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427 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 R. H. Cleveland, E. Y. Lee Index A Arterial hypertensive vasculopathy ABCA3 deficiency, 158 imaging features, 194 pathological features, 194 Aberrant coronary artery, 22 Aspergillosis, 413 Acinar dysplasia, 147–150 Aspergillus, 190, 369, 414 Acquired bronchobiliary fistula (aBBF), 79, 80 Aspergillus fumigatus, 110, 358, 359 Acquired immunodeficiency, 191, 192 Aspergillus-related lung disease, 413 Aspiration pneumonia, 136 Acrocyanosis, 1 Aspiration syndromes, 248 Actinomycosis, 109, 110 causes, 172 Acute cellular rejection (ACR), 192, 368 imaging features, 172 Acute eosinophilic pneumonia, 172 pathological features, 172 Acute infectious disease Associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (APAH), 257 imaging features, 167 Asthma pathological features, 167 ABPA, 343 Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP), 146, 173, 176 airway biopsy, 339 imaging features, 176 airway edema, 337 pathological features, 176 airway hyperresponsiveness, 337 symptoms, 176 airway inflammation, 337 Acute Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), 185 allergy testing, 339 Acute pulmonary embolism, 386, 387 anxiety and depression, 344 complications, 388 API, 339 mortality rates, 388 biodiversity hypothesis, 337 pre-operative management, 387 bronchial challenge tests, 338 technique, 387, 388 bronchoconstriction, 337 treatment, 387 bronchoscopy, 339 Acute rejection, 192 clinical manifestations, 337 Adenoid cystic carcinoma, 306, 307 clinical presentation, 338 Adenotonsillar hypertrophy, 211 comorbid conditions, 342, 343 Air bronchograms, 104 definition, 337 Air leak syndromes, 53, 55 diagnosis, 338–340, 342 Airway bleeding, 5–6 endothelial nitric oxide, 338, 339 Airway obstruction, 380 environmental factors, 337 choanal atresia, 211, 212 exercise challenge test, 338 complications, 380 genetic factors, 337 indications, 380 genetic studies, 339 nasal piriform aperture stenosis, 211, 212 GER, 343 Airway tethering, 15, 16 host factors, 337 Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), 100, 340, 342, 358, 359 hygiene hypothesis, 337 Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins management, 344, 345 (ACD/MVP), 148, 149, 205 obesity, 343 Alveolar hemorrhage, 187 obstructive sleep apnea, 344 Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), 295 pulmonary function testing, 338 Anosmia, 360 radiographic findings, 339, 340, 343 Anterior mediastinal compartment masses respiratory complications, 338 germ cell tumor, 316 RSV infection, 337 lymphoma, 312, 313 rhinitis, 344 thymic carcinomas, 315 rhinovirus infection, 337 thymoma, 313–315 sinus infections, 344 Anticoagulation therapy, 387 sputum induction, 339 Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), 178 total serum immunoglobulin E, 339 Aortic coarctation, 403, 404 vocal cord dysfunction, 344 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 427 R. H. Cleveland, E. Y. Lee (eds.), Imaging in Pediatric Pulmonology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23979-4 428 Index Asthma Predictive Index (API), 339 Cardiac motion compensation, 398 Asymmetric pulmonary edema, 124 Cardiac silhouette enlargement, 20 Atelectasis, 51 Cardiothoracic ratio, 20 Atrial septal defect (ASD), 226, 273 Cardiovascular disease, thymic wave sign, 19 Atrioventricular defect, 260 Cast/plastic bronchitis classification, 80, 81 clinical presentation, 81 B radiological findings, 81 Bacterial croup, 216 signs and symptoms, 81 Balloon dilatation, 380 treatment, 81, 82 Balloon tracheobronchoplasty, 380 Central airway, 293 Bilateral pulmonary hypoplasia, 263 Central cyanosis, 1 Bilateral small effusions, 245 Cepacia syndrome, 355 Bile acid pneumonia, 52 Cerebral AVMs, 205 Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome, 207 Cervical lymphangioma, 34, 36 Blastomyces dermatitidis, 109 Cervical teratoma, 34, 37 Blastomycosis, 109 Channel type lymphatic malformation, 285 Bochdalek hernia, 83 Chest pain, 1, 2 Brain-lung-thyroid syndrome, 200 Chest radiographs (CXR) Brasfield system, 352 lung transplantation, 365 Breathing, 398 malignant mediastinal masses, practical imaging approach, 311 Bronchial adenoma, 112–114, 305 pediatric lung, central airway and chest wall neoplasm, 293, 294 Bronchial artery anatomy, 389 PHT, 253 Bronchial artery embolization (BAE), 357, 389 PPHN, 262 complications, 390, 391 Chest wall lipoma, 411 indications, 390 Chest wall neoplasm, 293 preoperative management, 390 Childhood pneumonia technique, 390 air bronchogram, 130, 131 Bronchial atresia, 69, 70, 98 antibiotics, 126 Bronchial challenge tests, 338 atelectasis and hyperinflation, 128 Bronchial hypoplasia, 226 bronchopneumonia, 131 Bronchiectasis, 263 cause, 127 cystic fibrosis, 201 chest imaging, 131, 133–135 definition, 201 epidemiology, 126, 127 primary ciliary dyskinesia, 202 hemidiaphragm, 129 primary immunodeficiencies hyperinflation, 128 clinical features, 202 lobular pneumonia, 130 common variable immune deficiency, 202 pathologic patterns, 127 severe combined immunodeficiency, 202 pathological description, 129 radiographic imaging, 202, 203 pneumatoceles, 131, 132 symptoms, 201 radiographic appearance, 128 Bronchiolitis, 353, 354 radiographic findings, 127, 130 Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO), 124, 168, 169, 192, 232, 370 respiratory tree, 127 Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP), 168, 170 round pneumonia, 131, 132 Bronchoalveolar carcinoma (BAC), 298, 299 signs and symptoms, 126 Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), 339 Chlamydia pneumonia, 60, 62, 127 Bronchobiliary fistula (BBF) Choanal atresia, 211, 212 aBBF, 79, 80 Choristomas, 112 cBBF, 78, 79 Chronic cough, 1, 3 Bronchogenic carcinoma, 113, 296, 297 Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, 176 Bronchogenic cysts, 70, 71, 98 Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), 188, 189, 191 Bronchopleural fistula (BPF), 137, 379 Chronic Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), 186 Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), 56–58, 95, 263 Chronic lobar emphysema (CLE), 126 Bronchopulmonary fibrosarcoma (PBF), 295 Chronic lung disease of infancy, see Bronchopulmonary dysplasia Bronchopulmonary sequestration (BPS), 42 (BPD) Bronchoscopy, 294 Chronic pneumonitis of infancy (CPI), 146, 157 Brown lung induration, 177 Chronic rejection, 192, 193 Burkholderia cepacia complex, 355 Chronic thrombotic disease, 264, 265 Churg–Strauss syndrome, 119, 172, 174 Chylothorax, 44, 45, 377, 378 C Chylous effusion, 244, 284 Candida albicans, 110, 187, 188, 369 CLOVES syndrome, 328 Capillaritis, 179 Coblation, 289 Carbon dioxide laser, 304 Coccidioides immitis, 109 Carcinoid tumors, 305 Coccidiomycosis, 109 Cardiac catheterization, 254 COL3A1 gene, 206 Index 429 Collagen vascular diseases, 118 preoperative evaluation Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), 188–191, 415–417 catheter angiography, 275 Complicated pneumonia, 95, 96 chest radiography, 275 Computed tomography (CT) MDCT, 276, 277 lung transplantation, 365 MRI, 275, 276 pediatric lung, central airway and chest wall neoplasm, 293, 294 post gadolinium MRA, 276 pleural effusion, 240 Scimitar syndrome, 277 Congenital alveolar dysplasia (CAD), 148, 149, 151 2D echocardiography, 275 Congenital bronchobiliary fistula (cBBF), 78, 79 value of imaging in deciding therapy, 278 Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), 34, 36, 263, 264 prevalence, 270 with abnormal tube positions, 85 PVOD, 274–277 anomalies and morbidity PVS congenital heart disease, 86 abnormalities of pulmonary veins, 270, 271, 274 diaphragmatic defects, 87 catheter based approaches, 279, 280 Donnai–Barrow syndromes, 87 clinical presentation, 272, 273 Fryns syndrome, 87 lung transplantation, 280 gastrointestinal morbidity, 86 preoperative evaluation, 277, 278 musculoskeletal deformities, 86 surgical repair, 279 neurologic abnormalities, 86, 87 surgical therapy, 279 Turner syndrome, 87 TAPVR, 269, 271, 272, 275 causes, 82 venolobar syndrome, 273, 274, 276 on ECMO, 86 Congenital tracheobronchomegaly, 227 embryology and pathophysiology, 82 Congenital venolobar syndrome, 274, 276, 408, 409 long-term pulmonary function, 85, 86 Congestive heart failure, 245 with mediastinal shift, 84 Congestive vasculopathy, 194, 195 with pneumothorax, 85 Connective tissue disorders, 243, 244 postnatal, 84, 85 Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome, 207 postoperative image, 87 Cutis laxa, 207 prenatal, 84 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 206 preoperative image, 87 Loeys-Dietz syndrome, 207 prevalence, 82 Marfan syndrome, 206 treatment, 87 Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), 211 types, 82, 84 Contrast-enhanced MRA (CE-MRA), 330, 331 Congenital high airway obstruction (CHAOS), 45 Conventional oil-contrast lymphography, 285 Congenital/infantile fibrosarcoma, 299, 300 Corticosteroids, 243 Congenital lobar emphysema (CLE), 230, 231 Cough, 293 Congenital lobar overinflation (CLO), 43, 44 CPAM volume ratio (CVR), 40 Congenital lung malformations Croup, 215 with abnormal vasculature Cryoablation, 380 pulmonary AVM, 73–75 Cryptococcus neoformans, 110 pulmonary sequestration, 72–74 CSF2RA genes, 200 pulmonary varix, 75 CSF2RB genes, 200 clinical presentation, 69 CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA), 240 with normal vasculature Cutis laxa, 207 bronchogenic cysts, 70, 71 Cyanosis, 4 congenital bronchial atresia, 69, 70 acrocyanosis, 1 CPAM, 71–72 cardiac causes, 1 lobar emphysema, 70, 71 causative mechanism, 1 pulmonary hypoplasia, 406, 407 central cyanosis, 1 pulmonary sequestration, 407 diffusion defects, 4 Scimitar syndrome, 408, 409 hematologic causes, 4 Congenital lymphangiectasia, 63, 64 inadequate ventilation, 4 Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM), 34, 35, 39–42, V/Q mismatching, 3 71–72, 299, 414–416 Cystic adenomatoid malformations (CCAMs), 414, 415 Congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasis, 195 Cystic fibrosis (CF), 185, 186, 201, 263, 349, 367, 368,
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