Index

A Arterial hypertensive vasculopathy ABCA3 deficiency, 158 imaging features, 194 pathological features, 194 Aberrant coronary artery, 22 Aspergillosis, 413 Acinar dysplasia, 147–150 Aspergillus, 190, 369, 414 Acquired bronchobiliary fistula (aBBF), 79, 80 Aspergillus fumigatus, 110, 358, 359 Acquired immunodeficiency, 191, 192 Aspergillus-related disease, 413 Aspiration pneumonia, 136 Acrocyanosis, 1 Aspiration syndromes, 248 Actinomycosis, 109, 110 causes, 172 Acute cellular rejection (ACR), 192, 368 imaging features, 172 Acute eosinophilic pneumonia, 172 pathological features, 172 Acute infectious disease Associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (APAH), 257 imaging features, 167 Asthma pathological features, 167 ABPA, 343 Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP), 146, 173, 176 airway biopsy, 339 imaging features, 176 airway edema, 337 pathological features, 176 airway hyperresponsiveness, 337 symptoms, 176 airway inflammation, 337 Acute Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), 185 allergy testing, 339 Acute pulmonary embolism, 386, 387 anxiety and depression, 344 complications, 388 API, 339 mortality rates, 388 biodiversity hypothesis, 337 pre-operative management, 387 bronchial challenge tests, 338 technique, 387, 388 bronchoconstriction, 337 treatment, 387 bronchoscopy, 339 Acute rejection, 192 clinical manifestations, 337 Adenoid cystic carcinoma, 306, 307 clinical presentation, 338 Adenotonsillar hypertrophy, 211 comorbid conditions, 342, 343 Air bronchograms, 104 definition, 337 Air leak syndromes, 53, 55 diagnosis, 338–340, 342 Airway bleeding, 5–6 endothelial nitric oxide, 338, 339 Airway obstruction, 380 environmental factors, 337 , 211, 212 exercise challenge test, 338 complications, 380 genetic factors, 337 indications, 380 genetic studies, 339 nasal piriform aperture stenosis, 211, 212 GER, 343 Airway tethering, 15, 16 host factors, 337 Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), 100, 340, 342, 358, 359 hygiene hypothesis, 337 Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins management, 344, 345 (ACD/MVP), 148, 149, 205 obesity, 343 Alveolar hemorrhage, 187 obstructive sleep apnea, 344 Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), 295 pulmonary function testing, 338 Anosmia, 360 radiographic findings, 339, 340, 343 Anterior mediastinal compartment masses respiratory complications, 338 germ cell tumor, 316 RSV infection, 337 lymphoma, 312, 313 rhinitis, 344 thymic carcinomas, 315 rhinovirus infection, 337 thymoma, 313–315 sinus infections, 344 Anticoagulation therapy, 387 sputum induction, 339 Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), 178 total serum immunoglobulin E, 339 Aortic coarctation, 403, 404 vocal cord dysfunction, 344

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 427 R. H. Cleveland, E. Y. Lee (eds.), Imaging in Pediatric Pulmonology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23979-4 428 Index

Asthma Predictive Index (API), 339 Cardiac motion compensation, 398 Asymmetric pulmonary edema, 124 Cardiac silhouette enlargement, 20 Atelectasis, 51 Cardiothoracic ratio, 20 Atrial septal defect (ASD), 226, 273 Cardiovascular disease, thymic wave sign, 19 Atrioventricular defect, 260 Cast/plastic bronchitis classification, 80, 81 clinical presentation, 81 B radiological findings, 81 Bacterial croup, 216 signs and symptoms, 81 Balloon dilatation, 380 treatment, 81, 82 Balloon tracheobronchoplasty, 380 Central airway, 293 Bilateral pulmonary hypoplasia, 263 Central cyanosis, 1 Bilateral small effusions, 245 Cepacia syndrome, 355 Bile acid pneumonia, 52 Cerebral AVMs, 205 Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome, 207 Cervical lymphangioma, 34, 36 Blastomyces dermatitidis, 109 Cervical , 34, 37 Blastomycosis, 109 Channel type lymphatic malformation, 285 , 83 Chest pain, 1, 2 Brain-lung-thyroid syndrome, 200 Chest radiographs (CXR) Brasfield system, 352 lung transplantation, 365 Breathing, 398 malignant mediastinal masses, practical imaging approach, 311 Bronchial adenoma, 112–114, 305 pediatric lung, central airway and chest wall neoplasm, 293, 294 Bronchial artery anatomy, 389 PHT, 253 Bronchial artery embolization (BAE), 357, 389 PPHN, 262 complications, 390, 391 Chest wall lipoma, 411 indications, 390 Chest wall neoplasm, 293 preoperative management, 390 Childhood pneumonia technique, 390 air bronchogram, 130, 131 Bronchial atresia, 69, 70, 98 antibiotics, 126 Bronchial challenge tests, 338 atelectasis and hyperinflation, 128 Bronchial hypoplasia, 226 bronchopneumonia, 131 , 263 cause, 127 cystic fibrosis, 201 chest imaging, 131, 133–135 definition, 201 epidemiology, 126, 127 primary ciliary dyskinesia, 202 hemidiaphragm, 129 primary immunodeficiencies hyperinflation, 128 clinical features, 202 lobular pneumonia, 130 common variable immune deficiency, 202 pathologic patterns, 127 severe combined immunodeficiency, 202 pathological description, 129 radiographic imaging, 202, 203 pneumatoceles, 131, 132 symptoms, 201 radiographic appearance, 128 Bronchiolitis, 353, 354 radiographic findings, 127, 130 Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO), 124, 168, 169, 192, 232, 370 respiratory tree, 127 Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP), 168, 170 round pneumonia, 131, 132 Bronchoalveolar carcinoma (BAC), 298, 299 signs and symptoms, 126 Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), 339 Chlamydia pneumonia, 60, 62, 127 Bronchobiliary fistula (BBF) Choanal atresia, 211, 212 aBBF, 79, 80 Choristomas, 112 cBBF, 78, 79 Chronic cough, 1, 3 Bronchogenic carcinoma, 113, 296, 297 Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, 176 Bronchogenic cysts, 70, 71, 98 Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), 188, 189, 191 Bronchopleural fistula (BPF), 137, 379 Chronic Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), 186 Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), 56–58, 95, 263 Chronic lobar emphysema (CLE), 126 Bronchopulmonary fibrosarcoma (PBF), 295 Chronic lung disease of infancy, see Bronchopulmonary dysplasia Bronchopulmonary sequestration (BPS), 42 (BPD) Bronchoscopy, 294 Chronic pneumonitis of infancy (CPI), 146, 157 Brown lung induration, 177 Chronic rejection, 192, 193 Burkholderia cepacia complex, 355 Chronic thrombotic disease, 264, 265 Churg–Strauss syndrome, 119, 172, 174 Chylothorax, 44, 45, 377, 378 C Chylous effusion, 244, 284 Candida albicans, 110, 187, 188, 369 CLOVES syndrome, 328 Capillaritis, 179 Coblation, 289 Carbon dioxide laser, 304 Coccidioides immitis, 109 Carcinoid tumors, 305 Coccidiomycosis, 109 Cardiac catheterization, 254 COL3A1 gene, 206 Index 429

Collagen vascular diseases, 118 preoperative evaluation Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), 188–191, 415–417 catheter angiography, 275 Complicated pneumonia, 95, 96 chest radiography, 275 Computed tomography (CT) MDCT, 276, 277 lung transplantation, 365 MRI, 275, 276 pediatric lung, central airway and chest wall neoplasm, 293, 294 post gadolinium MRA, 276 pleural effusion, 240 Scimitar syndrome, 277 Congenital alveolar dysplasia (CAD), 148, 149, 151 2D echocardiography, 275 Congenital bronchobiliary fistula (cBBF), 78, 79 value of imaging in deciding therapy, 278 Congenital (CDH), 34, 36, 263, 264 prevalence, 270 with abnormal tube positions, 85 PVOD, 274–277 anomalies and morbidity PVS congenital heart disease, 86 abnormalities of pulmonary veins, 270, 271, 274 diaphragmatic defects, 87 catheter based approaches, 279, 280 Donnai–Barrow syndromes, 87 clinical presentation, 272, 273 , 87 lung transplantation, 280 gastrointestinal morbidity, 86 preoperative evaluation, 277, 278 musculoskeletal deformities, 86 surgical repair, 279 neurologic abnormalities, 86, 87 surgical therapy, 279 Turner syndrome, 87 TAPVR, 269, 271, 272, 275 causes, 82 venolobar syndrome, 273, 274, 276 on ECMO, 86 Congenital , 227 embryology and pathophysiology, 82 Congenital venolobar syndrome, 274, 276, 408, 409 long-term pulmonary function, 85, 86 Congestive heart failure, 245 with mediastinal shift, 84 Congestive vasculopathy, 194, 195 with pneumothorax, 85 Connective tissue disorders, 243, 244 postnatal, 84, 85 Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome, 207 postoperative image, 87 Cutis laxa, 207 prenatal, 84 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 206 preoperative image, 87 Loeys-Dietz syndrome, 207 prevalence, 82 Marfan syndrome, 206 treatment, 87 Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), 211 types, 82, 84 Contrast-enhanced MRA (CE-MRA), 330, 331 Congenital high airway obstruction (CHAOS), 45 Conventional oil-contrast lymphography, 285 Congenital/infantile fibrosarcoma, 299, 300 Corticosteroids, 243 Congenital lobar emphysema (CLE), 230, 231 Cough, 293 Congenital lobar overinflation (CLO), 43, 44 CPAM volume ratio (CVR), 40 Congenital lung malformations Croup, 215 with abnormal vasculature Cryoablation, 380 pulmonary AVM, 73–75 Cryptococcus neoformans, 110 , 72–74 CSF2RA genes, 200 pulmonary varix, 75 CSF2RB genes, 200 clinical presentation, 69 CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA), 240 with normal vasculature Cutis laxa, 207 bronchogenic cysts, 70, 71 Cyanosis, 4 congenital bronchial atresia, 69, 70 acrocyanosis, 1 CPAM, 71–72 cardiac causes, 1 lobar emphysema, 70, 71 causative mechanism, 1 pulmonary hypoplasia, 406, 407 central cyanosis, 1 pulmonary sequestration, 407 diffusion defects, 4 Scimitar syndrome, 408, 409 hematologic causes, 4 Congenital lymphangiectasia, 63, 64 inadequate ventilation, 4 Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM), 34, 35, 39–42, V/Q mismatching, 3 71–72, 299, 414–416 Cystic adenomatoid malformations (CCAMs), 414, 415 Congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasis, 195 Cystic fibrosis (CF), 185, 186, 201, 263, 349, 367, 368, 414, 417 Congenital pulmonary myofibroblastic tumor (CPMT), 295, 296 clinical presentation, 349 Congenital pulmonary venous anomalies CFTR dysfunction, 350 abnormal numbers of pulmonary veins, 271 diagnosis, 350 anomalous drainage with normal connections, 270, 274 genetics, 349, 350 anomalous pulmonary venous connections, 270, 272, 273 imaging, 350–352 associated cardiac defects and syndromes, 273 lung transplantation, 353 embryology, 269 management, 352, 353 medical therapy, 278, 279 prognosis, 353 normal anatomy of pulmonary veins, 270, 271 lung anomalies and abnormalities, 415 PAPVR, 270, 272 non-respiratory conditions, 360 postoperative imaging evaluation, 280 presentations, 350 430 Index

Cystic fibrosis (CF) cont( .) Exudate, 376 respiratory disease, non-infectious complications Exudative fluid, 376 ABPA, 358, 359 Exudative phase, 238 hemoptysis, 356, 357 Exudative pleural effusions, 240, 243 pneumothorax, 357, 358 sinus disease, 359, 360 disease, 353 F Burkholderia cepacia complex, 355 FBLN5 mutations, 207 MRSA, 355 Fetal imaging MSSA, 355 chromosomal and structural assessment, 33 NTM infection, 355, 356 congenital lung tumors, 47 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 354, 355 Doppler and 3D/4D imaging, 33 respiratory bacterial infections, 354 EXIT, 33 respiratory viruses, 353, 354 faster scanning techniques, 33 Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR), 185, 349, 350 MRI Cytomegalovirus (CMV), 187, 369 of airway, 38, 39 of chest, 38 coronal ssFSE localizer, 36 D left lateral decubitus position, 36 Decortication, 243 quiet maternal breathing, 36 Desquamative interstitial pneumonitis (DIP), 146, 157 safety, 38 Diagnostic pulmonary angiography, 385 T2-weighted images, 34 Diaphragmatic hernia, 44 total study time, 36 Diffuse air trapping, 123 prenatal and postnatal prognosis, 33 Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), 146, 167, 174, 176, 191 prenatal diagnosis and management Diffuse developmental disorders bronchopulmonary sequestration, 42, 43 clinical criteria, 148 CHAOS, 45 imaging features, 148 chylothorax, 44, 45 pathological features, 149, 152 congenital lobar overinflation, 43, 44 Diffusion defects, 11 CPAM/CCAM, 39–42 Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), 399 definitive diagnosis, 39 Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC), 387 diaphragmatic hernia, 44 Donnai–Barrow syndromes, 87 fetal interventions, 39 Double aortic arch, 404, 405 pulmonary hypoplasia, 45, 46 Down syndrome, 24 pulmonary lymphangiectasia, 48 Dressler’s syndrome, 244 ultrasonography Dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) imaging, 399 of chest, 33–36 Dynamic large airway disorder, 417, 418 of neck, 34, 36, 37 Dyskeratosis congenita, 203 ultrasound evaluation, 33 Dyspnea, 243, 245, 294 Fetal lung interstitial tumor (FLIT), 47 Fibrinolytic therapy, 378 Fibrinopurulent phase, 238 E Fibrofolliculomas, 207 Ebstein anomaly, 21 Fibrosis, 192 Echinococcus granulosus, 96 Fibrous dysplasia, 307 Echinococcus multilocularis, 96 FLCN gene, 207 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 206 Flow cytometry fluorescence in situ hybridization (flow-FISH), 203 Eisenmenger syndrome, 258 Fontan procedure, 245 ELN gene, 207 Forced oscillation technique (FOT), 338 Embolic disease, 264, 265 Fourier decomposition (FD), 399 Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS), 302 FOXF1 gene, 148, 205 Embryonic development, 283 Fraser syndrome, 45 Empyema, 238 Fryns syndrome, 87 Eosinophilic pneumonia Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS), 360 causes, 172 Functional residual capacity (FRC), 15 imaging features, 173 pathological features, 174 Eosinophilic vasculitis, 172 G Eosinophils, 358 Ganglioneuroblastoma, 318 Epiglottis, 214, 216 Gas diffusion disorders, 14 Esophageal atresia, 220, 222, 223 Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), 211, 343 European Respiratory Society (ERS) Task Force, 146 Generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisition (GRAPPA), Ewing sarcomas, 302, 308 397 Ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT), 33 Generalized lymphatic anomaly (GLA), 284 Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), 84, 85 Genetic disease Extrinsic allergic alveolitis, see Hypersensitive pneumonia bronchiectasis (see Bronchiectasis) Index 431

pneumothorax (see Pneumothorax) dynamic imaging, 122 pulmonary fibrosis (see Pulmonary fibrosis) segmental hyperlucency, 126 surfactant deficiency (see Surfactant deficiency) unilaterally hyperlucent lung, 123–125 vascular abnormalities (see Vascular abnormalities) Hypersensitive pneumonia Germ cell tumor, 303, 316 imaging features, 170 Gorham-Stout disease, lymphatic malformation in, 284, 285 pathological features, 171 Gradient recalled echo (GRE) techniques, 397 symptoms, 169 Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), 193 Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (HOA), 112 Granular cell tumor, 304, 305 Hypogenetic lung syndrome, 76, 274 Granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 100, 103, 104, 180, 183 Hyponatremia, 243 Group B streptococcus (GBS) infections, 60 Growth disorders clinical criteria, 152 I imaging features, 152 Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH), 254, 256, 257 pathological features, 152, 155 Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), 146, 171 Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis, 177 clinical criteria, 177 H imaging features, 177 Haemophilus influenza type B (HIB) infection, 214–215 pathological features, 177 Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae), 127 Idiopathic pulmonary hypertension (PHT), 255, 256, 258 Halo sign, 187 Image Gently campaign, 27 Hamartoma, 112, 296 Immotile cilia syndrome, see Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) Hamman–Rich syndrome, see Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) Infant upper airway Hand-Schuller-Christian disease, 121 angular buckling, 25, 26 Hemangioma, 308 chest US, 25–27 Hemithorax, 241 CT examinations Hemoglobinopathies, 265 imaging protocols, 27–29 Hemoptysis, 306, 356, 357, 388, 389 patient preparation, 27 complications, 390, 391 radiation-induced side effects, 27 indications, 390 sedation/generalized anesthesia, 27 preoperative management, 390 intrathoracic , 25 technique, 390 MRI techniques, 30 Hemosiderosis, 177 anatomic imaging, 29 Hemothorax/hemopneumothorax, 99, 244, 245, 378 imaging protocol, 30, 31 Hepatic AVMs, 205 lack of ionizing radiation, 30 Hepatoblastoma, 301 patient preparation, 30 Hepatopulmonary fusion neonate’s tracheal cartilages, 25 clinical presentation, 78 normal extrathoracic trachea, 25 degrees of pulmonary hypoplasia, 77 Infectious disorders diagnosis, 78 aspergillosis, 413 of embryonic components, 77 histoplasmosis, 413 etiology, 77 tuberculosis, 412, 413 radiological findings, 78 Inferior vena cava (IVC) filter, 387 treatment, 78 Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT), 294, 295 Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), 205, 383–385 Inflammatory pseudotumor, 111, 112 Hermansky Pudlak syndrome (HPS), 202, 204 International Commission on Nonionizing Radiation Protection Hilar lymphadenopathy, 351 (ICNIRP) guidelines, 38 Histoplasma capsulatum, 109, 187, 189 Interrupted aortic arch (IAA), 403 Histoplasmosis, 109, 110, 413, 414 Interstitial (diffuse) lung disease Hodgkin lymphoma, 118, 244, 312, 409 clinical criteria Honeymoon period, 264 diffuse developmental disorders, 148 Horner’s syndrome, 319, 411 growth disorders, 152 Horseshoe lung malformation neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy, 157 classification, 76 pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis, 158, 162 clinical presentation, 76, 77 surfactant dysfunction disorders, 156, 157 isthmus, 76 clinicopathologic classification, 147–148 management, 77 diagnostic challenges and uncertainties, 145, 146 radiographic findings, 77 growth disorders, 152 H-type tracheoesophageal fistula, 223, 227 imaging features Hydatid disease, 96, 97 acquired pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, 178 Hydrocarbon pneumonitis, 100 acute eosinophilic pneumonia, 173, 174 Hydrothorax, 376 acute infectious disease, 167 Hyperacute rejection, 366 acute interstitial pneumonia, 176 Hyperinflation, 16 acute rejection, 192 Hyperlucent arterial hypertensive vasculopathy, 194 diffuse air trapping, 123, 124 aspiration syndromes, 172, 173 432 Index

Interstitial (diffuse) lung disease (cont.) Invasive aspergillosis, 110 chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, 176 Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis infection, 187 chronic granulomatous disease, 188, 191 Inverted mucoid impaction signal sign, 413 chronic rejection, 192 Ipsilateral chest pain, 243 common variable immune deficiency, 190 Isthmus, 76 congestive vasculopathy, 194 Ivacaftor, 352 cystic fibrosis, 186 diffuse developmental disorders, 148, 149 granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 180, 183 J growth disorders, 152 Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), 118 GVHD, 193 hypersensitivity pneumonia, 170, 171 idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis, 177 L Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 185, 186 Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), 104–106, 121, 122, 185, 186 lymphatic disorders, 195 , 211, 213 malignant infiltrates, 187 Laryngostenosis, 212 Marfan syndrome, 186 Laryngotracheal papillomatosis, 104 neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy, 162 Laryngotracheobronchitis, 214 opportunistic infection, 187 Left heart diseases, 262 postinfectious airway disease, 168 Leiomyoma, 295 PTLD, 193, 194 Leiomyosarcoma, 299 pulmonary edema, 195, 196 Lemierre syndrome, 100, 117 pulmonary hemorrhage syndrome, 178 Letterer-Siwe disease, 121 pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis, 162 Life-threatening hemoptysis, 388 rheumatologic disorders, 180, 181 Lingual thyroid, 212, 213 sarcoidosis, 182–184 Lipoblastoma, 296 surfactant dysfunction disorders, 157, 158 Lipomas, 309, 410 pathological features Lobar emphysema, 70, 71 acquired pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, 178 Local tumor therapy, 379, 380 acute cellular rejection, 192 Loeys-Dietz syndrome, 207 acute eosinophilic pneumonia, 174 Lumacaftor, 352 acute infectious disease, 167 Lung development acute interstitial pneumonia, 176 airway tethering, 15, 16 arterial hypertensive vasculopathy, 194 alveolar proliferation rate, 15 aspiration syndromes, 172 canalicular stage, 14 chronic cellular rejection, 193 chest radiographs, 16 chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, 176 compliant structures, 16 chronic granulomatous disease, 189 embryonic phase, 14 common variable immune deficiency, 190 expiratory flow rate, 16 congestive vasculopathy, 194 FRC, 15 cystic fibrosis, 186 hyperinflation, 16 diffuse developmental disorders, 149, 152 during last trimester of gestation, 15 granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 180 pediatric radiograph, 14 GVHD, 193 pseudoglandular stage, 14 hypersensitive pneumonia, 171 saccular stage, 14 idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis, 177 Lung parenchyma, 397 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 185 Lung transplantation, 365 lymphatic disorders, 195 cystic fibrosis, 353 malignant infiltrates, 187 donor imaging evaluation, 366, 367 Marfan syndrome, 186 imaging protocol, 371 neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy, 164 indications, 366 opportunistic infection, 187 posttransplant imaging evaluation, 366–370 postinfectious airway disease, 168, 169 pretransplant imaging evaluation, 365, 366 PTLD, 194 recipients, death cause, 367 pulmonary edema, 196 Lung ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy (V/Q scan), 331, 332 pulmonary hemorrhage syndrome, 178 Lung–heart ratio (LHR), 84 pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis, 164 Lymphadenopathy, 293, 312 rheumatologic disorders, 180 Lymphangiectasia, 415 sarcoidosis, 183 Lymphangiography, 287 surfactant dysfunction disorders, 157 Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM), 104–107 prevalence, 145 Lymphangiomas, 283 Interstitial pneumonia, 127 Lymphangiomatosis, 284 Intralesional bleomycin, 392 Lymphangioscintigraphy, 285, 288 Intralobar sequestration, 407 Lymphatic disorders, 195 Intrathoracic disease, 118 Lymphatic drainage, 237 Intrathoracic trachea, 25 Lymphatic malformations (LM), 283, 284, 391 Index 433

Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP), 118, 120 Morgagni hernia, 83 Lymphoid granulomatosis, 120 Mounier-Kuhn syndrome, 227 Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP), 146 Mucoepidermoid tumor (MET), 305, 306 Lymphoma, 244, 312, 313, 409 Mucormycosis, 102 Multidetector CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA), 328–330, 335 Multiple pulmonary arteriovenous malformations, 385 M Multiple pulmonary nodules Macrocysts, 391 collagen vascular diseases, 118 Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), 399 infectious lesions, 117 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 397 measles and varicella pneumonias, 116 breathing and cardiac motion compensation, 398 tuberculosis, 116 congenital lung malformations inflammatory noninfectious lesions pulmonary hypoplasia, 406, 407 LCH, 121, 122 pulmonary sequestration, 407 sarcoidosis, 121 Scimitar syndrome, 408, 409 LIP, 120 infectious disorders neoplastic lesions aspergillosis, 413 Hodgkin’s disease, 118 histoplasmosis, 413 leukemia, 117 tuberculosis, 412, 413 metastasis, 117 lung anomalies and abnormalities non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 118 CPAMs, 414, 415 RRP, 118, 119 CVID, 415–417 pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis, 122 cystic fibrosis, 415 pulmonary angiitis and granulomatosis, 119–121 lymphangiectasia, 415 septic emboli, 117 mediastinal masses systemic autoimmune diseases (see Systemic autoimmune diseases) lipomas, 410 Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), 355 lymphoma, 409, 410 Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 126 neuroblastoma, 411, 412 teratoma, 410 patient preparation, 398 N PHT, 260 Nasal piriform aperture stenosis, 211, 212 protocols, 398, 399 Nasal polyposis, 359 dynamic conditions, lung evaluation, 399 National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), 56 functional and structural information, 399 Necrotizing pneumonia functional imaging, 399 clinical presentation, 136 MRA, 399 clinical symptoms, 138 perfusion, 399 epidemiology, 135 SNR, 397, 398 imaging, 136–138 lymphatic disorders, 286, 288 management, 137 thoracic anomalies and abnormalities, spectrum of, 399, 403 pathophysiology and microbiology, 135, 136 aortic coarctation, 403, 404 Neonatal chest double aortic arch, 404 BPD, 56–58 IAA, 403 central venous lines, 65 pulmonary artery sling, 405, 406 chlamydia pneumonia, 60, 62 right aortic arch, 404, 405 congenital heart disease, 64, 65 vascular thoracic anomalies and abnormalities, 403 congenital lymphangiectasia, 63, 64 , 417, 418 endotracheal tubes, 65 VIPS, imaging protocols, 400–402 MAS, 58–60 Malignant effusion, 244, 378 nasogastric and orogastric tubes, 65 Malignant infiltrates, 187 peripherally inserted central catheters, 65, 66 Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition, 289 pneumonia, 59–62 Marfan syndrome, 105, 186, 206 RDS, 51–56 McLeod syndrome, 124, 232 transient tachypnea of newborn, 62, 63 Mechanical thrombectomy, 388 transpyloric tubes, 65 Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS), 58–60 umbilical arterial catheter placement, 66 Medial pneumothorax, 246 umbilical venous catheter, 66 Mediastinal adenopathy, 100 Neonatal pneumonia, 59–62 Mediastinal injury, 244 Neonatal respiratory distress, 200, 205 Mediastinal teratoma, 410 Nephrotic syndrome, 245 Medical Device Agency (MDA) guidelines, 38 Neuroblastoma, 301, 302 Metastasectomy, 379 mediastinal masses, 411, 412 Metastatic angiosarcoma, 104 posterior mediastinal compartment masses, 317, 318 Metastatic lymphadenopathy, 316, 317 Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy (NEHI), 157, 162–164, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 136 200, 234, 235 Microcystic LMs, 392 imaging features, 162 Middle mediastinal compartment masses, 316, 317 pathological features, 164 434 Index

New pediatric interstitial (diffuse) lung disease classification technical adequacy, 17, 18 history, 146 thymic wave sign, 18 importance of, 147 upper lobe atelectasis, 18 rationale, 146 valvar pulmonary stenosis, 21 Newborn thymus, 18 vascular pattern, 22–24 NKX2–1 gene, 200 Nuss procedure, 380 Nocardia asteroides, 110 NUT midline carcinoma (NMC), 297 Nodular lung disease clinical/radiological traits, 107 CT and MRI, 108 O masses, 107 O rings, 229 multiple pulmonary nodule (see Multiple pulmonary nodule) Obesity, 343 nodule, 107 Obstructive disorders, 13 nuclear medicine studies, 108 Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), 344 opacity, 108 adenoids and tonsils removal, 211 solitary pulmonary nodule causes, 211 actinomycosis, 109, 110 definition, 211 Aspergillus infections, 110, 111 laryngomalacia, 211 blastomycosis, 109 laryngostenosis, 212 bronchial adenoma, 112–114 lateral neck film, 211 bronchogenic carcinoma, 113 lingual thyroid, 212, 213 candida infection, 110 polysomnography, 211 coccidioidomycosis, 109 OFD1 genes, 202 hematogenous infection, 110 Opportunistic infection, 187 histoplasmosis, 109, 110 Organizing pneumonia (OP), 146, 193 hydatid cyst, 111 Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, 384 inflammatory pseudotumor, 111, 112 Osteochondroma, 307, 308 Nocardia, 110 Osteosarcoma, 302, 308 PPB, 113, 114 pulmonary candidiasis, 110 pulmonary chondroma, 114 P pulmonary hamartomas, 112, 113 Pancreatitis, 243 round pneumonia, 108 Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), 136 TB, 108, 109 Parapneumonic effusion, 240 vascular lesions, 114, 115 Paraspinal intramuscular venous malformation, 392 Noisy breathing, 6, 7 Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR), 270, 272 Nonhemorrhagic parenchymal disease, 180 Pediatric central airway neoplasm, 303, 304 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), 118, 312–314 adenoid cystic carcinoma, 306, 307 Nonne-Milroy syndrome, 285 bronchial adenoma, 305 Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), 146, 157, 180, 181 carcinoid tumors, 305, 306 Non-TB mycobacteria, 356 granular cell tumor, 304 Non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection, 355, 356 hemangioma, 304 Non-vascular thoracic anomalies, 408, 409 MET, 305–307 Noonan’s syndrome, 286 papilloma, 304 Normal chest radiograph, cardiovascular disease Pediatric chest wall neoplasm, 307 anterior cardiomediastinal border, 19 osseous neoplasm aortic arch and situs, 23, 24 Ewing sarcomas, 308 cardiac silhouette enlargement, 20 fibrous dysplasia, 307 cardiomediastinal structures, 18 osteochondromas, 307, 308 cardiothoracic ratio, 20 osteosarcomas, 308 degree of flattening, 18 soft tissue neoplasm degree of inspiration, 17 hemangioma, 308 Ebstein anomaly, 21 lipomas, 309 expiratory and inspiratory radiographs, 18 primitive neuroectodermal tumor, 309 extra cardiovascular structures rhabdomyosarcoma, 309, 310 bony findings, 24 Pediatric lung, 293 hemidiaphragms, 24 Pediatric malignant mediastinal neoplasm extra-cardiovascular structures, 24 clinical presentations, 309, 311 frontal and lateral views, 18 practical imaging approach, 311, 312 left atrial appendage, 19 Pediatric metastatic lung neoplasm, 300 left atrial enlargement, 22 germ cell tumors, 303 left ventricular enlargement, 22 hepatoblastoma, 301 medications, 18 neuroblastoma, 301, 302 posterior cardiomediastinal margin, 20 osteosarcoma, 302 right atrial enlargement, 21 RMS, 302, 303 sail sign, 18 synovial sarcomas, 303 Index 435

Wilms tumor, 300 airway obstruction, 380 Pediatric primary lung neoplasm complications, 380 benign tumors indications, 380 CPMT, 295, 296 BPF, 379 hamartoma, 296 indications, 379 IMT, 294, 295 technique, 379 leiomyoma, 295 hemoptysis and bronchial artery embolization, 388, 389 lipoblastoma, 296 bronchial artery anatomy and pathophysiology, 389 malignant tumors complications, 390, 391 BAC, 298, 299 indications, 390 bronchogenic carcinoma, 296, 297 preoperative management, 390 congenital/infantile fibrosarcoma, 299, 300 technique, 390 leiomyosarcoma, 299 pleural effusion, 376 PBF, 299 chylothorax, 378 PPB, 297, 298 empyema, 376, 378 Pediatric thoracic oncology disorders hemothorax, 378 anterior mediastinal compartment masses malignant effusion, 378 germ cell tumor, 316 pleurodesis, 378, 379 lymphoma, 312, 313 thoracentesis and tube thoracostomy, 376 thymic carcinomas, 315 pneumothorax, 373, 374 thymoma, 313–315 chest tube removal, 376 metastatic lymphadenopathy, 316, 317 complications, 376 neuroblastoma, 301 indications, 374 osteosarcoma, 302 post-procedure management, 374, 376 pediatric central airway neoplasm, 303, 304 tube thoracostomy, 374 adenoid cystic carcinoma, 306, 307 pre-intervention evaluation, 373 bronchial adenoma, 305 pulmonary and mediastinal lesions, percutaneous needle biopsy of, carcinoid tumors, 305, 306 380, 381 granular cell tumor, 304 complications, 382 hemangioma, 304 contraindications, 381 MET, 305–307 indications, 381 papilloma, 304 postoperative management, 382 pediatric chest wall neoplasm, 307 technique, 381, 382 Ewing sarcomas, 308 pulmonary angiography and hemodynamic assessment, 382 osseous neoplasm, 307 complications, 383 osteochondromas, 307, 308 indications, 382, 383 osteosarcomas, 308 preoperative management, 383 pediatric chest wall neoplasm, 308–310 relative contraindications, 383 pediatric lung, central airway, and chest wall neoplasm, 293, 294 technique, 383 pediatric malignant mediastinal neoplasm pulmonary artery embolization and PAVMs, 383, 384 malignant mediastinal masses, clinical presentations, 309, 311 complications, 386 malignant mediastinal masses, practical imaging approach, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, 384 311, 312 indications, 384 pediatric metastatic lung neoplasm, 300 postoperative management, 386 Ewing’s sarcoma, 302 technique, 384, 386 germ cell tumors, 303 thermal ablation, 379, 380 hepatoblastoma, 301 vascular anomalies, 391 neuroblastoma, 301, 302 lymphatic malformations, 391 osteosarcoma, 302 sclerotherapy, 391, 392 RMS, 302, 303 venous malformations, 391 synovial sarcomas, 303 Percutaneous needle biopsy of pulmonary and mediastinal Wilms tumor, 300, 301 lesions, 381 pediatric primary lung neoplasm (see Pediatric primary lung complications, 382 neoplasm) contraindications, 381 posterior mediastinal compartment masses indications, 381 ganglioneuroblastoma, 318 postoperative management, 382 nerve sheath tumors, 318, 319 technique, 381, 382 neuroblastoma, 317, 318 Perfusion scintigraphy, 331 RMS, 302, 303 Peribronchial adenopathy, 222 Percutaneous chest intervention Peribronchial edema, 127 acute pulmonary embolism, 386, 387 Peribronchial thickening (PBT), 173, 227 complications, 388 Periodically Rotated Overlapping ParallEL Lines with Enhanced mortality rates, 388 Reconstruction (PROPELLER) sequence, 398 pre-operative management, 387 Peritoneal dialysis, 245 technique, 387, 388 Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN), 59, 262 treatment, 387 Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, 289 436 Index

Pig , 226 HHT, 384 Pleural effusion, 237, 238, 376 indications, 384 chylothorax, 378 postoperative management, 386 empyema, 376, 378 technique, 384–386 fibrinolytic therapy, 378 Pulmonary artery embolization, 383, 384 exudative, 240, 243 complications, 386 hemothorax, 378 hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, 384 imaging studies, 238–240 indications, 384 malignant effusion, 378 postoperative management, 386 pleurodesis, 378, 379 technique, 384, 386 thoracentesis and tube thoracostomy, 376 Pulmonary artery sling, 405, 406 transudative, 245 Pulmonary artery stenosis (PPS), 126 Pleural fluid, 237 Pulmonary capillaritis, 179 Pleurodesis, 378, 379 Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis, 261, 262 Pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB), 99, 113, 114, 297, 298 Pulmonary chondroma, 114 Pneumatoceles, 96, 131, 132 Pulmonary cysts Pneumobelts, 398 in children Pneumococcus, 127 atypical infections, 95 Pneumocystis jirovecii, 187, 188 atypical mycobacterial infections, 100 Pneumocystis pneumonia, 100 bacterial infections, 95 Pneumomediastinum, 249, 341 CF/bronchiectasis, 100 Pneumonia, 96 complicated pneumonia, 95, 96 Pneumoperitoneum, 250, 251 congenital lung malformations, 96, 98 Pneumothorax, 186, 207, 245, 246, 357, 358, 375 cystic lesions, 93 percutaneous chest intervention, 373, 374 granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 100, 103, 104 chest tube removal, 376 hydatid disease, 96, 97 complications, 376 hydrocarbon pneumonitis, 100 indications, 374 LAM, 104–107 post-procedure management, 374, 376 LCH, 104–106 tube thoracostomy, 374 laryngotracheal papillomatosis, 104 radiographic imaging, 207, 208 metastatic angiosarcoma, 104 See also Connective tissue disorders pleuropulmonary blastoma, type 1, 99, 100 Pneumothorax (PTX), 245–248, 250 septic emboli, 100, 101 Polyalveolar lobe, 230 traumatic lung lesion, 99 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, 237 differential diagnosis, 93 Posterior mediastinal compartment masses neonate or young infant ganglioneuroblastoma, 318 bilateral lesions, 95 nerve sheath tumors, 318, 319 congenital lung malformations, 94 neuroblastoma, 317, 318 cystic lesions, 93 Postinfectious airway disease pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE), 94, 95 bronchiolitis obliterans, 168 Pulmonary edema, 52, 54, 195, 196 imaging features, 168 Pulmonary embolism, 243, 382 pathological features, 168 Pulmonary fibrosis Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), 193, 194, 370 clinical presentation, 202 Primary bronchopulmonary fibrosarcoma (PBF), 299 Hermansky Pudlak syndrome, 204 Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), 202 radiographic imaging, 204 Primary graft dysfunction (PGD), 366 short telomere syndrome, 202–204 Primary lymphedema, 285 Pulmonary function tests (PFTs), 293, 294, 338, 415 Proteus syndrome, 105 Pulmonary hamartomas, 112, 113 Pseudomembraneous tracheitis, 216, 217 Pulmonary hemorrhage syndrome, 178 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 353–355 Pulmonary hypertension (PHT), 253 Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis, 122 advanced radiological imaging studies, 254 Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP), 146, 157, 158, 177, 178 APAH, 257 clinical features, 200 associated with left heart diseases, 262 genetic causes, 200 cardiac catheterization, 254 radiographic imaging, 200 chest radiographs, 253 Pulmonary angiography, 382 chronic thrombotic and/or embolic disease, 264, 265 complications, 383 classification of, 259 indications, 382, 383 clinical presentation of, 253 preoperative management, 383 ECG, 254 relative contraindications, 383 evaluation of, 253 technique, 383 hemoglobinopathies, 265 Pulmonary arteriography, 383 IPAH, 254, 256, 257 Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs), 73–75, 114, 115, PPHN, 262 205, 383, 384 pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis, 261, 262 complications, 386 pulmonary shunts, congenital systemic to, 257, 259, 260 Index 437

PVOD, 260, 261 radiographic findings, 51, 52 with respiratory disease/hypoxia, 262 risk factors, 51 BPD, 263 surfactant replacement therapy, 53 CDH, 263, 264 treatment, 53 cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis, 263 ventilatory support, 51 six-minute walk test, 254 Respiratory physiology treatments, 265 gas diffusion disorders, 14 Pulmonary hypoplasia, 45, 46, 406, 407 obstructive disorders, 13 Pulmonary incidentaloma restrictive lung disorders, 13, 14 definition, 423 ventilation perfusion mismatching, 14 issues, 423, 424 Respiratory syncytial virus, 187 abdominal CT scan, 423 Respiratory system lymphatic disorders, 283 imaging characteristics, prognostic implications, 423, 424 classification, 283 pediatric chest CTs, 424 clinical presentation primary branch point, 424 channel type lymphatic malformation, 285 Pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE), 94, 95 GLA, 284 Pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis (PIG), 158, 162, 164, 165 Gorham-Stout disease, lymphatic malformation in, 284, 285 imaging features, 162 lymphatic malformations, 283, 284 pathological features, 164 primary lymphedema, 285 Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH), 121 diagnosis, 285–288 Pulmonary lymphangiectasia, 48 embryonic development, 283 Pulmonary sequestration, 72–74, 407 imaging evaluation, 285, 286 Pulmonary shunts, congenital systemic to, 257, 259, 260 management, 288, 289 Pulmonary thromboembolism (PE) Respiratory tract disease avascular findings, 333–335 Burkholderia cepacia complex, 355 chest radiographs, 328, 329 MRSA, 355 clinical presentation, 325 MSSA, 355 conventional pulmonary angiography, 331, 333 NTM infection, 355, 356 epidemiologic characteristics, 325 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 354, 355 MRI, 330, 331 respiratory bacterial infections, 354 multidetector CTPA, 328–330, 335 respiratory viruses, 353, 354 pathophysiology, 325 Respiratory viruses, 353, 354 PIOPED study, 333 Restrictive lung disorders, 13, 14 risk factors, 325, 326, 328 Reversible shunting, 11 V/Q scan, 331, 332 Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), 302, 303, 309 vascular findings, 333, 334 Rheolytic thrombectomy, 388 Pulmonary varix, 75 Rheumatologic disorders (collagen-vascular disease), 180 Pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS), 270, 272, 273, 277, 278 Right aortic arch, 404, 405 Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD), 260, 261, 274–277 Round pneumonia, 108, 131, 132 Pulmonary venous drainage disorders, 269 RPGR genes, 202

R S Radiofrequency ablation (RFA), 289, 379, 380 Sarcoidosis, 121, 180, 182–184 Rapamycin, 289 Scimitar (venolobar) syndrome, 277 Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP), 118, 119 Scimitar syndrome, 76, 226, 273, 274, 276, 408, 409 Rendu–Osler–Weber syndrome, 73, 75 Scintigraphic ventilation-perfusion scans, 265 Respiratory bacterial infections, 354 Sclerotherapy, 391, 392 Respiratory disease/hypoxia, 262 Secondary pulmonary hypertension, 257 BPD, 263 Seminomas, 316 CDH, 263, 264 Septic emboli, 100, 101, 117 cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis, 263 Sequestration, 274 Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCIDS), 188 air leak syndromes, 53, 55 SFTPB gene, 200 atelectasis, 51 SFTPC gene, 200 bile acid pneumonia, 52 Short TE GRE scans, 398 clinical manifestation, 51 Short telomere syndrome, 202–204 degree of pulmonary inflation, 54 , 5 diagnosis, 52 Sickle cell disease, 265 diffuse opacification, 53, 55 Sided aortic arch, 406 exogenous surfactant, 53 Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), 397, 398 high-frequency ventilation, 54 Sildenafil, 289 incidence rate, 51 Sinus disease, 359, 360 long-term consequences, 53 Sirolimus, 289 perinatal care, 53 Situs solitus, 24 pulmonary edema, 52, 54 Six-minute walk test, 254 438 Index

Slow-flow malformations Transudate, 376 lymphatic malformations, 391 Transudative pleural effusions, 245 sclerotherapy, 391, 392 Trisomy 21, 147, 152, 155, 166 venous malformations, 391 Tube thoracostomy, 374, 376 Small effusion, 239 Tuberculosis, 108, 109, 412, 413 Staphylococcus aureus, 355 Turner syndrome, 87 , 212 Subtotal TAPVR, 272 Surfactant deficiency U ABCA3 gene, 200 Ultra-short TE GRE scans, 398 NKX2-1 mutations, 200 Unilaterally hyperlucent lung, 123–125 radiographic imaging, 201 Upper airway obstruction SFTPC gene, 200 computed tomography, 214 symptoms, 199 laryngeal and subglottic airway Surfactant dysfunction disorders aryepiglottic folds, 216 clinical criteria, 157 contrast enhanced CT, 217, 218 imaging features, 157, 158 croup, 215 pathological features, 157 epiglottis, 215, 216 TTF-1 mutation, 157 intrathoracic pressure and oncotic pressure, 214, 215 Surfactant replacement therapy, 59 laryngotracheal papillomatosis, 217, 219 Sutureless marsupialization, 279 normal adult subglottic airway, 214 Swyer–James or McLeod syndrome, 124, 168, 232 postintubation granuloma, 216, 217 Synovial sarcomas, 303 pseudomembraneous tracheitis, 216, 217 Systemic autoimmune diseases, 118 subglottic hemangiomas, 217, 218 Systemic or catheter-directed pharmacologic thrombolysis, 387 multi-detector CT, 214 OSA (see Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)) peripheral bronchi T bonchiolitis obliterans, 234 Tachypnea, 9 congenital lobar emphysema, 230, 231, 233 cardiac causes, 10 diffuse bronchial wall thickening, 227, 229 definition, 6 inflammatory bowel disease, 230 diffusion defects, 11 lung parenchyma, 234 metabolic causes, 8, 10 NeHi, 234, 235 neurological causes, 10 premature infants, 231 obstructive processes, 11 retropharyngeal pathology, 214 psychological causes, 8 trachea and mainstem bronchi pulmonary disease, 10 congenital tracheal/bronchial stenosis, 222 restrictive lung disease, 11 contrast enhanced CT, 220, 222 reversible shunting, 11 esophageal atresia, 220, 223 systemic causes, 8 esophageal foreign bodies, 220 Telangiectases, 205, 206 frontal radiograph, 220, 221 Telomere length, 203 heterogenous metastatic lymphadenopathy, 223, 226 Tension pneumothorax, 246, 247 H-type tracheoesophageal fistula, 223, 227 Teratoma, 410 lung inflation, 219, 220 Testicular cancer, 303 MRI, 220 Thermal ablation, 379, 380 peribronchial adenopathy, 222, 226 Thoracentesis, 376 pig bronchus, 226 Thoracic anomalies, spectrum of, 399, 403 pulmonary sling, 222, 225 Thoracic neuroblastoma, 412 scimitar vein, 226, 228 Thoracostomy, 250 vallecular cysts, 213 Thymic carcinomas, 315, 316 Ureaplasma urealyticum, 60 Thymomas, 313–315 Uremia, 243 Thyroglossal cysts, 213 Usual interstitial pneumonitis (UIP), 146 Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) gene, 161, 200 Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), 388 TNFRSF13B gene, 202 V Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC), 64 Vallecular cysts, 213 Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR), 269, Valvar pulmonary stenosis, 21 271, 272, 275 Vascular abnormalities Toxoplasma gondii, 187 alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary Tracheobronchoscopy, 217, 218, 223 veins, 205 Tracheomalacia, 417, 418 CT imaging, 205, 206 Tram tracking, 229, 232 hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, 205 Transarterial catheter-directed embolization, 384 heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension, 205 Transient tachypnea of newborn (TTN), 62, 63 Vascular anomalies, 391 Index 439

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFR-3) signaling, 283 W VATER association of anomalies, 24 Water lily sign, 96 Ventilation perfusion mismatching, 14 Wegener granulomatosis, 103, 119 Ventilation, inflammation, perfusion and structural Wegener’s granulomatosis, see Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (VIPS), 400–402 Weight-based low-kilovoltage scanning, 329 Ventilation–perfusion (V/Q) scans, 366 William-Campbell syndrome, 227 Ventilation-to-perfusion ratio, 14 Wilms tumor, 300, 301 Ventricular septal defect (VSD), 226 Wilson–Mikity syndrome, 56 Video-assisted thorascopic surgery (VATS), 378, 380 Viral infections, 353, 369 Viral pneumonias, 126 Z Vocal cord dysfunction (VCD), 344 Zero-echo time (ZTE) MRI, 397