary, 2139 harmony of judgments Iceland, 2148 Incidental (preliminary) question, 917, 922 India, 2156 International Institute for the Unification of Private Indonesia, 2164 Law, 338 Iran, 2174 International investment treaties (IITs), 97 Ireland, 2185 Arbitration, 97, 103 Israel, 2193 Costs, 105 Japan, 2220 Disputes, 102 Kazakhstan, 2232 Illegality, 101 Korea, 2243 International state responsibility, 105 Latvia, 2253 Investment, 99 Lebanon, 2264 Jurisdiction, 103 Liechtenstein, 2278 Model, 98 Lithuania, 2286 Property and proprietary rights, 101 Luxembourg, 2297 Substantive protection, 104 Macau, SAR of China, 2306 International judicial cooperation Macedonia, FYR, 2315 Proceedings, law governing, 1411 Malta, 2326 Service of documents, 1628, 1633 Mexico, 2334 International jurisdiction Montenegro, 2345 China, 1975 Mozambique, 2354 Intellectual property, applicable law, 963 Netherlands, 2358 Intellectual property, jurisdiction, 970, 971, 978 New Zealand, 2369 Italy, 2209 Nigeria, 2378 Japan, 2221 Norway, 2388 Lebanon, 2273 Paraguay, 2398 Payment Order Regulation, 1343 Peru, 2410 Provisional measures, 1443 Poland, 2422 Saudi Arabia, 2463 Portugal, 2434 Taiwan, 2561 Romania, 2442 Turkey, 2594, 2598 Russian Federation, 2452 International law Saudi Arabia, 2463, 2466, 2468 Estoppel, 676 Serbia, 2471 Evidence, procurement of, 709, 710, 715, 718, 719 Singapore, 2483 Jurisdiction, limits under international law, 1052 Slovakia, 2493 International Law Association Slovenia, 2504 Intellectual property, jurisdiction, 971 South Africa, 2516 International letters rogatory Spain, 2524 Chile, 1959, 1960, 1968 Sweden, 2536 CIDIP, 324, 325 Switzerland, 2549 International mandatory rules Taiwan, 2559 Bonds and loans, 217, 218 Thailand, 2570 International Maritime Organization Tunisia, 2582 IMO, 904 Turkey, 2590 International Monetary Fund Ukraine, 2603 Money and currency, 1255, 1257 United Kingdom, 2613 International organizations Uruguay, 2627 Immunity, 897, 903

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Index 2815

International procedural law Public policy, 990 Saudi Arabia, 2463 Regulatory models, 989 International public policy Regulatory structure, 992 Arbitration, recognition of awards, 124, 125 Remedies, 990 International sale of goods Server, 994, 997, 998 Bill of lading, 193 Software, 994 UNCITRAL, 1761, 1762 Uploading contents, 997 International trade US case-​law, 991 Liberalization, 1850 Internet, liability, 998 WTO and private international law, 1844, 1845, Applicable law, 1003 1846, 1850, 1853 Claims against intermediaries, 999 International Transfer Workers Federation (ITF) Comparative perspectives, 1000 Employment, maritime, 642, 648, 649 Delimitation, 998 International transport conventions European Union, 1001 Freight forwarding contracts, 817 Indirect/​secondary liability, 1003 International treaties International legal sources, 1003 Sweden, 2545 Modern trends, 1004 International uniformity of decisions Scope, 998 Renvoi, 1539 Ubiquitous infringements, 1004 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 1611 USA, 1001 International usage Interpersonal law Bulgaria, 1942 Saudi Arabia, 2463 Internet Interpretation Avoiding and resolving conflicts, 1841 Adjustment/​adaption (anpassung), 8 Domain names, 1842 Autonomous, 1006 Inside view, 1842 Classification (characterization), 359 Intellectual property, applicable law, 968 Interpretation, autonomous, 221, 1006 Intellectual property, jurisdiction, 976, 979 Primacy of EU law, 1008 Internet, jurisdiction, 989 Appropriate, when, 362 Legal relevance of use, 1841 Assimilation clauses, 363 Proportionality of remedies, 1841 Brussels I (Convention and Regulation), 1008 WIPO and private international law, 1840 Cessio legis, 289 Internet auction Civil and commercial matters, 347 Sale contracts and sale of goods, 1594 Clear norms, 1009 Internet, jurisdiction, 989 Common purposes, 1013 Brussels I Regulation (recast), 992 Comparative interpretation, 1011 Classification (characterization), 994 Court of Justice of the European Union, 483 Complexity, 989 Domestic interpretation, restricting, 1006 Consumer contracts, 994 EU private international law, 1008, 1009, 1012, Contracts, 993 1014 Current EU regulation, 992 European Court of Justice, 1007, 1011, 1014 Digital transmissions, 997 Exclusion clauses, 363 Domicile, 989, 992, 994 Foreseeability, 1009 Downloading contents, 997 Gap filling, 1012, 1014 ECJ case-​law, 994, 997 Golden rule, 361, 363 EU legal sources, 992 Historical interpretation, 1010 Forum (and law) shopping, 989 Importance, 1014 Hague Choice of Court Convention, 991 Interdependent, 1012 Information (mis)use, 989, 994 Interests, 1008 Initial technologies, 990 International civil procedure, 1008, 1009, 1012, Injunction, 993 1014 Intellectual property, 996 Lex fori, 363 International legal sources, 990 Meta principle, as, 1011 Internet evolution, 989 Methods, 1006, 1009 Legal sources, 990 Normative perspective, 1008 Libel tourism, 989 Party perspective, 1009 National legal sources, 991 Positivist approach, 1006 Personal jurisdiction, 991 Purposive approach, 1006 Personality rights, 995 Rule of law, 1008 Place of infringement, 997 Scope established, 363 Provisional measures, 993 Scope, 1011

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2816 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Interpretation, autonomous (cont.) Legal pluralism, 1020, 1026 Systematic interpretation, 1010 Morocco, 1023, 1024 Teleological interpretation, 1010 No religion having privileged status, 1024 True meaning, 1010, 1014 Non-​Muslims, 1021, 1022, 1023 Uniformity, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1014 Ottoman Empire, 1021 Verbal interpretation, 1010 Religion as privileged status, 1023 Interpretation, methods Revival, 1026 Comparative interpretation, 1011 Saudi Arabia, 2463 Domestic interpretation, restricting, 1006 South Africa, 1026 Historical interpretation, 1010 Tunisia, 1024 Interpretation, autonomous, 1006, 1009 Turkey, 1023 Systematic interpretation, 1010 Typology, 1023 Teleological interpretation, 1010 Interreligious marriages Verbal interpretation, 1010 Indonesia, 2167 Interregional arrangements Iran, 2174, 2181 Hong Kong, SAR of China, 2129 Intersex Macau, SAR of China, 2307 Transsexual and transgender persons, 1738 Interregional law Intersexuality Concept, 1015 Personal status, 1346 Function, 1015 Interstate and international conflicts Hong Kong, SAR of China, 1015 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 585, 587, 589, 591 Interregional/​Interstate law, 1015 Separation, 587 Netherlands, 2358 Story, Joseph, 1663, 1666 Purpose, 1015 Interstate law Interregional/​Interstate law Interregional/​Interstate law, 1015 Asia, 1017 Intertemporal law Choice of law, 317, 1015, 1016 Indonesia, 2168 Civil law systems, 1016 Intra-​state tort Common law systems, 1016 Local data, 1170 Concept, 1015 Investment Connecting factors, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019 Approaches, 99 Direct reference model, 1016, 1018, 1019 Arbitration, investment, 98, 99 Europe, 1016 Investment protection European legal sources, 1019 Aliens law (Condition des étrangers, Function, 1015 Fremdenrecht), 54 Hague Convention on Private International Investor-​state-​dispute-​settlement (‘ISDS’), 97 Law, 1017 Invoices Indirect reference model, 1016, 1018, 1019 CIDIP, 327 Inter-​America Conventions, 1018 Iran, 2173 International legal sources, 1017 Administration of private international Latin America, 1017 law, 2176 Legal sources, 1016 Adoption, 2181 National legal sources, 1016 Application of foreign law, 2177 Purpose, 1015 Arbitration, 2182 Spain, 1015, 1016 Bilateral treaties, 2174 Interreligious law, 1020 Case-​law, 2176 Alternatives to state-​sponsored religious laws, 1025 Choice of law, 2177 Connecting factor, 449 CISG, 2175 Contemporary significance, 1023 Civil Code of Procedure, 2174 Egypt, 1023, 1024, 2059 Civil Code, 2173 Europe, 1021 Courts, 2176 Former Western colonies, 1022 Divorce, 2180, 2181 Historical context, 1020 Doctrinal writings, 2176 India, 1022, 1025 Dual/​multiple citizenship, 2178 Indonesia, 1025, 2167 Family matters, 2180 Iran, 1022, 2174, 2181 Hague Conference on Private International Islam, 1021, 1023, 1024, 1026 Law, 2175 Israel, 1023, 1024, 2201 History and development of private international Judaism, 1023, 1024 law, 2176 Kenya, 1026 Immovable property, 2179 Lebanon, 1024 Intellectual property, 2179

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Index 2817

Interconfessional marriages, 2180 Irrationality International conventions, 2174 Behavioural economics and private international Interreligious law, 1022, 2174, 2181 law, 171, 174, 176, 177 Interreligious marriages, 2174, 2181 Irreconcilable judgments Jurisdiction, 2176 Multiple defendants and joint liability, 1272, 1273, Major legislation, 2173 1274, 1276 Maritime law (uniform law), 2175 Islam Marriage, 2174, 2178 Interreligious law, 1021, 1023, 1024, 1026 Movable property, 2179 Saudi Arabia, 2462 Multilateral conventions, 2175 Islamic law Non-​Shiite Muslims, 2180 Iran, 2180 Obligations, 2178 Mahr, 562 Party autonomy, 2178 Saudi Arabia, 2462 Property, 2180 Tunisia, 2583 Public policy (ordre public), 2178 Israel, 2193 Recognition and enforcement of documents, 2181 Administration of private international law, 2195 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2181 Application and ascertainment of foreign Renvoi, 2178 law, 2195 Shiite Muslims, 2180 Arbitration agreement, 2206 Sources of private international law, 2173 Arbitration, 2194, 2206 Succession, 2180 Bilateral treaties, 2194 UNIDROIT, 2175 Case-​law, 2194 World Intellectual Property Organisation, 2175 Challenging service abroad, 2197 Iraq Choice of law, 2198 Blocking statutes, 209 Civil partnerships, 2201 Ireland, 2183 Civil procedure and legal assistance, 2193 Adoption, 2190 Contracts, 2199 Arbitration, 2192 Corporations, 2204 Case-​law, 2184 Divorce, 2202 Common law, 2186 Doctrinal writings, 2194 Companies, 2187 Economic choice-​of-​law rules, 2199 Connecting factors, 2184 Enforcement of foreign judgments, 2205 Constitutional dimension, 2185 Family matters, 2194, 2201 Divorce, 2188 Foreign public laws, 2198 Doctrinal writings, 2184 Forum non conveniens, 2197 Domicile, 2184 History of private international law, 2195 Dominion status, 2183 In personam jurisdiction, 2196 European measures, 2183 Inheritance matters, 2203 Habitual residence, 2184 Intellectual property, 2194, 2200 Hague Conference on Private International International conventions, 2193 Law, 2185 Interreligious law, 1023, 1024, 2201, 2202 History of private international law, 2183 Israel–​Palestine Liberation Organization, 2194 Independence, 2183 Jurisdiction agreements, 2197 Intellectual property, 2191 Jurisdiction, 2196 International conventions, 2185 Major legislation, 2193 Jurisdiction, 2185 Mandatory rules (overriding), 2199, 2206 Lugano Convention, 2185 Marriage, 2202 Maintenance obligations, 2190 Matters of personal status, 2201 Major legislation, 2183 Multilateral treaties, 2193 Marriage, 2187 National treatment, 2201 Nationality, 2184 Non direct applicability of treaties, 2193 Parental responsibility, 2189 Obligations, 2194 Polygamous marriage, 2188 Ottoman Empire, 2195 Property, 2184, 2190 Paternity, 2203 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2186 Presumption of identity of laws, 2195 Registered partnerships, 2188 Property, 2200 Same-​sex marriages, 2187 Public policy, 2198 Seat of a company, 2187 Recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral Sources of private international law, 2183 awards, 2206 Succession and inheritance, 2190 Recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil Torts, 2191 and commercial matters, 2194

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2818 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Israel (cont.) Aliens law (Condition des étrangers, Recognition of judgments, 2205 Fremdenrecht), 51 Secular law, 2202 Ancient sources, 1026 Service of the claim in Israel, 2196 Antiquity, 1028 Service of the process outside Israel, 2197 Cicero, 1026 Sources of private international law, 2193 Common commercial practice, 1028, 1030, 1031 Special courts, 2195 Consensual contracts, 1029 Status, 2193 Gaius, 1027, 1029 Stock exchanges, 2204 Hermogenian, 1029, 1031 Succession, 2194 Kaser, Max, 1029 Torts, 2200 Lex mercatoria, 1030, 1031, 1120 Issuer Mediterranean area, 1028 Liability, capital market, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, Nörr, Dieter, 1027, 1028 1136, 1137 Notion, 1026 Italian School of Private International Law Pomponius, 1029 Bustamante, Antonio Sánchez de, 245, 246, 247, Private international law, history of, 1026, 1028, 248 1031, 1390 Mancini, Pasquale Stanislao, 245, 1198, 1199, Public/​private international law, between, 1030 1200 Ulpian, 1027 Italy, 2207 Vitoria, Fransceco de, 1030 Adoption, 2214 Ascertaining the content of foreign law, 2213 Japan, 2219 Choice of law, 2211 Administration of private international law, 2221 Choice-​of-​law rules, 2211, 2213 Applicable law to arbitral award, 2228 Civil Code, 2207 Arbitration, 2227 Contractual obligations, 2216 Case-​law, 2220 Divorce, 2213 Choice of court agreements, 2222 Domestic arbitration, 2219 Choice of law, 2223 Domicile, 2209 Closest connection, 2225 Functional approach, 2211 Code of Civil Procedure, 2219 General remarks, 2207 Consumers, 2224 Habitual residence, 2212 Contractual obligations, 2223 History of private international law, 2207 Doctrinal writings, 2220 Indirect jurisdiction, 2217 Domicile, 2221 International arbitration, 2218 Exclusive jurisdiction, 2221 Jurisdiction agreements, 2210 Execution of an arbitral award, 2229 Jurisdiction-​selecting approach, 2211 Hague Conference on Private International Jurisdiction, 2209 Law, 2220 Kinship, 2214 Hague Conventions, 2220 Lis pendens, 2210 History and development of private international Maintenance obligations, 2215 law, 2220 Marriage, 2213 Indirect jurisdiction, 2227 Matters of personal status, 2218 International conventions, 2220 Methodological pluralism, 2212 Joinder of claims, 2222 Nationality, 2212 Juridical act, 2223 Non-​contractual obligations, 2217 Jurisdiction over specific matters, 2222 Property, 2216 Jurisdiction, 2221 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2217 Major legislation, 2219 Renvoi, 2213 Matrimonial matters, 2225 Sources of private international law, 2208 Matrimonial property, 2226 Special jurisdiction, 2209 Mirror theory, 2227 Succession, 2215 Nationality, 2225 Torts, 2217 Non-​contractual obligations, 2224 Iura novit curia Parent and child relationship, 2226 Burden of proof, 243 Party autonomy, 2223 Foreign law, application and ascertainment, 771, Personal status, 2223 772, 774 Place of arbitration, 2228 Foreign law, judicial review, 778, 779 Provisional measures, 2222 Iura quaesita Public policy, 2226, 2227 Vested rights theory, 1813 Reciprocity, 2227 Ius gentium, 1026 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2226

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Index 2819

Recognition of foreign arbitral award, 2228 Australia, 1884 Renvoi, 2226 Divorce and personal separation, 543, 544, 550, Rights in rem, 2225 552 Service of documents, 2227 Marriage, 1228 Sources of private international law, 2219 Recognition and enforcement of judgments Subrogation, 2225 (common law), 1479 Torts, 2222 Recognition of legal situations evidenced by United Nations Conventions, 2220 documents, 1495, 1500 Jayme, Erik Judicial administration (American) Conflict of Laws Revolution, 69 Substance and procedure, 1670 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 587 Judicial authorities Jehring, Rudolph von Foreign law, application and ascertainment, 769 Culpa in contrahendo, 491 Foreign law, judicial review, 778 Joerges, Christian Judicial conflict Interest and policy analysis in private international Evidence, procurement of, 718 law, 987 Judicial cooperation Joinder CIDIP, 325 Direct Action, 535 France, 2088 Multiple defendants and joint liability, 1272 Reciprocity, 1470 Joint liability Judicial cooperation in civil matters Already satisfied claim, 1280 European Union and private international law, Applicable law, 1277 690, 691, 697 Cessio legis, 287, 288, 293, 1277, 1279 Evidence Regulation, 713 Choice of law, 1280 Lugano Convention, 1176 CLIP Principles, 1278 Judicial jurisdiction Concept, 1277 Acceptable bases, 1053 Contribution, 1277 Choice of forum and submission to Current regulation, 1277 jurisdiction, 304 Definition, 1271 Derogation from jurisdiction, 304 Division, 1278 Game theory and private international law, 834 Escape clause, 1280 Jurisdiction, limits under international law, 1052 EU law, 1277 Prorogation of jurisdiction, 304 Extent, 1277 Judicial notice (Iura novi curia) External relationship as towards the creditor, 1278 Israel, 2196 First payer’s law, 1279, 1280, 1281 Judicial review Greater interest, 1281 Foreign law, judicial review, 778 Internal relationship between co-​debtors, 1278 Judicial sale (ship) Lex loci deliciti, 1279, 1281 Arrest of vessels, 133 Liability, 1277 Judicial selectivism Multiple defendants and joint liability, 1271, 1277 Better law approach, 179 Privileges of single debtor, 1278, 1281 Juenger, Friedrich Purpose of rules, 1277 Better law approach, 185 Race to payment, 1279 Jumbo certificates Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual Financial instruments, 739, 741 obligations), 1277 Juncker, Jean-​Claude Same claim, 1279 CESL, 278 US law, 1281 Juridical acts Joint Protocol Korea, 2248 Nuclear liability, 1309, 1311, 1313 Jurisdiction Joint ventures Absence (disappearance, presumed death), 1, 4 Aliens law (Condition des étrangers, Adjustment/​adaption (anpassung), 10, 11, 12 Fremdenrecht), 55 Adult Protection Convention, 23 China, 55 Albania, 1858 India, 55 Alternative dispute resolution, 62 Thailand, 55 Antidiscrimination, 72, 78 Jolls, Christine Anti-​suit injunctions, 80, 82 Behavioural economics and private international Arbitration agreement, 129 law, 175 Arbitration, international commercial, 87 Judgment debts Arbitration, investment, 103 Enforcement, 520 Argentina, 1872 Judgment(s) Arrest of vessels, 139

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2820 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Jurisdiction (cont.) Injunction, 925, 926 Australia, 1880 Insolvency, applicable law, 931, 938 Austria, 1890 Insolvency, jurisdiction and vis attractiva, 948 Belarus, 1900 Insurance contracts, 956 Belgium, 1913 Intellectual property, jurisdiction, 975 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1923 Internet, jurisdiction, 989 Brazil, 1932 Iran, 2176 Brussels IIa Regulation, 231, 232, 234 Ireland, 2185 Bulgaria, 1942 Israel, 2196 Canada, 1952 Italy, 2209 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Japan, 2221 waterways, 258 Kazakhstan, 2237 Child abduction, 298, 300, 301 Korea, 2245 Chile, 1961 Latvia, 2259 China, 1975 Licence contract, 1147 CLIP, 368 Liechtenstein, 2280 Collective redress, 377 Life insurance contracts, 1153, 1157 Colombia, 1984 Lithuania, 2294 Connecting factor, 450 Lugano Convention, 1175, 1178 Consumer contracts, 464 Luxembourg, 2300 Croatia, 1995 Macau, SAR of China, 2308 Cuba, 2004 Macedonia, FYR, 2319 Czech Republic, 2011 Malta, 2327 Defendant contesting, 311 Marine insurance, 1206 Denmark, 2025 Maritime torts, 1222 Direct action claims, 957 Marriage. 358, 373, 375 Direct action, 533 Matrimonial property, 1237 Divorce and personal separation, 543, 544, 545, Mexico, 2339 546 Montenegro, 2348 Dominican Republic, 2041 Mozambique, 2356 Ecuador, 2045 Nationality, 1301 Egypt, 2056 Netherlands, 2360 Employment, collective bargaining, 608 New Zealand, 2371 Employment contracts, 624 Nigeria, 2380 Employment, industrial disputes, 635 Norway, 2393 Employment, maritime, 644 Paraguay, 2401 Environmental liability, 657, 658, 659, 667 Peru, 2411 Estonia, 2067 Poland, 2425 European Account Preservation Order Private international law, foundations, 1380, 1382 (EAPO), 684 Products liability, 1420 Finland, 2076 Public international law and private international Flag, 135 law, 129, 1448, 1450, 1451, 1452 Flag, 755, 762, 764 Reciprocity, 1469 Forum non conveniens, 797 Recognition and enforcement of foreign France, 2083 judgments (civil law), 1474 GEDIP, 837, 841 Reinsurance contracts, 1529 Georgia, 2093 Remedies, 1533, 1536 Germany, 2110 Romania, 2446 Ghana, 2114 Rome IV Regulation (succession), 1582 Greece, 2127 Russian Federation, 2456 Guardianship, custody and parental responsibility, Same-​sex marriages, 1607 864, 866, 868 Sea waybills and other transport documents, 1619, Hague Adult Protection Convention, 25 1620 Hong Kong, SAR of China, 2133 Serbia, 2474 Human rights and private international law, 881 Singapore, 2485 Hungary, 2142 Slovakia, 2496 Iceland, 2151 Slovenia, 2506 Immovable property, 895 Small Claims Regulation, 1644 Immunity, 896, 897, 899, 900, 902, 904 South Africa, 2517 India, 2158 Spain, 2529 Indonesia, 2169 Submission to, 311

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Index 2821

Substance and procedure, 1669 Inapplicable matters, 1033 Sweden, 2539 Localization of matter, 1032 Switzerland, 2553, 2554, 2555 Locus contractus, 1033 Taiwan, 2561 Locus delicti, 1040 Thailand, 2579 Locus solutionis, 1033, 1038 Tunisia, 2586 Material scope, 1035 Turkey, 2598 National rules, 1034 Ukraine, 2610 Negative declaration of liability, 1037 United Kingdom, 2616 Non-​existence of contract, 1037 Uruguay, 2631 Nullity, 1037 USA, 2641 Patents/​trade marks, 1034 Venezuela, 2651 Place of a tort, 1034 Vietnam, 2662 Place of contracting, 1033 West Balkan Convention, 1832, 1833 Place of performance. Jurisdiction agreements (see also Jurisdiction clauses) Place of performance, 1033, 1034, 1038, 1365, 1367 Adjudicatory discretion, 799 Place of tort, 1033, 1040 Anti-​suit injunctions, 80, 82, 84 Place within jurisdictional system, 1034 Choice of forum and submission to Pre-​contractual liability, 1036 jurisdiction, 307 Rationale, 1032 Common law traditions, 308 Revocation of fraudulent contracts, 1037 Contractually binding, 307 Specialisation, 1033 Dispute, 308 Ubiquity, 1033 Enforceable obligations, 305, 310 Unification of law, 1039 Existence or exercise of jurisdiction, issues Jurisdiction, direct and indirect subordinate to, 307 Jurisdiction, foundations, 1043 Existence or exercise, issues ancillary to, 310 Public international law, 1044 Formal requirements and validity, 309, 783 Jurisdiction, exclusive Forum non conveniens, 799 Private international law, methods of, 1402 Genuine consensus, 309 Jurisdiction for action for damages for nuclear Injunction, 925, 931 damage Korea, 2247 Damages, 515 Material scope and disputes, 309 Nuclear liability, 1305, 1310, 1311 Party autonomy, 309 Jurisdiction, foundations, 18, 86, 87, 93, 1042 Proper law (doctrine), 1424 Adjudication, 1043 Role, 304 Agreements, 307 Sufficiency, 308 Bases, 1048 Unilateral willingness, 307 Burden of proof, 239 USA, 799 Case-​by-​case discretion, 1045 Jurisdiction based on nationality Choice of forum and submission to jurisdiction, 304 France, 2084 Civil law countries, 1044, 1045 Jurisdiction clauses (see also Jurisdiction agreements) Common law countries, 1045 Bill of lading, 201 Common law, 308 Estoppel, 677 Concepts, 1042 Third party, 201 Consent, 1049 Jurisdiction, concurrent Constitutional law, 1044 Private international law, methods of, 1402, 1403, Court interests, 1046 1404, 1405 Derogation by choice or agreement, 306 Jurisdiction, contracts and torts, 1032 Direct, 1043 Annulment, 1037 Discretion, 307 Anti-​suit injunctions, 82 Establishing by choice, agreement or Autonomous interpretation, 1035 foundations, 305 Brussels I Regulation (recast), 1032, 1036 European paradigm, 1048 Characterization (classification), 1035 Existence or exercise, issues ancillary to, 310 Collective rights, 1037 Existence or exercise, issues subordinate to, 307 Connecting factor, 1038 Exorbitant jurisdiction, 1050 Domestic interpretation, 1035 Extraordinary bases, 1050 Electronic commerce, 596, 597 Fairness theories, 1047 Exclusive jurisdiction, 1034 Forum non conveniens, 1045 Forum selection agreement, 1035 Higher law constraints, 1043 General jurisdiction, 1034 In rem, 1042 Immovable property, 1034 Indirect, 1043

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2822 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Jurisdiction, foundations (cont.) Jurisprudence Injunction, 81 Chile, 1962 International, 1042 Justice and home affairs Levels of regulation, 1043 European Union and private international law, Limits, 1043 688, 690 Necessity, jurisdiction of, 1050 Justice, conflicts Paradigms, 1048 Local data, 1168 Party interests, 1046 Justice, substantive Personal, 1042 Local data, 1166 Personality, 1049 Power theories, 1047 Kafala Procedural laws, and, 308 Adoption, 14 Proximity, 1049 Kahn, Franz, 1056 Public international law, 1043 Bartin, Étienne, 155 Recognition, 1043 Basis of private international law, 1058 Relational theories, 1047 Characterization (classification), 1059 Rendering court, 1043 Comparative law, 1060 Requested court, 1043 Contribution to private international law, 1058 Specific rules, 1044 General problems of private international State interests, 1050 law, 1061 Structural interests, 1047 Influence on private international law, 1061 Subject matter, 1042 Life, 1056 Terminology, 1042 Mandatory rules, 1060 Territoriality, 1049 Ordre public, 1060 Universal jurisdiction, 1050 Private international law, history of, 1396, 1061 US paradigm, 1048 Qualification, 1059 Jurisdiction, interests Renvoi, 1060 Court, 1046 Specific problems of private international Jurisdiction, foundations, 1046 law, 1061 Party, 1046 Work, 1056 State, 1050 Kahnemann, Daniel Structural, 1047 Behavioural economics and private international Jurisdiction, internet law, 172, 173, 175 Electronic commerce, 593, 598 Kaiser Wilhelm-​Institut Jurisdiction, levels of regulation Kegel, Gerhard, 1063, 1064 Jurisdiction, foundations, 1043 Rabel, Ernst, 1466 Jurisdiction, limits under international law, 87, 93, 1051 Kaldor, Nicholas Acceptable bases of judicial jurisdiction, 1053 Economic analysis and private international Appraisal, 1055 law, 577 Categories of jurisdiction, 1051 Kaldor–​Hicks efficiency EU Member States, 1053 Economic analysis and private international Exorbitant jurisdiction, 1054 law, 577 Judicial jurisdiction, 1052 Kames, Lord Jurisdiction in international law, 1051 Private international law, history of, 1394 Substantial connection, 1054 Kazakhstan/​Republic of Kazakhstan, 2229 USA, 1052 Administration of private international law, 2236 Jurisdiction of necessity Application of foreign law, 2237 Jurisdiction, foundations, 1050 Arbitration, 2242 Jurisdiction selecting method Bilateral agreements, 2233 Better law approach, 179, 181, 183 Bilateral treaties, 2232 Jurisdiction, subject matter Binding effect of treaties, 2233 Competition, unfair, 434, 437 Capacity, 2240 Jurisdiction, foundations, 1042 Case-​law, 2235 Jurisdiction, theories Choice of law, 2238 Fairness, 1047 Civil Code, 2230 Jurisdiction, foundations, 1047 Civil Procedure Code, 2231 Power, 1047 Common practice, 2235 Relational, 1047 Constitution, 2229 Jurisdiktionsnorm Contractual obligations, 2239 Austria, 1886 Corporations, 2240 Liechtenstein, 2277 Courts and non-​judicial authorities, 2236

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Index 2823

Customs, 2235 Kennedy, Duncan Doctrinal writings, 2235 Behavioural economics and private international Exclusive jurisdiction, 2238 law, 173 Family matters, 2240 Kent, James Goods in transit, 2240 Story, Joseph, 1661 Hague Conventions, 2232 Kenya History and development of private international Interreligious law, 1026 law, 2236 Khan, Franz Independence, 2233, 2236 Comparative law and private international Inheritance, 2241 law, 423 Intellectual property, 2240 Kiev Agreement International treaties and conventions, 2232 Commonwealth of Independent States and private Joint residence, 2241 international law, 398 Jurisdiction outside CPC, 2238 Conflict of laws, 403 Jurisdiction, 2237 Legal assistance/​treaties, 399 Language, 2230 Regulation on jurisdiction, 401 Major legislation, 2229 Rules on applicable law, 400 Marriage, 2241 Rules on enforcement, 401 Multilateral treaties, 2232 Kinship Nationality, 2240 Concept, 1070 Non-​contractual obligations, 2239 Kinship and legitimation, 1070 Obligations, 2239 Regulation, 1073 Property, 2240 Kinship and legitimation, 1070 Recognition and enforcement of judgments and Alternative connecting factors, 1074 arbitral awards, 2241 Austria, 1070, 1071, 1073 Respondent’s domicile, 2237 Belgium, 1073 Significance of the CIS and EurAzEC legal Choice of law rules, 1074 framework, 2233 CIEC/​ICCS (International Commission on Civil Sources of private international law, 2229 Status), 1072 United Nation Conventions, 2232 Concept, 1070 Keck and Mithouard Concurring paternity, 1074 Court of Justice of the European Current regulation, 1073 Union, 485 EU instruments, 1072, 1077 WTO and private international law, 1846 Favour principle, 1074, 1076 Kegel, Gerhard, 1062 France, 1071, 1072, 1073 Adjustment/​adaption (anpassung), 9 Germany, 1070, 1072, 1073, 1074 Autonomy of choice of law, 1066 Greece, 1071, 1073 Better law approach, 179, 185, 187, 1067 Habitual residence, 1072, 1074 Companies, 405 Hague Conference on Private International Conflict of laws, 1065 Law, 1077 Conflicts justice, 1067 Historical developments, 1071 Connecting factor, 447, 1066, 1069 International instruments, 1072 Contribution to private international law, 1065 Italy, 1073, 2214 Currie, Brainerd, 510 Japan, 1073 Influence on private international law, 1068 Korea, 1073 Interest and policy analysis in private international Law governing kinship, 1073 law, 987, 1069 Legal sources, 1072 Legal certainty, 1065 Legitimation, 1076 Life, 1062 Marital status of parents, 1071 Prescription, 1070, 1371, 1377 Nationality, 1074 Substantive justice, 1065, 1067 Poland, 1072, 1073 Work, 1062 Principle of recognition, 1077 Kegel’s ladder Renvoi, 1074 Belgium, 1916 Spain, 1072, 1073 Connecting factor, 443 Split maternity, 1075 Kegel, Gerhard, 443, 1066, 1070 Surrogacy, 1075 Kelman, Mark Switzerland, 1072, 1073 Behavioural economics and private international The Netherlands, 1077 law, 173 Kishinev Convention Kelsen, Hans Commonwealth of Independent States and private Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 584, 586 international law, 399, 400, 401

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2824 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Klang, Heinrich Land registers Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 584 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1329 Knetsch, Jack Large risk insurance Behavioural economics and private international EU, 958 law, 173 Insurance contracts, 958 Know-​how USA, 957 Commercial agency, franchise and distribution Large risks contracts, 392, 393 Insurance contracts, 957, 958 Korea, 2243 Legal definition, 1202 Administration of private international law, 2244 Life insurance contracts, 1152, 1154, 1157 Application and enforcement of foreign law, 2244 Marine insurance, 1201 Arbitration, 2252 Last will Bilateral treaties, 2243 Rome IV Regulation (succession), 1581 Bills of exchange, promissory notes and Lasting powers of attorney checks, 2251 Adults, protection of, 22, 27 Case-​law, 2243 Agency and authority of agents, 31, 35 Choice of law, 2247 Latent conflicts Contractual obligations, 2246, 2249 Kahn, Franz, 1059 Corporations, 2245, 2247 Latin America Customary laws, 2243 Bustamante, Antonio Sánchez de, 244, 245, 249 Defendant’s domicile, 2245 Goldschmidt, Werner, 852, 853, 859 Doctrinal writings, 2244 Latin American private international law European private international law, 2244 Bustamante, Antonio Sánchez de, 248, 249 Family matters, 2246, 2249 Latvia, 2252 General jurisdiction, 2245 Administration of private international law, 2257 Hague Conference on Private International Law, 2243 Applicable law, 2260 Hague Conventions, 2243 Application of foreign law, 2258 History of private international law, 2244 Arbitration, 2263 Intellectual property, 2246, 2248 Basic legislation, 2252 International conventions, 2243 Bilateral treaties, 2254 International guardianship, 2250 Case-​law, 2256 Juridical acts, 2248 Choice of law, 2260 Jurisdiction agreement and appearance, 2247 Civil Procedure Act, 2253 Jurisdiction, 2245 Civil status documents, 2258 Maintenance obligations, 2250 Constitution, 2253 Major legislation, 2243 Corporations, 2259, 2261 Maritime matters, 2251 Courts and non-​judicial authorities, 2257 Marriage, 2249 Divorce, 2259, 2261 No special courts, 2244 European Directives, 2256 Non-​contractual obligations, 2246, 2249 European Regulations, 2255 Obligations, 2246, 2248 Family matters, 2259, 2261 Parent–​child relationships, 2250 Hague Conference on Private International PILA, 2243 Law, 2253 Property, 2246 Hague Conventions, 2253 Public policy, 2251 History and development of private international Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2251 law, 2257 Renvoi, 2247 Intellectual property, 2259, 2261 Rights in rem, 2248 International conventions, 2253 Sources of private international law, 2243 Jurisdiction, 2259 Succession, 2247, 2250 Legal doctrine, 2256 United Nation Conventions, 2243 Lugano Convention, 2256 Kosovo Maintenance obligations, 2260 West Balkan Convention, 1833 Marriage, 2259, 2261 Multilateral treaties, 2254 Labour matters Non-​recognition of judgments, 2262 Thailand, 2578 Obligations, 2259, 2260 Ukraine, 2609 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1325 Laches limitation Parent-​child relationships, 2260, 2262 Prescription, 1368, 1374 Parental responsibility, 2260 Lagos Property, 2259, 2261 Nigeria, 2379 Public policy, 2260

Jürgen Basedow, Giesela Rühl, Franco Ferrari and Pedro de Miguel Asensio - 9781782547235 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/30/2021 12:33:07PM via free access 2825

Index 2825

Recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral League of Nations awards, 2263 UNIDROIT, 1766 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2262 Lease agreement Regional treaties, 2254 Flag, 758 Significance of EU private international law, 2254 Lease contracts and tenancies, 1078 Sources of private international law, 2252 Advertising, 1080 Soviet legal system, 2257 Antidiscrimination, 1080 Succession, 2260, 2262 Bailment, 1079 Sworn notaries, 2258 Choice of law, 1082 UNCITRAL, 2254 Common law systems, 1079 Laurent, François Comparative law, 1081 Private international law, history of, 1395 Consumer protection, 1080, 1082, 1086, 1087 Law and economics Contractual obligations, 1083 Behavioural economics and private international Customary law, 1078 law, 172 Easements, 1083 Law applicable to contractual obligations Energy saving provisions, 1080 Classification (Characterization), 472 European private international law, 1081 Jurisdiction, contracts and torts, 1035, 1038 Exclusive possession, 1079 Jurisdiction, contract or tort, 473 France, 1079 Place of performance, 1360, 1364, 1365, 1367 Germany, 1079, 1080, 1083 Rome Convention and Rome I Regulation Harmonization, 1079 (contractual obligations), 474 Housing policy, 1080 Sources, 473 Immovable property, 1078, 1082 Uniform principles, 472 Impact of other law, 1079 Law applicable to non-​contractual obligations Injunctions, 1080 Classification(Characterization), 473 Ireland, 1080 Sources, 473 Japan, 1087 Uniform principles, 473 Lease, 1078 Law market Lease of goods, 1086 Regulatory competition, 1515, 1517 Lease of movables and rights, 1084 Law merchant Manifest closer connection, 1084 Lex mercatoria, 1119, 1123 Mixed contracts, 1083 Law of aliens Natural law, 1078 Arbitration, investment, 54, 97, 104 Privity of contract, 1078 Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 704 Real property, 1081, 1083, 1087 Law of last resort Restatement (First and Second) of Conflict of Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1328 Laws), 1085 Law of nations Right to housing, 1080 Comity, 384, 387 Right to use immovable property, Law-​of-​nations doctrine of private international law 1082, 1085 Kahn, Franz, 1061 Rights in rem, 1082 Law of the Rome Convention and Rome I Regulation Remedies, 1535 (contractual obligations), 1082, 1084, 1557 Substance and procedure, 1667, 1669, 1670, 1671, Short-​term, 1084 1672, 1674 Sub-​lease, 1079, 1083 Law of the forum Switzerland, 1085 Remedies, 1534, 1535 Tax law, 1080 Substance and procedure, 1667 Tenancy, 1079 Law of the obligation Timeshare agreements, 1084 Contractual, 1534 Usufruct agreements, 1083 Non-​contractual, 1534, 1536 US Virgin Islands, 1087 Remedies, 1532, 1534, 1535 USA, 1085 Law of tolerance Leasing Goldschmidt, Werner, 852, 854, 857 UNIDROIT, 1766, 1767, 1769, 1770, 1771 Law on nationality Lebanon, 2264 Nationality, 1290 Administration of private international Law selecting method law, 2266 Better law approach, 179, 184 Application of foreign law, 2267 League of Nations (Geneva) Convention on the Arbitration, 2275 Execution of Foreign Arbitral Awards, Case-​law, 2265 1927, 120 Cassation Court, 2268

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2826 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Lebanon (cont.) Definition, 1088 Choice of law method, 2266 Development, 1088 Conceptual approach to private international Eligibility criteria, 1088, 1092, 1094 law, 2266 EU Charter of Fundamental Rights \t. 273 Conflict of laws, 2268 European Agreement, 1090 Conflit mobile, 2268 European Convention on Human Rights, 1089 Constitution, 2264 European Court of Human Rights, 1089 Contractual obligations, 2269 European Legal Aid Directive, 1090 Corporations, 2270 Foreign law, application and ascertainment, 775 Courts and non-​judicial authorities, 2266 Forms, 1088 Designation of foreign law, 2267 Fundamental rights, 1089 Determination of the content of foreign Germany, 56 law, 2267 Hague Conventions, 1090 Doctrinal writings, 2265 Human rights, 1089 Effects of judgments withoutexequatur , 2274 Interests of justice, 1089 Exequatur, 2274 Italy, 56 Extra-​contractual obligations, 2270 Law for the poor, as, 1089 Filiation, 2272 Litigants in person, 1090 Global vision of categories in personal status Means and merits test, 1088, 1089 matters, 2266 Non-​discrimination, 1090, 1093 Hague Conventions, 2264 Other funding, 1088 History and development of private international Refusal, 1089 law, 2266 Regulation, 1090 Inheritance, 2272 United Kingdom, 56 Intellectual property, 2270 Legal assistance Internal sources (statutory law), 2264 Legal aid, 1089, 1092 Internal territorial jurisdiction, 2273 Legal assistance agreements/​treaties International conventions, 2264 Commonwealth of Independent States and private Interreligious law, 1024, 2269, 2272, 2275 international law, 399, 402 Jurisdiction, 2273 Kazakhstan, 2233, 2241 Marriage, 2271 Vietnam, 2659, 2660 Muslim marriage, 2271 Legal capacity Ordre public (public policy), 2269 Capacity and emancipation, 251, 252, 255 Personal status, 2270 CIDIP, 328 Property, 2270 Companies, 409 Qualification, 2268 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 1611 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2274 Slovakia, 2498 Reverse reference, 2268 Legal category Renvoi, 2268 Companies, 406 Sources of private international law, 2264 Legal certainty Special rules of choice of law, 2269 Connecting factor, 442 Substantive uniform law conventions, 2265 Escape clause, 668, 669, 671, 672, 674 Leflar, Robert, 50 Interpretation, autonomous, 1009, 1013 Better law approach, 67, 179, 180, 181, 182, 185, Kegel, Gerhard, 1065 186 Legalisation of public documents, 1098, 1104 Currie, Brainerd, 510 Nationality, 1295 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 585, 587, 589 Torts, 1709, 1711, 1713, 1716, 1717 Interest and policy analysis in private international Legal entities law, 985, 987 Hungary, 2145 Societal needs, 182 Kazakhstan, 2230, 2231, 2238, 2240 Socio-​economic jurisprudential standards, 182 Legal personality Unilateralism, 1783 Capacity and emancipation, 251, 255 Legal aid, 1088 CIDIP, 328 Access to justice, 1088 Personal status, 1346, 1347, 1349 Aliens law (Condition des étrangers, States, failed and non-​recognized, 1657 Fremdenrecht), 56 Legal persons Austria, 56 Lithuania, 2294 Case complexity, 1089 Nationality, 1292 Conditions, 1090 Legal pluralism Court of Justice of the European Union, 1090 Globalization and private international law, 849 Criminal matters, 1089 Interreligious law, 1020, 1026

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Index 2827

Legal realism MERCOSUR, 1101 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 584 Other international sources, 1100 Rabel, Ernst, 1465 Procedure, 1098 Legal separation Proposal for Public Documents Regulation, Brussels IIa Regulation, 229, 230, 231, 233 Public documents, 1096 Divorce and personal separation, 543, 546, 547, Refusal of legalisation, 1098 553 Replacing legislation by apostille, 1099 Jurisdiction, 232 Sectoral Hague Conventions, 1100 Meaning, 543 Sectoral Regulations, 1102 Recognition of foreign decrees, 550 Succession Regulation, 1097 Recognition, 545 Terminology and types of public documents, 1098 Rome III Regulation (divorce), 229, 1574 Legislation Legal situations Albania, 1855 Recognition of legal situations evidenced by Angola, 1864 documents, 1495 Argentina, 1867 Legal sources Austria, 1886 Formal requirements and validity, 784 Belarus, 1894 Insurance contracts, 955 Belgium, 1906 Legal status Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1919 Absence (disappearance, presumed death), 1, 6 Brazil, 1928 Legal theory (and private international law) Canada, 1950 Batiffol, Henry, 163, 164, 166, 167, 169 China, 1970 Legal tourism CIEC/​ICCS (International Commission on Civil Surrogacy, 1692 Status), 331, 336 Legal transactions Colombia, 1981 Germany, 2107 Croatia, 1990 Legalisation Cuba, 2002 Belarus, 1897 Czech Republic, 2008 Belgium, 1908 Denmark, 2020 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1921 Dominican Republic, 2039 Broad sense, 1095 Ecuador, 2043 Dominican Republic, 2039 Egypt, 2053 Legalisation of public documents, 1098 Estonia, 2061 Narrow sense, 1095 Finland, 2070 Procedure, 1098 France, 2079 Recognition of legal situations evidenced by Georgia, 2090 documents, 1495, 1496 Germany, 2102 Refusal, 1098 Ghana, 2112 Legalisation of public documents, 17, 21, 1094 Hong Kong, SAR of China, 2129 Bilateral agreements, 1103 Hungary, 2138 Brussels Legalisation Convention, 1101 Iceland, 2147 Brussels Convention and Unibank, 1097 India, 2155 Characteristics of authentic instruments, 1095 Indonesia, 2162 Civil law systems, 1095 Iran, 2173 Common law systems, 1096 Ireland, 2183 Concept, 1094 Israel, 2193 Dafeki, 1101 Japan, 2219 Definition, 1094 Liechtenstein, 2277 e-​Apostille, 1100 Kazakhstan, 2229 Effect of apostille, 1099 Korea, 2243 Effect, 1103 Latvia, 2252 Enforceability, 1103 Lebanon, 2264 European Convention on Diplomatic and Liechtenstein, 2277 Consular Instruments, 1101 Lithuania, 2286 European Enforcement Order Regulation, 1097 Macau, SAR of China, 2305 European sources, 1097, 1101 Macedonia, FYR, 2315 Evidential value, 1103 Malta, 2326 Formal requirements, 1104 Mexico, 2333 Hague Legislation Convention, 1099 Montenegro, 2345 ICCS Conventions, 1100 Mozambique, 2353 International instruments, 1097 Netherlands, 2357

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2828 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Legislation (cont.) Level playing field New Zealand, 2369 Competition, unfair, 433 Nigeria, 2378 Lewald, Hans, 10 Norway, 2386 Kahn, Franz, 1058 Paraguay, 2397 Lex arbitri Poland, 2421 Arbitration, international commercial, 90, 91, 92, Portugal, 2433 93, 94, 96 Romania, 2442 Arbitration, investment, 99, 102 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual obligations), Lex cartae sitae 1562, 1563, 1566 Financial instruments, 743 Russian Federation, 2451 Lex causae Saudi Arabia, 2463 Absence of forum interest, 919 Serbia, 2469 Classification (characterization), 358 Singapore, 2483 Deference, 918 Slovakia, 2492 Incidental (preliminary) question, 6, 913, 914, 917 Slovenia, 2503 Insolvency, applicable law, 936 South Africa, 2515 International harmony of decisions, 917 Spain, 2523 Local data, 1167, 1168, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173 Sweden, 2535, 2539 Overriding mandatory provisions, 1330, 1331, Switzerland, 2548 1334 Taiwan, 2559 Private international law, foundations, 1384 Thailand, 2570 WTO and private international law, 1844, 1846, Tunisia, 2581 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850 Turkey, 2589 Lex concursus Ukraine, 2602 Application, 932 United Kingdom, 2612 Commencing proceedings, 932 Uruguay, 2626 Detrimental acts, 935 USA, 2638 Direct applicability, 935, 936 Venezuela, 2647 Effect of proceedings on contracts, 935 Vietnam, 2658 Enforcement actions, 934 Legislative jurisdiction Insolvency, applicable law, 931 Game theory and private international Ranking claims, 934 law, 834 Set-​off, 933 Legislative selectivism Lex conto sitae Better law approach, 183, 187 Financial instruments, 743 Formal validity of act, 184 Lex contractus Party preference, 184 Bioethics and private international law, 203 Personal status, 184 Capacity and emancipation, 253 Legitimate expectations Cultural objects, protection of, 505 Estoppel, 676, 677 Embargo, 604 Legitimate reliance Employment contracts, applicable law, 621 Culpa in contrahendo, 490, 493, 497 Floating choice of law, 768 Legitimation Insolvency, applicable law, 935, 938 Kinship and legitimation, 1076 Rome Convention and Rome I Regulation Specific choice of law rules, 1076 (contractual obligations), 1556 Legitimation of children born out of wedlock Lex damni Kinship and legitimation, 1070, 1071, 1072 Expert liability, 723 Lenel, Otto Nuclear liability, 1312 Kahn, Franz, 1056, 1058 Lex (domicilii) communis Lessig, Lawrence Competition, unfair, 440 Online dispute resolution, 1323 Local data, 1167 Letter of indemnity Lex fori, 1104 Bill of lading, 194 Absence (disappearance, presumed death), 6 Letter of intent Adjustment/​adaption (anpassung), 10 Guarantees, 861 Adults, protection of, 26 Lettra di cambio Aliens law (Condition des étrangers, Bill of exchange, 187, 188 Fremdenrecht), 52 Lettre de change Alternative dispute resolution, 62, 63, 64 Bill of exchange, 187, 188 American Conflicts Revolution, 1107 Leuven/​London Principles Arbitration, international commercial, 88, 89, 93, 96 Lis alibi pendens, 1165 Bartin, Étienne, 155

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Index 2829

Burden of proof, 238, 241 Better law approach, 182 California, 1107 Lex furti Cessio legis, 289 Cultural objects, protection of, 504 Child protection, 1109 Lex loci actus Choice-​of-​law agreements, 1328 Agency and authority of agents, 38 CIEC/​ICCS (International Commission on Civil Employment, industrial disputes, 638 Status), 335 Environmental liability, 659, 665 Classification (characterization), 357, 363 Formal requirements and validity, 784, 785, 786, Concept, 1104 788 Connecting factor, 450, 1105, 1112 Guarantees, 863 Court-​annexed ADR, 63 Local data, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171 Currie, Brainerd, 1107 Recognition of legal situations evidenced by D’Argentré, Bertrand, 1106 documents, 1496 Direct action, 533, 534, 536 Divorce and personal separation, 1109 Formal requirements and validity, 788 Dressing the case, 1329 Marriage, 1228, 1229, 1232, 1233, 1234 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 586, 587, 589, 590, 592, 1107 Lex loci damni Foreign law, application and ascertainment, 769, Competition, unfair, 440 776, 1105, 1106, 1111 Environmental liability, 659, 660, 663 Forum non conveniens, 1105, 1111 Local data, 1167, 1169, 1171 Goldschmidt, Werner, 857, 860 Lex loci delicti Greece, 2120, 2123, 2126, 2127 Environmental liability, 658 History up to 20th century, 1106 Intellectual property, applicable law, 965 Huber, Ulrik, 1106 Interest and policy analysis in private international Incidental (preliminary) question, 912, 913, 914, law, 981, 984 915 Liability, capital market, 1134, 1135 Initial findings, 1106 Personality rights, 1356 Insolvency, 1110 Switzerland, 2554 Interest and policy analysis in private international Lex loci delicti commissi law, 983 Exceptions, 1711 Lois de police, 1108 Local data, 1169 Marriage, 1108 Torts, 1710 New York, 1107 Lex loci laboris Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1106, 1324, Rome Convention and Rome I Regulation 1326, 1328, 1330 (contractual obligations), 1560 Parallelism, 1105, 1106, 1109, 1110, 1111 Lex loci protectionis Parochialism, 1105 Intellectual property, applicable law, 964, 965, 966, Practicality, 1106 967 Prescription, 1370, 1372, 1376 WIPO and private international law, 1837, 1839, Private international law, foundations, 1383, 1384 1840 Proceedings, law governing, 1104, 1407 WTO and private international law, 1851, 1852, Proof of foreign law, 1329 1853 Public policy (ordre public), 1453, 1457, 1458 Lex loci registrationis Public policy, 1106, 1112 Registered partnerships, 1510, 1511, 1514 Rationale, 1409 Lex maritima, 1113 Renvoi, 1112 Arbitration, maritime, 107, 111, 112, 117, 1116 Residual, 1111 Arrest of vessels, 132 Residuary applicable law, as, 590 Definition, 1113 Residuary rule, as, 587 Historical foundations, 1113 Succession, 1110 Implications for private international law, 1117 Switzerland, 1108 Ineffectiveness of international law, 1114 Unilateralism, 1105 Internationalization and privatization of law, 1114 Voet, Paulus and Johannes, 1106 Lex mercatoria, 1114 Wächter, Carl Georg von, 1106, 1827, 1828, 1831 Maritime law (uniform law), 1114, 1115, 1211 Lex fori in foro proprio Private lawmaking, 1115 Advantages, 1105 Privately created norms, 1113, 1117 Current examples, 1108 Shipping industry, 1114, 1115 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 584, 585, 586, 591 Transnational law, 1114 Lex fori, 1105 Lex mercatoria, 1119 Private international law, methods of, 1403 Agriculture, 1121 Lex fori preference Ancient, 1120

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2830 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Lex maritima (cont.) Lease contracts and tenancies, 1081, 1083, 1084 Arbitral awards, 1126 Property and proprietary rights, 1428, 1433 Arbitration, international commercial, 95 Switzerland, 2554 Arbitration, maritime, 107, 111, 112, Lex situs 1126, 1127 Bioethics and private international law, 203 Arrest of vessels, 132 Cultural objects, protection of, 504, 505 Better law approach, 186 Financial assets, 1434 Bill of exchange, 1123 Foundation, 891 Commercial revolution, 1121 Property and proprietary rights, 1428, 1429, 1433 Concept, 1119 Lex societatis Definition, 1119 Financial instruments, 742 Domestic fragmentation, 1124 Liability, capital market, 1133, 1135, 1137, 1138 Empirical evidence, 1121, 1125, 1126, 1128, 1129 Lex specialis Enforcement, 1127 Sale contracts and sale of goods, 1589 Equal treatment of aliens, 1122 Lex substantiae actus Estoppel, 678 Capacity and emancipation, 251, 253, 254 Foundations, 1125 Lex validitatis History, 1120 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 588 Ideology, 1120 Liability Industry-​specific legal systems, 1119, 1128 Companies, 404, 407, 409 Integration, 1123 Internet, liability, 998 International commercial arbitration, 1125 Maritime torts, 1219, 1220 Ius gentium, 1030, 1031, 1120 Liability, aircraft operator Lex maritima, 1114 Air law (uniform law), 43, 46 Magna Carta, 1121 Domicile, habitual residence and establishment, 42 Merchant privileges, 1122 Terrorism, 46 Model contracts, 1126 Liability, air traffic control New, 1124 Air law (uniform law), 47 Norm making, 1126 Liability, air transportation Post-​World War II ideology, 1124 Air law (uniform law), 47 Premises, 1119 Liability, capital market, 1129 Private codification, 1126 Activities, 1129 Private international law, history of, 1120, 1392 Agency, 1130 Public–​private divide, 1119, 1121, 1125 Clearing and settlement, 1131 Registering debts, 1123 Concepts, 1129 Self-​governed market towns, 1121 Conflict of laws, 1131 Story, Joseph, 1664 Consumer protection, 1131 Territoriality, 1124 Contract types, 1131 Trade usage, 1126 Contract, 1130 Transnational commercial law, 1124 Custody (of securities), 1131 Voluntary compliance of arbitral awards, 1128 Disclosure obligations, 1137 Lex monetae Disclosure (publicity), 1132 Bonds and loans, 218 Emerging markets, 1134 Lex originis Extra-​contractual, 1132 Cultural objects, protection of, 504, 505 Financial instruments, 1130 Intellectual property, applicable law, 965, 966 Germany, 1135, 1137 WTO and private international law, 1853 Insider trading, 1139 Lex patriae Intermediaries, 1130, 1131 Capacity and emancipation, 251, 252 Investor protection, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1136 Connecting factor, 449 Issuer reputation, 1134 GEDIP, 844 Macro-​economic objectives, 1134 Lex personae Market efficiency, 1133, 1134 Bioethics and private international law, 203, 207, Minority shareholder protection, 1138 208 National traditions, 1130 Lex rei sitae Non-​compliance regulatory framework, 1132 Agency and authority of agents, 38 Parties, 1130 Connecting factor, 442, 449 Predictability, 1134, 1136 Cultural objects, protection of, 504 Primary, 1130, 1133 Financial instruments, 743, 744 Products, 1129 Formal requirements and validity, 785, 786, 787 Prospectus, 1133 immovable property, 38, 890 Sanctions, 1137

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Index 2831

Scope, 1129 Air law (uniform law), 41 Secondary market, 1137 Liability of the air carrier for cargo Secondary, 1130 Air law (uniform law), 41 Securities trading, 1130 Liability of the air carrier for delay Sources, 1129 Air law (uniform law), 41 Switzerland, 1135 Transport law (uniform law), 1732 Takeovers, 1138 Liability of the air carrier for goods Terminology, 1129 Transport law (uniform law), 1732 USA, 1134 Liability of the air carrier for passengers Liability, limitation of maritime, 46, 1140 Air law (uniform law), 41 Abandoning vessels, 1141 Transport law (uniform law), 1732 Cargo, 1143 Liability of the carrier Controversy, 1145 Transport law (uniform law), 1732 Conventions, 1141 Liability of the carrier for delay Environmental regimes, 1144 Transport law (uniform law), 1733 Favourable treatment, 1140 Liability of valuer Global regime, 1142 Expert liability, 719, 720 Historical origins, 1140 Libel tourism Interaction of regimes, 1144 Personality rights, 1353, 1354 LLMC, 1142 Liberalism Maritime law (uniform law), 1140, 1141, 1213, Party autonomy, 1336 1215, 1217 Liberative prescription Maritime torts, 1142, 1221 Prescription, 1370 Maximum liability, 1143 LIBERTAD Act Mechanisms, 1142 Blocking statutes, 209, 211 Multimodal carriage contracts, 1267 Libertarian paternalism Passengers, 1143 Behavioural economics and private international Pollution, 1144 law, 175 Post-​incident ship value, 1141 Licence contracts, 1146 Reasons, 1140 Absence of choice, 1148 Scope of application, 1142 Applicable law, 1147 Shipowner’s acts/​omissions, 1142 Characterization (classification), 1149 Subject-​specific regimes, 1143 Contractual issues, 1149 Third parties, 1145 Formal validity, 1150 Twentieth-century developments, 1141 Intellectual property issues, 1150 Types of claim, 1141 Jurisdiction in contractual matters, 1147 Liability for nuclear damage Lex loci protectionis, 1149 Nuclear liability, 1305 Lease contracts and tenancies, 1084 Liability insurance Licensee law, 1149 Insurance contracts, 955, 956, 960 Licensor law, 1148 Liability of carrier Party autonomy, 1147 Acts and omissions, 257 Rights, 1146 Carriage by road, 257 Rome I Regulation art 4, 1148 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Transfer of intellectual property right, 1150 waterways, 260 Typical contracts, 1146 Carriage of goods by sea, 262 License Carriage of passengers, 272, 273, 274, 276, 277 Licence contract, 1146 Damage, 257 Licensing Exonerating circumstances, 257 Commercial agency, franchise and distribution Limit, 257 contracts, 396 Montreal Convention, 271 Lieber, Francis Period, 257 Story, Joseph, 1665 Liability of classification society Liechtenstein, 2277 Expert liability, 719, 720 Academic commentary, 2280 Liability of maritime carriers Administration of private international law, 2280 Bill of lading, 194, 195, 196, 197, 199 Applicable law, 2281 Maritime law (uniform law), 1216 Arbitration, 2285 Sea waybills and other transport documents, 1618, Austrian law, 2277 1619 Bilateral conventions, 2278 Transport law (uniform law), 1731, 1733 Case-​law, 2280 Liability of the air carrier for baggage Choice of law, 2277

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2832 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Liechtenstein (cont.) Risks outside EU/​EEA, 1155 Civil Procedure Code, 2277 Rome Convention, 1152 Companies and other legal entities, 2282 Rome I Regulation (contractual obligations), 1152 Consumers, 2279 Rome I Regulations arts 3 and 4, 1156 Contractual obligations, 2281 Solvent schemes of arrangement, 1157 Conventions on private international law, 2278 Life partnership Divorce and personal separation, 2283 Registered partnerships, 1505 Domestic legislation, 2277 Lifting the corporate veil EU private international law, 2278 Companies, 406, 412 European Conventions, 2278 Limitation of actions Exorbitant jurisdiction, 2281 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Family matters, 2283 waterways, 259 General jurisdiction, 2280 Prescription, 1368, 1369, 1372, 1373, 1377 Hague Conference on Private International Procedural understanding, 1369 Law, 2278 Limitation of liability Hague Conventions, 2278 Carriage of passengers, 1143 Insurance, 2279 Carriage of passengers, 274 Intellectual property, 2282 CLC, 1144 Jurisdiction in contentious matters, 2280 Global regime, 1142 Jurisdiction in non-​contentious matters, 2281 Liability, limitation of maritime, 46, 1140 Jurisdiction, 2280 Maritime law (uniform law), 1142 Marriage, 2283 Maritime torts, 1221 Matrimonial property, 2284 Subject-​specific regimes, 1143 Multilateral conventions, 2278 Transport law (uniform law), 1729, 1732, 1733, Obligations, 2281 1735 PILA, 2277 Limitation of maritime liability Powers of attorney, 2282 Liability, limitation of maritime, 1140 Pre-​existing obligations, 2281 Transport law (uniform law), 1728 Private international law, history of, 1394 Limitations on party autonomy Property, 2282 Floating choice of law, 768 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2284 Party autonomy, 1336 Relationship between conventions and domestic Limited liability legislation, 2278 Air law (uniform law), 46 Sources of private international law, 2277 Limping divorce Special jurisdiction, 2280 Divorce and personal separation, 543 Succession, 2284 Limping legal relationships Trusts, 2283 Personal status, 1346, 1350 Lien Recognition of legal situations evidenced by Arrest of vessels, 134, 137, 138, 139 documents, 1502 Life insurance contracts, 1151 Renvoi, 1539, 1543 Absence of choice, 1155 Limping marriage Choice of law in directives, 1155 Marriage, 1227, 1230, 1231 Choice of law, 1152 Same-​sex marriage, 1605 Consumer contracts, 1156 Liner transport Directives, 1152 Arbitration, maritime, 116 EEA States, 1154 Liquidator European Common Market, 1151 Insolvency, applicable law, 932, 934, 935, Future developments, 1157 936, 937 Habitual residence, 1156 Insolvency, cooperation and recognition, 944 Historical development, 1151 Tasks, powers and duties, 943 Insurance contracts, 955, 959 Lis alibi pendens, 1158 Large/​mass risks, 1152 Alternative dispute resolution, 63 Limitations on scope, 1153 Arbitration, investment, 103 Location of risk, 1153 Australia, 1164 Middle Ages to 20th century, 1151 Choice of forum and submission to jurisdiction, Party autonomy, expanding, 1155 1164 Party autonomy, limits, 1154 Civil law countries, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1161, 1162 Private international law, history of, 1151 Comity, 385, 1159, 1160, 1163 Recognition and enforcement, 1157 Common law countries, 1158, 1159, 1161, 1162 Review, need for, 1157 Concept, 1158 Risks inside EU/​EEA, 1154 European Union, 1164

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Index 2833

Exceptional circumstances, 1162, 1163, 1166 International conventions, 2286 First to file, 1158, 1159, 1163, 1164, 1166 Jurisdiction, 2294 Forum (and law) shopping, 792, 794, 796, 1159, Legal persons, 2294 1160, 1161 Major legislation, 2286 Forum selection agreement, 1161 Marriage, 2293 Function, 1159 Multilateral conventions, 2287 Historical development, 1160 Obligations on other grounds, 2291 International regimes, 1165 Obligations, 2290 Jurisdiction, foundations, 1047, 1159, 1160 Personal non-​property rights, 2291 Legal sources and regulation, 1162 Personal relations between spouses, 2293 Notion, 1158 Property, 2292 Public international law, 1165 Public order, 2290 Purpose, 1159 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2295 Related actions, 1159 Reform of private international law, 2289 Same action, 1159, 1160, 1164 Restricted arbitral matters, 2296 Switzerland, 2552 Securities, 2292 Thailand, 2579 Sources of private international law, 2286 United Kingdom, 1163 Succession, 2293 USA, 1162 Trilateral agreement, 2288 Lis pendens Unfair competition, 2291 Forum non conveniens, 799, 804, 1159, 1161, 1162, United Nations Conventions, 2287 1163, 1165, 1166 Litigation France, 1160 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1324, 1326, Italy, 1160, 1161, 1162, 2210 1328, 1329 Jurisdiction, foundations, 1159, 1160 Livermore, Samuel Jurisdiction, 232 Comity, 382, 387 Lis alibi pendens, 1158 Story, Joseph, 1662 Switzerland, 1160 Living will Lithuania, 2286 Bioethics and private international law, 207 Administration of private international Lizardi law, 2289 Capacity and emancipation, 252, 254 Adoption, 2293 Llewellyn, Karl Nickerson Annulment or invalidity of a transaction, 2294 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 584 Application and enforcement of foreign law, 2290 LLMC Arbitration, 2296 Liability, limitation of maritime, 1142, 1144, 1146 Assignability/​Assignment of claims, 2291 Overview, 1142 Bilateral agreements, 2288 LMAA Case-​law, 2288 Lex maritima, 1117 Choice of law, 2290 Lex mercatoria, 1126 Civil capacity, 2294 Loan Market Association (LMA) Civil Code, 2286 Bonds and loans, 215 Constitution, 2286 Loan syndicate Consumer contracts, 2291 Bonds and loans, 215, 216, 218 Contractual obligations, 2290 Loans Council of Europe Conventions, 2288 Choice of law, 216 Courts and non-​judicial authorities, 2289 History, 215 Cultural objects conventions, 2288 Mortgages, 217 Defective products, 2291 Local data, 1166 Delictual obligations, 2291 Actual consequences, 1167 Divorce and legal separation, 2293 Background, 1166 Doctrinal writings, 2289 Balancing, general scope, 1169 Domestic jurisdiction, 2295 Context, 1166 EU Regulations, 2295 Contributory negligence, 1172, 1174 Family matters, 2293 Cross-​border torts, 1170 Hague Conference on Private International Doctrinal basis, 1168 Law, 2287 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 585, 589, 591, 1166 Hague Conventions, 2287 Expectations and policies, 1169 History of private international law, 2289 Foundations, 1168 Independence, 2289 Freedom of activities, 1172 Insurance contracts, 2290 Intra-​state torts, 1170 Intellectual property, 2292 Liability rules, and, 1172

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2834 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Local data (cont.) Loss Local law as fact, 1168 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Local law as law, 1168 waterways, 256, 257, 260 Nature, 1172 Loss allocation Overriding mandatory provisions, 1167 Local data, 1171 Paradigmatic change, 1169 USA, 1171, 2644 Parties expectations, 1169 Loss aversion Pre-​tort relationship, 1170 Behavioural economics and private international Primary-​order norm, 1172 law, 173, 175, 177 Reverse application, 1174 Lowenfeld, Andreas Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual Jurisdiction, limits under international obligations), 1172 law, 1052 Rules of safety and conduct, 1167, 1173 Ludwig von Bar, Carl Scope of application, 1174 Bartin, Étienne, 154 Socioeconomic basis, 1168 Lugano Convention, 1175, 1176 Strict liability, 1171, 1172, 1174 1988 Convention, 1176 Substantive law policies, 1169 Accession, 1832 Territoriality, 1173 Aim, 1177 Traditional approach, 1168 Arbitration, 1178 Traffic accidents, 1167, 1170 Authentic instruments, 1182 Variants, 1167 Background, 1176 Victim conduct, 1172, 1175 Brussels Convention, 1176 Local law Consumer contracts, 1179 Local data, 1167, 1168, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174 Court of Justice of the European Union, 487 Recognition of legal situations evidenced by Court settlement(s), 1182 documents, 1502 Debt recovery, cross-​border, 522 Localization Denmark, 1176, 1177, 1182 Private international law, methods of, 1404 Employment contracts, jurisdiction, 625, 626, 627, Localization rule 628, 629, 630, 1179 Property and proprietary rights, 1433, 1435 Employment, maritime, 645 Localization (theory) Enforcement, 1181 Batiffol, Henry, 169 European Union and private international Location of risk law, 694 Insurance contracts, 958 European Union, 1176, 1177 Life insurance contracts, 1153 Exclusions, 1177 Locus delicti Exclusive rules of jurisdiction, 1180 Jurisdiction, contracts and torts, 1033 Form, 1177 Locus regit actum Formalities, 1182 Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 703 GEDIP, 837, 839 Flag, 764 General provisions, 1178 Voet, Paulus and Johannes, 1823 General rule of jurisdiction, 1178 Loi uniforme, 23 Iceland, 1176, 1177 Reciprocity, 1468 Implied submission to jurisdiction, 1180 Lois d’application immédiate Jurisdiction, 1178 Local data, 1167 Lis alibi pendens, 1180 Lois de police Material scope, 1177 Goldschmidt, Werner, 855 Norway, 1176, 1177 Lex fori, 1108 Other instruments, relationship with, 1182 Party autonomy, 1337, 1338 Overview, 1177 London Maritime Arbitrators Association Parallelism, 1184 (LMAA), 113 Prorogation of jurisdiction, 1180 London, City of Protective measures, 1181 Lex mercatoria, 1121 Protective rules of jurisdiction, 1179 Long distance contracts Protocol 1 on jurisdiction, procedure and Capacity and emancipation, 253 enforcement, 1182 Look-​through approach Protocol 2 on uniform interpretation, 1183 Financial instruments, 744 Protocol 3 on other community provisions, 1183 Lord Mansfield Protocols, 1182 Lex mercatoria, 1123 Provisional measures, 1181 Lorenzen, Ernest Recognition and enforcement of judgments (civil Currie, Brainerd, 508 matters), 65

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Index 2835

Recognition, 1181 Authenticity and intelligibility of non-​local Related actions, 1180 judgment, 2312 Revision, 1176 Burden of proof in non-​local judgment, 2314 Special rules of jurisdiction, 1178 Case-​law, 2307 Structure, 1177 Changes to Civil Code, 2305 Switzerland, 1175, 1176, 1177, 1183, 2549, 2551 Choice of law, 2310 Territorial scope, 1177 Civil Code, 2305 Transitional provisions, 1182 Civil Procedure Code, 2306 Treaties in private international law, 1746 Closest connection, 2310 West Balkan Convention, 1832, 1833, 1834 Contracts, 2310 Working group, 1176 Corporations, 2312 Lusophone legal community Courts, 2313 Angola, 1864 Cross-​border tort, 2311 Mozambique, 2354 Doctrinal writings, 2308 Luxembourg, 2296 Exclusive jurisdiction, 2310 Administration of private international law, 2299 Family matters, 2312 Application and enforcement of foreign law, 2300 Finality of non-​local judgment, 2312 Arbitration, 2304 General jurisdiction, 2309 Bilateral conventions, 2299 Hague Conventions, 2306 Choice of law, 2301 Handover, 2308 CIEC, 2299 History of private international law, 2305 Corporations, 2302 Hong Kong, SAR of China, 2130 Council of Europe Conventions, 2298 Intellectual property, 2311 Courts and non-​judicial authorities, 2299 Inter-​regional arrangements, 2307 Divorce and legal separation, 2303 International conventions, 2306 Economic policy, 2297 Interpretation and application of foreign law, 2308 Employment contracts, 2302 Jurisdiction, 2308 EU private international law, 2299 Localization of laws, 2305 Exceptions to normal bases of jurisdiction, 2301 Major legislation, 2305 Exorbitant bases of jurisdiction, 2301 Marriage, 2312 Family matters, 2303 Nature and ascertainment of foreign law, 2308 Financial instruments, 2302 Non-​local judgment against Macau resident, 2313 French model, 2297 Obligations, 2310 Hague Conference on Private International Personal law, 2305, 2311, 2312 Law, 2298 Portuguese law, 2305 Hague Conventions, 2298 Private rights, 2312 Insolvency, 2303 Property, 2311 Intellectual property, 2303 Public policy, 2313 International conventions, 2297 Recognition and enforcement of non-​local Jurisdiction, 2300 judgments, 2312 Marriage, 2303 Solution to the failure of finding a foreign Multilateral conventions, 2299 law, 2308 Nationality of plaintiff or defendant, 2301 Sources of private international law, 2305 Normal bases of jurisdiction, 2300 Specific jurisdiction, 2309 Obligations, 2301 Status as Special Administrative Region of the Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1325, 1327 People’s Republic of China, 2305 Peculiarities of private international law, 2296 Succession, 2312 Personal status, 2303 Torts, 2311 Property, 2302 Macedonia, FYR, 2315 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2304 Administration of private international Registrars and notaries public, 2299 law, 2318 Regulatory competition, 2297 Adoption, 2320, 2324 Sources of private international law, 2297 Application of foreign law, 2318 Succession, 2303 Approximation of laws, 2317 Territory, 2296 Arbitration, 2325 United Nations Conventions, 2298 Bilateral treaties, 2316, 2317 Case-​law, 2318 Macau (Special Administrative Region of the CEFTA, 2317 People’s Republic of China), 2305 Choice of law, 2321 Administration of private international law, 2308 CIEC/​ICCS, 2317 Arbitration, 2314 Codified rules, 2315

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2836 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Macedonia, FYR (cont.) Administrative cooperation, 1193 Cohabitation, 2323 Adoption, 14 Contractual obligations, 2319, 2322 Agreements on jurisdiction and applicable Corporations, 2320, 2323 law, 1185 Courts and non-​judicial authorities, 2318 Alternative dispute resolution, 65 Divorce, 2323 Applicable law, 1190 Doctrinal writings, 2318 Cessio legis, 288, 293 Domestic legislation, 2315 Choice of court agreements, 1185, 1186 Domicile, 2319 Disfavoured group, 1191 Escape clause, 2321 European Account Preservation Order Family matters, 2320, 2323 (EAPO), 683 Foreign nationals, 2315 Express agreements, 1188 Hague Conference on Private International Favoured group, 1190 Law, 2316 Forum necessitatis, 1189 Hague Conventions, 2316 Greece, 2123 History and development of private international Habitual residence, 1188 law, 2318 Ireland, 2190 Independence, 2318 Judgments from other Member States, 1192 Intellectual property, 2320, 2323 Judgments from third states, 1192 International carriage conventions, 2317 Jurisdiction, 1187 International conventions, 2315 Legislative obligations, 1184 Jurisdiction, 2319 Matrimonial property, 1185, 1186 Maintenance obligations, 2324 Negative rule on jurisdiction, 1189 Marriage, 2323 Neutral group, 1191 Matrimonial property, 2320 No agreement, jurisdiction, 1188 Multilateral treaties, 2316 Particular proceedings, applicable law, 1190 Non-​contractual obligations, 2319, 2322 Personal responsibility, 1188 Obligations, 2319, 2322 Personal status, 1188 Parent–child relationship, 2323 Pre-​litigation measures, 1185 Personal status, 2325 Recognition and enforcement, 1191 PILA, 2315 Registered partnerships, 1508 Property, 2320, 2322 Specific requests, 1187 Prorogation of jurisdiction, 2319 Spouses, 1191 Public policy, 2324 Subsidiary jurisdiction, 1189 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2324 Tacit prorogation, 1188 Regional conventions, 2316 Third countries, 1191 Renvoi, 2321 United Kingdom, 2624 Significance of EU private international Maintenance Regulation law, 2317 Background, 1184 Sources of private international law, 2315 Brussels I Regulation, 225 Succession, 2321, 2324 Choice of court agreements, 1185, 1188 United Nations Conventions, 2316 Economic analysis and private international West Balkan Convention, 1832, 1833 law, 581 Maier, Howard GEDIP, 841 Comity, 382, 386 Jurisdiction, 1187 Main insolvency proceedings Maintenance obligations, 65, 1184 Insolvency, applicable law, 932, 934 Negative rule on jurisdiction, 1189 Insolvency, cooperation and recognition, 940, 944 No agreement, jurisdiction, 1188 Insolvency, jurisdiction and vis attractiva, 951, 953 Recognition and enforcement, 1191 Insolvency Regulation (recast), 945 Majority Liquidator, 943 Capacity and emancipation, 251 Mutual recognition, 941 Malta, 2326 Opening time, 942 Actions in rem, 2329 Mainstrat Study Applicable law, 2329 Personality rights, 1355 Application of foreign law, 2331 Maintenance Arbitration, 2329, 2333 Italy, 2215 Attribution of local jurisdiction, 2329 Maintenance obligations, 1184 Case-​law, 2327 Same-​sex marriages, 1607 Citizens, 2328 Maintenance obligations, 11, 1184 Conflict of law rules, 2330 Absence of choice, applicable law, 1190 Contractual obligations, 2328

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Index 2837

Doctrinal writings, 2327 Mandatory requirements Domestic legislation, 2326 Country of origin rule, 480, 482 EU private international law, 2326 Freedom of establishment/​persons (European Hague Conference on Private International Union) and private international Law, 2326 law, 807, 811 Hague Conventions, 2326 Mandatory rules (See also Mandatory norms and International conventions, 2326 mandatory provisions) Jurisdiction, 2327 Germany, 2106 Marriage, 2330 Switzerland, 2552 Non-​contractual obligations, 2328 Mandatory rules (overriding) Pleading and proof of foreign law, 2331 Bioethics and private international law, 204 Property, 2328, 2331 Definition, 1331 Recognition and enforcement of foreign Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 586 judgments and awards, 2332 EU legislation, 1335 Sources of private international law, 2326 GEDIP, 839, 840 Sphere of application of rules on Israel, 2199, 2206 jurisdiction, 2327 Kahn, Franz, 1057, 1060 Substance, procedure and public policy, 2329 Law of the forum, 1334 Succession, 2331 Non-​derogable rules, 1331 Mancini, Pasquale Stanislao, 1194 Overriding mandatory provisions, 96, 1330 Bartin, Étienne, 154 Public law, 1331 Batiffol, Henry, 168 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual obligations), Bustamante, Antonio Sánchez de, 245, 246 1334, 1573 Climate argument, 1196, 1199 Mansfield, William Murray, Earl of Conflict of laws system, 1196 Comity, 384 Connecting factor, 1197, 1199 Mareva injunction Connecting factor, 451 Freezing injunctions and search orders, 811, 814 Contribution to private international law, 1196 Marine insurance, 1200 Freedom, principle of, 1196, 1197 Actual market practice, 1203 Individual conflict of laws rules, 1196 Background, 1200 Influence on private international law, 1198 Brussels I (Convention and Regulation), 1206, Kahn, Franz, 1059 1209 Life, 1194 Cargo, 1204, 1205 Methods of conflict of laws, 1198 Choice of law rules, impact of, 1208 Nationality, principle of, 1194, 1196, 1199 Choice of law, 1204 Negative public policy, 1198 Classified risks, 1202 Party autonomy, 1197, 1199 Compulsory, 1208 Personal law, 1198 Connecting factor, 1206 Positive public policy, 1198, 1200 Contract characteristics, 1201 Private international law, history of, 1196, 1198, Definition, 1200 1395, 1396, 1397, 1400 General scheme of compulsory, 1208 Public international law and private international Habitual residence, 1203, 1204, 1206 law, 1197, 1198, 1449 Hull and machinery, 1202, 1203, 1205 Sovereignty and political independence, principle Indemnity, 1204 of, 1196, 1198 Insurable interest, 1201 Story, Joseph, 1665 International character, 1201 Unilateralism, 1780 Jurisdiction rules, impact of, 1208 Work, 1194 Jurisdiction, 1206 Mandate contract, 30, 35 Large risks per se, 1202 Mandatory jurisdiction Large risks, 1201 Austria, 1891 Localization of risk, 1203 Mandatory law Marine risks, 1203 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1325, 1326 Market features, 1201 Mandatory norms (see also Mandatory provisions Multi-​party interests, 1201 and mandatory rules) No overriding public interest, 1201, 1202, 1205 Capacity and emancipation, 255 Private international law, 1201 Mandatory provisions (see also Mandatory norms Prorogation, 1207 and mandatory rules) Protection, 1204 Cultural objects, protection of, 505 Quality of contracting parties, 1202 Environmental liability, 666 Relationship, 1201 Luxembourg, 2302 Repairs, 1202

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2838 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Marine insurance (cont.) Lex maritima, 1114, 1115, 1211 Rome I Regulation (contractual obligations), Liability, limitation of maritime, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1203, 1205 1213, 1215, 1217 Ships under construction, 1202 Maritime claims and procedure, 1216 Ships, 1203 Model rules, 1218 Solvency II Directive, 1202, 1203 Multimodal carriage contracts, 1263, 1267 Standard form, 1201, 1205 Netherlands, 2367 State of the flag, 1203 Port state control, 1214 Tacit choice, 1205 Prospects for future, 1217 Territorial scope of application, 1203 Safety regulations and liability, 1214 Marine pollution Salvage, 1212, 1213, 1595 Flag, 762 Sea waybills, 1212 Marine insurance, 1208 Standard forms, 1212, 1215, 1218 Maritime torts, 1220 Technological change, 1217 Pollution damage, 1220 USA, 1218 Marital agreements Maritime liens Matrimonial property, 1244 Arrest of vessels, 134, 137, 138 Marital contracts Flag, 762, 763 Matrimonial property, 1244 Maritime law (uniform law), 1216 Marital obligations Security interests in mobile equipment (uniform Divorce and personal separation, 543 law), 1622 Maritime arbitration, 106 Substance and procedure, 1670 Applicable law, 111 Maritime matters Arbitration, international commercial, 107 Korea, 2251 Arbitration, maritime, 106, 107 Taiwan, 2562 Choice, 108 Maritime pollution Definition and concept, 106 IMO, 907, 908 Dispute resolution, 113 MARPOL, 1214 Form of arbitration clause, 108 Salvage, 1597 Formal requirements and validity, 110 Maritime safety Institutions, 113 IMO, 907 Liner transport, 115 Maritime law (uniform law), 1210, 1214 Party autonomy, 108 Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1214 Procedure, 107, 113 Maritime security Special procedure, 115 IMO, 908 Maritime claims Maritime tort(s), 1219 Definition, 136 Applicable law, 1223 Enforcement, 764 Background, 1219 Flag, 756, 764 Bill of lading, 1223 Foreign defendants, 133 Brussels I Regulation, 1223 Maritime law (uniform law), 1216 Bunker oil spill, 1221 Property and proprietary rights, 137 Carriage of goods, 1225 Maritime contracts Carriage of passengers, 1225 Flag, 758 Choice of forum, 1219 Maritime Labour Convention Choice of law, 1219, 1224 Employment, maritime, 642, 643, 644 CLC-​Fund Convention regime, 1220, 1225 Maritime law (uniform law), 133, 134, 1210 Compensation, 1221 19th century move towards, 1211 Contractual liability, 1219, 1224 20th century and beyond, 1212 Environmental liability, 667, 1224 Ancient Greece, 1211 Flag, 761, 1219, 1223 Arrest of vessels, 133, 134, 1216 Foreseeability of damage, 1225 Avenues for promoting, 1212 Industrial action, 1223 Carriage of goods and passengers, 1215 Jurisdiction, 1222 Early codes, 1210 Limitation of liability, 1221 Environmental regulations and liability, 1214 Non-​contractual liability, 1219, 1224, 1225 European Union, 1212 Oil spill, 1220 Examples, 1213 Outline, 1219 Global liability, 1216 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 1222 Greece, 2126 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual Historical narrative, 1210 obligations), 1224 Justifications for seeking uniformity, 1210 Special jurisdiction clauses, 1223

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Index 2839

Uniform law, 1219, 1225 Human rights and private international law, 884 USA, 1224 India, 1025 Zones, 1224 International conventions, 1228 Maritime traffic Interreligious law, 1020, 1021, 1023, 1024, 1026 Maritime torts, 1219 Iran, 55 Salvage, 1596 Ireland, 2187 Maritime zones Israel, 1024 Maritime torts, 1220, 1221, 1224 Italy, 1228, 1234, 2213 Maritime, employment Lebanon, 2271 Employment, maritime, 641 Legal sources, 1228 Market (as connecting factor) Lex fori, 1108 Liability, capital market, 1134, 1136, 1137, 1139 Limping marriage, 1227, 1230, 1231 Market access Lithuania, 1230 WTO and private international law, 1845 Luxembourg, 1228 Market failure Malta, 2330 Economic analysis and private international Matrimonial property, 1233, 1234, 1235, 2430 law, 579 Modern trends, 1234 Game theory and private international law, 833 Nationality, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1233 Regulatory competition, 1518 Netherlands, 2365 Marriage, 1226 New Zealand, 2375 Absence (disappearance, presumed death), 1 Personal status, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350 Access to, 1227, 1230, 1232 Peru, 2416 Adjustment/​adaption (anpassung), 12 Poland, 2429 Adults, protection of, 24 Portugal, 1234 Aliens law (Condition des étrangers, Proper law (doctrine), 1427 Fremdenrecht), 51, 52 Proxy, by, 1229 Annulment, 1228 Public policy, 1227, 1230, 1233, 1234 Australia, 1228 Real and substantial connection, 1232 Austria, 1234 Real and substantive relationship, 1231 Background, 1226 Recognition of legal situations evidenced by documents, Belarus, 1903 1228, 1231, 1495, 1496, 1499, 1501, 1502 Belgium, 1234 Regional treaties, 1228 Brazil, 1234 Registered partnerships, 1512 Brussels IIa Regulation, 230 Remarriage, 1227 Bulgaria, 1234 Same sex, 548, 1604 Canada, 1954, 1956 Second choice, 1227 Capacity and emancipation, 252, 1226, 1231, 1232, Social protection and private international law, 1233 1648, 1650, 1651 Ceremony, 1228 South Africa, 2520 Chile, 1964 Spain, 1234 Choice of law, 1240 Status, as, 1226 Concept, 1226 Structures of validity, 1230 Conflict rules, purpose and function of, 1226 Substantive validity, 1230 Connecting factor, 445, 447, 448, 1231, 1233 Substitution, 1676, 1679 Contract, as, 1226 Sweden, 1230, 2546, 2540 Cuba, 2004, 2005 Switzerland, 1230, 1234 Current law, 1228 Thailand, 2574 Definition and demarcation, 1233 The Netherlands, 1228, 1230 Divorce and personal separation, 543, 544 USA, 1228 Domicile, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232, 1233 Marriage abroad European Union, 1228 Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 698 Family law, harmonization, 1234 Marriage annulment Finland, 1234 Jurisdiction, 232 Flag, 764 Marriage contracts Formal validity, 1226, 1228 Matrimonial property, 1245 France, 1234, 2087 Marriage impediments General effects, 1233 Marriage, 1227, 1230, 1232 Germany, 1228, 1229, 1234 Marriages annotated Greece, 2122 Vietnam, 2665 Habitual residence, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1233 Married women’s contracts Home state law, 1229 Currie, Brainerd, 508

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2840 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Mass consumer claims Legal sources, 1236 Collective redress, 374 Lex fori, 1243 Mass litigation Liquidation and distribution, 1237 Collective redress, 373, 374, 375 Maintenance obligations, 1185, 1186 Mass risk insurance Marital agreements, 1244 EU, 958 Modern trends, 1246 Insurance contracts, 954, 958 National laws, 1243 USA, 957 National legal sources, 1236 Mass risks Nationality, 1238, 1240, 1242, 1243 Life insurance contracts, 1152, 1155, 1157 Netherlands, 2365 Material justice Nordic Convention, 1241, 1242 Interest and policy analysis in private international Party autonomy, 1235, 1236 law, 987 Personal separation, 1238 Private international law, foundations, 111 Public policy, 1242, 1245 Material results Purpose, 1235 Aldricus, 48 Recognition and enforcement, 1245 Material scope Regulation, 1237 Civil and commercial matters, 348 Renvoi, 1242, 1243 Materialization Unification, 1236 Private international law, methods of, 1404, 1406 Matrimonial property and lex rei sitae Materially best solution Immovable property, 893, 894, 1240 Better law approach, 179 Matrimonial property, 1235 Maternity Matrimonial property law, international Kinship and legitimation, 1071, 1073, 1074, 1075 GEDIP, 841 Matrimonial agreements Matrimonial property, 1236 Formalities, 1245 Matrimonial property regimes Matrimonial matters Choice of law, 1236, 1240, 1245 Japan, 2225 Community of property, 1235, 1246 United Kingdom, 2622 Effects on legal relations, 1242 Matrimonial property, 1234 Immutability, principle of, 1235, 1243, 1246 Absence of choice of law, 1242 Instability, 1242 Aliens law (Condition des étrangers, Separation of property, 1243, 1246 Fremdenrecht), 51 Sweden, 1243, 2541, 2546 Annulment, 1239 Switzerland, 1243, 2557 Applicable law, 1239 Matrimony Approach to division, 1235 Ecuador, 2049 Authentic instruments, 1245 Matters of personal status Belgium, 1917 Chile, 1964 Choice of law, 1239 Egypt, 2054, 2055, 2059 Civil law jurisdictions, 1235, 1244 Iran, 2180, 2181 Classification (characterization), 359 Personal status, 1346 Closest link, 1243 Max Planck Institute Common law jurisdictions, 1235, 1238, 1245 CLIP, 365, 366 Concept, 1234 Max Planck Society Connecting factor, 1235, 1243 CLIP, 365 Death, 1235, 1239 Max Plank Institute Divorce, 1235, 1237, 1239 Rabel, Ernst, 1460, 1461, 1462 Domicile, 1240 McDougal III, Luther Donation, 562, 565 Better law approach, 185 EU Proposal, 1239, 1241, 1243 Means of transport European legal sources, 1237 Property and proprietary rights, 1432 First common habitual residence, 1244 Mediation agreement Formal requirements, 1240 Mediation, 1249, 1252 France, 2087 Mediation clause Franco-​German Treaty, 1237 Applicable law, 1252 Function, 1235 Contract, as, 1252 Habitual residence, 1238, 1240, 1242, 1243 Mediation, 1249, 1252 Hague Matrimonial Property Convention, 1239, 1242 Mediation Directive Historical development, 1236 Alternative dispute resolution, 63, 65 International legal sources, 1236 Goals, 1247 Jurisdiction, 1237 Mediation, 1247

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Index 2841

Scope, 1247 Brazil, 1930 Transposition, 1247 Chile, 1960 Mediation, 59, 1246 Paraguay, 2399 Access to justice, 1250 Uruguay, 2628 Accreditation of mediator, 1250 Venezuela, 2649 Alternative dispute resolution, 58, 59, 61, 1246, 1247 Mergers Applicable law, 1252 Competition law (antitrust), 425, 428 Background, 1246 Methodological nationalism Civil and commercial matters, 1252 Globalization and private international law, 846, Consumer disputes, 1249 848, 849 Context, 1246 Methods of private international law Contractual obligations, 62 Connecting factor, 442 Court-​annexed, 1249 Unilateralism, 1784, 1790 Cross-​border disputes, 1247 Mevius, David Cross-​border mediation, 1252 Private international law, history of, 1394 Culture of Member States, 1247 Mexico, 2333 Disputes, type of, 1248 Administration of private international law, 2338 Duration, 1250 Adoption, 2341 Enforceability of settlement, 1251 Application of foreign law, 2338 Enforcement of foreign settlements, 1253 Arbitration, 2344 Foreign mediators, 1252 Bilateral agreements, 2336 Formal requirements of settlement, 1251 Bilateral conventions, 2336 Hybrid procedures, 60 Case-​law, 2337 Liability of mediator, 1250 Child abduction, 2341 Limitation periods, 1250 Choice of law, 2342 Mediation clause, 1252 CIDIP, 2337 Mediation Directive, 1247 Commercial matters, 2338 Mediator, 1250 Constitution, 2333 Online dispute resolution, 1314, 1316, 1318, 1320, Contractual obligations, 2340 1321 Corporations, 2340, 2343 Out-​of-​court, 1249 Courts and non-​judicial authorities, 2338 Overriding mandatory provisions, 63 Doctrinal writings, 2337 Parties, 1250 Domestic legislation, 2333 Party autonomy, 1248, 1250 Exclusive jurisdiction, 2339 Prescription, 1250 Family matters, 2341, 2344 Procedure, 1252 Federal Civil Code, 2334 Proceedings, 1250 Hague Conference on Private International Reasons for referral, 1249 Law, 2335 Referral, 1249 Hague Conventions, 2335 Rise of, 58 History and development of private international Role of mediator, 1252 law, 2337 Settlement content, 1253 In personam actions, 2339 Settlement, 1251 In rem actions, 2340 Successful termination, 1251 Intellectual property, 2341, 2343 Termination, 1251 Inter-​American Specialized Conferences in Private Unsuccessful termination, 1251 International Law, 2335 Voluntary nature, 1248, 1249 International conventions, 2334 Medically assisted procreation Jurisdiction, 2339 Kinship and legitimation, 1070 Multilateral agreements, 2336 Mehren, Arthur von Nationality, 2343 Better law approach, 186 Non-​contractual obligations, 2340 Interest and policy analysis in private international Obligations, 2339, 2342 law, 984, 985 Personal status, 2341 Melchior, George Property, 2340, 2343 Kahn, Franz, 1059 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2344 Member Sources of private international law, 2333 Hague Conference on Private International Law, Succession, 2342, 2344 870, 872, 874 Territorialism, 2337 Mercer Law School UNCITRAL, 2335 Currie, Brainerd, 507 UNIDROIT, 2335 MERCOSUR United Nations Conventions, 2335

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2842 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Middle Ages Georgia, 2092 Ius gentium, 1030, 1031 Model laws Milliken v Pratt UNIDROIT, 1767, 1769, 1771 Guarantees, 863 Modernity Mind of management Globalization and private international law, 845, Director’s liability, 540 847, 850, 851 Minimum capital requirements Late, 847 Behavioural economics and private international Modes of communication law, 178 Service of documents, 1628, 1630 Companies, 409 Moldova Minimum common standards West Balkan Convention, 1833 Legal aid, 1090, 1091, 1092, 1093, 1094 Molinaeus, Carolus Minimum contacts Private international law, history of, 1393 USA, 2641 Monetary obligation Minimum harmonization Guarantees, 861 CESL, 279, 280, 281 Money and currency, 1257, 1258, 1259 Minnesota Money Better law approach, 180 Bitcoins, 1261 Significant contacts test, 180 Definition, 1255 Minor Functions, 1255 Capacity and emancipation, 252 Money and currency, 1255 CIDIP, 329 Private international law, 1256 Minority shareholders Public international law, 1255 Companies, 405 Money and currency, 1255 Companies, transnational groups of, 411, 412, 414, Arbitral award in foreign currency, 1260 415, 416 Bitcoins, 1261 Minsk Convention Bretton Woods system, 1256 Commonwealth of Independent States and private Concepts, 1255 international law, 398 Connecting factor, 1258 Conflict of laws, 403 Damages in foreign currency, 1261 Georgia, 2091, 2094 Damages, 1258 Impact on practice, 402 Debt labelled in foreign unit of Legal assistance/​treaties, 399 account, 1258 Overview, 400 Determination in contractual relationship, 1257 Rules on applicable law, 400 European legal sources, 1257 Rules on enforcement, 401 Exchange rate regimes, 1257 Rules on jurisdiction, 401 Gold era, 1256 Misappropriation Historical development, 1256 Competition, unfair, 434, 435 International legal sources, 1257 Misrepresentation Judgment in foreign currency, 1260 Competition, unfair, 434, 440 Legal sources, 1257 Mittermaier, Carl Joseph Anton Municipal courts, 1260 USA, 1665 National legal sources, 1257 Mixed (hybrid) legal system Nominalism principle, 1258 Israel, 2195 Payment of debt with foreign currency, 1259 Mixed contracts Post Bretton Woods system, 1256 Commercial agency, franchise and distribution Private international law, 1256 contracts, 396 Private international relationships, 1257 Freight forwarding contracts, 821 Public international law, 1255 Mobile property Recognition of judgment in foreign Property and proprietary rights, 1431, 1432 currency, 1260 Mobilia ossibus inhaerent Rome I Regulation (contractual obligations), Property and proprietary rights, 1428 1257 Mobilia sequuntur personam Sovereignty, 1255 Property and proprietary rights, 1428 Monopolies Moçambique rule Competition law (antitrust), 425, 426 Hong Kong, SAR of China, 2134 Montenegro, 2345 Singapore, 2487 Administration of private international Model Civil Code for the CIS countries law, 2348 Commonwealth of Independent States and private Adoption, 2351 international law, 401, 403 Application and enforcement of foreign law, 2348

Jürgen Basedow, Giesela Rühl, Franco Ferrari and Pedro de Miguel Asensio - 9781782547235 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/30/2021 12:33:07PM via free access 2843

Index 2843

Arbitration, 2353 Mortgage Bilateral treaties, 2346 Arrest of vessels, 134, 138, 139 Case-​law, 2347 Flag, 763 Choice of law, 2348 Mosaic approach Constitution, 2346 Competition, unfair, 439 Corporations, 2352 Intellectual property, jurisdiction, 970, 972 Council of Europe Conventions, 2346 Territoriality, 1706 Cultural heritage, 2350 Mosaic principle Divorce, 2351 Personality rights, 1353 Doctrinal writings, 2347 Mosaikbetrachtung Escape clause, 2348 Environmental liability, 663 Family matters, 2350 Moscow Agreement Habitual residence, 2349 Commonwealth of Independent States and private Hague Conference on Private International international law, 399 Law, 2345 Most favourable clause Hague Conventions, 2345 Connecting factor, 446 History and development of private international Most-​favoured-​nation treatment (MFN), 104 law, 2347 WTO and private international law, 1845, 1849 In rem rights, 2349 Most significant relationship see( also Most Independence, 2347 significant relationship approach) Inheritance, 2352 Connecting factor, 443 Intellectual property, 2350 Currie, Brainerd, 510 International conventions, 2345 Escape clause, 671, 672 Jurisdiction, 2348 USA, 2642, 2643, 2644 Maintenance obligations, 2351 Most-​significant-​relationship approach (see also Major legislation, 2345 Most significant relationship) Marriage, 2350 (American) Conflict of Laws Revolution, 67, 68 Matrimonial property, 2351 Interest and policy analysis in private international Obligations, 2349 law, 982, 988 Overriding mandatory provisions, 2349 Movable property Parent-​child relationship, 2350 United Kingdom, 2621 PILA, 2345 Movables Property, 2349 Property and proprietary rights, 1428, 1429 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2352 Specific rules, 1431 Significance of EU private international Mozambique, 2353 law, 2346 Administration of private international law, 2354 Sources of private international law, 2345 Arbitration, 2356 Special courts, 2348 Bilateral treaties, 2354 United Nations Conventions, 2346 Capacity, 2355 West Balkan Convention, 1832 Choice of law, 2354 Montevideo Treaties, 2630 Civil Code, 2354 Montreal Convention Commercial/​trade contracts, 2355 Air law (uniform law), 40 Contractual obligations, 2355 Air waybill, 194 Corporations, 2355 Carriage of passengers, 270, 271 Divorce, 2355 Court of Justice of the European Union, 42 Foreign judgments, 2356 European Union and private international General part, 2354 law, 40 International civil procedure, 2356 Forum (and law) shopping, 791 International conventions, 2354 Germany, 40 Jurisdiction, 2356 Transport law (uniform law), 1728, 1729, 1730, Legal pluralism, 2354 1732, 1735, 1737 Lusophone legal community, 2354 USA, 40 Major legislation, 2353 Moral data Marriage, 2355 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 585, 589, 591 Multilateral treaties, 2354 Morality Non-​contractual obligations, 2355 Comity, 387, 389 Personal law, 2355 Morocco Portugal, 2353 Interreligious law, 1023, 1024 Property, 2355 Morris, John Sources of private international law, 2353 Proper law (doctrine), 1426 Special part, 2355

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2844 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Mozambique (cont.) Japan, 1276 Succession, 2355 Joinder, 1272 Multilateral agreements Jurisdiction, 1272 Environmental liability, 659, 667 Limits of EU law, 1275 Multilateral choice-​of-​law rules Neighbouring jurisdictional rules, 1272 Kegel, Gerhard, 1068, 1069 Neighbouring national procedural law, 1272 Multilateral conventions Other jurisdictions, 1276 Austria, 1886 Parallel but unconcerted conduct, 1274 Liechtenstein, 2278 Procedural economy, 1273 Multilateralism Purpose of rules, 1273 Bartin, Étienne, 168 Related actions, 1272, 1273 Batiffol, Henry, 168, 169 Same factual situation, 1273 Globalization and private international law, 849 Same situation in law, 1274 Interest and policy analysis in private international Scope of jurisdiction, 1276 law, 983, 987 Tort jurisdiction, 1272 Private international law, foundations, 1383, 1385 USA, 1276 Rise of, 1780 Multiple defendants and joint liability, 1271 Unilateralism, versus, 1786 Multiple liability Unilateralism, 1779, 1785 Multiple defendants and joint liability, 1271, 1279 Multimodal carriage contracts, 1262 Multiple nationalities Choice of law, 1269 Nationality, 1299 Concept, 1262 Multiple publication rule Definition, 1262 Personality rights, 1354, 1356 Economic relevance, 1262 Multi-​unit states Germany, 1269 Hague Conventions, 1017 Historical background, 1262 Interregional/​Interstate law, 1015 Network liability system, 1264, 1266 Mutual judicial assistance Obligations of carrier, 1262 Service of documents, 1628, 1629, 1630 Prevailing route, 1264 Mutual recognition Regulation, need for, 1264 Vested rights theory, 1818 Rotterdam Rules, 1265 Mutual wills The Netherlands, 1269 Succession, 1682, 1688 Unimodal conventions, 1265 Multimodal transport Nagareda, Richard Definition, 1262 Collective redress, 377 Hague-​Visby Rules, 1264 Name(s) Multimodal carriage contracts, 1262 CIEC/​ICCS (International Commission on Civil Regulation, need for, 1264 Status), 335, 1284 Rotterdam Rules, 1265 Netherlands, 2365 Sea waybills and other transport documents, 1618 Personal status, 1346, 1347, 1349, 1350 Sui generis, 1264 Recognition of legal situations evidenced by Multinational company documents, 1498, 1499, 1501, 1502 Employment, collective bargaining, 607, 613, 614 Names of individuals, 1282 Multi-​party scenarios (unjust enrichment) Background, 1282 Unjust enrichment (restitution), 1812 Belgium, 1285 Multiple connecting factors Certificate of civil status, 1287 Connecting factor, 445 Common law countries, 1283 Renvoi, 1543 Conflict of laws, 1283, 1284 Multiple defendants Connecting factor, 1283 , 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276 Dual nationality, 1285 Brussels I Regulation (recast), 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276 EU law, preliminary remarks, 1284 Cessio legis, 287, 288, 293 EU law, 1284 Choice of additional forum, 1273 Family law, 1283 Close connection, 1273, 1276 Free movement of EU citizens, 1284 Common policy, 1274 Fundamental freedoms, 1285 Concept, 1272 Garcia Avello, 1285 Current regulation, 1273 Germany, 1284, 1286 Different legal basis, 1275 Grunkin and Paul, 1286, 1287 Different substantive laws, 1275 Habitual residence, 1283, 1289 EU law, 1273 Identification, 1283 Irreconcilable judgments, 1273 International instruments, 1284

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Index 2845

Justification, 1282 Domicile, habitual residence and establishment, Konstantinides, 1285 15, 17, 1292, 1295, 1296, 1298 Legal certainty and predictability, 1283, 1284, Ecuador, 2048 1286, 1289 Equality, 1296 Nationality, 1283, 1284, 1288 European regulation, 1298 Non-​discrimination, 1284 Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 699, 700, 704, 705, Party autonomy, 1283, 1286 707 Private international law, 1284 Failure in individual cases, 1299 Private life, 1283 Function, 1292 Public policy, 1286, 1287 Greece, 2120, 2124, 2125, 2126 Runevič-​Vardyn, 1287 Historical development, 1295 Sayn-​Wittgenstein, 1287 Integration, 1296 Namibia exception International regulation, 1298 States, failed and non-​recognized, 1656, 1658 Italy, 2212 National Grid Indus Jurisdiction, 1301 Freedom of establishment/​persons (European Kahn, Franz, 1059 Union) and private international law, 810, 811 Kinship and legitimation, 1074 National law Latin America, 1298 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Legal certainty, 1295 waterways, 258 Legal persons, 1292 National treatment Loss of citizenship, 1290, 1292 Aliens law (Condition des étrangers, Marriage, 1226, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1233, 1291, Fremdenrecht), 55 1292 WIPO and private international law, 1836, 1837, Multiple nationalities, 1299 1838, 1839, 1843 Names of individuals, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1288 WTO and private international law, 1845, 1850 Nation state, 1290 Nationalism National regulation, 1297 Expropriation, 54 New rule-​exception relationship, 1297 Kahn, Franz, 1060 Non-​discrimination, 1298 Story, Joseph, 1660, 1664 North Africa, 1298 Nationality, 1289 Open societies, 1294 Acquisition by birth, 1291 Personal status, 1292, 1346, 1348, 1349 Acquisition by birth through descent, 1291 Practical problems, 1299 Acquisition by birth, within state territory, 1291 Pragmatism, 1295 Acquisition by naturalization, 1292 Public policy (ordre public), 1458 Acquisition ex lege on other grounds, 1292 Purpose, 1292 Acquisition of citizenship, 1290 Recognition of legal situations evidenced by Adoption, 15, 17, 1292 documents, 1503 Aliens law (Condition des étrangers, Refugees, 1300 Fremdenrecht), 53 Right to vote, 1295 Arabic region, 1298 Same sex marriage, 1294 Arbitration, investment, 103 Self-​determination, 1296 Asia, 1298 Sovereignty, 1294 Asylum-​seekers, 1300 Stateless people, 1300 Capacity and emancipation, 252, 253, 254, 1292 Tangible movables, 1292 Change of home state, 1300 Nationality of ships CIEC/ICCS​ (International Commission on Civil Flag, 755, 756, 757, 761 Status), 331, 333, 334, 335, 336 Nationality, principle of Citizenship, 1289 Bustamante, Antonio Sánchez de, 245, 247 Closest connection of person to a state, 1293 Domicile, habitual residence and Composite legal systems, 1299 establishment 559 Concept, 1289 Historical development, 1295 Conflict of laws, 1290 Justification, 1293 Connecting factor, 6, 441, 443, 446, 447, 449, 450, Latin America, 1298 1290, 1292, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299 Mancini, Pasquale Stanislao, 246, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1199 Continental Europe, 1295 Nationality, 1292 Current regulation, 1297 Personal status, 1348 Democratic participation, 1294 State sovereignty, 1294 Divorce and legal separation, 1290, 1292 Nationalization Divorce and personal separation, 544, 547, 548, Expropriation, 726, 728, 729, 730 549, 550 France, 730

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2846 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Natural law Corporations, 2366 Comity, 387 Correction in cases, 2364 Ius gentium, 1027, 1028 Courts and non-​judicial authorities, 2360 Lease contracts and tenancies, 1078 Doctrinal writings, 2358 Vested rights theory, 1813, 1814, 1816 Employment contracts, 2361 Natural person(s) Enforcement of judgments, 2368 Absence (disappearance, presumed death), 4, 7 Fait accompli exception, 2364 Capacity and emancipation, 251, 252, 683 Familial legal relations, 2366 Germany, 2102 Forum rei, 2360 Poland, 2428 History and development of private international Ukraine, 2607 law, 2359 Naturalization Inland navigation law, 2367 Nationality, 1291, 1292 Interim proceedings, 2362 Negative declaration International conventions, 2358 Lis alibi pendens, 1164, 1166 Interregional jurisdiction, 2359 Negative harmonization Judicial and authentic deeds, 2359 European Union and private international Jurisdiction based on attachment, 2361 law, 695 Jurisdiction, 2360 Negotiable instrument Kingdom, 2358 Cheques, 295, 296 Major legislation, 2357 Financial instruments, 739, 741 Maritime law, 2367 Property and proprietary rights, 1435 Marriage, 2365 Saudi Arabia, 2463 Matrimonial property, 2365 Negotiorum gestio, 1301 Minors, 2364 Accessory connection, 1303 Multilateral treaties, 2358 Characterization, 1302 Name, 2365 Choice of law, 1303 Non-​contractual obligations, 2367 Common habitual residence, 1304 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1327 Connecting factors, 1303 Other family matters, 2366 Escape clause, 1304 Other provisions, 2361 Generalities, 1301 Petition procedures, 2362 Importance, 1302 Private international law, history of, 1393 Party autonomy, 1303 Private interregional law, 2358 Performance of the act, 1304 Property, 2367 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual obligations), Public policy, 2362 1301, 1571 Real rights to immovable property, 2361 Salvage, 1302 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2367 Scope, 1302 Recognition of judgments, 2368 Specific issues of characterization, 1303 Renvoi, 2362 Turkey, 1302, 2596 Registered partnerships, 2366 Neighbourhood rules Representation, 2367 Environmental liability, 662 Scope rule, 2363 Nemo dat rule Sources of private international law, 2357 Cultural objects, protection of, 502 Succession, 2361, 2367 Neoliberalism Torts, 2361 Globalization and private international law, 850 Netting Netherlands, 2357 UNIDROIT, 1771 Administration of private international law, 2360 Network system Adoption, 2366 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Agency, 2361 waterways, 256 Application of foreign law, 2360 New Hampshire Arbitration, 2368 Better law approach, 180 Aviation law, 2367 New law merchant Bilateral treaties, 2358 Private international law, history of, 1394 Book 10 of the Civil Code, 2362 New York Convention, 61, 109 Case-​law, 2358 Advantages, 1128 Choice of law, 2362 Arbitrability, 93 Codification, 2359 Arbitration agreement, 94 Companies and other legal entities, 2361 Arbitration, international commercial, 86, 88, 89 Consumer contracts, 2361 Arbitration, recognition of awards, 93, 118, 119, Contractual obligations, 2360, 2367 120, 121, 122, 123

Jürgen Basedow, Giesela Rühl, Franco Ferrari and Pedro de Miguel Asensio - 9781782547235 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/30/2021 12:33:07PM via free access 2847

Index 2847

Arbitration, (UNCITRAL) Model Law, 87, 129, 131 History of private international law, 2379 Articles, 121 Inheritance, 2383 Double exequatur requirement, 120 International arbitration, 2385 Forum (and law) shopping, 791 International conventions, 2378 Lex mercatoria, 1127 Jurisdiction, 2380 Online dispute resolution, 1315, 1322 Maintenance obligations, 2384 Public policy, 125 Major legislation, 2378 UNCITRAL (Arbitration) Model Law, 86 Marriage, 2382 New Zealand, 2369 Obligations, 2381 Administration of private international law, 2370 Pre-​colonialism, 2379 Application of foreign law, 2371 Property, 2381 Arbitration, 2377 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2383 Australia, 1884, 2370 Registering foreign judgment, 2384 Case-​law, 2369 Sources of private international law, 2378 Children, 2376 Special courts, 2379 Companies, 2377 Torts, 2381 Contract, 2373 UNIDROIT, 2378 Doctrinal writings, 2370 United Kingdom, 2379, 2383 England law, 2370 Non liquet Expert evidence, 2371 Burden of proof, 236, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242 Family matters, 2373, 2375, 2377 Non-​conflicts Foreign immovables, 2373 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 588 Forum non conveniens, 2372 Non-​contentious matters Hague Conference on Private International Austria, 1891, 1893 Law, 2369 Liechtenstein, 2281 Hague Conventions, 2369 Non-​contentious proceedings History of private international law, 2370 Absence (disappearance, presumed death), 4, 7 Intangible movables, 2375 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1329 Intellectual property, 2375 Non-​contractual liability International conventions, 2369 Expert liability, 723 Jurisdiction, 2371 Internet, liability, 998, 1004 Major legislation, 2369 Non-​contractual obligations Obligations, 2373 Belarus, 1902 Proprietary consequences of marriage, 2376 Cessio legis, 288, 291, 292 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2377 Classification, 1565 Securities, 2375 Culpa in contrahendo, 474, 495, 496 Separation and dissolution of marriage, 2375 Employment, industrial disputes, 477, 635, 636, 641 Service abroad, 2371 Environmental liability, 658, 660, 661, 662, 663 Sources of private international law, 2369 Liability, 475 Special courts, 2370 Malta, 2328 Tangible movables, 2374 Netherlands, 2367 Tort, 2374 Rome Convention and Rome I Regulation Trans-​Tasman proceedings, 2373 (contractual obligations), 1555 Validity of marriage, 2375 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual obligations), Nigeria, 2378 473, 474, 1562, 1564, 1571 1922 Ordinance, 2383, 2385 Ukraine, 2609 Administration of private international law, 2379 United Kingdom, 2620 Application and enforcement of foreign law, 2380 Vietnam, 2663 Arbitration, 2384 Non-​discrimination Case-​law, 2379 Antidiscrimination, 70, 72, 73 Choice of law, 2381 Capacity and emancipation, 252 Constitution, 2378 Double taxation treaties, 573 Corporations, 2382 European Union and private international Divorce or personal separation, 2382 law, 695 Doctrinal writings, 2379 Freedom of establishment/​persons (European Dualism state, 2378 Union) and private international law, 808 Economic Community of West African Names of individuals, 1284 States, 2378 WTO and private international law, 1845, 1846, Family matters, 2382 1849 Forum non conveniens, 2380 Non-​discrimination, legal costs Hague Conference on Private International Law, 2378 Legal aid, 1090, 1093

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2848 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Non-​discrimination, principle of Significance of EU private international law, 2388 Child abduction, 298 Sources of private international law, 2386 Non-​exclusive jurisdiction Succession, 2394, 2396 Austria, 1891 Traditional approach in favour of flexibility, 2389 Non-​formulated conflicts rules Notarial deed Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 587, 588, 591 Mediation, 1254 Non-​judicial authorities Notaries Foreign law, application and ascertainment, 769, Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1329 777 Notarization Foreign law, judicial review, 778 Substitution, 1678, 1681 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1329 Notary (civil law notary) Non-​monetary relief Legalisation of public documents, 1096, 1101 Remedies, 1534 Notary Public Non-​Muslims Substitution, 1679 Interreligious law, 1021, 1022, 1023 Notorious fact Non-​proportional reinsurance Goldschmidt, Werner, 857 Reinsurance contracts, 1523 Nottebohm Non-​territorial entities Nationality, 1291 Immunity, 903 Nuclear damage Normative pluralism Compensation, 1306, 1307 Globalization and private international law, 847, Environmental liability, 661, 666, 667 850, 851 Maritime liability, 1308 Normological method Nuclear liability, 1305, 1310, 1312, 1313 Goldschmidt, Werner, 853, 854, 859 Nuclear liability, 1305 North American Free Trade Agreement Action for damage, 1311 Arbitration, investment, 97 Applicable law, 1312 Northern Ireland European Commission, 1309 United Kingdom, 2612 Examples, 1311 Norway, 2386 Exclusive jurisdiction, 1311 Administration of private international Exemption, 1308 law, 2393 Extent, 1305, 1306 Agreement on the European Economic IAEA, 1306 Area, 2386 IMO, 1308 Application of foreign law, 2393 Joint Protocol, 1309 Arbitration, 2396 Jurisdiction, 1311 Case-​law, 2389 No comprehensive international system, 1310 Choice of law, 2395 OECD, 1307 CISG, 2388 Operator of installation, 1308 Contractual obligations, 2394, 2395 Paris Nuclear Liability Convention, 1307 Corporations, 2394, 2395 Principles, 1310 Courts and non-​judicial authorities, 2393 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 1313 Doctrinal writings, 2389 Regionalized system, 1309 Domicile, 2393 SC Convention, 1306 Emerging trends in favour of legal certainty, 2390 Ships, 1308 European Directives, 2386, 2387 Specific conventions, 1306 Family matters, 2395 State support, 1306 Hague Conventions, 2386, 2388 Technology, 1305 History and development of private international Uniform law and private international law, 1310 law, 2389 Uniform regime, 1308 International conventions, 2388 Uniformity, justifications for seeking, 1305 Jurisdiction, 2393 Vienna Nuclear Liability Convention, 1306 Lugano Convention, 2388 Nudging Major legislation, 2386 Behavioural economics and private international Non-​contractual obligations, 2394, 2395 law, 175 Nordic Conventions, 2388 Numerus clausus of property rights Obligations, 2394, 2395 Property and proprietary rights, 1430 Ordre public, 2391 Nussbaum, Arthur Overriding mandatory rules, 2391 Competition, unfair, 440 Principle of the closest connection, 2389 Property, 2394, 2395 Obligations Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2396 Albania, 1859

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Index 2849

Argentina, 1873, 1875 Ukraine, 2608 Austria, 1891 United Kingdom, 2619 Belarus, 1900, 1901 Uruguay, 2632 Belgium, 1914 USA, 2643 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1924, 1925 Venezuela, 2652, 2654 Brazil, 1933, 1935 Vietnam, 2664 Bulgaria, 1944, 1948 Obligations of maritime carriers Canada, 1953, 1955 Sea waybills and other transport documents, 1618, China, 1977 1619 Colombia, 1984, 1986 Occupation Croatia, 1996, 1998 Nationality, 1300 Cuba, 2006 Occupational pensions Czech Republic, 2012, 2015 Life insurance contracts, 955, 1153 Denmark, 2027, 2031 ODR Regulation Dominican Republic, 2037, 2041, 2042 Alternative dispute resolution, 59 Ecuador, 2050 Online dispute resolution, 1320 Egypt, 2058 OECD Estonia, 2067, 2069 Nuclear liability, 1307, 1308 Finland, 2076, 2077 UNCITRAL, 1760 France, 2084, 2086 OECD model tax convention Georgia, 2095, 2097 Articles on methods, 572 Germany, 2107 Dividends and interests, 572 Ghana, 2115 Double residency, 570 Hong Kong, SAR of China, 2135 Double taxation treaties, 569 Hungary, 2142, 2144 Non-​discrimination, 573 Iceland, 2151, 2153 Overview, 570 India, 2159 Permanent establishment, 569, 571 Indonesia, 2170 Procedural matters, 573 Iran, 2178 Scope of application, 570 Ireland, 2191 Types of taxes, 570 Israel, 2194 OEEC Japan, 2223, 2224 Nuclear liability, 1307 Kazakhstan, 2239 OHADA Korea, 2246, 2248 UNIDROIT, 1770 Latvia, 2259, 2260 One country, two systems Liechtenstein, 2281 Hong Kong, SAR of China, 2129 Lithuania, 2290 One entity theory Luxembourg, 2301 Companies, 404, 406 Macau, SAR of China, 2310 Director’s liability, 541 Macedonia, FYR, 2319, 2322 One voice doctrine Mexico, 2339, 2342 States, failed and non-​recognized, 1654 Montenegro, 2349 Online dispute resolution, 1314 New Zealand, 2373 Access to justice, 1314 Nigeria, 2381 Accreditation schemes, 1319 Norway, 2394, 2395 ADR Directive, 1320 Paraguay, 2402 Alternative dispute resolution, 1314, 1319 Poland, 2431 Artificial intelligence, 1315, 1323 Portugal, 2437 Assisted negotiations, 1315 Romania, 2447, 2449 Automated negotiations, 1315 Russian Federation, 2457, 2459 Big Data, 1323 Serbia, 2476 Blind bidding, 1315 Singapore, 2486, 2488 Concept, 1314 Slovakia, 2500 Consumer protection, 1317, 1322, 1323 Slovenia, 2507, 2511 Cross-​border dimension, 1317 South Africa, 2519 Current regulation, 1319 Spain, 2529, 2532 Domain names, 1316 Switzerland, 2553, 2554 eBay, 1316 Taiwan, 2564 Electronic commerce, 1315 Thailand, 2573 Ethical considerations, 1323 Tunisia, 2586, 2587 European Union, 1319 Turkey, 2596, 2599 Function, 1314

Jürgen Basedow, Giesela Rühl, Franco Ferrari and Pedro de Miguel Asensio - 9781782547235 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/30/2021 12:33:07PM via free access 2850

2850 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Online dispute resolution (cont.) Order interest Historical development, 1317 Kegel, Gerhard, 1068 International regulation, 1321 Ordre public Litigation use of ICT, 1314, 1319 Adjustment/​adaption (anpassung), 10, 11 Low-​value, high-​volume disputes, 1317 Comparative law and private international Modern trends, 1322 law, 422 National regulation, 1319 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 586 ODR Regulation, 1320 Employment, industrial disputes, 638, 641 Online disputes, 1315 Europeanization, 1458 Organization of American States, 1321 Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 706 Party autonomy, 1321 Exception clause, as, 1453 Regional regulation, 1319 Expropriation, 729 Technical regulations, 1323 Goldschmidt, Werner, 853, 854, 855, 856, 858 Technology-​facilitated, 1315 Greece, 2127 UDRP, 1316 Kahn, Franz, 1057, 1060 UN’s Working Group, 1322 Lebanon, 2269 UNCITRAL, 1321, 1759, 1761 Legal consequences and effects, 1458 Virtual juries, 1315 Legal instruments, 1455 Virtual process, 1314 Legal traditions, 1453 Open societies Norway, 2391 Nationality, 1294 Overriding mandatory provisions, 1331 Operation of the vessel Peru, 2414 Property and proprietary rights in vessels, 1437 Poland, 2428 Opt-​in model Prescription, 1372, 1379 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1325, 1326 Public policy (ordre public), 1453 Optional choice of law, 1324 Recognition of administrative acts, 1492 Choice-​of-​law agreements, 1328 Relativity, 1457 Concept, 1324 Renvoi, 1539 Court options, 1327 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 1612 Dressing the case, 1329 Serbia, 2476 Effects, 1328 Subdivisions, 1456 European Union, 1326 Turkey, 2594, 2595, 2600 Foreign law, proof of, 1329 Organ transplantation Lex fori, 1106 Bioethics and private international law, 202, 203 Mandatory law, 1326 Organization of American States Models, 1325 Bustamante, Antonio Sánchez de, 245 Non-​contentious proceedings, 1329 Uruguay, 2627 Non-​judicial authorities, 1329 Venezuela, 2648 Optional devices, 1328 Ottawa Factoring Convention Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1324, 1325 Approach, 735 Requirements, 1328 Express and implicit references to private Optional choice of law, debate international law, 736 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1326 Factoring contract, definition, 732 Optional choice of law, effects Financial leasing (uniform law), 747, 749, 752 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1328 Gap-​filling, 736 Optional choice of law, legitimacy International contracts, 732 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1328 Internationality, 733 Optional choice of law, merits and demerits Limitations to sphere of application, 736 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1326, 1328 Limitations, 738 Optional choice of law, procedural view Non-​assignment clause, 737 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1328 Overview, 733 Optional choice of law, requirements Party autonomy, 738 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1328 Place of business, 733 Optional devices Private international law, and, 735 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1328 Private international law, meaning, 736 Optional instrument Reservations, 737 Agency and authority of agents, 34 Scope, matters outside, 738 Optional law Territorial units, 737 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1325, 1326 Uniform substantive law and private international Opt-​out model law, 1775, 1776 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1325, 1327, 1329 Uniform substantive law, 733

Jürgen Basedow, Giesela Rühl, Franco Ferrari and Pedro de Miguel Asensio - 9781782547235 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/30/2021 12:33:07PM via free access 2851

Index 2851

Ottoman Empire Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual obligations), Interreligious law, 1021 1334, 1573 Israel, 2195 Russian Federation, 2458 Lebanon, 2266 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 1612 Saudi Arabia, 2463 Slovenia, 1332 Turkey, 2594 Unilateralism, 1788 Outbound situations United Kingdom, 1332 Companies, 410 Overseas companies Freedom of establishment/​persons (European Companies, 405 Union) and private international law, 809 Ownership Over-​confidence Property and proprietary rights in vessels, 1436, Behavioural economics and private international 1438, 1439, 1440 law, 172 Property and proprietary rights, 1428, 1431, 1435 Over-​optimism Behavioural economics and private international Pan American Union law, 178 Bustamante, Antonio Sánchez de, 245, 250 Over-​protection Papinan Behavioural economics and private international Private international law, history of, 1391 law, 174 Par condition concurrentium Overriding mandatory principles Competition, unfair, 440 Antidiscrimination, 76 WTO and private international law, 1845 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 1612 Paraguay, 2397 Overriding mandatory provisions/​rules, 1330 Administration of private international law, 2401 Adults, protection of, 27 Application of foreign law, 2401 Antidiscrimination, 72, 75 Arbitration institution, 2409 Anti-​suit injunctions, 82 Arbitration, 2409 Belgium, 1331, 1907, 1914 Bustamante Code, 2399 CESL, 286 Case-​law, 2400 Commercial agency, franchise and distribution Choice of law, 2403 contracts, 395, 396, 397, 1332, 1335 CIDIP, 2398 Construction contracts, 463 Civil Code, 2397 Crucial by a country, 1333 Constitution, 2397 Embargo, 603 Corporations, 2402, 2407 Employment, collective bargaining, 610 Courts and non-​judicial authorities, 2401 Employment contracts, applicable law, 622, 1331, 1332 Divorce and personal separation, 2408 Employment, industrial disputes, 638, 641 Doctrinal writings, 2400 Employment, posting of workers, 654, 657 Family matters, 2403, 2408 EU legislation, 1335 Hague Conference on Private International EU Member States, approaches in, 1331 Law, 2398 France, 1332 Hague Conventions, 2398 Germany, 1332, 1333 History and development of private international Insolvency, applicable law, 937 law, 2400 Ireland, 1332 Inter-​American Specialized Conferences on Latvia, 1332 Private International Law, 2398 Law of the forum, 1334 Interamerican Association of Private International Lex causae, 1330, 1331, 1334 Law Professors’, 2400 Local data, 1167 International conventions, 2398 Luxembourg, 1332, 2302 Jurisdiction, 2401 Mediation, 63 Juristic acts and contracts, 2403 Non-​derogable rules, 1331 Major legislation, 2397 Norway, 2391 Marriage, 2408 Overriding mandatory provisions, 96 MERCOSUR, 2399 Place of performance, 1334 Montevideo Treaties, 2398 Poland, 2427 New law on international contracts, 2405 Portugal, 1332 Obligations, 2402 Private interests, 1332, 1333 Party autonomy, 2404 Private international law, history of, 1399 Property, 2402, 2407 Public interests, 1331, 1333 Public policy, 2404 Public policy (ordre public), 1331 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2408 Rome Convention and Rome I Regulation Significance of regional private international (contractual obligations), 1332, 1333, 1560 law, 2399

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2852 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Paraguay (cont.) Parties Sources of private international law, 2397 Substance and procedure, 1669 Statement of Motives, 2405 Partnership(s) Status and capacity, 2403 Companies, 407 Succession, 2403, 2408 GEDIP, 841 Torts, 2407 Personal status, 1349 UNIDROIT, 2399 Party autonomy, 1336 United Nations Conventions, 2399 Adults, protection of, 22, 27 Parallel litigation American legal realism, 1338 Lis alibi pendens, 63, 1158, 1159, 1161 Arbitration, international commercial, 1337, 1339, Problems, 1159 1340 Public international law, 1165 Arbitration, investment, 1339, 1340 Standardization, 1160 Arbitration, maritime, 108, 109, 111, 114 USA, 1162 Arbitration, (UNCITRAL) Model Law, 130 Parallel proceedings Arbitration, 86, 87, 90, 92, 96 Forum non conveniens, 800, 801 Belgium, 1916, 1917 Intellectual property, jurisdiction, 972 Bonds and loans, 216 Paramount clause Carriage of goods by sea, 262, 263, 265 Bill of lading, 196, 198 CESL, 282, 283 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Choice of forum and submission to jurisdiction, waterways, 256, 259 304, 305, 1339, 1341 Carriage of goods by sea, 264, 266 Choice of law, 1336, 1338, 1340, 1341 Parentage CISG, 344 Kinship and legitimation, 1070, 1075, 1077 Companies, 405 Nationality, 1297 Conciliation, 59 Surrogacy, 1694, 1695 Connecting factor, 36, 444 Sweden, 2541, 2545, 2547 Contract theory, 1336 Parental responsibility Criticisms, 1199 Brussels IIa Regulation, 229, 230, 232, 233, 235 Culpa in contrahendo, 495 Child abduction, 297, 298 Dépeçage, 526 GEDIP, 841, 844 Distributional effects, 1340 Guardianship, custody and parental responsibility, Divorce and personal separation, 547, 550, 553 864, 865, 868 Economic analysis and private international Ireland, 2189 law, 580 Slovenia, 2509 Economic regulation, 1336, 1337, 1339, 1341 Sweden, 2542, 2545, 2547 Expert liability, 721 United Kingdom, 2623 Financial instruments, 745 Parent-​child relationship Floating choice of law, 768 Agency and authority of agents, 30 Fundamental rights, 1337 Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 700 Globalization and private international law, 850, Pareto efficiency 1337, 1340 Economic analysis and private international law, 576 Guarantees, 862 Pareto, Vilifredo Immovable property, 891 Economic analysis and private international Kegel, Gerhard, 1066, 1067, 1069 law, 576 Law and market, reversal of relationship, 1339 Pari passu clauses Lex mercatoria, 1119, 1127 Bonds and loans, 215, 217 Liability, capital market, 1131, 1135 Paris Convention Liberalism, 1336 TRIPS, 1748, 1751 Licence contract, 1148 WIPO and private international law, 1836, 1839 Mancini, Pasquale Stanislao, 1197, 1198, 1199 Paris Convention on Third Party Liability in the Marriage, 1227, 1230 Field of Nuclear Energy Mediation, 1248, 1250 Nuclear liability, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1313 Modern private law, 783 Principles, 1310 Names of individuals, 1283, 1286 Partial choice of law Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1325, 1326, 1327 Dépeçage, 526 Personal status, 1349 Dépeçage in areas other than contract, 527 Political economy of private ordering, 1336 Multiple, 526 Private international law, history of, 1399 Particularism Private legislation, 1337 Bartin, Étienne, 151, 154, 156, 157 Proceedings, law governing, 1407 Khan, Franz, 154 Public policy (ordre public), 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339

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Index 2853

Regulatory competition, 1516, 1517, 1522 Bill of exchange, 188, 192 Reinsurance contracts, 1524 Debt with foreign currency, 1259 Rome Convention and Rome I Regulation Jurisdiction, contracts and torts, 1034, (contractual obligations), 33, 1337, 1338, 1038, 1039 1339, 1556, 1560 Money and currency, 1255, 1256 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual obligations), Place of performance, 1362 440, 1572 Time limit, 192 Rome III Regulation (divorce), 1576 Payment Order Regulation, 684, 1342 Social protection, 1336, 1337, 1339, 1341 Background, 1342 State origin of law, 1338 Context, 1342 Succession, 1686 Court of origin, 1344 Switzerland, 2551, 2558 Cross-​border cases, 1342, 1345 Thailand, 2573 Enforcement, 1344 Theoretical representations, 1336 Merits of the claim, 1343 Uniform substantive law and private international Pecuniary claims for a specific amount, 1343 law, 1778 Procedure, 1343 Vietnam, 2664 Scope of application, 1342 Party autonomy in torts Significance, 1345 Party autonomy, 1341 Standard form, 1343 Torts, 1712 Statement of opposition, 1344 Party expectations Pays de coutume Local data, 1170, 1171, 1174 Private international law, history of, 1393 Party interests Pays de droit Jurisdiction, foundations, 1046 Private international law, history of, 1393 Kegel, Gerhard, 1067 Peace of Westphalia Passenger Rights Regulation Comity, 383 Application, 285 Pecunary claims for a specific amount Passerelle clause Payment Order Regulation, 1342, 1343 European Union and private international law, 691 PEICL Passing off Insurance contracts, 955 Competition, unfair, 433, 436 Life insurance contracts, 1158 Patents People’s Republic of China CLIP, 367, 368 China, 1970 Intellectual property, applicable law, 962, 963, 964, Hong Kong, SAR of China, 2129, 2135 966 Taiwan, 2559 Intellectual property, jurisdiction, 973 Performance bond Licence contract, 1146, 1147, 1149, 1150 Guarantees, 862 TRIPS, 1749 Performing carrier Unitary intellectual property rights and Carriage of passengers, 272, 275 jurisdiction, 1793 Permanent Bureau Unitary intellectual property rights and private Hague Conference on Private International Law, international law, 1804 870, 871, 872, 873 WIPO and private international law, 1835, 1836, Permanent Court of International Justice 1837 Rabel, Ernst, 1461, 1463 Paternalism Permanent establishment Behavioural economics and private international Double taxation treaties, 569, 570, 571, 573 law, 175 Exemption method, 572 Paternity Permissive statutes, 160 Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 700 Delicate issues, 160 Kinship and legitimation, 1074 Person Presumptions, 1071 Batiffol, Henry, 163 Sweden, 2541, 2545, 2547 Personal connecting factor Path dependence Connecting factor, 445, 449 Behavioural economics and private international Domicile, habitual residence and establishment, law, 177 555, 559 Payee Personal damage Bill of exchange, 188 Environmental liability, 661, 664 Cheques, 295 Personal jurisdiction Payer Embargo, 603 Cessio legis, 288, 289 Internet, 593 Payment Jurisdiction, limits under international law, 1052

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2854 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Personal law National jurisdiction, 1354 Bustamante, Antonio Sánchez de, 245, 246, 247 National law, 1355 Italian School of Private International Law, 248 National recognition and enforcement, 1358 Macau, SAR of China, 2305, 2311, 2312 Notion, 1350 Personal matters Privacy claims, 1350, 1351, 1355, 1356 Slovakia, 2499 Proposed conflict of laws rule, 1359 Personal property Purpose, 1351 Switzerland, 2554 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 1358 Personal rights Recognition, 1350 Bulgaria, 1943 Reform in EU, 1359 Personal status, 1346 Review clause, 1355 Brussels IIa Regulation, 1348 Right to private life, 1357 Capacity and emancipation, 1346, 1347 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual obligations), Civil codes, 1346 1355, 1359 Conflict rules, differentiated, 1347 United Kingdom, 1354 Connecting factor, 441, 449, 450, 1346, 1348, 1349 Persons EU citizenship, 1349 Ukraine, 2607 Harmonization of law, 1350 Peru, 2410 International cooperation, 1346 Absence, 2415 Japan, 2223 Adoption, 2417 Lebanon, 2270 Bilateral trade agreements, 2410 Nationality, 1292, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1298, 1346, Book X of Civil Code, 2411 1348, 1349 Bustamante Code, 2411 Notion, 1346 Case-​law, 2410 Peru, 2415 Choice of law, 2414 Relevance of decisions and documents, 1347 CIDIP, 2411 Relevance, 1346 Civil status and legal capacity of physical Renvoi, 1543 persons, 2415 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 1346 Conditions for recognition of judgments, 2419 Single legal system, 1346 Contractual obligations, 2413, 2418 Statuta personalia, 1346 Counterclaims, 2412 Switzerland, 2555 Declining jurisdiction, 2413 Taiwan, 2563 Defendant’s domicile, 2411 Thailand, 2572 Defendant’s not domicile, 2411 Personality Divorce and personal separation, 2416 Jurisdiction, foundations, 1049 Filiation, 2416 Personality, right of Foreign decisions for which exequatur is not GEDIP, 840 required, 2420 Personality rights, 1350 General characteristics of private international Applicable law, 1355 law, 2410 Brussels I Regulation, 1352, 1354, 1358 Hague Conference on Private International Civil law jurisdictions, 1354 Law, 2411 Concept, 1350 Immunity, 2413 Connecting factor, 1353, 1356 Intellectual property, 2412, 2418 Cross-​border infringement, 1352 International conventions, 2410 Current regulation, 1352 Jurisdiction, 2411 European Convention on Human Rights, 1357 Legal persons and foreign public entities, 2417 European jurisdiction, 1352 Matrimonial matters, 2416 European law, 1355 Montevideo treaties, 2411 European recognition and enforcement, 1358 Non-​contractual obligations, 2413, 2419 Freedom of speech, 1357 Non-​patrimonial matters, 2412, 2415 Function, 1351 Ordre public, 2414 Globalization, 1351 Parallel proceedings, 2413 Historical development, 1351 Patrimonial matters, 2412, 2417 International law, 1357 Proof of foreign law, 2415 International recognition and enforcement, 1358 Property, 2418 Internet, jurisdiction, 990, 992, 995 Protection of incapable persons, 2417 Internet, liability, 998, 999, 1000, 1001, 1002, 1004, Provisional measures, 2413 1351, 1354 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2419 Jurisdiction, contracts and torts, 1040, 1352 Sources of private international law, 2410 Licence contract, 1146 Special jurisdiction, 2412

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Index 2855

Succession, 2417 Parties’ agreement, 1360, 1361, 1363, 1367 Tacit and express choice of courts, 2411 Predictability, 1361, 1363, 1365, 1366 Vested rights, 2414 Proximity, 1361, 1363, 1365, 1366 Petition procedures Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 1360, Netherlands, 2362 1364 Philosophy of law Rules determining, 1361 Batiffol, Henry, 167 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 1611 Physical persons Significance to private international law, 1360 Bulgaria, 1945 Substantive rules, 1360, 1361, 1365 Piercing the veil Traditional interpretation, 1366 Companies, transnational groups of, 412, 414, 415 Pleading and proof of foreign law Pilenko, Aleksandr Foreign law, application and ascertainment, 769, Unilateralism, 1782, 1785 771, 773, 774 Pillet, Antoine Malta, 771, 2331 Bartin, Étienne, 154 Pluralism Unilateralism, 1781, 1783, 1784 Lebanon, 2266, 2269, 2270 Vested rights theory, 1814, 1815 Unilateralism, 1783 Pipeline embargo Poincaré francs Blocking statutes, 210, 214 Air law (uniform law), 44 The USSR, 210 Poland, 2421 USA, 210 Acts in law, 2429 Place of acting Administration of private international law, 2425 Damages, 513, 514 Adoption, 2431 Products liability, 1421 Application of foreign law, 2425 Torts, 1714, 1717 Application of public law, 2427 Place of arbitration Arbitration, 2432 Arbitration, (UNCITRAL) Model Law, 128, 129, Bilateral agreements, 2422 131 Case-​law, 2424 Place of delivery Choice of law, 2426 Carriage of goods by sea, 263, 264, 265, 267, 268 Civil Code, 2421 Place of incorporation Classification (characterization), 2428 Companies, 405 Courts and non-​judicial authorities, 2425 Place of injury Divorce and personal separation, 2430 Damages, 513, 514, 516, 517, 518, 519 Doctrinal writings, 2424 Economic analysis and private international law, 582 Exclusive jurisdiction, 2426 Environmental liability, 659 Family matters, 2430 Products liability, 1416 General institutions, 2427 Secondary victims, 1724 Hague Conference on Private International Torts, 1710, 1714, 1715, 1717 Law, 2422 Place of performance, 1360 Hague Conventions, 2422 Adjudicatory jurisdiction, 1364 History and development of private international Autonomy, 1362 law, 2424 Bilateral agreements, 1360 Intellectual property, 2431 Brussels Convention, 223 ,1364, 1365 International conventions, 2422 Brussels I Regulation (recast), 1360, 1365 Jurisdiction, 2425 Choice of law, 1360 Legal persons and other civil law Conflict of laws, 1363 relationships, 2429 Contractual obligations, 1361 Major legislation, 2421 Creative interpretation, 1366 Marriage, 2429 Defective performance, 1361 Multilateral agreements, 2422 Dependence, 1363 Nationality, 2427 Determination, 1362 Natural persons, 2428 Domicile, 1362 Non-​homogenous law, 2427 Employment contracts, jurisdiction, 627, 630, 1360 Obligations, 2431 Escape clause, 1360 Ordre public, 2428 Identification, 1361 Overriding mandatory provisions, 2427 Jurisdiction, contracts and torts, 1033, 1034, 1038 PILA, 2421 Localization, 1360, 1361, 1362, 1366 Preliminary questions, 2428 Money obligations, 1361, 1362 Principle of closest connection, 2426 Nature and object of obligation, 1361 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2432 Overriding mandatory provisions, 1334 Renvoi, 2427

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2856 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Poland (cont.) Khan, Franz, 154, 1060 Rights in rem, 2431 Wächter, Carl Georg von, 1828 Significance of EU private international law, 2423 Posner, Richard Sources of private international law, 2421 Behavioural economics and private international Succession, 2432 law, 175 United Nations Conventions, 2423 Economic analysis and private international Police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters law, 575 European Union and private international law, Possession 689, 690 Property and proprietary rights, 1428, 1430, 1431 Political strike Post-​contractual indemnity Employment, industrial disputes, 634 Commercial agency, franchise and distribution Pollution damage contracts, 393, 395 Transport law (uniform law), 1734, 1735, 1737 Posted Workers Directive Polygamous marriage Contents, 653 Hong Kong, SAR of China, 2137 Core employment terms, 653, 654 Ireland, 2188 Employment, collective bargaining, 608, 611 Marriage, 1230 Employment contracts, jurisdiction, 629 Substitution, 1679 Employment, posting of workers, 653 Polygamy European Court of Justice case-​law, 654 Thailand, 2574 European Union and private international law, 692 Portugal, 2433 Laval, 655 Administration of private international law, 2435 Posted worker, 653 Angola, 1864, 1865, 2433 Rome I Regulation, and, 654 Application and enforcement of foreign law, 2435, Posting of workers 2436 Employment, collective bargaining, 608, 611 Arbitration, 2441 Employment contracts, applicable law, 623, 651 Bilateral treaties, 2434 Employment contracts, jurisdiction, 629, 656 Cape Verde \t. 388 Employment, posting of workers, 650 Case-​law, 2434 Power of attorneys Choice of law, 2436 Authority, 31 Corporations, 2440 Power of representation Doctrinal writings, 2435 Adults, protection of, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27 Family matters, 2438 Powers of attorney Fraus legis, 2436 Agency and authority of agents, 30 Guinea-​Bissao, 2433 CIDIP, 328 Hague Conference on Private International Praescriptio acquisitiva Law, 2434 Prescription, 1368 Hague Conventions, 2434 Praescriptio extinctiva History of private international law, 2435 Prescription, 1368 Inheritance, 2439 Praetor peregrinus Intellectual property, 2438 Better law approach, 186 International civil procedure, 2440 Pragmatism International conventions, 2434 Batiffol, Henry, 164, 168, 170 Major legislation, 2433 Precedent, persuasive Marriage, 2438 Lex mercatoria, 1127 Mozambique, 2433 Preclusion Non-​contractual obligations, 2437 Prescription, 1369, 1374, 1377 Obligations, 2437 Pre-​contractual liability Party autonomy, 2437 Culpa in contrahendo, 490, 492, 493, 496, 497 Pluralism, 2435 Pre-​contractual obligations Property, 2438 Antidiscrimination, 72, 76 Public policy, 2435, 2437, 2441 Life insurance contracts, 1153 Renvoi, 2436 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual São Tomé e Príncipe, 2433 obligations), 474 Sources of private international law, 2433 Predictability of results Specialization of conflict rules, 2435 Better law approach, 182 United Nations Conventions, 2434 Pre-​existing obligation Positive harmonization Liechtenstein, 2281 European Union and private international law, 689 Preferential law approach Positivism Social protection and private international Bartin, Étienne, 154 law, 1649

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Index 2857

Preferential trade agreements Preservation of evidence Embargo, 600 Provisional measures, 1444 Preliminary question Presumed death, 5 CIEC/​ICCS (International Commission on Civil Absence (disappearance, presumed death), 2, 4, 6, 7 Status), 335 Presumption Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 586 Absence (disappearance, presumed death), 1, 2 Pre-​litigation advice Pre-​trial attachment orders Legal aid, 1090, 1092 Injunction, 924 Prescription, 1368 Pre-​trial discovery Acquisitive prescription, 1368 Evidence, procurement of, 712, 718 Adverse possession, 1368 Preventative measures Applicable law, 1370 CIDIP, 326 Arbitration, maritime, 110 Preventive justice Bar to remedy, 1368 Legalisation of public documents, 1098, 1104 Borrowing statutes, 1373 Price fixing Change of applicable law, 1378 Competition law (antitrust), 430 Choice of law, 1378 PRICL Civil law jurisdictions, 1370 Insurance contracts, 956 Classification, 1375 Primary establishment Common law jurisdictions, 1372 Freedom of establishment/​persons (European Concept, 1368 Union) and private international law, 808 Conflict rule’s double role, 1375 Principal Delimiting substantive and procedural Agency and authority of agents, 29, 31, 38 concepts, 1377 Commercial agency, franchise and distribution Different classifications in civil and common contracts, 391, 395 law, 1375 Principle of closest connection Estoppel, 676, 1368, 1374 Choice of law, 88 European law, 1371 Connecting factors, 94 Exclusion of renvoi, 1375 Freight forwarding contracts, 820 Extinction of right, 1368 Principle of mutual recognition Extinctive prescription, 1368 Recognition of administrative acts, 1487, 1488, Follows claim, 1370 1489, 1490 Follows proper law of claim/​right, 1373 Recognition of legal situations evidenced by Islamic legal system, 1374 documents, 1497, 1498 Lex fori, 1372 Rome III Regulation (divorce), 1579 Limitation of actions, 1368, 1369, 1372, 1373, Principle of non-​discrimination 1377 Capacity and emancipation, 252 National statutes, 1370 Principle(s) of preference Notion, 1368 USA, 2639, 2644 Ordre public, 1379 (American) Conflict of Laws Revolution, 67 Particular rules, 1372 USA, 2642 Praescriptio acquisitiva, 1368 Principle of the closest connection Praescriptio extinctiva, 1368 Collective agreement, 609 Preclusion, 1369, 1374 Economic analysis and private international Procedural understanding, 1369 law, 581 Renvoi resulting from a different Rome Convention and Rome I Regulation classification, 1376 (contractual obligations), 1557 Renvoi, 1375 Principles of European Contract Law Scope of application, 1371 Estoppel, 680 Scope of reference, 1377 Principles of International Commercial Contracts Statute of limitations, 1373, 1375 UNIDROIT, 1769, 1770, 1771 Substantive law understanding, 1370 Private autonomy Suspension of period, 1379 Adults, protection of, 22 Terminology, statutory use, 1369 Arbitration, 90 Uniform connections, 1374 Private divorce and personal separation United Kingdom, 1373, 1378 Conflict rules, 549 USA, 1373 Divorce and personal separation, 547, 554 Verwirkung, 1368 Recognition and validity, 551, 553 Prescriptive jurisdiction Private document Competition law (antitrust), 429 Recognition of legal situations evidenced by Jurisdiction, limits under international law, 1051 documents, 1502

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2858 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Private enforcement law, 1400 Competition law (antitrust), 426 Great Britain, 1394 Private international law Habitual residence, 1393, 1399 Antidiscrimination, 71 International conventions, 1397 Arbitration, (UNCITRAL) Model Law, 128 Internationalization of conventions, 1396 Bartin, Étienne, 156 Lex mercatoria, 1392 Bioethics, 203 Literature, 1395 Blocking statutes, 209 Local statutes conflicts, 1391 CESL, 282 Mancini, Pasquale Stanislao, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1400 CISG, 341 Middle Ages, 1391 Civil law, 154 Modernization, 1395 Investment, 101 National case-​law, 1396 Private international law, concept and principles National conflict laws, 1395 Social protection and private international National constitutional law, 1398 law, 1651 National legislation, 1397 Private international law, concept and purpose Nationalization, 1397 Maritime law (uniform law), 1210 Netherlands, 1393 Private international law, foundations, 1380 No protection, 1390 (American) conflict of law revolution, 1388 Overriding mandatory provisions/​rules, 1399 Choice of law, 1383 Party autonomy, 1399 Classical school, 1387 Person’s law of origin conflicts, 1391 Concept of choice of law, 1383 Policy-​orientated conflicts law, 1399 Cosmopolitanism, 1383 Protection by national or state law, 1391 Currie, Brainerd, 1384, 1386 Protection of weaker party, 1400 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 1384 Public international law, 1395 European Union, 1381 Qualification of legal problems, 1396 Europeanization, 1382 Recent developments since 1900, 1397 Globalization, and private international law, 1381, Renvoi, 1396 1389 Roman law conflicts, 1392 Hague Conference on Private International Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 1395 law, 1382 Special courts, 1390 International civil procedure, 1380, 1382 Special law, 1390 Legal certainty, 1380 Statutes to relationships, 1395 Modern trends, 1389 Traditional rules, 1400 Multilateralism, 1383, 1385 Treaty of the European Union, 1399 Political school, 1388 Private international law, methods of, 1401 Purpose of choice of law, 1387 Choice of law, 312, 315 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 1385, 1386, 1387 Exclusive jurisdiction, 1402 Selectivism, 1383, 1384 Jurisdiction dependent on prognosticated Significance, 1381, 1389 recognition, 1405 Sources, 1382 Localization, 1404 Story, Joseph, 1381 Multiple connections, 1405 Symeonides, Symeon, 1381 Purpose, 1401 Terminology, 1380 Recognition, 1406 Treaties, 1382, 1383 Relationship between, 1407 Unilateralism, 1779 Unilateralism, 1784, 1790 Wächter, Carl Georg von, 1384, 1386 Private international law, name Private international law, history of, 1390 Private international law, foundations, 1380, 1381 16th to 18th Century, 1392 Story, Joseph, 1381, 1666 19th Century, 1394 Private international law of insurance Ancient times, 1390 Insurance contracts, 954, 956 Bilateral conflict rules, 1396 Private international law, sources Conflicts, 1391 Private international law, foundations, 1382 Connecting factor, 1396 Private interregional law Constitutionalization, 1398 Interregional/​Interstate law, 1015, 1016 Delimitation rules, 1392 Private law approach European Convention on Human Rights, 1399 Cultural objects, protection of, 498, 502 Europeanization, 1399 Private lawmaking France, 1393 Lex maritima, 1115 German-​speaking countries, 1394 Private relief Globalization and private international Collective redress, 373, 374, 375, 379

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Index 2859

Privatization Japan, 1418 Capital market, 1136 Jurisdiction, contracts and torts, 1040 Globalization and private international law, 845 Jurisdiction, 1420 Lex mercatoria, 1119, 1120, 1123, 1125, 1126 Lex loci delicti, 1414 Privilege Party autonomy, 1414 Substance and procedure, 1672 Place of acting, 1421 Privileges and immunities (US Constitution) Place of damage, 1421 Interest and policy analysis in private international Place of injury scenario, 1419 law, 986 Place of injury, 1416 Procedural Place of manufacture scenario, 1420 Remedies, 1532, 1534 Place of marketing and purchase, 1415 Substance and procedure, 1667, 1668, 1669 Place of purchase, 1419 Procedural accord Pre-​existing relationship, 1414 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1325 Products Liability Directive, 1413 Procedural behaviour Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual obligations), Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1329 1413, 1414, 1416, 1568 Procedural efficiency Russia, 1417, 1419 Forum non conveniens, 803 Scope, 1413 Procedural law Switzerland, 1413, 1417 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1328 Taiwan, 2565 Proceedings, law governing, 90, 1410 Thailand, 2578 Procedural rights Torts, 1709, 1715 Anti-​suit injunctions, 80, 82, 83 Tunisia, 1417, 1419 Injunction, 925, 930 USA, 1418 Procedural rights of foreigners Products liability, applicable law and jurisdiction Ukraine, 2610 Products liability, 1413, 1420 Procedural rule Products Liability Directive Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1325, 1328 Products liability, 1413 Procedure Products liability law Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1328 Game theory and private international law, 833 Procedure leading to an enforceable judgment Products liability, 1414 Payment Order Regulation, 1342 Professio juris Proceedings, law governing, 90, 1407 Rome IV Regulation (succession), 1583 Arbitration, 1412 Professional liability Concept, 1407 Expert liability, 719, 722 Context, 1407 Professional qualifications Court proceedings, 1407 Recognition of administrative acts, 1486, 1487, Enforcement proceedings, 1411 1489, 1491 Foreign procedural law, 1410 Prohibitive statutes, 159 Incidental questions, 1409 Personal, 159 Insolvency proceedings, 1412 Promissory estoppel International judicial cooperation, 1411 Culpa in contrahendo, 493 Lex fori, 1407 Estoppel, 675 Lex fori rationale, 1409 Promissory note Practicability, 1409 Bill of exchange, 188, 190 Uniform and model law civil procedure, 1410 CIDIP, 327 Product liability 1413 Proof Air law (uniform law), 47 Burden of, See Burden of proof Belarus, 1417, 1419 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Brussels I Regulation (recast), 1420 waterways, 257 Case scenarios, 1418 Standard of, See Standard of proof China, 1418 Proof of foreign law Choice of parties, 1418 Australia, 1884 Collective redress, 373, 374, 378, 379 Burden of proof, 243 Domicile or residence, 1417 Chile, 1962 Environmental liability, 665 Constitutional law and private international Foreseeability clause, 1416 law, 454 Habitual residence, common, 1414 Foreign law, application and ascertainment, 773, Habitual residence, injured party’s, 1414 774, 775 Habitual residence scenario, 1418 Peru, 2415 Hague Products Liability Convention, 1416 States, failed and non-​recognized, 1654

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2860 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Proper law India, 2160 Escape clause, 669 Indonesia, 2170 Lex causae, 1427 Iran, 2180 Meaning, 1422 Ireland, 2184, 2190 Trust, 1756 Israel, 2200 Proper law (doctrine), 1422 Italy, 2216 Applicable law, 1423 Kazakhstan, 2240 Assignment, 1427 Korea, 2246 Characteristic performance, 1424 Latvia, 2259, 2261 Common law, 1424 Lebanon, 2270 Contract, 1423 Liechtenstein, 2282 Double actionability, 1426 Lithuania, 2292 Exceptions, tort, 1425 Luxembourg, 2302 Express choice of law, 1424, 1427 Macau, SAR of China, 2311 Implied choice of law, 1424, 1427 Macedonia, FYR, 2320, 2322 Interpretation and validity of contract, 1424 Malta, 2328, 2331 Marriage, 1427 Mexico, 2340, 2343 Party autonomy, 1423 Montenegro, 2349 Rome Convention and Rome I Regulation Mozambique, 2355 (contractual obligations), 1423 Netherlands, 2367 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual Nigeria, 2381 obligations), 1425 Norway, 2394, 2395 Sale contracts, 1423 Paraguay, 2402, 2407 Terminology, 1422 Peru, 2418 Tort, 1425 Portugal, 2438 Trusts, 1427 Romania, 2447, 2449 United Kingdom, 1422, 2621 Russian Federation, 2457, 2460 Unjust enrichment, 1426 Serbia, 2477 Written agreement, 1425 Singapore, 2486, 2489 Proper law of the obligation Slovakia, 2499 Prescription, 1371 Slovenia, 2511 Proper law (doctrine), 1426 South Africa, 2518, 2520 Property Spain, 2530, 2532 Aliens law (Condition des étrangers, Sweden, 2539, 2543 Fremdenrecht), 51, 53 Switzerland, 2554 Argentina, 1873, 1876 Thailand, 2573 Australia, 1882 Tunisia, 2586, 2587 Austria, 1892 Turkey, 2596, 2599 Belarus, 1900, 1902 Ukraine, 2607 Belgium, 1915 United Kingdom, 2621 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1924, 1926 Uruguay, 2633 Brazil, 1934, 1935 USA, 2644 Bulgaria, 1944, 1946 Venezuela, 2652, 2655 Canada, 1954, 1956 Vietnam, 2663, 2665 Chile, 1963 Property and proprietary rights, 1428 Connecting factor, 442, 446, 448, 449, 450 12th-​19th century methodology, 1428 Cuba, 2006 Bartolus, 159 Czech Republic, 2012, 2016 Cultural property, 1432 Dominican Republic, 2037, 2041 Debt recovery, cross-​border, 520 Ecuador, 2051 Debts, 1433 Egypt, 2058 Economic sanctions, and, 602 Estonia, 2067, 2069 Fictions, 1432 Finland, 2076, 2077 Formal requirements and validity, 785 France, 2085, 2086 Grouping of assets, 1435 Georgia, 2095, 2098 History, 1428 Germany, 2105, 2108 Individual and collective regime of Ghana, 2115 intangibles, 1435 Greece, 2125 Intangibles, 1433 Hong Kong, SAR of China, 2136 Intellectual property rights, 1433 Hungary, 2143, 2144 Lease contracts and tenancies, 1078 Iceland, 2152, 2153 Mobile property, 1431

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Index 2861

Movables, specific rules, 1431 Prospectus Movables/​immovables common principles, 1429 Belgium, 1133 Multiplicity of connecting factors, 1435 Bonds and loans, 215, 218 Negotiable rights, 1434 Characterization (classification), 1134 Regime of property, 1429 Connecting factor, 1133 Registered rights, 1434 Harmonization, 1133 Rights in rem, 1429 Liability, capital market, 1133, 1137, 1138 Rome Convention and Rome I Regulation Switzerland, 1133 (contractual obligations), 1557 Prosser, William Security rights, 1432 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 585 Shares, 1434 Protection of children Situs as connecting factor, 1433 GEDIP, 841, 844 Status rerum, 1428 Protection of the debtor Statutum reale, 1428 Assignability/​Assignment of claims, 142, 144, 145, Tangible property, 1429 146, 149 Transfer of property, 1430 Protection of the environment Unilateralism, 1428, 1431 Transport law (uniform law), 1726, 1727, 1737 Vessels, 1432 Protection of weaker parties Property and proprietary rights in vessels, 1436 Employment contracts, applicable law, 616 Acquisition by ownership, 1437 Employment contracts, jurisdiction, 624, 629 Concept, 1436 Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 702 Connecting factors, 1441 Luxembourg, 2302 Current regulation, 1439 Switzerland, 2549, 2556 Definition, 1437 Protective measures Function, 1436 Adults, protection of, 24 Law of the flag, 1440 Lugano Convention, 1181 Nationality, 1438 Provisional measures, 1447 Private international law, 1437, 1440 Vulnerable adults, 22 Proprietary rights and obligations, 1437 Protest Public international law, 1437, 1440 Bill of exchange, 188, 192 Registration of ships, 1437 Time limit, 192 Scope of application, 1440 Provision of services Survey, 1439 Employment, posting of workers, 652 Transfer of ownership, 1437, 1441 Jurisdiction, contracts and torts, 1038, 1039 Property damage Place of performance, 1365, 1367 Environmental liability, 661, 662, 663 Provisional International Civil Aviation Property law Organization Financial instruments, 740, 744, 745 ICAO, 887 GEDIP, 840 Provisional measures (intellectual property) Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 1611 TRIPS, 1750 Property rights Provisional measures, 1442 China, 1977 Adversarial procedure, 1446 Colombia, 1985, 1987 Arbitration, 1442 Croatia, 1996, 1999 Arbitration, (UNCITRAL) Model Law, 128 Denmark, 2027, 2032 Brussels I Regulation, 1443 Immovable property, 27, 891, 893, 894, 895 Brussels I Regulation (recast), 1443 Property and proprietary rights, 1428 Choice of court agreement, 1443, 1445 Proportional reinsurance Concept, 1442 Reinsurance contracts, 1523, 1525 Context, 1442 Proprietary rights European Union, 1443 Definition, 1437 Family law, 1444, 1447 Immovable property, 891, 893, 894, 895 Hague Conventions, 1444 Property and proprietary rights, 1428 Immunity, 1445 Property and proprietary rights in vessels, 1437 International jurisdiction, 1443 Prorogation agreements Internet, jurisdiction, 993 Maintenance obligations, 1189 Lis alibi pendens, 1445 Prorogation of jurisdiction Lugano Convention, 1181, 1443, 1446 Marine insurance, 1207 Parental responsibility, 1444, 1446 Prospect theory Procedural matters, 1445 Behavioural economics and private international Recognition and enforcement, 1446 law, 173, 175 Special topics, 1442

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2862 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Provisional measures (cont.) Doctrinal connections, 1450 Succession, 1444 European Conventions, 1448 Surprise effect, 1445 Forum (and law) shopping, 1452 UNIDROIT Principles, 1442 Functional connections, 1450 Urgent cases, 1444 History, 1449 Provisional relief International harmonization, 1448 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1328 Internationalism, 1452 Proximity Jurisdiction, 1450 Choice of law, 313, 316 Law of nations, 1449, 1450 Jurisdiction, foundations, 1049 Public policy, 1451 Private international law, methods of, 1404 Relationship, 1448 Proximity principle Remedies, 1450 Switzerland, 2549, 2552, 2554 Respect between states, 1448 Prussian Privy Council Scope of matters, 1451 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 1609 Public law Pseudo foreign companies Employment contracts, applicable law, 615, 621, Companies, 409 622 Director’s liability, 541 Mancini, Pasquale Stanislao, 1196, 1198, 1199, 1200 Pseudo rules Public notices Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 585 Property and proprietary rights, 1430, 1435 Psychoanalytic approach Public official Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 584, 585 Legalisation of public documents, 1095, 1096, Psychology, behavioural 1098, 1099 Behavioural economics and private international Public order law, 171, 172, 174 Expropriation, 727 Psychology, cognitive Public policy (ordre public), 1453 Behavioural economics and private international Antidiscrimination, 76 law, 172, 174 Arbitration, recognition of awards, 130 Preference inconsistency, 172 Attenuated effect, 1458 Preference instability, 173 Common law, 1453 Processing information, 172 Continental law, 1454 Public contract Domestic, 1457 Employment, collective bargaining, 612 European Union legal instruments, 1455 Public document Europeanization, 1458 Legalisation of public documents, 1098 Exception, ordre public as, 1453 Recognition of legal situations evidenced by France, 1454 documents, 1496, 1498, 1500 Germany, 1454 Substitution, 1677 International codifications, 1456 Public documents International, 1457 Authentic instruments, 1095 Legal consequences and effects, 1458 Common law systems, 1096 Negative, 1456, 1457 Evidential value, 1103 Norm part of, 1457 Examples, 1095 Positive, 1456, 1457 Hague Legislation Convention, 1095, Procedural, 1457 1096, 1099 Proximity, 1454 Legalisation of public documents, 1095 Relativity, 1457 Proposal for regulation, Subdivisions, 1456 Terminology and types, 1098 Substantive, 1457 Public international law Terminology, 1454 Comity, 384, 386, 389, 390, 1448 Uruguay, 2631 Competition law (antitrust), 427, 428, 429, 432, US law, 1453 1450 Public policy Jurisdiction, foundations, 1043 Account Preservation Order Regulation, 686 Kahn, Franz, 1058, 1060 Adjustment/​adaption (anpassung), 10, 11 Private international law, history of, 1394, 1395 Adoption, 18, 21 Public international law and private international Anti-​suit injunctions, 80, 82, 84 law, 1448 Arbitration, investment, 97 Reciprocity, 1467, 1468 Arbitration, recognition of awards, 96, 123 Public international law and private international Belgium, 1914, 1916, 1917 law, 18, 1448 Capacity and emancipation, 255 Coordination, 1452 Choice of law, 67, 313, 316, 319

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Index 2863

CIDIP, 323, 324, 325 Purpose Commercial agency, franchise and distribution Culpa in contrahendo, 490 contracts, 394, 396, 397 Commonwealth of Independent States and private Quadri, Rolando international law, 402 Unilateralism, 1782, 1783, 1784, 1785 Constitutional law and private international law, Quaestio anglica 454, 455 Private international law, history of, 1392 Country of origin rule, 480 Qualification Divorce and personal separation, 548 Freight forwarding contracts, 817, 818, 821 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 586 Kahn, Franz, 1059 Employment, industrial disputes, 638, 641 Québec Employment, posting of workers, 651, 653, 655 Canada, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1956, 1958 Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 706 Codification of private international law, 1950 Expropriation, 729 Quebec’s codification of private international law Foreign law, application and ascertainment, 777 Canada, 1952 Freedom of establishment/​persons (European Switzerland, 2549 Union) and private international law, 811 Quotas Germany, 2106 WTO and private international law, 1845 Goldschmidt, Werner, 854, 857 Human rights and private international law, 881, Rabel, Ernst, 32, 1460 884, 885 Batiffol, Henry, 167 Insolvency, applicable law, 937 CISG, 1461, 1463 Japan, 2226 Comparative law, 1462 Kegel, Gerhard, 1069 Comparative law and private international law, Lex fori, 1106, 1112 418, 420, 423 Mancini, Pasquale Stanislao, 1198, 1200 Comparative legal research, 1461, 1466 Marriage, 1227, 1230, 1233, 1234 Contribution to private international law, 1462 Portugal, 2435, 2437, 2441 Influence on private international law, 1464 Prescription, 1372, 1379 International law, 1463 Procedural, 1476 Kegel, Gerhard, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1463 Public international law and private international Life, 1460 law, 1451 Private international law, 1463 Public policy (ordre public), 1453 Roman law, 1462 Recognition and enforcement of foreign UNIDROIT, 1461, 1766 judgments (civil law), 1476 Uniform law, 1463 Recognition and enforcement of judgments Work, 1460 (common law), 1479, 1480, 1481, 1483 Race to the bottom Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual Regulatory competition, 1518, 1519, 1521, 1522 obligations), 1573 WTO and private international law, 1850, 1854 Social protection and private international Race to the top law, 1647 Regulatory competition, 1518, 1519 Standard of review, arbitral awards, 123 WTO and private international law, 1854 Substantive, 1476 Rail carrier Succession, 1687 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Taiwan, 2563, 2568 waterways, 259, 260 Thailand, 2571 Rail Protocol Tunisia, 2585, 2587 Security interests in mobile equipment (uniform United Kingdom, 2619 law), 1624, 1625, 1626, 1627 Public policy clause Rail transport Service of documents, 1629, 1632 Carriage of passengers, 277 Public policy exception Railway rolling stock Bartin, Étienne, 155, 156 Register, 1626 Publishing contract Security interests in mobile equipment (uniform Licence contract, 1147, 1149 law), 1621, 1622, 1625, 1626, 1627 Punitive damages Rational apathy Damages, 41, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 517, 519 Behavioural economics and private international Punitive judgments law, 171, 176, 177 Bartolus, 161 Rational choice In personam, 161 Behavioural economics and private international In rem, 161 law, 171, 172, 175 Punitive statutes, 160 Economic analysis and private international law, 576

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2864 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Rational ignorance Registered partnerships, 1514 Behavioural economics and private international Same-​sex marriages, 1608 law, 171, 174, 176 Surrogacy, 1692, 1693, 1695 Rationality Switzerland, 2554, 2555, 2556 Behavioural economics and private international Vested rights theory, 1818 law, 171, 175, 176, 178 Recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards, Rattachement accessoire 118, 121, 130 Liability, capital market, 1136 Alternative dispute resolution, 65 Products liability, 1414 Awards set aside abroad, 122 Torts, 1711, 1712, 1713 Brussels I (Convention and Regulation), 227 Real property rights Developments, 121 Switzerland, 2554 European Union and private international law, 125 Real seat theory France, 119, 122 Companies, 405, 407, 410 Germany, 118 Director’s liability, 539, 541 Grounds for refusing, 120 Realism Historical requirements, 120 Comity, 386 Jurisdiction, foundations, 119 Reasonable expectations New York Convention, 120 Estoppel, 676, 680 Parallel entitlement, 118 Receivables Public international law and private international Factoring (uniform law), 731, 732, 733, 734, 738 law, 123 Receivables financing Public policy, 121, 123 UNCITRAL, 1761, 1764 Reinsurance contracts, 1529 Reception of foreign private international law Saudi Arabia, 2467, 2468 Angola, 1864 Slovenia, 2514 Rechtsmissbrauch Stand-​alone, 118 Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 698, 705 Standardized procedure, 119 Reciprocity, 1466 Turkey, 2601 Aliens law (Condition des étrangers, Ukraine, 123 Fremdenrecht), 52, 56, 1469 United Kingdom, 124 Basis of foreign law, 1467 USA, 119 Capacity and emancipation, 255 Recognition and enforcement of decisions Civil proceedings, 1469 Brussels IIa Regulation, 230, 233 Comity, 387, 1467 Rome III (divorce) Regulation, 230 Concept, 1466 Recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments Drawbacks, 1467 and awards, 121 Enforcing foreign jurisdiction, 1469 1952 Arrest Convention, 139 Equal treatment of foreigners, 1469 1999 Arrest Convention, 139 Foreign law, application of, 1467 Aliens law (Condition des étrangers, Game theory and private international law, 832, Fremdenrecht), 53, 57 833, 835, 1467 Arbitration, international commercial, 86, 88, 89, Origin, 1466 92, 93, 96 Recognition and enforcement of foreign Arbitration, recognition of awards, 59 judgments (civil law), 1475 Arrest of vessels, 139 Renvoi, 1467 Belgium, 1913 Respecting foreign jurisdiction, 1469 Brazil, 1938 Recognition Brussels I (Convention and Regulation), 65 Account Preservation Order Regulation, 685 Brussels IIa Regulation, 65, 233 Arbitration, recognition of awards, 118 Egypt, 2060 Brussels I Regulation, 1482 Finland, 2078 CLIP, 365, 372 France, 2088 Country of origin rule, 480 Germany, 2111 Expropriation, 726, 727, 728, 729 Ghana, 2118 Marriage, 1230, 1233, 1234 Greece, 2128 Private international law, methods of, 1406 Italy, 2217 Recognition and enforcement of foreign Malta, 2332 judgments (civil law), 1471 Provisional measures, 687, 1446 Recognition and enforcement of foreign Recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments (common law), 1479 judgments (civil law), 1471 Recognition of legal situations evidenced by Slovenia, 2512 documents, 1500 Thailand, 2580

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Index 2865

Recognition and enforcement of judgments (civil Requirements, 1483 law), 18, 19, 1471 Res judicata, 1479, 1484 Antidiscrimination, 78 Simplification of procedure, 1482 Arbitral awards, 1473 Sovereignty, 1479, 1484 Arrest of vessels, 140 Substantive defences, 1480 Bilateral conventions, 1475 Succession, 1485 Bilateral treaties, 1472 Systems, 1479 Black list, 1475 Tax claims, 1485 Choice of forum and submission to Treaty or convention, 1479 jurisdiction, 310 Recognition and enforcement of judgments Conflicting judgments, 1477 Absence (disappearance, presumed death), 1, 4, 7 Court of origin’s jurisdiction, 1474 Albania, 1863 EU law, 1471 Anti-​suit injunctions, 81 Grounds for refusal, 1476 Arbitration, recognition of awards, 118, 119, 120 Incompatibility with requested state’s Argentina, 1878 law, 1477 Australia, 1884 Judgments in civil and commercial matters, 1473 Austria, 1893 Lack of service of process, 1477 Belarus, 1905 Mechanisms, 1472 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1927 Mirror principle, 1474 Brussels I (Convention and Regulation), 220, 223, Multilateral treaties, 1472 224, 228 Prerequisites, 1473 Brussels IIa Regulation, 24, 229, 230, 231 Private interests, 1471 Bulgaria, 1949 Private law, 1473 Canada, 1958 Procedural orders, 1473 China, 1979 Procedural public policy, 1476 Choice of forum and submission to jurisdiction, Procedure, 1478 305, 310 Reciprocity, 1475 CLIP, 365, 366, 372 Res judicata, 1474 Colombia, 1989 Scope of application of national laws, 1471 Croatia, 2001 Settlements, 1473 Cuba, 2007 State interests, 1471 Czech Republic, 2018 Substantive effects, 1474 Denmark, 2035 Substantive public policy, 1476 Divorce and personal separation, 544, 546, 552 Underlying ideas, 1471 Dominican Republic, 2042 Recognition and enforcement of judgments Ecuador, 2052 (common law), 18, 19, 1479 Full Faith and Credit clause, 824 Antidiscrimination, 78 Game theory and private international law, 835 Arrest of vessels, 140 GEDIP, 837, 841 Automatic recognition, 1481 Georgia, 2100 Bilateral treaties, 1479 Ghana, 2116 Brussels I Convention and Regulation, 1481 Greece, 2128 Brussels I Regulation, 1482 Hong Kong, SAR of China, 2132 Choice of forum and submission to Human rights and private international law, 882, jurisdiction, 310 885 Civil law systems, 1483 Hungary, 2146 Comity, 1484 Iceland, 2151 Common law systems, 1483 India, 2161 Criminal law, 1485 Indonesia, 2172 Federal systems, 1481 Insolvency, applicable law, 937, 938 Grounds of refusal, 1481 Insolvency, cooperation and recognition, 941 Insolvency, 1485 Insurance contracts, 956 Judgments in civil and commercial matters, 1479 Intellectual property rights, 365, 366, 372 Multilateral treaties, 1479 Iran, 2181 Non-​enforcement/​non-​recognition, 1483, 1484 Ireland, 2186 Other than by treaty or convention, 1482 Israel, 2205 Personal status, 1484 Japan, 2226 Presence in jurisdiction, 1484 Kazakhstan, 2241 Procedural objections, 1480 Korea, 2251 Procedure, 1480 Latvia, 2262 Public policy, 1479, 1480, 1481, 1483 Lebanon, 2274

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2866 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Recognition and enforcement of judgments (cont.) Economic sectors, 1491 Liechtenstein, 2284 Educational qualifications, 1489 Life insurance contracts, 1152, 1153, 1157 Environmental authorisations, 1493 Lis alibi pendens, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1162, 1163 Equivalence, 1486, 1489, 1490, 1493 Lithuania, 2295 EU law, 1489 Luxembourg, 2304 European basic freedoms, 1490 Macau, SAR of China, 2312 European Union law, 1487 Macedonia, FYR, 2324 European Union primary law, 1489 Malta, 2332 European Union secondary law, 1490 Maritime torts, 1222 Exclusive jurisdiction, 1488 Marriage, 546, 1228 Foreign competition authorities’ findings, 1494 Mediation, 1253 Function, 1487 Mexico, 2344 General international law, 1488 Montenegro, 2352 Goods, 1490 Netherlands, 2367 Historical development, 1487 New Zealand, 2377 International trade, 1489 Nigeria, 2383 International transport, 1488 Norway, 2396 Legal effects, 1486 Nuclear liability, 1313 Legal sources of duties, 1488 Paraguay, 2408 Limits, 1492 Peru, 2419 Local data, 1493 Place of performance, 1360, 1364 Mandatory requirements, 1490 Poland, 2432 Modern trends, 1494 Private international law, foundations, 1380, 1381, Mutual recognition, principle of, 1487, 1488, 1489, 1382 1490 Public policy (ordre public), 1453, 1455, 1457 National law, 1491 Reciprocity, 1470 Nationality, 1489 Recognition and enforcement of judgments Notion, 1486 (common law), 1479 Private international law, 1492 Reinsurance contracts, 1527, 1530 Procedure, 1486 Restatement (First and Second) of Conflict of Public international law, 1487, 1488 Laws, 1546, 1549 Public policy (ordre public), 1492 Romania, 2451 Purpose, 1487 Rome IV Regulation (succession), 1585 Substantial differences, 1489 Russian Federation, 2461 Treaties, particular, 1488 Saudi Arabia, 2465 Recognition of foreign status Serbia, 2481 Incidental (preliminary) question, 914, 915, 916 Service of documents, 1628, 1631 Recognition of legal situations evidenced by Singapore, 2490 documents, 17, 21, 1495 Slovakia, 2501 Adoption, 1501 Slovenia, 2513 Arguments, 1502 Small Claims Regulation, 1646 Background, 1495 South Africa, 2522 Civil status, conventions on, 1497 Spain, 2534 Concept, 1495 Succession, 1683, 1690 Distrust of issuing institution, 1503 Sweden, 2545 European regulations, 1495 Taiwan, 2567 Freedom of establishment, 1499 Tunisia, 2589 Goods, 1498 Turkey, 2600 Historical development, 1497 Ukraine, 2611 International conventions, 1500 United Kingdom, 2618 International instruments, 1496 Uruguay, 2636 Limping legal relationships, 1502 Venezuela, 2656 Marriage, 1495, 1496, 1499, 1501, 1502 Vietnam, 2666 Maternal descent of natural children, 1500 West Balkan Convention, 1832, 1834 Minimum standards, 1504 Recognition, method of Mutual recognition, principle of, 1497, 1498 Unilateralism, 1790 National laws, 1502 Recognition of administrative acts, 1486 Obscurity, 1504 Act-​of-​state doctrine, 1488 Primary sources of European law, 1498 Concept, 1486 Public policy (ordre public), 1495, 1504 Driving licences, 1491 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 1500

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Index 2867

Relationship of rules, 1502 Characterization of partnerships, 1509, 1513 Unification of conflict rules, 1503 Children, 1513 Recognition theory Concept, 1505 GEDIP, 843 Consequences, 1505, 1511 Recoverability of damages Content, 1505 Damages, 516, 517 Contractual approach, 1506 Recovery of maintenance Core consequences, 1511 Chile, 1965 Current regulation, 1509 Maintenance obligations, 1185, 1191, 1193 Czech Republic, 1510, 2013, 2017 Red Book Denmark, 1506, 1510, 1511 Construction contracts, 459 Divorce and personal separation, 543, 544, 554, Reece, Willis L 1514 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 587 Domicile, habitual residence and Reese, Willis L.M. establishment, 555 Jurisdiction, limits under international law, 1051 European Union, 1508 Restatement (First and Second) of Conflict of Exclusion, 553 Laws, 1549 Family name, 1513 USA, 2639, 2640 Family relations, 1507 Reference Finland, 1511, 1514 Renvoi, 1537 Formal requirements and validity, 1510 Reference for a preliminary ruling France, 1505, 1507, 1509, 1510, 1511, Court of Justice of the European Union, 488, 489 1513, 1514 Reference point Germany, 1505, 1506, 1507, 1509, 1510, 1511, Connecting factor, 441, 444 1513, 1514 Reference to conflict of laws rules Habitual residence, 1511 Renvoi, 67, 1537, 1545 Historical development, 1506 Reference to substantive law International conventions, 1507 Renvoi, 1537, 1545 Ireland, 2188 Referral, object Jurisdiction, 547 Choice of law, 314 Legal sources, 1507 Referral, operation Local law, 1511, 1512, 1514 Choice of law, 316 Luxembourg, 1505, 1506, 1510, 1514 Referral, scope Maintenance obligations, 1508 Choice of law, 317 Marriage, 1507, 1510, 1512 Reflexivity Matrimonial property, 1508 Globalization and private international law, 846, Mutual recognition, 1508 847, 850 National differences, 1505 Refugees Nationality, 1511 Nationality, 1300 Netherlands, 1505, 1506, 1507, 1510, 1511, 1513, Refusal of acceptance 1514, 2366 Service of documents, 1630 Norway, 1506, 1511 Regional Economic Integration Organization Notion, 1505 (REIO) Other consequences, 1512 Hague Conference on Private International Personal status, 1346, 1347, 1349, 1350, 1507 Law, 871 Place of registration, 548 Register Recognition, 1514 Recognition of legal situations evidenced by Recognition of legal situations evidenced by documents, 1499, 1500 documents, 1501 Register of ships Registration abroad, 1514 Functions, 1437 Same-​sex marriage, 551, 1505, 1604, 1605, 1609 Property and proprietary rights in vessels, 1437, Slovenia, 1510 1438 Spouses, 549 Registered partnership(s), 1505 Standing, 543 Access, 1510 State of registration, 1510, 1511, 1514 Adoption, 1508 Succession, 1512 Austria, 1510 Sweden, 1506, 2540, 2546 Belgium, 1505, 1506, 1507, 1510, 1511, 1512, 1513, Switzerland, 1506, 1507, 1510, 1512 1514 Unilateral rules, 1506 Bilateral rules, 1507 United Kingdom, 1505, 1510, 1514 Brussels IIa Regulation, 553 Registered rights Changing nature of partnerships, 1513 Property and proprietary rights, 1433, 1434

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2868 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Registration (ships) Bermuda choice-​of-​law rules, 1526 Compulsory, 757 Bermuda rules on jurisdiction and Flag, 755, 756, 758, 763 enforcement, 1530 IMO, 905 Brussels I Regulation (recast), 1529 Maritime torts, 1223 Cross-​border portfolio transfer, 1530 Règles matérielles Divergence, 1531 Better law approach, 185 European rules on jurisdiction and Regulation, effect enforcement, 1529 Court of Justice of the European Union, 486, 489 Facultative reinsurance, 1523, 1524, 1531 Regulations Full reinsurance clause, 1524 Uniform substantive law and private international Jurisdiction, 1529 law, 1772 Law applicable in absence of choice, 1527 Regulators Lead underwriter, 1527 Regulatory competition, 1516 London market, 1523, 1524, 1526, 1531 Regulatory competition, 1515 Multiplicity of reinsurers/​ed, 1527 Assessment, 1523 Party autonomy, 1524 Businesses’ responsiveness, 1516 Risk transfer market, 1531 Companies, 405, 1517, 1520 Rome I Regulation article 3, 1524 Compliance, 1517, 1522 Rome I Regulation article 4, 1527 Concept, 1515 Treaty reinsurance, 1523, 1525, 1528 Consumers’ responsiveness, 1516 Types, 1523 Economic analysis and private international Unification, and, 1531 law, 579 US choice of law, absent agreement, 1528 Empirical evidence, 1517 US choice-​of-​law rules, 1526 Evolutionary economic theory, 1515 US rules on jurisdiction and enforcement, 1530 Familiarity of law, 1516, 1517 Relationship with existing international conventions Freedom of choice, 1516, 1520, 1521, 1522 Agency and authority of agents, 33 Fundamental requirements, 1515 Relative adoption, 14 Game theory and private international law, 832 Reliance Horizontal, 1521, 1522 Estoppel, 676 Incentive, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1519 Religion Interest groups, 1518 Interreligious law, 1020 International instruments, 1522 No privileged status, 1024 Luxembourg, 2297 Privileged status, 1023 Market failure, 579 Religious courts Non-​contractual obligations, 1520 Lebanon, 2266, 2272, 2275 Normative implications, 1519 Religious law Notion, 1515 Interreligious law, 1020, 1024 Party autonomy, 580 Lebanon, 1025, 2272, 2275 Potential effects, 1518 Religious tribunals Proper functioning, 1521 Tunisia, 2583 Purpose, 1515 Remedies, 1531 Quality of law, 1516, 1517 Account Preservation Order Regulation, 686 Race to the bottom, 1518, 1519, 1521, 1522 Anti-​suit injunctions, 84 Race to the top, 1518, 1519 Applicable law, 1532, 1534 Regulators’ responsiveness, 1516 Carriage of passengers, 276, 277 Role of private international law, 1519 CISG, 340 Role of substantive law, 1522 Civil law, 1535, 1536 Tiebout, Charles M, 579 Common law, 1532, 1533, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1537 Vertical, 1521, 1522 Damages, 1535 Re-​incorporation Declaration, 1534, 1536 Freedom of establishment/​persons Discrimination, 72 (European Union) and private international Enforcement, 1533, 1536 law, 809, 810 Equity, 82, 1532, 1534 Reinsurance EU law, 1534, 1536, 1537 Insurance contracts, 961 Final injunction, 1534, 1536 Party autonomy, 961 Final relief, 1534 Reinsurance contracts, 1523 Injunction, 924 Reinsurance contracts, 1523 Interim, 1532 Arbitration, 1529 Jurisdiction, 1533 Bermuda choice of law, absent agreement, 1529 Nature, 1532

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Index 2869

Non-​monetary relief, 1534 Sweden, 2542 Set-​off, 1535 Switzerland, 2552, 2557 Specific performance, 1534, 1535, 1536 Taiwan, 2563 Substance and procedure, 1672 Thailand, 2571 Remission Transmission, 1538 Renvoi, 1538 Uniformity of decisions, 1539 Renvoi, 1537 Unilateralism, 1789 Acceptance, 1540 United Kingdom, 2619 Accessory connecting factor, 1544 Venezuela, 2654 Adults, protection of, 27, 28 Representation Alternative connecting factor, 1543 Agency and authority of agents, 30 Areas of law, 1543 Netherlands, 2367 Australia, 1883 Reproductive tourism Balancing of interests, 1540 Surrogacy, 1695 Bartin, Étienne, 155 Res in transitu Basis for coherent regulation, 1542 Cultural objects, protection of, 504 Batiffol, Henry, 169 Res judicata Choice of law, 67, 317 Arbitration, investment, 103 CIEC/​ICCS (International Commission on Civil Incidental (preliminary) question, 913, 914, 915, Status), 335 921 Closest connection, 1544 Lis alibi pendens, 1159 Comparative law and private international Recognition and enforcement of judgments law, 420 (common law), 1479, 1484 Contract law, 1543 Recognition of legal situations evidenced by Cumulative connecting factor, 1544 documents, 1495, 1497, 1500 Distinctions, 1542 Reservations Double, 1538 CISG, 343 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 586 Factoring (uniform law), 737 European legal sources, 1541 Financial leasing (uniform law), 753 Exclusion, 1540 Residence Favourable/​hostile provisions, 1542 Capacity and emancipation, 251, 253 Germany, 2105 CIEC/​ICCS (International Commission on Civil Goldschmidt, Werner, 855, 856, 860 Status), 333, 335 Greece, 2126 Double taxation treaties, 570 Historical development, 1538 Residence principle Homeward trend, 1539 Domicile, habitual residence and establishment Incidental (preliminary) question, 915, 917, 919, Connecting factor, 559 922 Residuary rule International legal sources, 1541 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 587, 589 Italy, 2213 Lex fori, 587, 589 Japan, 2226 Responsibility Kahn, Franz, 1060 Globalization and private international law, 848, Korea, 2247 849, 850, 851 Lebanon, 2268 Restatement Legal sources, 1540 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 585, 586, 592 Lex fori, 1112 Restatement (First and Second) of Conflict of Mancini, Pasquale Stanislao, 1197, 1199, 1539 Laws, 1545 Multiple connecting factors, 1543 Restatement (First and Second) of Conflict of National legal sources, 1540 Laws, 1545 Personal status, 1543 First Restatement, 1546 Poland, 2427 Need for new restatement, 1552 Portugal, 2436 Restatement of the Law, 1545 Prescription, 1375 Second Restatement, 1549 Public policy (ordre public), 1539 USA, 1545 Remission, 1538 Third Restatement, 1553 Specific criteria, 1541 Restatement (First) of Conflict of Laws (1934) Subsidiary connecting factor, 1543 Beale, Joseph, 1546 Substantive ideas of justice, 1539 Cavers, David, 1547 Substantive law with exceptions, 1540 Contribution, 1548 Substantive law, 1537 Criticisms, 1547 Succession, 1685 Currie, Brainerd, 509, 510, 511

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2870 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Restatement (First) of Conflict of Laws (1934) cont.( ) Review Interest and policy analysis in private international Foreign law, judicial review, 778, 779, 780, law, 980 781, 782 Judicial acceptance, 1547 Rheinstein, Max Overarching principles, 1546 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 584 Restatement (First and Second) of Conflict of Rabel, Ernst, 1461 Laws, 1546 Rhode Island Territoriality, 1546 Better law approach, 180 USA, 2640 Rhodian Sea Law Vested rights, 1546 Lex maritima, 1113, 1116 Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws (1971) Right to be heard Ad hoc analysis, 1551 Service of documents, 1628, 1632 Competition, unfair, 435 Right to industrial action Connecting factor, 443, 444 Choice of law, 640 Currie, Brainerd, 509, 510, 511, 1549 Employment, industrial disputes, 632, 636 Employment contracts, applicable law, 617, 618 EU limitations, 636 Escape clause, 671, 672, 1550 Fundamental right, as, 638 Formal requirements and validity, 787 Internal market (of the EU), 636 Interest and policy analysis in private international Overriding mandatory rules, 641 law, 982, 988, 1549 Proportionality, 637 Judicial acceptance, 1551 Public policy, 641 Leflar, Robert, 1551 Regulatory framework, 635 Most significant relationship formula, 1550 Restrictions, 633 Pointers, 1550 Right to legal counsel, representation Presumptive rules, 1550 Legal aid, 1089 Restatement (First and Second) of Conflict of Right to private life Laws, 1549 Surrogacy, 1696 Rules, 1550 Right to property Section 6, 1549 Embargo, 602 USA, 2640 Right to strike Wills, 787 Employment, collective bargaining, 632 Restatement (Third) of Conflict of Laws Employment, industrial disputes, 632, 633, 640 Restatement (First and Second) of Conflict of Fundamental right, as, 635 Laws, 1553 ILO standards, 634 Restatement (Third) of Unfair Competition (1995) Proportionality, 637 Competition, unfair, 433 Regulatory approach, 633 Restitution Restrictions, 633, 634, 637 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual obligations), Secondary action, 636 474, 1570 Rights in rem UNIDROIT, 1770 Flag, 761, 762 Unjust enrichment (restitution), 1809 Insolvency, applicable law, 934 Restitution, cultural property Japan, 2225 Cultural objects, protection of, 501, 502 Korea, 2248 Restriction, quantitative Lease contracts and tenancies, 1082 WTO and private international law, 1846 Property and proprietary rights, 1429 Restructuring of public finances Taiwan, 2566 Bonds and loans, 217 Transport law (uniform law), 1736 Resulting trusts Rights of the child, 16 Trust, 1753 Guardianship, custody and parental Result-​oriented choice-​of-​law rules responsibility, 865 Italy, 2211 Risk allocation Results-​oriented private international law rules Transport law (uniform law), 1728 Incidental (preliminary) question, 920, 921 Risk aversion Retention rights Behavioural economics and private international Property and proprietary rights, 1430 law, 173 Return (of cultural property) Risks Cultural objects, protection of, 498, 501, 502, 503, Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland 504, 506 waterways, 257, 259 Reverse Discrimination Road carrier Aliens law (Condition des étrangers, Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Fremdenrecht), 53 waterways, 256, 257, 259, 260

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Index 2871

Road traffic accidents Renvoi, 2449 Direct action, 537, 1723, 1724 Significance of EU private international law, 2444 Fourth Motor Insurance Directive, 538 Sources of private international law, 2442 Hague Traffic Accident Convention, 538 Succession, 2448, 2450 Local data, 1167, 1170 United Nations Conventions, 2443 Torts, 1709, 1711, 1714 Voluntary prorogation of jurisdiction, 2446 Traffic accidents, 1717 Rome Convention, 1553 Road traffic accidents, applicable law Bill of lading, 198 Direct action, 538 Consumer contracts, 1558 Direct claims against insurers, 1724 Denmark, 1553, 1589 Traffic accidents, 1718, 1722 Freight forwarding contracts, 818, 819 Road traffic accidents, jurisdiction GEDIP, 837, 839 Civil liability insurer, 1723 Overriding mandatory rules, 1561 Direct action, 538 Proper law (doctrine), 1423 Direct claims against insurers, 1723 Sale contracts and sale of goods, 1590 Domicile, 1723 Social protection and private international Social security insurer, 1723 law, 1649 Traffic accidents, 1722 Structure of choice-​of-​law rules, 1556 Roerich Pact Transport law (uniform law), 1729 Cultural objects, protection of, 499 Universal character, 1555 Rôles d’Oléron Rome Convention and Rome I Regulation Lex maritima, 1113, 1114 Adults, protection of, 27 Roman law Alternative dispute resolution, 62, 63, 64 Huber, Ulrik, 876 Arbitration, 88 Ius gentium, 1026, 1028, 1031 Capacity and emancipation, 252 Rabel, Ernst, 1462 Carriage of passengers, 269 Romania, 2442 Cessio legis, 288 Administration of private international Discrimination, 72 law, 2445 Donation, 561 Application of foreign law, 2445 Rome I Regulation, 1553 Arbitration, 2451 Antidiscrimination, 73 Bilateral conventions, 2443 Article 3(3), 702 Bilateral treaties, 2443 Article 3(4), 702 Case-​law, 2444 Article 6(1), 468 Choice of law, 2449 Article 6, circumstances of application, 470 Contractual obligations, 2447, 2449 Article 6, material scope, 468 Corporations, 2448, 2450 Article 9, 702, 146 Council of Europe Conventions, 2443 Article 14, 150 Courts and non-​judicial authorities, 2445 Article 21, 702 Divorce and personal separation, 2448, 2450 Assignability/​Assignment of claims, 142, 143, 145 Doctrinal writings, 2444 Behavioural economics and private international Exclusive jurisdiction, 2447 law, 177 Family matters, 2448, 2450 Bill of lading, 198 Filiation, 2450 CESL, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287 Hague Conference on Private International Cessio legis, 289, 290, 291, 292, 294 Law, 2442 Civil and commercial matters, 348, 351 Hague Conventions, 2442 Collective agreement, 609 History and development of private international Consumer contracts, 1558 law, 2445 Contract types, 1557 Intellectual property, 2448, 2450 Contracts relating to immovable property, 469 International conventions, 2442 Contracts relating to package travel, 469 Jurisdiction, 2446 Contractual obligations, 472 Major legislation, 2442 Currie, Brainerd, 511 Marriage, 2450 Dépeçage, 526 New Civil Procedure Code, 2442 Damages, 516, 518, 519 Non-​contractual obligations, 2447, 2449 Default rules, 1557 Obligations, 2447, 2449 Domestic contracts, 1555 PILA, 2442 Donation, 563 Property, 2447, 2449 Economic analysis and private international law, Reciprocity, 2446 580, 581, 583 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2451 Employment contracts, applicable law, 617, 619,

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2872 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Rome I Regulation (cont.) Timeshare contracts, 470 620, 622, 623, 624 Universal character, 1555 Employment contracts, jurisdiction, 627, 628, 629, Rome II Regulation, 1562 631 Agency and authority of agents, 34 Employment contracts, 1560 Arbitration, 1563 Employment, industrial disputes, 636, 638, 641 Background, 1562 Employment, posting of workers, 651, 654 Carriage of goods by sea, 268 Escape clause, 1557 Cascade of applicable law, 1568 European contracts, 1555 CESL, 282 European Union and private international law, 691 Cessio legis, 289, 290, 291, 292, 294 Excluded contracts, 469 Chapters, 1566 Exclusions, 1555 Characterization (classification), 1564 Final clauses, 1561 Choice of law, 69 Financial instruments, 742 Civil and commercial matters, 348, 351, 352 Financial services, 470 Community intellectual property rights, Flag, 758, 760 infringements, 1570 Floating choice of law, 768 Competition law (antitrust), 431 Formal requirements and validity, 785 Competition, restricting, 1569 Freight forwarding contracts, 818 Competition, unfair, 434, 435, 437, 438, 440 Game theory and private international law, 833 Content, 1566 GEDIP, 839 Context, 1562 Hague Agency Convention, 33 Contractual obligations, 472 Historical background, 1553 Culpa in contrahendo, 497, 1571 Importance, 1561 Currie, Brainerd, 511 Insolvency, 151 Damages, 514, 515, 516, 517, 518, 519 International contracts, 1555 Denmark, 1563 Interpretation principles, 1554 Discrimination, 72 Interpretation, autonomous, 1007, 1009, 1013 Economic analysis and private international law, Law of the forum, 1561 581, 582 Law of third parties, 1561 Employment, industrial disputes, 636, 638 Lease contracts and tenancies, 1082, 1084 Environmental damage, 1569 Licence contract, 1148, 1149 Event giving rise to damage, 1563 Life insurance contracts, 1152 Exceptions, 1563 Mixed freight forwarding contracts, 821 Exclusions, 1565 Overriding mandatory provisions, 1560 Flag, 761 Party autonomy, 1556 Freedom of choice, 1572 Personal scope, 468 GEDIP, 840 Posted Workers Directive, and, 654 Greece, 2122 Principle of closest connection, 1557 Hague Traffic Accident Convention, and, 1718, Private international law, foundations, 1383, 1387, 1719 1388 Historical background, 1562 Proper law (doctrine), 1423 Industrial action, 1570 Provisions that cannot be derogated from by Intellectual property rights, infringements, 1570 contract, 470 International Conventions, 1565 Public policy (ordre public), 1455, 1560 Internet, liability, 998, 1003 Pure freight forwarding contracts, 819 Interpretation, autonomous, 1007 Rationale, 1553 Legislative process, 1563 Relationship to other instruments, 1556 Negotiorum gestio, 1571 Sale contracts and sale of goods, 1593 Non-​monetary relief, 1567 Scope of applicable law, 1561 Overriding mandatory provisions, 1573 Scope of application, 1554 Private international law, foundations, 1383, 1387, Sea waybills and other transport documents, 1388 1620 Products liability, 1413, 1416, 1568 Social protection and private international Proper law (doctrine), 1425 law, 1649 Public policy (ordre public), 1455 Special rules for weaker parties, 1558 Public policy of the forum, 1573 Sphere of substantive application, 1554 Remedies, 1532, 1534, 1571 Structure of choice-​of-​law rules, 1556 Rules of safety and conduct, 665, 1573 Substance and procedure, 1668, 1670, 1671, 1672, Scope of applicable law, 1572 1673, 1674 Scope of application, 1563 Systematic unity, 1554 Scope, 1563

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Index 2873

Significance, 1573 General and final provisions, 1587 Social protection and private international Habitual residence, determining, 1584 law, 1649 International conventions, 1582 Structure, 1563 Jurisdiction, 1582 Substance and procedure, 1668, 1669, 1671, 1672, Matrimonial property, 1581 1673, 1674 Private international law, foundations, 1383, 1387 Tort/​delict, 1566 Professio juris, 1583 Torts, 1710, 1711, 1712, 1714, 1715, 1716, 1717 Public policy (ordre public), 1455, 1586 Traffic accidents, 1568, 1718 Recognition and enforcement of decisions, 1585 Unfair competition, 1569 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 1584 United Kingdom, 1563 Significance for private international law Unjust enrichment (restitution), 1570, 1809, 1810, 1812 practice, 1588 Rome III Regulation, 1574 Significance for private international law Aims, 1574 theory, 1588 Altering agreement, 1577 Structure, 1582 Annulment, 1576 Substantive scope of application, 1581 Applicable law, 550 Territorial scope of application, 1582 Application of conflict-​of-​law rules, 1578 Transitional provisions, 1587 Background, 1574 Waiver of succession, 1581, 1583 Brussels IIa Regulation, and, 1574, 1575, 1578 Rotterdam Rules Celebration of marriage, 1576 Bill of lading, 201 Choice of law, 550 Carrier liability, 1263, 1266 Conflict-​of-​law rules, 1576 Conclusion, 1270 Context, 1574 Conflict of law, 1267 Converting legal separation to divorce, 1577 Contract of carriage, 1266 Divorce and personal separation, 546, 549, 553 Hague-​Visby Rules, and, 1263 Exclusions, 1576 International instrument, 1266, 1267 Formal validity, 1577 Lex maritima, 1115 GEDIP, 841 Liability periods, 1264 International conventions, 1576 Maritime law (uniform law), 1216 Interpretation, autonomous, 1009 Maritime performing parties, 1266 Law applicable in absence of choice, 1577 Multimodal carriage contracts, 1263, 1265 Legal basis, 1574 Nature, 1266 Malta provision, 1579 Non-​maritime routes, 1267 Not applying law, 1579 Objective approach, 1266 Party autonomy, 1576 Period of liability, 1268 Principle of mutual recognition, 1579 Replacement conventions, and, 1267 Private international law, foundations, , Scope of application, 1266 Public policy (ordre public), 1455 Sea waybills and other transport documents, 1619 Registered partnerships, 1575 Subjective approach, 1266 Same-​sex marriages, 549, 1575, 1579, 1606 Termination of period of liability, 1268 Scope of application, 1575 Rule of law Spousal connection, 1576 Court of Justice of the European Union, 483, 484 Successive connecting factors, 1577 Interpretation, autonomous, 1008 Temporal scope of application, 1576 Rules ad decisionem Territorial units, 1578 Proceedings, law governing, 1407 Validity of agreement, 1577 Rules of safety and conduct Rome IV Regulation, 1580 Environmental liability, 665 Absence of professio juris, 1584 Local data, 1167 Acceptance of succession, 1581, 1583 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual obligations), Applicable law, general, 1583 1173, 1573 Authentic instruments, 1586 Russia Background, 1580 Russian Federation, 2451 Bilateral agreements, 1582 Russian Civil Code Brussels I Regulation, 225 Commonwealth of Independent States and private Context, 1580 international law, 400 Court settlements, 1586 Russian Federation, 2451 Disposition of property on death, 1581, 1584, Application of foreign law, 2456 1585, 1587 Arbitration, 2461 European Certificate of Succession, 1586 Bilateral conventions, 2453 Exclusions, 1581 Case-​law, 2455

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2874 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Characterization (classification), 2458 Sale contracts Choice of law, 2458 Freedom of choice, 1593 CIS conventions, 2454 Rome I Regulation (contractual obligations), 1593 Civil Code, 2452 Sale contracts and sale of goods, 1590 Constitution, 2451 Special rules, 1593 Contractual obligations, 2459 Sale contracts and sale of goods, 1588 Corporations, 2458, 2460 Certainty, 1588 Court measures for ascertaining foreign law, 2456 CESL, 278 Court systems, 2452 Characteristic performance, 1593, 1595 Divorce, 2460 Consumer contracts, 1590 Doctrinal writings, 2455 Contracts for the international sale of goods, 1588 Eurasian Economic Community Freedom of choice, 1590 (EURAZEC), 2454 Get-​out clause, 1591, 1593 Exclusive jurisdiction, 2456 Hague Sales Convention 1955, 1588 Family matters, 2458, 2460 Immovable property, 1592, 1593, 1594 Filiation, 2461 Monetary performance, 1592, 1595 Formal validity of transactions, 2459 Predictability, 1588 Former Soviet Republic, multilateral Principle of closest connection, 1591 conventions, 2453 Reciprocal contracts, 1595 Hague Conference on Private International Rome Convention and Rome I Regulation Law, 2453 (contractual obligations), 1557, 1590 Hague Conventions, 2453 Rome instruments, 1589 History and development of private international Sale of rights, 1594, 1595 law, 2455 Uniform private international law, 1589 International conventions, 2452 Uniform substantive law, 1589 Jurisdiction, 2456 Sale of goods Major legislation, 2451 Characteristic performance, 1592 Marriage, 2461 Ernst, Rabel, 338 Multilateral conventions, 2453 Goods, 1594 Non-​contractual obligations, 2460 Habitual residence, 1593 Obligations, 2457, 2459 Interpretation, autonomous, 1593 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1326, 1327 Jurisdiction, contracts and torts, 1038, 1039 Overriding mandatory provisions, 2458 Place of performance, 1361, 1366, 1367 Party autonomy, 2459 Rabel, Ernst, 1461, 1463 Property, 2457, 2460 UNIDROIT, 1766, 1770 Prorogation agreement, 2456 Sales contracts and sale of goods Provisional measures, 2457 Antidiscrimination, 72, 74 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2461 Salvage, 1595 Socialist Revolution, 2455 Aircraft, 1596, 1597 Sources of private international law, 2451 Arbitral proceedings, 1596 Succession, 2461 Arrest of vessels, 139 Transport law (uniform law), 2453 Arresting proceedings, 1600 UNCITRAL, 2453 Assistance, 1595 UNIDROIT, 2453 Brussels Convention, 1596 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), 2452 Brussels I Regulation, 1599 Brussels I Regulation (recast), 1599 Saba Choice of law, 1601 Netherlands, 2358 Choice-​of-​court agreement, 1599 Sachnormen Civil, 1595 Better law approach, 185 Concept, 1595 Safe harbours Contractual, 1597, 1598, 1599, 1602 Internet, liability, 1000, 1001 Convention exclusions, 1597 Safety of life at sea (SOLAS) Definition, 1596 IMO, 905, 907, 908, 909 Derogations, 1602 Sale by auction Fair rate of expenditure, 1599 Applicable law, 1592 Flexibility, 1601, 1602 Place of auction, 1594 Forum arresti, 1600 Rome Convention and Rome I Regulation Judicial proceedings, 1596 (contractual obligations), 1557 Jurisdiction, 1599 Rome I Regulation (contractual obligations), 1594 Liability, 1599 Sale contracts and sale of goods, 1593, 1594 Lloyd’s Open Form, 1596, 1598

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Index 2875

Lugano Convention, 1600 San Sebastian Convention Mandatory, 1598 Employment contracts, jurisdiction, 625, 627, 630 Maritime law (uniform law), 1212, 1213 Sarajevo Military, 1595 West Balkan Convention, 1832, 1833, 1835 Nagasaki Spirit, 1598 Saudi Arabia, 2462 Negotiorum gestio, 1302 Arbitration, 2463 No cure-no​ pay principle, 1598 Board of Grievances, 2464 Non-​contractual, 1602 Case-​law, 2465 Notion, 1595 Choice of law, 2462 Operation, 1596, 1598 Family matters, 2463, 2464, 2467 Other conventions, 1597 International conventions, 2463, 2466, 2468 Payment of remuneration, 1600 International jurisdiction, 2463 Person in danger, 1603 International procedural law, 2463 Place of performance, 1603 Interreligious law, 2463 Public authorities, 1601 Islamic law, 2462 Reservations, 1597, 1601 Jurisdiction of Saudi-​Arabian courts, 2463 Rome I Regulation (contractual obligations), 1602 Legal situation before 2012, 2465 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual Legal situation since 2012, 2466 obligations), 1602 Legislation, 2463 Salvage Convention 1989, 1596 Nationality, 2464 Salvage Convention 1910, 1595, 1596 Negotiable instrument, 2463 Sphere of application, 1596 Public policy, 2468 Substantive rules, 1598 Reciprocity, 2465 Transport law (uniform law), 1734 Recognition and enforcement of arbitral Voluntary, 1598 awards, 2468 Same-​sex marriage, 1604 Recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral Adoption, 16, 19 awards, 2467 Applicable law, 1607 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2465 Brussels IIa Regulation, 548, 1606 Riyadh Convention, 2466 Concept, 1604 SAGIA, 2462 Constitutional tradition, 1608 Sharî’a courts, 2464 Current regulation, 1607 System of private international law, 2462 Divorce and personal separation, 543, 548, 549, Savignism 551, 553, 554, 1606 Batiffol, Henry, 168 European legal sources, 1606 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 1609 Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 698, 699 Bartin, Étienne, 154, 155 Function, 1605 Batiffol, Henry, 164, 166, 168 Historical development, 1604 Bulgaria, 1940 International jurisdiction, 1607 Choice of law, 313, 316 International legal sources, 1605 Comity, 384 Ireland, 2187 Conflict of laws rules, 1611 Legal sources, 1605 Connecting factor, 451, 1614 Maintenance Regulation, 1607 Contribution to private international law, 1610 Marriage, 1227, 1604 Economic analysis and private international National legal sources, 1605 law, 577 Nationality, 1294, 1605 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 589 Notion, 1604 Exceptions to equality of law, 1612 Proposal for a Regulation on matrimonial Foundation of the seat theory, 1610 property regimes, 1607 Further development, 1614 Public policy, 1605, 1608 Globalization and private international law, 850 Purpose, 1605 Influence at the time, 1613 Recognition, 1608 Influence in the long run, 1614 Registered partnerships, 1505, 1506, 1510 Influence on private international law, 1613 Rome III Regulation, 1606 Interest and policy analysis in private international Same-​sex relationship law, 983, 987, 1614 Cohabitation, 1604 International common law of nations, 1611 European Convention on Human Rights, 1604 International uniformity of decisions, 1611 Registered partnerships, 1505, 1506, 1510, 1512, Life, 1609 1513 Local data, 1167 Same-​sex marriages, 1604 Mancini, Pasquale Stanislao, 1197, 1198, 1609 Surrogacy, 1691 Ordre public, 1612

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2876 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Savigny, Friedrich Carl von (cont.) Grounds, 816 Overriding mandatory provisions, 1612 Purpose, 815 Personal status, 1346 Remedies, 1532 Prescription, 1370, 1371 Safeguards, 815 Private international law, foundations, 1385, 1386, Undertaking in damages, 815 1387 Usage, 815 Private international law, history of, 1395, 1610 Without notice, 815 Public international law and private international Seat of arbitration law, 1449 Arbitration, international commercial, 88, 90 Rejection by the USA, 1613 Arbitration, (UNCITRAL) Model Law, 90, 128 Relevance of closest connection, 1613 Seat of the legal relationship Seat of the legal relationship, 1611 Private international law, foundations, 1386, 1387, Story, Joseph, 1609, 1659, 1663, 1665, 1666 1388 Sweden, 2538 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 1610, 1611 Unilateralism, 1610, 1780, 1781, 1786 Unilateralism, 1779 Vested rights theory, 1815 Wächter, Carl Georg von, 1830 Wächter, Carl Georg von, 1825, 1827, 1830, 1831 Seat rule (corporations) Saviour siblings WTO and private international law, 1851, 1852 Bioethics and private international law, 202 Seat theory SC Convention Foundations, 1610 Nuclear liability, 1306, 1307, 1309 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 1610 Principles, 1310 Second Restatement of Conflict of Laws Scandinavia Most significant relationship, 2642 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1325, 1327 Presumptive rules, 2643 Schaeffner, Wilhelm Restatement (First and Second) of Conflict of Story, Joseph, 1665, 1666 Laws, 1549 Schmitthoff, Clive USA, 2639, 2640, 2644 Lex mercatoria, 1125 Secondary action School of Orléans, 158 Employment, industrial disputes, 633, 636, 640 Schuman, Robert Secondary connection mechanism Court of Justice of the European Union, 483 Liability, capital market, 1136, 1137 Scotland Secondary establishment Residual rules of jurisdiction, 2617 Freedom of establishment/​persons (European United Kingdom, 2612 Union) and private international law, 808 Sea carrier Secondary insolvency proceedings Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Establishment, 950 waterways, 261 Insolvency, applicable law, 932, 934, 938 Sea transport Insolvency, cooperation and recognition, 940, 944, 945 Carriage of goods by sea, 261, 262, 263 Insolvency, jurisdiction and vis attractiva, 950, Carriage of passengers, 272, 276 951, 953 Sea waybills and other transport documents, 1615 Insolvency Regulation (recast), 946 Adoption, 1616 Liquidator, 943 Arbitration, maritime, 1619, 1620 Mutual recognition, 941 Bill of lading, 1615, 1616 Secondary liability Carriage of goods by sea, 1616 Internet, liability, 1000, 1003, 1005 Contractual incorporation, 1617 Secondary markets Hague Rules, 1618 Bonds and loans, 215 Hague-​Visby Rules, 1617 Secondary victims Hamburg Rules, 1619 Compulsory insurance, 1725 Jurisdiction, 1620 Place of injury, 1724 Maritime law (uniform law), 1212 Traffic accidents, 1724 Multimodal carriage contracts, 1618 Secular National legislation, 1619 Interreligious law, 1021, 1024, 1025 Residual aspects, 1620 Secured transactions Rotterdam Rules, 1619 UNIDROIT, 1769, 1770 Seamen’s employment contract Securities Employment, maritime, 644 Germany, 2110 Search order Liability, capital market, 1130, 1133, 1134, 1136, Effect, 815 1137 Ex parte application, 815 Securities entitlement Freezing injunctions and search orders, 815 Financial instruments, 740

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Index 2877

Securities held with an intermediary Adoption, 2479 Switzerland, 2548, 2549, 2554, 2555 Application and enforcement of foreign law, 2474 Securities regulation Arbitration, 2482 Comity, 385, 387 Bilateral conventions, 2472 Security Case-​law, 2472 Arrest of vessels, 132, 133, 134, 135 Characterization (classification), 2475 Bonds and loans, 218 Choice of law, 2474 Guarantees, 861, 862, 863 Codification of private international law, 2470 Security Council Constitution, 2469 Economic sanctions, 601 Contractual obligations, 2476 Embargo, 601 Corporations, 2481 Exercise of powers, 601 Council of Europe Conventions, 2472 Security interests in mobile equipment (uniform Divorce and personal separation, 2479 law), 1621 Doctrinal writings, 2473 Aircraft, 1621, 1622, 1624, 1626 Escape clause, 2476 Assignment, 1627 Exclusive jurisdiction, 2475 Cape Town Convention, 1623 Family matters, 2478 Conflit mobile, 1622 Hague Conventions, 2470, 2471 Conventions on maritime liens and History of private international law, 2473 mortgages, 1622 Independence, 2473 Default remedies, 1626 Inheritance, 2480 Earlier international conventions, 1622 Intellectual property, 2478 Geneva Aircraft Convention, 1623 Inter vivos contracts, 2481 Insolvency, 1626 International conventions, 2471 International interest, 1625 Jurisdiction, 2474 Mobile equipment, 1621 Kingdom of Yugoslavia, 2473 National secured transactions laws, 1621 Major legislation, 2469 Purpose, 1622 Marriage, 2478 Rail, 1621, 1625, 1626 Matrimonial property, 2478 Registration, 1625 Montenegro, and, 2473 Scope of application, 1624 Multilateral conventions, 2471 Ships, 1621, 1622 Non-​contractual obligations, 2477 Space, 1621, 1625 Obligations, 2476 Security rights Ordre public, 2476 Property and proprietary rights, 1430, 1432, 1433 Parental responsibility, 2480 Security rights in the insolvency proceedings Property, 2477 Property and proprietary rights, 1432, 1434 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2481 Selectivism Recognition of foreign court decisions, 2482 Private international law, foundations, 1383, 1384 Recognition requirements, 2482 Self-​determination Registered partnerships, 2479 Nationality, 1296 Rights in rem, 2477 Self-​interest, bounded Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 2469 Behavioural economics and private international Sources of private international law, 2469 law, 174 Special courts, 2473 Self-​limited rules United Nations Conventions, 2472 Unilateralism, 1787 West Balkan Convention, 1832, 1833 Self-​regulation ZRSZ, 2469 Internet, jurisdiction, 990 Servants Lex mercatoria, 1119, 1120, 1121 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Online dispute resolution, 1318 waterways, 257, 258, 260 Self-​serving bias Carriage of passengers, 272, 275 Behavioural economics and private international Service abroad law, 172 New Zealand, 2371 Separate connecting factor Service by postal service Connecting factor, 442 Service of documents, 1629, 1630, 1632 Separation of powers Service contract Constitutional law and private international Construction contracts, 460, 461, 462, 463 law, 452 Service of documents, 56, 1628 States, failed and non-​recognized, 1654 Avoiding serving process abroad, 1632 Serbia Background, 1628 Administration of private international law, 2473 Balancing interests, 1628

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2878 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Service of documents (cont.) Operation of law, 1635 Certificates of service, 1631 Parties choice of law, 1637 Channels of transmission, 1630 Prerequisites, 1636 Choice of forum and submission to Procedural, 1636, 1641 jurisdiction, 305 Remedies, 1535, 1634 Context, 1628 Rome I Regulation (contractual obligations), 1635 Curing defects, 1631 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual Declined acceptance, 1631 obligations), 1639 Direct communication, 1630 Scope of law, 1636 Direct transmission, 1630 Securities, 1638 Electronic service, 1633 Substance and procedure, 1673 European Regulation, 1629 Types of contract, 1637 Fictitious service, 1631, 1632, 1633 Setting aside of awards Future developments, 1633 Arbitration, international commercial, 89, 92, 93, Hague Service Convention, 1628 96 Language, 1630 Settlement Legal sources, 1628 Collective redress, 380 Lifting stay, 1631 Financial instruments, 739 Multilateral conventions, 1629 Forum non conveniens, 804, 805 Mutual judicial assistance, 1628, 1629, 1630 Settlement system Postal service, 1629, 1630, 1632 Financial instruments, 740, 744 Public notification, 1633 Set-​off, 1638 Public policy clause, 1629, 1632 Severability Safeguards for defendants, 1631 Dépeçage, 526 Stay proceedings, 1631 SEVIC Translation, 1630 Freedom of establishment/​persons (European Transmission abroad, 1629 Union) and private international law, 810 Service of process Sexual identity Authorities, via, 1630 Transsexual and transgender persons, 1739, 1742 Defective, 1631 Shareholder Personal service, 1628 Companies, 405, 407, 410 Recognition and enforcement of foreign Shares (property regime) judgments (civil law), 1477 Property and proprietary rights, 1434 Service of documents, 1628, 1629 Shares Substance and procedure, 1669 Financial instruments, 739, 741, 742, 744, 746 Set-​off, 1634 Shariah Law Applicable law, 1635, 1639, 1640 Adoption, 14 Application of law of the forum, 1635, 1640, 1641 Saudi Arabia, 2464 Application of law of the principal claim, 1636, Sherman Act 1640 Competition law (antitrust), 426, 428, 429 Brussels I Regulation, 1641 Shevill doctrine CISG, 1635 Personality rights, 1353 Concept, 1634 Shipowner Contractual obligations, 1635 Carriage of goods by sea, 266, 267 Contractual, 1637 Shipping Counterclaims, 1641 Arbitration, maritime, 109, 115 Cumulative application of laws, 1635 Baltic and International Maritime Council, 1115 Defence, 1634 Comité Maritime International, 1116 Effect, 1636 Internationalization, 648 Financial institution, 1637 Lex maritima, 1113, 1115 Financial markets, 1637 Marine insurance, 1203 Function, 1634 Shipping documents General approaches, 1635 Blocking statutes, 210 Incidental questions, 1636 Shipping incident Insolvency proceedings, 1640 Transport law (uniform law), 1731 Jurisdiction, 1641 Shipping industry Limitation of right to demand, 1641 Lex mercatoria, 1119 Mixed obligations, 1639 Liability, limitation of maritime, 1145 Naked agreements, 1638 Marine insurance, 1201 National law, 1640 Ships Non-​contractual obligations, 1639 Definition, 1436

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Index 2879

Ships, rights in Single licence/​Single passport system Security interests in mobile equipment (uniform Recognition of administrative acts, 1491 law), 1621, 1622 Sint Eustatius Siebenbürgische Ehen Netherlands, 2358 Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 699 Sint Maarten Silver Book Netherlands, 2358 Construction contracts, 459, 461 Situs rule Simon, Herbert Construction contracts, 458, 459 Behavioural economics and private international Slavery law, 171 Story, Joseph, 1664 Simple adoption, 14, 21 Slovakia, 2492 Singapore Chamber of Maritime Arbitration Administration of private international law, 2496 (SCMA), 114 Adoption, 2498, 2501 Singapore International Commercial Court Application of foreign law, 2496 Singapore, 2486 Arbitration, 2502 Singapore, 2483 Bilateral agreements, 2493 Administration of private international Case-​law, 2495 law, 2484 Choice of law, 2499 Anti-​suit injunctions, 2486 CISG, 2499 Application and enforcement of foreign Contractual obligations, 2500 law, 2485 Council of Europe Conventions, 2494 Arbitration, 2492 Courts and non-​judicial authorities, 2496 Case-​law, 2483 Czechoslovakia, 2496 Choice of law, 2488 Declaration of death, 2498 Choice-​of-​court agreement, 2485 Divorce, 2501 Contractual obligations, 2488 Doctrinal writings, 2495 Corporate insolvency, 2490 Employment contracts, 2500 Corporations, 2487, 2490 Exclusive jurisdiction, 2497 Courts and non-​judicial authorities, 2484 Family matters, 2497, 2501 Divorce and personal separation, 2489 Filiation, 2498, 2501 Doctrinal writings, 2484 Guardianship, 2498 Domicile, 2489 Hague Conference on Private International English law, 2484 Law, 2494 Equitable obligations, 2489 Hague Conventions, 2494 Family matters, 2487, 2489 Harmonization, 2493 Fraud, 2491 History and development of private international Hague Conference on Private International law, 2496 Law, 2484 International conventions, 2493 Hague Conventions, 2484 Judicial knowledge, 2495 History and development of private international Jurisdiction, 2496 law, 2484 Legal capacity, 2498 Immunity, 2486 Maintenance obligations, 2497 In personam judgment, 2490 Major legislation, 2492 In personam jurisdiction, 2485 Marriage, 2501 In rem judgment, 2491 Matrimonial matters, 2497 Inheritance, 2487, 2489 Non-​contractual obligations, 2500 Intellectual property, 2487, 2489 Obligations, 2500 International ICSID Convention, 2483 Parental responsibility, 2498 International instruments, 2483 Personal matters, 2499 Jurisdiction, 2485 PILPL, 2493 Legislation, 2483 Property, 2499 Marriage, 2489 Public policy (ordre public), 2502 Moçambique rule, 2487 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2501 Multilateral conventions, 2484 Significance of EU private international law, 2495 Non-​contractual obligations, 2488 Sources of private international law, 2492 Obligations, 2486, 2488 Succession, 2498, 2500 Parent-​child relationship, 2489 Ugrian laws, 2496 Property, 2486, 2489 United Nations Conventions, 2494 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2490 Slovenia, 2503 Restitutionary obligations, 2488 Administration of private international law, 2505 Sources of private international law, 2483 Adoption, 2509, 2512

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2880 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Slovenia (cont.) Enforcement, 1646 Application of foreign law, 2506 European Small Claims Procedure, Bilateral agreements, 2504 Evidence, taking of, 1645 Capacity of parties to participate in Habitual residence, 1643 proceedings, 2510 Judgment, 1645 Case-​law, 2504 Jurisdiction, 1644 Choice of law, 2510 Legislative history, 1641 Choice-​of-​court agreement, 2507 Oral hearing, 1645 Claims regarding legal entities, 2508 Outside scope, 1644 Constitution, 2503 Practical assistance, 1644 Contractual obligations, 2508, 2511 Practical changes, 1642 Corporations, 2510 Procedure, 1644 Courts, 2505 Proposal, 1642 Divorce and personal separation, 2512 Purpose, 1641 Doctrinal writings, 2504 Recognition, 1646 Enforcement of judgments, 2508 Refusal of enforcement, 1646 Establishing maternity and paternity, 2509 Review, 1646 Exclusive jurisdiction, 2507 Revision, 1642 Family matters, 2509, 2512 Scope of application, 1643 Hague Conference on Private International Small claim threshold, 1644 Law, 2504 Standard claim form, 1644 History of private international law, 2504 Substantive scope, 1644 Independence, 2504 Third countries, 1643 Inheritance, 2510, 2511 Withdrawal of claim, 1644 Intellectual property, 2508, 2512 Smart sanctions International conventions, 2504 Embargo, 600, 601, 602, 604 Jurisdiction, 2506 SME Legal costs, 2505 Insurance contracts, 954 Maintenance obligations, 178 UNCITRAL, 1759, 1761 Major legislation, 2503 Smith, Adam Marriage, 2512 Economic analysis and private international Non-​contractual obligations, 2507, 2511 law, 575 Obligations, 2507, 2511 Smith, Vernon Parent-​child relationship, 2512 Behavioural economics and private international Parental responsibility, 2509 law, 172 Permanent residence, 2506 Social dumping Property, 2511 Employment, posting of workers, 650 Provisional measures, 2508 Social protection and private international law, 1647 Public policy (ordre public), 2513 Adaption, 1650 Reciprocal jurisdiction, 2507 Choice-​of-​law rules, 1648, 1651 Reciprocity, 2513 Common tasks and positions, 1648 Recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards, 2514 Conceptual similarities, 1651 Recognition and enforcement of foreign Connecting factor, 1649 judgments and awards, 2512 Contentious topics, 1647 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2513 Differences between choice-​of-​law rules, 1651 Relations between spouses, 2509 Entitlements, 1648 Res iudicata exception, 2513 Germany, 1650 Sources of private international law, 2503 Interrelating dimensions, 1648, 1652 United Nations Conventions, 2504 Preferential law approach, 1649 West Balkan Convention, 1832, 1833 Preliminary issues, 1650 Yugoslavia, 2504 Protective goals, 1648 Small Claims Regulation (2007), 1641 Rules of equivalence, 1652 Amendment of claim, 1644 Social policy and private law, 1647 Appeal, 1645 Substitution, 1650 Commencement of procedure, 1644 Territoriality, 1651 Conclusion of procedure, 1645 Social sanctions Conduct, 1645 Lex mercatoria, 1119, 1125, 1127, 1128 Cross-​border cases, 1643 Social security Customs or administrative matters, 1644 Cessio legis, 288, 294, 1648, 1650, 1651 Dismissal of claim, 1644 Social protection and private international Domicile, 1643 law, 1647

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Index 2881

Social security law Iran, 2173 Adaption, 1651 Ireland, 2183 Aims, 1647, 1648 Israel, 2193 Choice-​of-​law rules, 1651 Italy, 2208 Employment contracts, applicable law, 616, 621, Japan, 2219 622, 1648 Kazakhstan, 2229 Employment, posting of workers, 651 Korea, 2243 Harmonization, 1648 Latvia, 2252 Preliminary issues, 1650 Lebanon, 2264 Rules of equivalence, 1652 Liechtenstein, 2277 Social protection and private international law, Lithuania, 2286 1648, 1650 Luxembourg, 2297 Substitution, 1650, 1679, 1680 Macau, SAR of China, 2305 Territoriality, principle of, 1651 Macedonia, FYR, 2315 Unemployment, 1650 Malta, 2326 Social welfare law Mexico, 2333 Minimum level of subsistence, 1648 Montenegro, 2345 Socialist countries Mozambique, 2353 Vietnam, 2659, 2661 Netherlands, 2357 Society of Maritime Arbitrators of New York New Zealand, 2369 (SMA), 114 Nigeria, 2378 Soft law Norway, 2386 CLIP, 366, 367 Paraguay, 2397 Hague Conference on Private International Peru, 2410 Law, 874 Poland, 2421 Solvent schemes of arrangement Portugal, 2433 Life insurance contracts, 1157 Romania, 2442 Reinsurance contracts, 1530 Russian Federation, 2451 Sources of private international law Serbia, 2469 Albania, 1855 Singapore, 2483 Angola, 1864 Slovakia, 2492 Argentina, 1867 Slovenia, 2503 Austria, 1886 South Africa, 2515 Belarus, 1894 Spain, 2523 Belgium, 1906 Sweden, 2535 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1919 Switzerland, 2548 Brazil, 1928 Taiwan, 2559 Bulgaria, 1941 Thailand, 2570 Canada, 1950 Tunisia, 2581 Chile, 1959 Turkey, 2589 China, 1970 Ukraine, 2602 Colombia, 1981 United Kingdom, 2612 Croatia, 1990 Uruguay, 2626 Cuba, 2002 USA, 2637 Czech Republic, 2008 Venezuela, 2647 Denmark, 2019 Vietnam, 2658 Dominican Republic, 2036 South Africa, 2515 Ecuador, 2043 Administration of private international law, 2517 Egypt, 2053 African customary law, 2517 Estonia, 2061 Application and enforcement of foreign law, 2517 Finland, 2070 Arbitration, 2523 France, 2079 Bill of Rights, 2515 Georgia, 2090 Case-​law, 2516 Germany, 2101 Children, 2521 Ghana, 2112 Choice of law, 2519 Greece, 2119 Companies, 2522 Hong Kong, SAR of China, 2129 Constitution, 2515 Hungary, 2138 Contracts, 2519 Iceland, 2147 Delict, 2519 India, 2155 Divorce, 2518, 2521 Indonesia, 2162 Doctrinal writings, 2515

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2882 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Sources Africa (cont.) Corporations, 2530, 2532 English law, 2516 Council of Europe Conventions, 2525 Equality clause, 2516 Courts and non-​judicial authorities, 2528 Family matters, 2520 Divorce and personal separation, 2530 Forum non conveniens, 2518 Doctrinal writings, 2527 Hague Conventions, 2516 Exclusive jurisdiction, 2529 History of private international law, 2516 Exequatur proceedings, 2534 Intellectual property, 2520 Family matters, 2530, 2533 Interdicts, 2518 Goods in transit, 2532 International conventions, 2516 Habitual residence, 2533 Interreligious law, 1026 Hague Conference on Private International Intestate succession, 2522 Law, 2525 Jurisdiction, 2517 Hague Conventions, 2525 Major legislation, 2515 History and development of private international Money claims, 2518 law, 2527 Obligations, 2519 Intellectual property, 2530, 2533 Personal consequences of marriage, 2520 International conventions, 2524 Property, 2518, 2520 Interregional conflicts, 2524 Proprietary consequences of marriage, 2520 Jurisdiction, 2529 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2522 Maintenance obligations, 2531, 2534 Sources of private international law, 2515 Major legislation, 2523 Special courts, 2517 Marriage, 2530, 2533 Succession, 2522 Non-​contractual obligations, 2530, 2532 Testate succession, 2522 Obligations, 2529, 2532 Unjust enrichment, 2519 Parent-​child relationship, 2531, 2533 Validity of marriage, 2520 Property, 2530, 2532 Southern Europe Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2534 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1326 Significance of EU private international law, 2526 Sovereign debt Sources of private international law, 2523 Immunity, 902 Statute theory, 2524, 2528 Sovereign immunity Succession, 2531, 2534 Civil and commercial matters, 356 United Nations Conventions, 2525 Sovereignty Spanierbeschluss Immunity, 896, 901, 903 Human rights and private international law, 884 Money and currency, 1255 Spatially best solution Party autonomy, 1336, 1337 Better law approach, 179 Sovereignty interests Special Administrative Region Service of documents, 1628 Hong Kong, SAR of China, 2129, 2131, 2138 Sovereignty over the airspace Macau, SAR of China, 2305 ICAO, 887, 889 Special conflict rules Soviet Union Austria, 1889, 1891 Georgia, 2092 Special Drawing Right (SDR) Space assets Air law (uniform law), 41, 44 Security interests in mobile equipment (uniform Special Drawing Rights (SDR) law), 1621, 1624, 1625 Maritime torts, 1220 Space Protocol Specific jurisdiction Security interests in mobile equipment (uniform Jurisdiction, foundations, 1049 law), 1624, 1625 Specific performance Spain, 2523 Remedies, 1534, 1535, 1536 Administration of private international law, 2528 Specific requests Adoption, 2531 Maintenance obligations, 1187 Application of foreign law, 2528 Speech Act Arbitration, 2535 Personality rights, 1358 Bilateral conventions, 2526 USA, 2638 Case-​law, 2527 Spillover Choice of law, 2531 Competition, unfair, 439 CIDIP, 2526 Splitting the applicable law CIEC Conventions, 2526 Dépeçage, 526 Civil Code, 2524 Sport right Classification (characterization), 2524 Licence contract, 1146 Constitution, 2523 Sports accidents Contractual obligations, 2529, 2532 Torts, 1709, 1711, 1714

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Index 2883

Staatengunst Ciskei, 1655 Comity, 382 Comity, 1653 Standard contracts De facto government, 1655 Lex maritima, 1113, 1115, 1117 De jure government, 1655 Standard form East Germany, 1655 Marine insurance, 1201, 1205 European Court of Human Rights, 1657 Payment Order Regulation, 1343 Exceptions in jurisdictional rules, 1653 Standard forms Executive, deference to, 1654, 1655 Maritime law (uniform law), 1212, 1215, 1218 Failed states, 1652 Standard of proof Foreign policy, 1658 Burden of proof, 236, 237, 238, 242 Identifiable applicable law, 1653 Germany, 239, 242 International Court of Justice, 1656 Standard terms Judicial recognition, 1654 Bonds and loans, 215 Jurisdiction, 1653 Standard terms and conditions Namibia exception, 1656, 1658 Behavioural economics and private international Non-​recognized states and governments, 1654 law, 172, 177 Taiwan, 1657 Freight forwarding contracts, 817, 822 Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), State 1657, 1658 Interreligious law, 1020 United Kingdom, 1654 State immunity USA, 1656 Absolute theory, 897 States, non-​recognized Comity, 386 States, failed and non-​recognized, 1654 Commercial activities, 901 States, unrecognized Execution, 899 States, failed and non-​recognized, 1654 Immunity, 896, 902 Statuist theory Jurisdiction, 896 Recognition of legal situations evidenced by Material scope of application, 896 documents, 1497 Restricted theory, 897, 899 Status States, failed and non-​recognized, 1658 Recognition of legal situations evidenced by State interests documents, 1497 Forum non conveniens, 798 Status matters Jurisdiction, foundations, 1050 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 1611 Private international law, foundations, 1387, 1388 Status mercatorius Restatement (First and Second) of Conflict of Applicable law, 115 Laws, 1546 Arbitration, maritime, 111 State liability Status quo bias Air law (uniform law), 47 Behavioural economics and private international State of emergency law, 173, 177 Bonds and loans, 217 Statuta personalia State of residence Unilateralism, 1780 Double taxation treaties, 566, 567, 568, 570, 571, 572 Statuta realia Taxation, international, 1697, 1698 Unilateralism, 1780 State of source Statute(s) of limitation Double taxation treaties, 566, 567, 568, 570, 571, 572 Air law (uniform law), 45 Taxation, international, 1697, 1698, 1700 Kahn, Franz, 1059 State of the flag Prescription, 1373, 1375 Marine insurance, 1203 Substance and procedure, 1672 Property and proprietary rights in vessels, 1438, Substitution, 1680 1439, 1440 Uniform substantive law and private international State sovereignty law, 1778 Comity, 382, 383, 384, 386 Statutes of response Evidence, procurement of, 709, 710, 712, 714 Prescription, 1369 Nationality, 1294 Statute theory Taxation, international, 1696, 1700 Private international law, foundations, 1382 State succession Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 1610 Vested rights theory, 1813 Unilateralism, 1780, 1781 Stateless persons/​Stateless people Statutism (or Statute) Kazakhstan, 2237, 2241 Comity, 382, 384 Nationality, 1300 Globalization and private international States, failed and non-​recognized, 1652 law, 850 Choice-​of-​law rules, 1653 Unilateralism, 1780, 1785

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2884 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Statutist school Stryk, Samuel Unilateralism, 1780 Private international law, history of, 1394 Statutist theory Subcontracts Bartolus, 158, 159, 161 Construction contracts, 462 Public international law and private international Subjective joinder law, 1449 Multiple defendants and joint liability, 1272 Voet, Paulus and Johannes, 1820 Submission to jurisdiction Statutists Choice of forum and submission to Bartolus, 158, 159, 161 jurisdiction, 311 Statutory selectivism Subrogation Better law approach, 184 Assignability/​Assignment of claims, 146 Concerns, 185 Cessio legis, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 294, 295 Stem cell research Japan, 2225 Bioethics and private international law, 202 Subsidiary connecting factor Stock exchange Connecting factor, 443, 446 Liability, capital market, 1130, 1131, 1137 Renvoi, 1543 Story, Joseph, 1659 Subsidiary jurisdiction Choice of law, 66, 312, 313, 1663 Maintenance obligations, 1187, 1189 Comity, 383, 387, 389, 1662 Substance/​procedure, 1667 Commentaries, 1661 Assessment of damages, 1674 Conflict of laws, 1661, 1663 Burden of proof, 1671 Content of treatise, 1663 Classification (Characterization), 1668 Contributions to private international law, 1661 Current position, 1668 Contributions, general, 1660 Damages, 1674 Dicey, Albert Venn, 529 Debtor’s assets, 1670 Europe, 1665 Estoppel, 1671 Federal common law, 1664 Evidence, 1670 Huber, Ulrik, 879, 1662 Final relief, 1673 Influence at the time, 1665 General principles, 1668 Influence on private international law, 1665 Historical development, 1667 Interest and policy analysis in private international Interim relief, 1673 law, 980, 1666 Israel, 2198 Judicial decisions, 1663 Judicial administration, 1670 Judicial opinions, 1660 Jurisdiction, 1669 Latin America, 1666 Law of the forum, 1667 Life, positions, 1659 Limitation statutes, 1672 Life, 1659 Mechanics of litigation, 1668 Long term influence, 1666 Parties to litigation, 1669 Mancini, Pasquale Stanislao, 1665 Privilege, 1672 Nationalism, 1660, 1664 Proceedings, law governing, 1407, 1409, 1412, Precursors to commentaries, 1661 1668, 1670, 1671 Private international law, foundations, 1381, 1659 Remedies, 1535, 1536, 1672, Private international law, history of, 1395, 1659 Right-​remedy approach, 1667, 1668 Private rights, 1660, 1663 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual Recognition of legal situations evidenced by obligations), 1572 documents, 1497 Service of process, 1669 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 1659, 1663, 1665, Set-​off, 1673 1666 Statutory derivative action, 1670 Scholarly work, 1660 Tort/​delict, 1669 Scholarship, 1660 United Kingdom, 2619 Slavery, 1664 Substantive Territorialism, 1663 Remedies, 1532, 1533, 1534 USA, 1659, 1660, 1661, 1664, 1665, 2639, 2640 Substance and procedure, 1667, 1668, 1669 Work, 1659 Substantive ideas of justice Strategic behaviour Renvoi, 1539 Game theory and private international law, 831, 832 Substantive justice Strict liability Kegel, Gerhard, 1065, 1067 Air law (uniform law), 41, 44, 47 Substantive law Environmental liability, 659, 663, 664 Connecting factor, 89, 445 Transport law (uniform law), 1730, 1731, 1734, Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1324, 1326, 1735, 1737 1327

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Index 2885

Proceedings, law governing, 1409, 1410 Succession, 1682 Renvoi, 1537 Absence (disappearance, presumed death), 1, 4, Substantive rights 6, 7 Anti-​suit injunction, 82, 84, 89 Adjustment/​adaption (anpassung), 8 Injunction, 925, 929 Administration of the estate, 1687 Substantive rules Adoption, 14 Comparative law and private international Adults, protection of, 24 law, 422 Agency and authority of agents, 30 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 586, 588, 590 Albania, 1862 Unilateralism, 1787 Aliens law (Condition des étrangers, Substantive rules methodology Fremdenrecht), 54, 55, 56 France, 2089 Applicable law, 1687 Substantive rules of international arbitration Argentina, 1878 France, 89, 129, 2089 Austria, 1893 Substantive time limits Belarus, 1901 Prescription, 1369 Belgium, 1917 Substantivism Bona vacantia, 1689 Better law approach, 179, 185 Brazil, 1934, 1937 Claims and critiques, 186 Bulgaria, 1944, 1948 Existing examples, 186 Chile, 1966 Judicial reception, 186 China, 1979 Private international law, foundations, 1384, 1385 Choice of law by testator, 701 Substitute carrier Claw-​back claims, 1689 Carriage of passengers, 274 Colombia, 1986, 1988 Substitution, 1675 Common law approach, 1690 Adjustment/​adaption (anpassung), 9, 1675 Commorientes, 1689 Adoption, 1679 Comparative law, 1683 Apostille Convention, 1677 Connecting factor, corrections of, 1685 Civil procedure, 1679 Connecting factor, 441, 450 Codified cases in national law, 1680 Croatia, 1998, 2001 Common fields, 1678 Cuba, 2006 Community of property, 1680 Czech Republic, 2013, 2017 Company law, 1679 Dépeçage, 528 Comparative law and private international law, Denmark, 2030, 2034 422, 1677 Dispositions upon death, 1688 Concept, 1675 Dominican Republic, 2037, 2038, 2042 Criminal proceedings, 1676 Donation, 562, 564 Equivalence, 1677 Dualistic (or scissionist) approach, 1684 Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 706 Economic factors, 1682 Execution of judgments, 1679 Ecuador, 2049 Forced execution, 1680 Egypt, 2059 Foreign public documents, 1677 Escape clause, 674, 1686 General outline, 1675 Estonia, 2068, 2069 Germany, 1680 Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 701 Historical background, 1675 Finland, 2076, 2078 International acceptance, 1675 Formal requirements and validity, 786 International administrative law, 1676 Forum non conveniens, 1690 International conventions, 1681 France, 2085, 2087 Marriage, 1679 GEDIP, 842 National provision on jurisdiction, 1679 Georgia, 2096, 2099 Neighbouring concepts, 1676 Germany, 1690 Notarization, 1678, 1681 Greece, 2124 Polygamous marriage, 1679 Hungary, 2143, 2146 Prescription, 1379 India, 2161 Recognition of administrative acts, 1492, 1676 Indonesia, 2172 Social protection and private international Inheritance rights, 1689 law, 1650 Interreligious law, 1020, 1021, 1023, 1024, 1026 Statute of limitation, 1680 Intestate, 1682, 1687 Succession, 1679 Iran, 2180 Terminology, 1675 Ireland, 2190 Transfer of immovable property, 1678 Israel, 2194

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2886 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Succession (conti.) Rights in rem, 1581 Italy, 1690, 2215 Rome IV Regulation (succession), 10, 1580 Jurisdiction, 1687, 1689 Succession, 1683 Korea, 2247, 2250 Trust, 1757 Latvia, 2260, 2262 Succession upon death Liechtenstein, 2284 Bartolus, 160 Lithuania, 2293 Summary proceedings Luxembourg, 2303 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1327, 1328 Macau, SAR of China, 2312 Sunstein, Cass Macedonia, FYR, 2321, 2324 Behavioural economics and private international Malta, 2331 law, 175 Matrimonial property, 8, 1235, 1237, 1239, 1689 Superior Tribunal of Bogotá Mexico, 2342, 2344 Colombia, 1984 Mozambique, 2355 Superlaw Netherlands, 2361, 2367 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 586, 587, 588, 589, 591 Norway, 2394, 2396 Supply Other areas of law, 1689 Regulatory competition, 1515, 1516, 1517 Other specific rules, 1689 Support obligations Paraguay, 2403, 2408 CIDIP, 328 Party autonomy, 1686 Supranational law (EU) Peru, 2417 WTO and private international law, 1846, 1847 Poland, 2432 Supranational private international law Property and proprietary rights, 56 Kahn, Franz, 1060, 1061 Renvoi, 1685 Supremacy of EU law Romania, 2448, 2450 European Union and private international law, Rome IV Regulation (succession), 65, 1580 88, 688 Russian Federation, 2461 WTO and private international law, 1847 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 1612, 1613 Surface damage liability Slovakia, 2498, 2500 Air law (uniform law), 44, 45 Sociological factors, 1682 Surrogacy, 1691 South Africa, 2522 Access to services, 206 Spain, 2531, 2534 Administrative bodies, 1693 Substitution, 1679 Agents involved, 1693 Sweden, 2542, 2545, 2547 Assisted reproductive technology, 1691, 1693 Taiwan, 2567 Austria, 1076 Thailand, 2576 Belgium, 206 Tunisia, 2587, 2588 Bioethics and private international law, 202, 203, Uniform private international law, 1683 204, 205, 208 Unitary approach, 1683 Black markets, 1692 United Kingdom, 2625 Clinics or hospitals, 1693 Uruguay, 2635 Commercial agencies, 1693 Venezuela, 2653, 2656 Commercial genetic, 1692 Vietnam, 2663, 2665 Concept, 1691 Succession agreements Contrary state regulations, 1695 Donation, 562, 564 Denial of recognition, 1695 Succession, 1682, 1687, 1688, 1689 Domestic law differences, 206 Succession and lex rei sitae Ethical issues, 1692 Immovable property, 893, 894, 1684 EU instruments, 1695 Succession Regulation European Convention on Human Rights, 1696 Authentic acts, 1691 European Court of Human Rights, 206 Choice of law, 1687, 1688 Favourable state regulations, 1692 Economic analysis and private international law, 581 Formal requirements, 1694 Escape clause, 1686 France, 206 Formal requirements and validity, 786 Germany, 206 GEDIP, 842, 843 Gestational, 1691, 1694, 1695, 1696 Habitual residence, 1684 Greece, 206, 1071 Lex fori, 1110 India, 206, 1071, 1075 Party autonomy, 1686 Intended parents, 1693 Public policy (ordre public), 1455 International instruments, 1695 Recital (26), 701 Italy, 206 Renvoi, 1685 Kinds, 1691, 1693

Jürgen Basedow, Giesela Rühl, Franco Ferrari and Pedro de Miguel Asensio - 9781782547235 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/30/2021 12:33:07PM via free access 2887

Index 2887

Kinship and legitimation, 1071, 1075 Property, 2539, 2543 Legal capacity of parties, 1693 Prorogation of jurisdiction, 2539 Letter of compliance, 1693 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2545 Obligations, 1694 Registered partnerships, 2540, 2544, 2546 Private international law rules, 1694 Renvoi, 2542 Recognition of parentage, 206 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 2538 Reproductive tourism, 1695 Significance of EU private international law, 2536, Requests for recognition, 1695 2539, 2545 Rights of the child, 1694 Sources of private international law, 2535 Russian Federation, 1071, 1075 Special courts, 2538 Same-​sex relationship, 1691 Succession, 2542, 2545, 2547 Sanctions, 1694 Torts, 2539, 2543 Substantive regulation, 1692 United Nations Conventions, 2537 Surrogacy agreement, 1693 Switzerland, 2548 Surrogate mother, 1694 Administration of private international law, 2551 Ukraine, 1071, 1075 Application and enforcement of foreign law, 2552 United Kingdom, 206, 1071 Arbitrability, 2558 USA, 206 Arbitration, 2557 Womb renting, 1691 Assembly of the Swiss Lawyers Association, 2550 Surrogate mother Case-​law, 2550 Bioethics and private international law, 205, 206 Choice of law, 2553, 2554, 2555, 2556 Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 700 CIEC/​ICCS (International Commission on Civil Surrogacy, 1691, 1692, 1693 Status), 2550 Sweden, 2535 Civil Code, 2548 Administration of private international law, 2538 Competition law (antitrust), 431 Adoption, 2542, 2545, 2547 Contracts, 2553 Application of foreign law, 2538 Corporations, 2557 Arbitration, 2547 Courts, 2551 Asset-​based jurisdiction, 2540 Doctrinal writings, 2550 Autonomous rules, 2546 Family matters, 2555 Bilateral conventions, 2537 Hague Conventions, 2549 Case-​law, 2537 History of private international law, 2551 Choice of law, 2542 Inheritance, 2556 Civil and commercial matters, 2546 Intellectual property, 2555 Classification (characterization), 2542 International conventions, 2549 Contract, 2539, 2543 Judicial intervention, 2558 Divorce, 2540, 2544, 2546 Jurisdiction, 2553, 2554, 2555 Doctrinal writings, 2537 Last domicile of the deceased, 2557 Family matters, 2540, 2544 Lex fori, 1108 Forum contractus, 2540 Lugano Convention, 2549, 2551 Forum delicti, 2540 Major legislation, 2548 Hague Conference on Private International Marriage, 2556 Law, 2536 National with last domicile abroad, 2557 Hague Conventions, 2536 Nationality criteria, 2551 History and development of private international Obligations, 2553, 2554 law, 2537 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1327, 2552 Immovable property, 2540 Overriding mandatory provisions, 2552 Insolvency, 2542 Parent-​child relationship, 2556 International conventions, 2536 Party autonomy, 2551, 2558 International treaties, 2545 Personal status, 2555 Iura novit curia, 2539 PILA, 2548 Jurisdiction, 2539 Private international law, history of, 1394 Major legislation, 2535 Property left in, 2557 Marriage, 2540, 2544, 2546 Property, 2554 Matrimonial property, 2541, 2544, 2546 Public policy, 2552 Multilateral conventions, 2537 Recognition and enforcement of property rights, Nordic conventions, 2537 2554, 2555 Overview of legislation, 2539 Recognition and enforcement of rights, 2556 Parentage, 2541, 2545, 2547 Same-​sex relationships, 2556 Parental responsibility, 2542, 2545, 2547 Sources of private international law, 2548 Preparatory materials, 2536 Torts, 2554

Jürgen Basedow, Giesela Rühl, Franco Ferrari and Pedro de Miguel Asensio - 9781782547235 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/30/2021 12:33:07PM via free access 2888

2888 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Symeonides, Symeon Sources of private international law, 2559 Better law approach, 181, 182, 187 States, failed and non-​recognized, 1657 Private international law, foundations, 1381 Subject of rights, 2563 Sympathy action Succession, 2567 Employment, industrial disputes, 633, 634, 639 Taiwanese CCP, 2561 Syria Torts, 2565 Embargo, 601 Transfer or extinction of an obligation, 2565 System of modern Roman law Ubiquitous tort, 2565 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 1610 Unilateral juridical acts, 2565 System of private international law Tampere Council, 225 Saudi Arabia, 2462 Tariffs WTO and private international law, 1845 Tacit partial choice Tax authorities Dépeçage, 527 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1329, 1330 Tacit prorogation Taxation, international, 1697 Maintenance obligations, 1188 Tax law Taiwan, 2559 Civil and commercial matters, 356 Administration of private international law, 2560 Taxation, international, 1696 Adoption, 2567 Basic issues, 1697 Agency, 2564 Companies, 1697, 1699, 1701 Application and establishing of foreign law, 2561 Comparative law, and, 1701 Arbitration, 2567 Conflict of laws, 1701 Bilateral treaties, 2560 Conflict-​solving, 1697 Case-​law, 2560 Cross-​border cases, criteria, 1697 Choice of law, 2562 Double taxation treaties, 1696, 1697, 1699, 1700, Courts and non-​judicial authorities, 2560 1701 Divorce and personal separation, 2562 Double/​multiple taxation, 1696, 1698, 1699 Doctrinal writings, 2560 European Court of Justice, 1700 Domestic relations, 2566 European Union, 1699 Evasion of laws, 2563 Federal states, 1699 Exclusive jurisdiction, 2561 Functions, 1696 Family matters, 2562 General characterization, 1696 Formal prerequisites of a juridical act, 2564 Germany, 1697, 1698, 1699, 1701 Hague Conference on Private International Harmonization, 1697, 1699, 1701 Law, 2559 Interests, 1699, 1701 Hague Conventions, 2559 Internationality, 1701 Intellectual property, 2566 Liability, 1697 International conventions, 2559 OECD, 1700 Jurisdiction, 2561 Private international law, 1700, 1701 Legitimacy of children, 2567 Social protection and private international law, Major legislation, 2559 1648, 1650 Maritime matters, 2562 Sources of law, 1700 Marriage, 2566 State sovereignty, 1696, 1700 Matrimonial property, 2566 States as main actors, 1698 Nationality, 2563 Substance and procedure, 1697 Obligation arising from legal fact, 2565 Tax evasion, 1696, 1698 Obligations, 2564 Taxable fact situations, 1697 ‘One China’, 2559 Terminology, 1697 Organization of American States, 2560 Trust, 1701 Party autonomy, 2564, 2566 UN, 1700 People’s Republic of China, 2559 Taxpayer, resident and non-​resident Personal status, 2563 Taxation, international, 566, 1697, 1700 PILA, 2559 Technology-​facilitated dispute resolution Procedural codifications, 2561 Online dispute resolution, 1315 Products liability, 2565 Technology-​neutral law Public policy, 2563, 2568 Electronic commerce, 595, 598, 599 Quasi private international law, 2559 Teilfrage Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2567 Dépeçage, 526 Renvoi, 2563 Teleconference Republic of China Courts, 2561 Evidence, procurement of, 711, 713 Rights in rem, 2566 Tenancy

Jürgen Basedow, Giesela Rühl, Franco Ferrari and Pedro de Miguel Asensio - 9781782547235 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/30/2021 12:33:07PM via free access 2889

Index 2889

Agricultural, 1079, 1083 Expropriation, 726 Commercial, 1079, 1080, 1083 Intellectual property, applicable law, 964, 965, 966, Lease contracts and tenancies, 1079 967, 968, 969 Residential, 1079, 1081, 1082, 1083 Intellectual property, application, 1704 Tender Intellectual property, jurisdiction, 971 Construction contracts, 457, 463 Property and proprietary rights, 1429 Territorial approach Recognition of administrative acts, 1493 Arbitration, recognition of awards, 122 Testament Territoriality, 1705 Rome IV Regulation (succession), Territorial jurisdiction 1582, 1585 Embargo, 52, 603 Testator Territorial sea Belarus, 1905 Maritime torts, 1220, 1221 Thailand, 2569 Territorialism Arbitration, 2580 Interest and policy analysis in private international Bilateral agreements, 2570 law, 980, 984, 987 Carriage of goods by sea, 2577 Territoriality, 66, 1702 Choice of law, 2572 Alien Tort Statute, 1703 Competition law, 2577 Antitrust, 1703 Divorce, 2575 Application of law, 1702 Doctrinal writings, 2570 Arbitration, (UNCITRAL) Model Law, 128 European colonization, 2569 Centre of main interests, 1708 Exclusive jurisdiction, 2579 Civil law countries, 1705 Family matters, 2574 Comity, 382, 383, 384, 1706 Forum non conveniens, 2579 Common law countries, 1702, 1705 Future trends, 2580 Copyright, 1705 General principles of private international Currie, Brainerd, 508 law, 2570 Effects theory, 1703 Immovable property, 2574 Enterprises, group, 1708 Intellectual property, 2578 Environmental harms, 1704 Internal law, 2570 EU, 1706 International business transactions, 2576 Extraterritoriality, presumption against, 1702 International conventions, 2570 Future, 1708 Judicial function, 2572 Globalization, 1707 Jurisdiction, 2579 Harmonization of IP rights, 1705 Labour law, 2578 Human rights, 1704 Legislation, 2570 Insolvency, 1707 Legitimacy of child, 2575 Intellectual property, 1704 Letters of credit, 2577 Judicial authority, 1702 Marriage, 2574 Jurisdiction, foundations, 1049, 1702 Matrimonial property, 2575 Methodology, 1702 Movable property, 2573 Multiple IP infringements, 1706 Obligations, 2573 Private international law, 1702 Ordre public, 2571 Property and proprietary rights, 52, 1428, 1431 Renvoi, 2571 Recognition of administrative acts, 1487, 1494 PILA, 2570 Restatement (First and Second) of Conflict of Procedure, 2579 Laws, 1546 Product liability, 2578 Social protection and private international Property, 2573 law, 1651 Recognition and enforcement of foreign TRIPS, 1750, 1751, 1752 judgments, 2580 UNICTRAL, 1707 Sale of goods, 2577 USA, 1703, 1706 Sources of private international law, 2570 WIPO and private international law, 1835, 1836, Specific legislation, 2576 1837, 1839, 1840 Status and capacity of persons, 2572 Territoriality principle Succession, 2576 Bustamante, Antonio Sánchez de, 246, 248 Validity of juristic acts, 2572 Colombia, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1989 Vested rights, 2571 Competition law (antitrust), 427, 428, 429 Western legal methodology, 2569 Employment contracts, applicable law, 616 Thaler, Richard Employment, industrial disputes, 635 Behavioural economics and private international Employment, posting of workers, 650, 651 law, 172, 173, 175

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2890 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

USA, 2637 Theory of private international law Administration of private international law, 2640 Unilateralism, 1779 Application of foreign law, 2640 Theory of statutes Arbitration, 2646 Bartolus, 158, 159, 161 Bilateral treaties, 2639 Story, Joseph, 1662, 1663 Blocking statutes, 209 Wächter, Carl Georg von, 1825, 1827 Case-​law, 2639 Third parties Choice of law, 2642 Assignability/​Assignment of claims, 146 Comity, 2640 Expert liability, 719, 720, 721, 723 Competition law (antitrust), 429 Third party debt order Constitution, 2637 Debt recovery, cross-​border, 522, 523, 524 Constitutional law and private international law, Third party jurisdiction agreements 452, 453, 454, 455, 456 Direct action, 534, 535 Contractual obligations, 2643 Third party liability Corporations, 2646 Expert liability, 720, 724 Custody and parental responsibility, 2645 Third party payer Divorce and personal separation, 2645 Cessio legis, 288, 291 Doctrinal writings, 2639 Third state companies Due process, 2641 Companies, 410 Electronic commerce, 594 Tiebout, Charles M Employment contracts, applicable law, 618 Economic analysis and private international law, 579 Family matters, 2645 Time Formal requirements and validity, 787 Connecting factor, 450 Full Faith and Credit clause, 823, 2637 Prescription, 1368, 1374, 1375, 1378 Game theory and private international law, 831 Tokyo Maritime Arbitration Commission General jurisdiction, 2641 (TOMAC), 114 Governmental interest analysis, 2642 Tønder marriages Hague Conference on Private International Evasion of laws (fraus legis), 699 Law, 2638 Torpedo actions Hague Conventions, 2638 Forum (and law) shopping, 794 History of private international law, 2640 Tort/​delict Inheritance, 2646 Antidiscrimination, 72, 73 Intellectual property, 2645 Australia, 1882 Interest and policy analysis in private international Bartolus, 159 law, 980 Better law approach, 180 International conventions, 2638 Canada, 1953, 1956 Internet, liability, 1001 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Judicial jurisdiction, 2641 waterways, 259 Jurisdiction, 2641 Compensation, 1710 Lease contracts and tenancies, 1085 Competition, unfair, 432, 433 Major legislation, 2638 Complex torts, in general, 1714 Marital property, 2644 Complex torts, 1714 Marriage, 2645 Concurrent actions, 1712 Non-​contractual obligations, 2644 Criminal liability, 1709, 1710 Obligations, 2643 Cross-​border tort by omission, 1715 Optional (facultative) choice of law, 1325 Culpa in contrahendo, 490, 491, 492, 493, 495, 496 Pipeline embargo, 210 Damage(s), 512, 513, 515, 516, 518, 519 Property, 2644 Definition, 1566 Restatement (First and Second) of Conflict of Denmark, 2031 Laws, 66, 1545, 2637, 2640 Director’s liability, 541 Restatement (First) of Conflict of Laws (1934), 2640 Egypt, 2058 Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws Environmental liability, 658, 659, 660, 662, 663, (1971), 2640 1709, 1715 Sources of private international law, 2637 Escape clause, 668, 673 Special courts, 2640 Europe, 1711, 1715 Specific jurisdiction, 2641 Ex ante choice, 1712, 1713 Story, Joseph, 66, 1659, 1660, 1661, 1664, 1665 Ex post choice, 1712 True/​false conflicts, 2639, 2642, 2644 Floating choice of law, 767 Vested rights, 2640 Greece, 2122 Theory of juridical use Historical development, 1716 Goldschmidt, Werner, 852, 854, 856, 857, 858, 860 Intellectual property infringements, 1709, 1716

Jürgen Basedow, Giesela Rühl, Franco Ferrari and Pedro de Miguel Asensio - 9781782547235 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/30/2021 12:33:07PM via free access 2891

Index 2891

Israel, 2200 Traffic accidents, 1717 Italy, 2217 Choice of forum, 1725 Jurisdiction, contracts and torts, 1037 Compulsory insurance, 1725 Legal certainty, 1709, 1711, 1713, 1716, 1717 Contractual relationship, 1719 Lex loci delicti commissi, exceptions, 1711 Damages, 1722 Lex loci delicti commissi, 1710 Differences between Rome II Regulation and Liability, capital market, 1132, 1134, 1136, 1137, Hague Traffic Accident Convention, 1719 1138 Direct claims against insurers, 1723 Liechtenstein, 2282 EU habitual residence, 1722 Macau, SAR of China, 2311 Forum (and law) shopping, 1719 Maritime torts, 1223 Jurisdiction, 1722 Netherlands, 2361 More than one car involved, passenger claim New Zealand, 2374 against car in, 1721 Paraguay, 2407 One car involved, victims outside car, 1721 Party autonomy, 1712 One car involved, 1719 Personality rights, 1709, 1715, 1716 Party autonomy, 1719 Place of acting, 1714, 1717 Place of injury, 1719 Place of injury, 1710, 1714, 1715, 1717 Practical differences between Rome II Regulation Privacy rights, 1709, 1715, 1716 and Hague Traffic Accident Convention, 1719 Product liability, 1709, 1715 Résumé, 1722 Proper law (doctrine), 1425 Relationship between Rome II Regulation and Road traffic accidents, 1709, 1711, 1714 Hague Traffic Accident Convention, 1718 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual obligations), Resolving dilemma between laws, 1722 1565, 1566, 1710, 1711, 1712, 1714, 1715, Secondary victims, 1724 1717 Two cars involved, passenger claim against other Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 1612 car, 1720 Specific rules, 1715 Traite Sports accidents, 1709, 1711, 1714 Bill of exchange, 188 Substance and procedure, 1669 Transaction costs Sweden, 2539, 2543 Better law approach, 182 Switzerland, 2554 Economic analysis and private international law, Thailand, 2573 578, 582 Torts, 1709 Regulatory competition, 1516 Trade restrictions, 1716 Transactions between spouses Ubiquity rule, 1714, 1715, 1717 Donation, 562, 563, 565 United Kingdom, 2620 Germany, 562 USA, 1712 Sweden, 564 Tortious liability Transfer of property Air law (uniform law), 43 Immovable property, 892 Trade secrets Property and proprietary rights, 1430 Competition, unfair, 433, 434, 435 Transfer of the seat Licence contract, 1146 Companies, 405, 408, 410 Trade usage Freedom of establishment/​persons (European Lex mercatoria, 1120, 1124, 1126 Union) and private international law, 810 Trade marks Transferability CLIP, 368 Cheques, 296 Commercial agency, franchise and distribution Transgender contracts, 392 Transsexual and transgender persons, 1738 Competition, unfair, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437 Transitional provisions Intellectual property, applicable law, 962, 963, 964, Rome IV Regulation (succession), 1587 966 Translation Intellectual property, jurisdiction, 973, 977 Service of documents, 1630 Internet, jurisdiction, 991 TransLex Principles Licence contract, 1146, 1147 Estoppel, 678 TRIPS, 1749 Transmission Unitary intellectual property rights and Renvoi, 1538 jurisdiction, 1792 Service of documents, 1630 Unitary intellectual property rights and private Transnational administrative acts international law, 1801 Recognition of administrative acts, 1487 WIPO and private international law, 1836, 1837, Transnational collective bargaining 1840, 1841, 1842 Employment, collective bargaining, 613

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2892 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Transnational company agreement Habitual residence, 1741 Employment, collective bargaining, 613 Historical development, 1738 Transnational law International legal sources, 1741 Estoppel, 678 Legal sources, 1740 Internationalization and privatization, 1114 Modern trends, 1743 Lex maritima, 1114, 1118 National legal sources, 1740 Transnational legal order No specific regulation, 1740 Lex mercatoria, 1125, 1128, 1129 Non-​discrimination, 1739, 1742 Transnationales Recht Notion, 1738 Better law approach, 185 Ordre public, 1741, 1743 Transport documents Personal identity documents, 1740 Air law (uniform law), 42 Purpose, 1738 Regulation, 1620 Specific regulation, 1741 Rotterdam Rules, 1619 Sweden, 1738 Sea waybills and other transport documents, 1620 Yogyakarta Principles, 1742 Transport law (uniform law), 1726 Transsexuality Arbitration, maritime, 107, 112 Belgium, 207 Carriage of goods by air, 1730 Bioethics and private international law, 207 Carriage of passengers by air, 1830 France, 207 Carriage of goods by inland waterways, 1734 Italy, 207 Carriage of goods by rail, 1733 Legal recognition, 207 Carriage of passengers by rail, 1732 Personal status, 1346, 1349 Carriage of goods by road, 1733 Transsexual and transgender persons, 1738 Carriage of passengers by road, 1732 Trans-​Tasman proceedings Carriage of goods by sea, 1733 Australia, 1884 Carriage of passengers by sea, 1731 New Zealand, 2373 Carriage of goods, 1732 Tratte Carriage of passengers, 1730 Bill of exchange, 188 Concept, 1726 Trautman, Donald Damage caused by aircraft, 1735 Interest and policy analysis in private international Function, 1726 law, 984, 985 Historical development, 1728 Traynor, Roger Limitation of liability, 1735 Currie, Brainerd, 508, 510 Marine environment, 1727 Treaties Marine pollution, 1734 Public international law and private international Maritime torts, 1734 law, 1448 Modern trends, 1737 Story, Joseph, 1663 Multimodal carriage contracts, 1266, 1269, 1270 Treaties in private international law, 1743, 1746, Non-​contractual liability, 1734 1747 Private international law, 1727 Treaties of private international law, 1743 Public international law, 1726 Alternative mechanisms, 1744 Regional conventions, 1727 Bilateral/​Multilateral, 1744, 1747 Rights in rem, 1736 Bilateralisation approach, 1747 Salvage, 1734 Bustamante, Antonio Sánchez de, 245, 250 Uniform substantive law, 1728 Conditional accession, 1747 Transportation vehicles Declarations, 1747 Security interests in mobile equipment (uniform Elements, 1743 law), 1622 EU instruments, 1745 Transposition Hague Conference on Private International Law, Adjustment/​adaption (anpassung), 9 871, 1745 Comparative law and private international Huber, Ulrik, 876 law, 422 Instrument title, 1743 Transsexual and transgender persons, 1738 International cooperation, 1744 CIEC Convention No 29, 1741 Legal certainty, 1744 Concept, 1738 Non-​binding instruments, 1744 Current legislation, 1740 Objectives, 1744 European Court of Human Rights, 1739, 1743 Open treaties, 1747 European legal sources, 1743 Opt-​in, 1747 Function, 1738 Opt-​out, 1747 Gender reassignment, 1741 Private international law, foundations, 1382, 1383 Germany, 1740 Public international law, 1744

Jürgen Basedow, Giesela Rühl, Franco Ferrari and Pedro de Miguel Asensio - 9781782547235 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/30/2021 12:33:07PM via free access 2893

Index 2893

Reservations, 1747 True conflict Techniques, 1747 (American) Conflict of Laws Revolution, 67, 68 UNIDROIT, 1745 Currie, Brainerd, 67 Veto approach, 1747 Interest and policy analysis in private international Treaty law, 67, 982, 983, 985, 986 Hague Conference on Private International True conflicts Law, 870 Currie, Brainerd, 508, 509, 510 Treaties in private international law, 1743, 1746, Unilateralism, 1783, 1785 1747 USA, 2639, 2642, 2644 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe Trust(s), 1752 European Union and private international law, Applicable law, 1754 689, 690 (American) Conflict of Laws Revolution, 67 Treaty of Amsterdam Brussels I Regulation (recast), 1757 Article 65 EC Treaty, 690 Civil law, 1752, 1756 European Union and private international law, Common law, 1752, 1756 688, 690 Conflict rules, 1756 Treaties in private international law, 1745 Connecting factor, 444 Treaty of Lisbon Constructive, 1753, 1757 Article 81 TFEU, 691 Donation, 563, 565 European Union and private international law, Duty to recognize, restriction, 1755, 1756 689, 691 Duty to recognize, 1754, 1755, 1758 Treaty of Masstricht (Treaty on the European Effects, 1754, 1758 Union) European private international law, 1757 European Union and private international law, Express, 1752, 1753, 1756, 1757 688, 689, 690, 695 Freedom of establishment, 1758 Treaty of Nice Hague Trust Convention, 1753 European Union and private international law, Liechtenstein, 1752, 2283 689, 690 Limitations to foreign trusts, 1755 Treaty of Rome (EEC Treaty) Party autonomy, 1754 European Union and private international law, 688 Proper law (doctrine), 1427 Treaty reinsurance Proper law, 1756 Facultative-​obligatory, 1525, 1526, 1528 Recognition, 1755 Facultative, 1525, 1526, 1528 Required characteristics, 1753 Obligatory, 1525, 1528 Restrictions on scope, 1754 Reinsurance contracts, 1523, 1525, 1528 Resulting, 1753 Treble damages Rome I Regulation (contractual obligations), 1757 Competition law (antitrust), 430 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual Damages, 512 obligations), 1757 Trialistic theory Scope of trusts, 1753 Goldschmidt, Werner, 852, 853, 856 Statutory, other, 1753 TRIPS (Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Succession Regulation, 1757 Intellectual Property Rights), 1748 Switzerland, 1755, 2548, 2549 Background, 1748 Trust funds, 1755 Copyright, 1749, 1750, 1751 United Kingdom, 2622 Final parts, 1751 Validity, 1754, 1758 Free trade agreements, 1752 General provisions, 1748 Financial instruments, 740 Geographical indication, 1749 Trust, 1755 Intellectual property, jurisdiction, 970, 971, 974 Tunisia, 2581 Material standards of intellectual property Abrogated jurisdiction, 2586 law, 1749 Administration of private international law, 2584 Overview of substantive rules, 1748 Adoption, 2588 Patents, 1749 Application of foreign law, 2584 Private international law, 365, 1751 Arbitration, 2589 Procedures, 1750 Bilateral conventions, 2583 Reform, 1752 Capitulation regime, 2584 Remedies, 1750 Case-​law, 2583 Structure, 1748 Choice of law, 2587 Trade marks, 1749 Codification, 2581 WIPO and private international law, 1836 Constitution, 2582 WTO and private international law, 1845, 1852 Contractual obligations, 2587

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2894 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Tunisia (cont.) History and development of private international Corporations, 2588 law, 2593 Courts and judicial authorities, 2584 Inheritance, 2598, 2600 Divorce and personal separation, 2586, 2588 Intellectual property, 2597, 2599 Doctrinal writings, 2583 Intellectual property rights in rem, 2597 Exclusive jurisdiction, 2587 International conventions, 2590 Family matters, 2586, 2588 Interreligious law, 1023 Filiation, 2588 Jurisdiction, 2598 French system, 2581, 2584 Maintenance obligations, 2598 Hague Conventions, 2582 Major legislation, 2589 History and development of private international Marriage, 2597 law, 2583 Matrimonial property, 2597 Independence, 2584 Monist state, 2590 Intellectual property, 2586, 2588 Multilateral conventions, 2591 International conventions, 2582 Negotiorum gestio, 2596 Interreligious law, 1024 Non-​contractual obligations, 2596 Islamic law, 2583 Obligations, 2596, 2599 Jurisdiction, 2586 Ordre public, 2594, 2595, 2600 Maintenance obligations, 2586 Ottoman Empire, 2594 Major legislation, 2581 PILA, 2590 Marriage, 2588 Property, 2596, 2599 Mosaic law, 2583 Recognition and enforcement of Multilateral agreements, 2582 judgments, 2600 Non-​contractual obligations, 2586, 2587 Sources of private international law, 2589 Obligations, 2586, 2587 United Nations Conventions, 2591 Parent-​child relationship, 2588 Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) PILA, 2581 States, failed and non-​recognized, 1657, 1658 Privilège de nationalité, 2582, 2586 Turnkey contracts Proof of foreign law, 2585 Construction contracts, 461 Property, 2586, 2587 Tversky, Amos Public policy, 2585, 2587 Behavioural economics and private international Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2589 law, 172, 173, 175 Religious tribunals, 2583 Sources of private international law, 2581 Überseering Succession, 2587, 2588 Freedom of establishment/​persons (European Turkey, 2589 Union) and private international law, 809, 811 Administration of private international law, 2594 Ubiquity theory Adoption, 2598 Intellectual property, jurisdiction, 975, 977 Application and enforcement of foreign law, 2594 UCP Arbitration, 2601 Lex mercatoria, 1126 Bilateral conventions, 2592 UDRP Case-​law, 2593 Online dispute resolution, 1316, 1322 Choice of law, 2595 WIPO and private international law, 1842 CIEC Conventions, 2591 Ukraine, 2602 Classification (characterization), 2595 Administration of private international Codification, 2594 law, 2606 Conflict of laws, 2595 Application of foreign law, 2606 Contractual obligations, 2596, 2599 Arbitration, 2611 Corporations, 2598, 2600 Austro-​Hungarian Empire, 2605 Council of Europe Conventions, 2591 Bilateral agreements, 2605 Courts, 2594 Case-​law, 2605 Divorce and personal separation, 2600 Choice of law, 2606 Doctrinal writings, 2593 Closest connection, 2607 Establishment of descent, 2598 Codification, 2602, 2606 Exclusive jurisdiction, 2599, 2601 Constitution, 2603 Family matters, 2597, 2600 Contracts, 2608 Habitual residence abroad, 2600 Corporations, 2607 Hague Conference on Private International Council of Europe Conventions, 2604 Law, 2590 Courts and non-​judicial authorities, 2606 Hague Conventions, 2590 Customary law, 2605

Jürgen Basedow, Giesela Rühl, Franco Ferrari and Pedro de Miguel Asensio - 9781782547235 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/30/2021 12:33:07PM via free access 2895

Index 2895

Doctrinal writings, 2605 Overview, 127 Exclusive jurisdiction, 2611 Private international law, express reference, 128 Family matters, 2609 Procedure, 128 Hague Conference on Private International Scope, 127 Law, 2604 Spain, 130 Hague Conventions, 2604 Territorial scope, 128 History of private international law, 2605 Tunisia, 130 ICSID Convention, 2604 Turkey, 130 Inheritance, 2610 UNCITRAL, 1762, 1764, 1765 Intellectual property, 2608 Variations in enacting, 131 International civil procedure, 2610 UNCITRAL, 1758 International conventions, 2603 Additional activities, 1764 Jurisdiction, 2610 Agency, 1761 Labour matters, 2609 Arbitration and conciliation, 1759, 1762 Maintenance obligations, 2610 Arbitration, international commercial, Major legislation, 2602 1761, 1762 Marriage, 2609 Arbitration, maritime, 109 Natural persons, 2607 Arbitration, (UNCITRAL) Model Law, 126 Non-​contractual obligations, 2609 Australia, 127 Obligations, 2608 Background, 1758 Persons, 2607 Canada, 127 PILA, 2602 CISG, 341, 1760, 1762, 1764, 1765 Procedural rights of foreigners, 2610 CLOUT system, 1765 Property, 2607 CMI, 1759 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2611 Conciliation, Model Law, 60 Regional international treaties, 2604 Cuba, 2003 Socialist laws, 2605 Electronic commerce, 1759, 1761, 1763 Sources of private international law, 2602 Elimination of discrimination, 1761 Statute theory, 2605 Encouraging cooperation, 1760 Universal international treaties, 2603 Factoring (uniform law), 731, 1760 Ulpian Government contracts, 1761 Private international law, history of, 1391 Greece, 2120 Ultimatum game Guides and recommendations, 1763 Behavioural economics and private international Hague Conference on Private International Law, law, 174 1759, 1760, 1763 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child Insolvency, cooperation and recognition, 939, 1763 Guardianship, custody and parental Insolvency, jurisdiction and vis attractiva, 948 responsibility, 865 Insolvency law, 1759, 1763 UN Maintenance Convention Insurance, 1761 Maintenance obligations, 1185 Intellectual property, 1761 Unamar International payments, 1761, 1762 Commercial agency, franchise and distribution International sale of goods, 1761, 1762 contracts, 395 Interpretation, autonomous, 1765 Employment contracts, applicable law, 624 Legalisation of documents, 1761 Uncertified certificates Legislative activities, 1761 Financial instruments, 740 Mandate, 1759 UNCITRAL (Arbitration) Model Law, 126 Maritime law (uniform law), 1212, 1216, 1218 Amendments, 127 Micro, small and medium-​sized enterprises, 1759, Arbitration, international commercial, 86, 87, 95 1761 Arbitration, maritime, 109 Multimodal carriage contracts, 1265, 1266, 1267 Bulgaria, 130 OAS, 1759 Digest, 1765 OECD, 1760 EU law, 131 Online dispute resolution, 1321, 1322, 1759, 1761 Freedom, 127 Organizations, relationship with, 1759 Germany, 129, 130 Private international law, and, 1763 Interpretations, 131 Public policy (ordre public), 1456 Japan, 130 Secretariat, 1759 Lex mercatoria, 95, 1124, 1126, 1127 Security interests, 1759, 1760, 1762 Limitations in scope, 130 Structure, 1758 Other legal instruments, 131 Texts, 1761

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2896 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

UNCITRAL (cont.) Liability, capital market, 1132 Transportation, 1761, 1762 Lis alibi pendens, 1162, 1165 UNCITRAL (Arbitration) Model Law, 1762, Member States, 1766 1764, 1765 Netting, 1771 UNCITRAL (Conciliation) Model Law, 61 Non-​binding instruments, 1769 UNCTAD, 1760 Non-​legislative activities, 1771 UNIDROIT, 1759, 1760, 1768, 1770 Organization of work on part of Member Uniform substantive law and private international States, 1768 law, 1763, 1764, 1775, 1777 Organizational structure, 1767 USA, 127 Public policy (ordre public), 1456 WCO, 1760 Purposes, 1766 WIPO, 1760 Rabel, Ernst, 1461, 1766 Working groups, 1759 Sale of goods, 1766, 1770 World Bank, 1760 Secretariat, 1768 WTO, 1760 Securities, 1771 UNCITRAL Assignment of Receivables Study groups, 1769 Convention, 142, 147, 148 UNCITRAL, 1759, 1760, 1768, 1770 Unconscionability Uniform substantive law and private international Estoppel, 675, 676 law, 1771, 1774, 1775, 1776, 1777 UNCTAD UNILAW, 1771 Maritime law (uniform law), 1212 Working methods, 1769 Multimodal carriage contracts, 1267 UNIDROIT Convention UNCITRAL, 1760 Cultural objects, protection of, 498, 500, 501, 503, Underwriting syndicate 1770 Bonds and loans, 215, 218 UNIDROIT Financial Leasing Convention Undisclosed information Adoption, 747 TRIPS, 1750 Approach, 751 UNECE Exclusion, 755 Online dispute resolution, 1321 Express and implicit references to private UNESCAP international law, 752 Online dispute resolution, 1321 Gaps, 754 UNESCO Convention (1970) Limitations to sphere of application, 753 Cultural objects, protection of, 500 Limitations, 754 Unfair competition Overview, 750 Demarcations, 436 Party autonomy, 754 Examples, 436 Private international law, and, 751 Meaning, 432, 433 Ratione materiae, 750 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual obligations), Reservations, 753 434, 435, 437, 438, 440, 1569 Sphere of application, 749 Torts, 1715, 1716 Uniform substantive law and private international Unfair Terms Directive law, 748 CESL, 279 UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial UNIDROIT, 1766 Contracts Bill of exchange, 1766 Culpa in contrahendo, 493 Cape Town Convention, 1621 Estoppel, 679 CISG, 1770, 1771 Lex mercatoria, 95, 1124, 1126, 1127 Conflict of laws, 1771 UNIDROIT, 1769, 1770, 1771 Cooperation agreements, 1767 UNILEX, 1771 Efficient and rational coordination, 1770 Unification Factoring (uniform law), 731, 732, 1766, 1770 Batiffol, Henry, 164 Financial leasing (uniform law), 747, 748, 749, Factoring (uniform law), 731 1766, 1767, 1769, 1770, 1771 Financial leasing (uniform law), 747 Franchising, 1769, 1770 Hague Conference on Private International Law, General Assembly, 1767 870, 871, 874 Governing Council, 1767 Unification of contract law Hague Conference on Private International Law, Justification, 281 1766, 1768, 1770, 1771 Unification of law Headquarters agreement, 1767 Aim, 1773 History, 1766 Arbitration, 126 Important instruments, 1770 Contractual obligations, 61 Languages, 1767 Factoring (uniform law), 731, 735 Legal status, 1767 Financial leasing (uniform law), 748, 751

Jürgen Basedow, Giesela Rühl, Franco Ferrari and Pedro de Miguel Asensio - 9781782547235 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/30/2021 12:33:07PM via free access 2897

Index 2897

Uniform substantive law and private international IMO, 911 law, 1773, 1774, 1777 Internal gaps, 1778 Unification of private international law Resort to, 1775, 1777, 1778 Bartin, Étienne, 155, 157 Succession, 1683 Comparative law and private international law, Unequal treatment, 1773 417, 419, 420 Uniform substantive law and private international Forum (and law) shopping, 789 law, 1773 Goldschmidt, Werner, 858 Values, 1773 Unification of transport law Uniform rules Air transport, 1728 Assignability/​Assignment of claims, 147 Inland navigation, 1730 Insolvency, applicable law, 936 Maritime transport, 1729 Legal identity, 1772 Road transport, 1730 Uniform substantive law, 1772 Transport law (uniform law), 1728 CESL, 278 Unified Patent Court CISG, 31, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 1775, 1776, Scope, 1806 1777, 1778, 1779 Unitary intellectual property rights and Classification (characterization), 359 jurisdiction, 1794, 1795 Compatibility, 1772 Unitary intellectual property rights and private Definition of uniform law, 1772 international law, 1798, 1804 Express reference to private international law, 1775 UPC Agreement, 1794, 1795, 1799, 1807 Factoring (uniform law), 731, 732, 733, 735, 736, Uniform and model law civil procedure 738, 1775, 1776, 1777, 1778 Proceedings, law governing, 1410 Federal state clause, 1777 Uniform Child Custody and Jurisdiction Act Financial leasing (uniform law), 749, 751, 754, (UCCJA), 298 1774, 1775, 1777 Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Goal for international situations, 1774 Enforcement Act Goals, 1773 USA, 2638 IFC, 1777, 1778 Uniform Foreign-​Country Money Judgments ILC, 1777 Recognition Act IMO, 910 USA, 2637 Implicit reference to private international Uniform Foreign Money-Judgments​ Recognition Act law, 1774 USA, 2637 Intention, 1772 Uniform Interstate Family Support Act Limited, 1772 USA, 2638 Maritime law (uniform law), 1210 Uniform law(s) Maritime torts, 1219, 1225 Austria, 1888 Party autonomy, 1778 Carriage of goods by sea, 264 Preference, 1774 CESL, 280, 281, 282, 283, 285, 287 Prevalence, 1774 Definition, 1772 Reservations, impact of, 1777 Employment, maritime, 643 Scope of application, limitations to, 1778 Freight forwarding contracts, 817 Social protection and private international Game theory and private international law, 832, law, 1648 834 Sphere of application, limitations, 1775 IMO, 907 Types of uniform law, 1772 Insurance contracts, 955 UNCITRAL, 1763, 1764 Types, 1772 Unequal treatment, 1773 Uniform law and private international law Uniform substantive law and private international CESL, 282 law, 1773 Nuclear liability, 1310 Unlimited, 1772 Uniform law conventions Unilateral choice-​of-​law rules Carriage of goods by sea, 261, 262, 266 Kegel, Gerhard, 1068 Conflict, 263 Unilateral conflict rules Employment, maritime, 642 Employment contracts, applicable law, 616 Scope, 262 Employment, posting of workers, 656 Uniform maritime law Nationality, 1290 Maritime law (uniform law), 1210 Unilateralism, 1787 Maritime torts, 1219 Vietnam, 2661, 2665 Uniform private international law Unilateralism, 1779 CISG, 341 Applicability of rules, 1787 External gaps, 1778 Application not distortion, 1784 Goals, 1773 Bartolus, 162, 1780

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2898 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Unilateralism (cont.) Weintraub, Russell, 1783 Baxter, William, 1783, 1785 Will of application, 1784 Belgium, 1785 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Cavers, David, 1783 Georgia, 2091 Characteristics, 1784 Russian Federation, 2452 Competition law (antitrust), 426, 427 Unitary intellectual property rights Concepts, 1783 Barrier of territoriality, 1796 Conflict of systems, 1790 Characteristics, 1797 Coordination with foreign legal systems, 1784 Community Design, 1792, 1801 Currie, Brainerd, 1782, 1783, 1784, 1785, 1786 Community Place Variety Right, 1792, 1801 Definition, 1779 Community Trade Marks, 1792, 1801 EU regulations and directives, 1789 Equal effect, 1797 European history, 1780 Genuine use, 1799 France, 1783, 1785, 2087 Interpretation, 1798 Germany, 1785, 2106 Limits of unitary effect, 1798 Globalization and private international law, 850 Lis alibi pendens, 1793, 1796 Historical development, 1779 Outside EU, 1800 Interest and policy analysis in private international Patents, 1793, 1804 law, 983, 988, 1782, 1783, 1786 Recognition and enforcement, 1793, 1794, 1796 International economic law, 1790 Remain in entirety, 1797 Lacuna, 1785 Remedies and procedure, 1799 Law’s own intent of application, 1784 Scope of protection, 1798 Law’s scope of application, 1783 Single granting procedure, 1797 Leflar, Robert, 1783 Trade marks, 1792, 1801 Legal order prescribes itself, 1783 Unitary intellectual property rights and Lex fori, 1105, 1784, 1785, 1787 jurisdiction, 1792 Mancini, Pasquale Stanislao, 1780 Unitary intellectual property rights and private Multilateralism, versus, 1786 international law, 1796, 1801 Multilateralism, 1779, 1780, 1785 Unitary intellectual property rights and Natural role, 1791 jurisdiction, 1791 Overriding mandatory rules, 1788 Agreement, 1792 Pilenko, Aleksandr, 1782, 1785 Brussels I Regulation (recast), 1792, 1794 Pillet, Antoine, 1781, 1783, 1784 Community Design, 1792 Pluralism, 1783 Community Place Variety Right, 1792 Practical contemporary significance, 1786 Community Trade Marks, 1792 Private international law, foundations, 1385, 1386, Concept, 1791 1779 Domicile, 1792, 1793, 1795 Property and proprietary rights, 1428, 1431 European Patents, 1793 Public international law and private international General, 1792 law, 1449 Lugano Convention, 1792, 1794, 1795 Quadri, Rolando, 1782, 1783, 1784, 1785 Place of infringement, 1792 Recognition, method of, 1790 Proceedings, 1793 Renvoi, 1789 Scope, 1793 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 1780, 1781, 1786 Special grounds, 1793 Seat of the legal relationship, 1779 Sufficient assets, 1795 Self-​limited rules, 1787 Third-​state domicile, 1792 Sovereignty, 1784, 1785 Trade marks, 1792 Specific conception of law, 1783 Unitary intellectual property rights and private Statutist period, 1780 international law, 1796 Substantive rules of private international law, 1787 Act of infringement, 1802, 1807 Theoretical background, 1783 Applicability of regulations, 1803 Theoretical contemporary significance, 1790 Applicable law, 1801 Theory of private international law, 1779 Brussels I Regulation (recast), 1803, 1807 True conflicts, 1783, 1784, 1785, 1786 Characteristics of unitary rights, 1797 Unilateral conflict rules, 1787 Concept, 1796 Unilateralist method, 1784 Equivalence and effectiveness, 1802 Unilateralist paradigms, 1783 EU unitary intellectual property rights, 1796 Unilateralist system, 1785 Eurasian Patent Convention, 1800 US history, 1782 European patents with unitary effect, 1805 Von Mehren, Arthur, 1783 European Patents, 1804 Wächter, Carl Georg von, 1827 Gap-​filling, 1801

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Index 2899

Genuine use, 1799 Forum conveniens, 2617 Harmonization of intellectual property law, 1800 Hague Conference on Private International History, 1797 Law, 2613 Interpretation, 1798 Hague Conventions, 2613 Limits of unitary effect, 1798 History of private international law, 2614 OAPI, 1800 Immovable property, 2621 Outside EU, 1800 Inheritance, 2624 Parallel actions, 1799 Insolvency, 2625 Remedies and procedure, 1799 Intangible/​incorporeal movable property, 2621 Rome I Regulation (contractual obligations), Intellectual property, 2622 1805, 1806 International conventions, 2613 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual obligations), Jurisdiction, 2616 1801, 1804, 1805, 1806 Lugano Convention, 2614 Simple European patents, 1806 Maintenance obligations, 2624 Source of law under art 24 UPC Agreement, 1808 Major legislation, 2612 Trade marks, 1801 Marriage, 2623 Translation Regulation, 1806 Matrimonial matters, 2622 Treaty of Bangui, 1800 Movable property, 2621 Unitary Patent Regulation, 1805 Non-​contractual obligations, 2620 UPC Agreement, 1806 Obligations, 2619 Unitary Patent Regulation Parental responsibility, 2623 Unitary intellectual property rights and Proper law (doctrine), 2621 jurisdiction, 1794 Property, 2621 Unitary intellectual property rights and private Public policy, 2619 international law, 1805 Recognition and enforcement of Unitary rights judgments, 2618 Companies, 1801 Renvoi, 2619 Outside intellectual property, 1800 Sources of private international law, 2612 Unitary intellectual property rights and Substance and procedure, 2619 jurisdiction, 1792 Succession, 2625 Unitary intellectual property rights and private Tangible/​corporeal movable property, 2621 international law, 1796, 1801 Tort/​delict, 2620 United Kingdom, 2612 Trusts, 2622 Administration of estates, 2624 Unjust enrichment, 2621 Administration of private international law, 2615 United Nations Convention on Contracts for the Adoption, 2624 International Sale of Goods, 338 Anti-​suit injunction, 2617 United States Constitution Application and ascertainment of foreign Full Faith and Credit clause, 823 law, 2615 Interest and policy analysis in private international Arbitration, 2626 law, 986 Bilateral conventions, 2614 USA, 2637 Broad internationalist spirit, 2618 Universal Declaration of Human Rights Case-​law, 2614 Human rights and private international law, 880 Challenging jurisdiction, 2617 Universalism Choice of law method, 2618 Comparative law and private international law, Classification (characterization), 2618 418, 420 Companies, corporate and unincorporated Territoriality, 1707 bodies, 2625 Universally applicable collective agreements Constituent legal systems, 2612 Employment, collective bargaining, 607, 608, 610, Contractual obligations, 2619 611, 612 Corporations, 2625 Sweden, 611 Council of Europe Conventions, 2613 University of Landshut Courts, 2615 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 1609 Defamation, 2617, 2620 University of Marburg Dicey, Albert Venn, 531 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 1609 Divorce and personal separation, 2624 Unjust enrichment, 1809 Doctrinal writings, 2614 Accessory connection, 1811 Domicile, 2623 Belarus, 1902 Double actionability, 2620 Characterization issues, 1809 Family matters, 2622 Closest connection, 1811 Foreign judgments in personam, 2618 Common habitual residence, 1811

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2900 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Unjust enrichment (cont.) International conventions, 2627 Condictio indebiti, 1810 Jurisdiction, 2631 Connecting factors, 1810 Maintenance obligations, 2635 Default rule, 1811 Major legislation, 2626 Escape clause, 1812 Marriage, 2634 General characterization issues, 1809 Matrimonial property, 2634 Generalities, 1809 MERCOSUR, 2628 Leading relationship, 1811 Montevideo Treaties, 2629 Multi-​party scenarios, 1812 Non-​contractual obligations, 2633 Party choice of law, 1810 Obligations, 2632 Rome II Regulation (non-​contractual obligations), Party autonomy, 2632 1570, 1809, 1810, 1812 Property, 2633 South Africa, 2519 Public international law, 2627 Specific characterization issues, 1810 Public policy (ordre public), 2631 United Kingdom, 2621 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2636 Unprovided for case Sources of private international law, 2626 Currie, Brainerd, 509 South American Congress, 2629 Unprovided-​for cases Succession, 2635 Interest and policy analysis in private international United Nations Conventions, 2628 law, 982 USSR, former UPC Agreement Commonwealth of Independent States and private Applicable law, 1806 international law, 397, 399, 403 EU choice-​of-​law provisions, and, 1806 Multilateral conventions, 2453 Harmonization, 1807 Russian Federation, 2452 Scope, 1807 Ukraine, 2603 Source of law under art 24, 1808 Unified Patent Court, 1794 VALE Unitary intellectual property rights and Freedom of establishment/​persons (European jurisdiction, 1795 Union) and private international law, 810 Unitary intellectual property rights and private Validity international law, 1806 Formal requirements and validity, 783 Uruguay Round Recognition of legal situations evidenced by WTO and private international law, 1845 documents, 1495, 1496, 1497, 1501, 1502 Uruguay, 2626 Validity rule Administration of private international law, 2630 Capacity and emancipation, 252 Adoption, 2635 Vehicle(s) Application of foreign law, 2630 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Arbitration, 2636 waterways, 256, 257 Asser system, 2632 Insurance, motor, 295 Bilateral treaties, 2628 Property and proprietary rights, 1432 Case-​law, 2629 Venezuela Choice of law, 2631 Administration of private international law, 2650 CIDIP, 2627 Adoption, 2656 Contractual obligations, 2632 Application of foreign law, 2650 Cooperation mechanisms, 2630 Arbitration, 2657 Corporations, 2635 Bustamante Code, 2648 Courts and non-​judicial authorities, 2630 Case-​law, 2649 Customs, 2626 Choice of law, 2653 Divorce and personal separation, 2634 Contractual obligations, 2654 Doctrinal writings, 2629 Cooperation mechanisms, 2651 Evasion of laws, 2631 Corporations, 2652, 2655 Exception to application of foreign law, 2631 Courts and non-​judicial authorities, 2650 Family matters, 2634 Derogable jurisdiction, 2651 Filiation, 2635 Divorce and personal separation, 2656 General Procedural Code, 2629 Doctrinal writings, 2650 Hague Conference on Private International Law, 2628 Election of courts, 2652 Hague Conventions, 2628 Exequatur, 2657 History of private international law, 2629 Family matters, 2653, 2656 Intellectual property, 2633 Filiation, 2656 Inter-​American Conventions, 2627 Forum necessitatis, 2653 Inter-​American Private International Law Hague Conference on Private International Convention, 2627 Law, 2648

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Index 2901

History and development of private international Vested rights approach law, 2650 Game theory and private international law, 831 Incidental (preliminary) questions, 2654 Vested rights theory, 66, 1813 Insolvency, 2652, 2655 Absolutism, 1813 Intellectual property, 2653, 2655 Amalgamations, 1816 Inter-​American conventions, 2648 Anglo-​Saxon jurisdictions, 1813 International treaties, 2648 Application of country of origin principle, 1817 Jurisdiction, 2651 Beale, Joseph, 1814 Major main statutory sources, 2647 Case-​law of the European Court of Justice, 1818 Marriage, 2656 Comity, 66, 384, 386 MERCOSUR, 2649 Company law, 1818 Non-​contractual obligations, 2655 Concept, 1812 Non-​derogable jurisdiction, 2652 Connecting factor, 450 Obligations, 2652, 2654 Contemporary significance, 1816 Ordre public, 2651, 2654 Country of origin principle, 1816 Organization of American States, 2647 Country of origin rule, 480 Party autonomy, 2654, 2657 Critique, 1815 PILA, 2647 Dicey, Albert Venn, 1814 Property, 2652, 2655 European Union, 1816, 1818 Recognition and enforcement of Federal entities, 1816 judgments, 2656 Further development, 1815 Renvoi, 2654 GEDIP, 843 Sources of private international law, 2647 Historical background, 1813 Succession, 2653, 2656 Legislation, 1819 United Nations Conventions, 2648 Mutual recognition, 1818 Venire contra factum proprium Names of individuals, 1818 Estoppel, 676, 678 Natural law, 1813, 1814, 1816 Verjährung Pillet, Antoine, 1814, 1815 Prescription, 1368, 1369 Private international law, 1813 Versailles Treaty Private international law, foundations, 1384 Rabel, Ernst, 1460 Renvoi, 1815 Vertrag mit Schutzwirkung zugunsten Dritter Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 1815 Expert liability, 720 Social protection and private international Vertragshändlervertrag law, 1648 Commercial agency, franchise and distribution State succession, 1813 contracts, 391 Territoriality, 1814 Vertragsspaltung Thailand, 2571 Dépeçage, 527 Wächter, Carl Georg von, 1815, 1827, 1830 Verweisungsnormen Videoconference Choice of law, 314 Evidence, procurement of, 711, 713 Verwirkung Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Prescription, 1368, 1374 Damage Vessel(s) Nuclear liability, 1306, 1308, 1309 Property and proprietary rights, 1431, 1432 Principles, 1310 Vested rights Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties CIDIP, 324 Treaties in private international law, 1743, 1745, Currie, Brainerd, 508, 509 1747 Interest and policy analysis in private international Vietnam law, 980 Administration of private international law, 2661 Peru, 2414 Adoption, 2665 Private international law, history of, Application of foreign law, 2661 1393, 1395 Arbitration, 2666 Private international law, methods of, 1402 ASEAN, 2659 Recognition of legal situations evidenced by Bilateral treaties, 2659 documents, 1497, 1819 Case-​law, 2660 Restatement (First and Second) of Conflict of Choice of law, 2663 Laws, 1546 Contract, 2663 Social protection and private international Corporations, 2664 law, 1652 Courts and non-​judicial authorities, 2661 USA, 2640 Customary law, 2660 Vested rights theory, 1813 De facto case-​law, 2660 Wächter, Carl Georg von, 1827, 1831 Divorce, 2665

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2902 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Vietnam (cont.) Statuta personalia, 1821 Doctrinal writings, 2660 Statuta realia, 1821 Exclusive jurisdiction, 2662 Work, 1820 Family matters, 2663, 2664 Voet, Paulus and Johannes, 1820 French model, 2661 von Mehren, Arthur Guardianship, 2665 (American) Conflict of Laws Revolution, 67 Hague Conference on Private International Unilateralism, 1783 Law, 2659 VOR conditions Hague Conventions, 2659 Construction contracts, 459 History of private international law, 2661 Voyage charter contract Insolvency, 2663 Carriage of goods by sea, 264 Intellectual property, 2663, 2666 Vulgar Roman law International conventions, 2659 Private international law, history of, 1391, 1392 Jurisdiction, 2662 Legal assistance treaties, 2659, 2660 Wächer redivivus Major legislation, 2658 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 588 Marriage, 2664 Wächter, Carl Georg von, 1824 Non-​contractual obligations, 2663 Background, 1826 North, 2661 Codification of law, 1826 Obligations, 2664 Comity, 384, 1827, 1828 Open Policy, 2661 Contribution to private international law, 1826 Party autonomy, 2664 Country of origin principle, 1831 Property, 2663, 2665 Criminal law, 1826 Recognition and enforcement of judgments, 2666 Delict, 1829 Sources of private international law, 2658 Double actionability, 1829 South, 2661 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 588, 1831 Succession, 2663, 2665 Explicit choice-​of-​law rules, 1828 United Nations Conventions, 2659 Family law, 1829 Viner, Charles Foreign judgments, recognition, 1829 Story, Joseph, 1661 Influence abroad, 1830 Vis attractiva concursus Influence at the time, 1829 Insolvency, jurisdiction and vis attractiva, 951, 952 Influence on private international law, 1829 Visby Rules Lex fori, 1106, 1827, 1828, 1831 Lex maritima, 1115 Life, 1825 Transport law (uniform law), 1729, 1733 Mandatory laws of lex fori, 1828 Voet, Johannes, 1822 Nature of things, 1827 Comity, 383, 1823, 1824 Party autonomy, 1829 Contribution to private international law, 1822 Personal status, 1829 Influence at the time, 1824 Politization of private international law, 1831 Influence in the long run, 1824 Positivism, 1828 Influence on private international law, 1824 Private international law, foundations, 1384, 1386, Lex fori, 1106 1829 Life, 1822 Property law, 1829 Locus regit actum, 1823 Public international law, 1827 Private international law, history of, 1393, 1822 Questions of law, 1827 Statuta mixta, 1823 Refutations, 1827 Statuta personalia, 1823 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 1825, 1827, 1830, 1831 Statuta realia, 1823 Seat of the legal relationship, 1830 Work, 1822 Specific doctrines, 1829 Voet, Paulus, 1820 Strict lex fori, 1827 Auxiliary norms, 1821 Substantive lex fori, 1828 Comitas tempers, 1823 Succession, 1829 Comity, 1821, 1822, 383 Theory for judges, 1828 Contribution to private international law, Theory of statutes, 1825, 1827 1820 Translations, 1830, 1831 Influence on private international law, 1822 Unilateralism, 1827 Lex fori, 1106 Vested rights theory, 1815, 1827, 1830, 1831 Life, 1820 Work, 1825 Private international law, history of, 1393, 1820 Waiver Sovereignty, 1821, 1823 Estoppel, 675, 676 Statuta mixta, 1821 Express double, 902

Jürgen Basedow, Giesela Rühl, Franco Ferrari and Pedro de Miguel Asensio - 9781782547235 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/30/2021 12:33:07PM via free access 2903

Index 2903

Immunity, 900, 901, 904 Basic approaches, 1836 Implied, 904 Berne Convention, 1838 Specific, 902 Common approach, 1839 Warsaw Convention Copyright, 1838, 1840 Air law (uniform law), 39 Country of origin, 1838 Transport law (uniform law), 1728, 1729, 1730, Digitization, 1840 1732, 1737 Domain names, 1842 Warsaw liability system Globalization, 1836 Air law (uniform law), 40 Hague Conference on Private International Waseda Principles Law, 1843 Intellectual property, applicable law, 966, 968 Independence of rights, 1837 Washington Principles Inside view, 1839, 1842 Cultural objects, protection of, 500 Intellectual property, definition, 1835 Waybills Internet us, 1840 Sea waybills and other transport documents, 1620 Joint Recommendation Concerning the Protection Website of Marks, 1840 Internet, jurisdiction, 991, 994, 997 Later developments, 1840 Wechsel Legal relevance of Internet use, 1841 Bill of exchange, 187 Normsetting, 1836, 1841 Weintraub, Russell Origins, 1835 (American) Conflict of Laws Revolution, 67 Other Industrial Property Rights in Signs on the Unilateralism, 1783 Internet, 1840 Weiss, André Paris Convention, 1836 Bartin, Étienne, 154 Private international law, and, 1843 Welfare economics Proportionality of remedies, 1841 Behavioural economics and private international Registered rights, 1837, 1838 law, 172 Territoriality, adapting, 1840 Wengler, Wilhelm Trade marks, 1840 Kegel, Gerhard, 1064 TRIPS, 1836 West Balkan UDRP, 1842 West Balkan Convention, 1832 UNCITRAL, 1760 West Balkan Convention, 1832 Universalism, 1838 Accession to Lugano Convention, 1832 World Intellectual Property Organization, 1835 Background, 1832 WIPO and private international law Brussels I Regulation (recast), 1834 CLIP, and, 365, 371, 373 CEFTA, 1833, 1834 Wisconsin Contracting States, 1833 Better law approach, 180 Draft, 1833, 1834 Witness Exclusive jurisdiction, 1834 Evidence, procurement of, 709, 710, 715 Other conventions, 1834 Judicial power, 711, 713 Outline, 1833 Wohlerworbene rechte Protocols, 1834 Vested rights theory, 1813 Western Thrace World private law Interreligious law, 1023 Lex mercatoria, 1124 Westlake, John Wrongful death statutes Dicey, Albert Venn, 529 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 589 Kahn, Franz, 1060 Wrongful trading Westphalian model Companies, 406, 407 Choice of law, 312 Director’s liability, 539, 541, 542 Party autonomy, 1337 World Trade Organization, 1844 Wilful misconduct Application, 1849 Carriage of goods by road, rail and inland Background, 1844 waterways, 258, 259 Basic principles, 1845 Wills Choice of law, 1844, 1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1852, 1854 Belarus, 1905 Context, 1844 Formal requirements and validity, 784, 1689 Corporations, 1851 Succession, 1682, 1687, 1688 Decentralized policy making, 1850 Windscheid, Bernhard Developing countries, 1845, 1854 Prescription, 1370 Electronic commerce, 592 WIPO, 1835 Elimination of trade barriers, 1846 Avoiding and resolving conflicts, 1841 Environmental protection, 1850

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2904 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

World Trade Organization (cont.) Transparency, 1845 EU law, 1846 TRIPS, 1748, 1750, 1751, 1752, 1845, 1852 Exceptions, 1850 UNCITRAL, 1760 Fair trade promotion, 1845 Vertical implementation, 1848 Foundations, 1846 WTO and private international law, 1844 GATS, 1851 WTO law, 1847 GATT, 1845, 1847, 1850 Human life or health protection, 1850 Yellow Book Import quotas, 1845 Construction contracts, 459 Integration, 1846 York-​Antwerp Rules Intellectual property, 1852 Lex maritima, 1116 Lex causae, 1844, 1846, 1847, 1848, Maritime law (uniform law), 1211 1849, 1850 Yugoslavia Multilateral choice of law, 1850, 1854 West Balkan Convention, 1833 Non-​discrimination, 1845, 1849 Prison labour, 1850 Zero-​interest cases Procedural effect of obligations, 1848 Interest and policy analysis in private international Product liability, 1849 law, 982 Public and private international law, 1846 Zitelmann, Ernst Recognition of administrative acts, 1489 Ehrenzweig, Albert A, 587 Scrutiny standard of obligations, 1848 Kahn, Franz, 1058, 1059 Seat theory, 1851 Mancini, Pasquale Stanislao, 1198 Specific cases, 1851 Zoroastrians Tariffs, 1845 Iran, 2180 Territoriality of national policies, 1850 Zweigert, Konrad Trade liberalization, 1845, 1847 Kahn, Franz, 1061

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