Ten Years of the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement

Ten Years of the Guiding Principles on

Internal Displacement December 2008

BROOKINGS

Forced Migration Review FMR – GP10

Forced Migration Review (FMR) provides Elliott Steve a forum for the regular exchange of practical experience, information and ideas between researchers, refugees and internally displaced people, and those who work with them. It is published in English, Arabic, Spanish from the editors and French by the Refugee Studies The international conference on the Ten Years of the Guiding Principles on Internal Centre, University of Oxford. FMR was Displacement (‘GP10’) – held in Oslo, 16-17 October 2008 – assessed the accomplishments launched in 1998 in partnership with and shortcomings of the Guiding Principles since their launch in 1998. It also sought to the Norwegian Refugee Council. generate increased political will to incorporate the GPs into national, regional and global frameworks and to encourage progress towards their practical implementation. Editors Marion Couldrey & Maurice Herson 7KLVVSHFLDOLVVXHRI)05UHÁHFWVGLVFXVVLRQVDWWKHFRQIHUHQFHZLWKVKRUWHQHGYHUVLRQVRI some of the conference presentations, and also includes a selection of other articles, most of Assistant Editor (Arabic edition) which present case studies on the application of the Guiding Principles in different countries. Unfortunately, the number of IDP groups around the world is too great for us to acknowledge Musab Hayatli them all in this 40-page issue but we hope that the articles presented here will be relevant and useful in other settings as well. Coordinator Heidi El-Megrisi We would like to thank Khalid Koser (formerly of the Brookings-Bern Project on Internal Displacement) and Christophe Beau (NRC/IDMC) for their invaluable assistance in preparing Assistant this special issue, as well as all contributors. The English edition is online at http://www. Sharon Ellis fmreview.org/GuidingPrinciples10.htm It will also be published in Arabic, French and Spanish. Best wishes Forced Migration Review Marion Couldrey & Maurice Herson Refugee Studies Centre Editors, Forced Migration Review Oxford Department of International Development, University of Oxford, 0DQVÀHOG5RDG2[IRUG2;7%8. This special issue has been produced with the support of NRC/IDMC, the Norwegian Ministry Email: IPU#THKR[DFXN of Foreign Affairs and the Brookings-Bern Project on Internal Displacement. Tel: +44 (0)1865 280700 Fax: +44 (0)1865 270721 Skype: fmreview Contents Foreword Uganda’s response to displacement: ZZZIPUHYLHZRUg John Holmes 3 contrasting policy and practice Ruth Mukwana and Katinka Ridderbos 21 Copyright and disclaimer The genesis and the challenges 2SLQLRQVLQ)05GRQRWQHFHVVDULO\UHÁHFW Roberta Cohen and Francis M Deng 4 Guiding Principle 29 and the right the views of the Editors, the Refugee Achievements, challenges and to restitution Studies Centre or the University of recommendations Rhodri C Williams 23 Oxford. Any FMR print or online material Summary of outcomes of the GP10 may be freely reproduced, provided that Obstacles to realising acknowledgement is given to the source Conference 6 Guiding Principle 29 in Afghanistan and, where possible, the FMR URL and/or Developments in the legal WKHDUWLFOHVSHFLÀF85/ Megan Bradley 24 protection of IDPs Cordula Droege 8 6HHNLQJHOHFWRUDOHTXDOLW\IRU,'3YRWHUV Editing assistance Jeremy Grace and Jeff Fischer 26 Assessing the impact of the Principles: Tim Morris (www.timmorris.info) DQXQÀQLVKHGWDVN Time to apply the Guiding Principles Elizabeth Ferris 10 in Nepal Designed by Shiva K Dhungana 27 Art24 www.art-24.co.uk The Guiding Principles and the Responsibility to Protect Returnees in Sierra Leone Printed by Erin Mooney 11 Claudena Skran 29 Image Production Achievements and limitations of the Guiding Principle 27 and Philippine www.imageproduction.co.uk Guiding Principles in Burma typhoon response ,62FHUWLÀHG Thailand Burma Border Consortium 14 Sara McHattie 30 ISSN 1460-9819 Protecting IDPs in Europe Internal displacement in the Central Corien Jonker 15 Front cover photo: African Republic Internally displaced Congolese women Experience of the Guiding Principles Laura Perez 31 wait during a food distribution in Kibati, in Georgia just outside the eastern provincial capital Iulia Kharashvili, Ilya Kharashvili UNHCR and the Guiding Principles of Goma, DRC. IRIN/Les Neuhaus and Koba Subeliani 16 Khassim Diagne and Hannah Entwisle 33 Africa: from voluntary principles Training to strengthen protection to binding standards of IDP rights Brigitta Jaksa and Jeremy Smith 18 Kim Mancini Beck 36 &DQWKH*XLGLQJ3ULQFLSOHVPDNH The future of the Guiding Principles a difference in Kenya? Walter Kälin 38 Jacqueline Klopp and Nuur Mohamud Sheekh 19 Sources and resources 40 FMR – GP10 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES 3 Foreword John Holmes

,QWHUQDOGLVSODFHPHQWUHPDLQVRQHRIWKHPRVWVLJQLÀFDQW the international community to challenges facing the humanitarian community. ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱǯȱ Twenty-six million people are ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ displaced within their countries due ȱȱȱ¢Ȭ John Holmes is the UN Under- ȱȱĚǲȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ¢ȱȱ Secretary-General for Humanitarian displaced as a result of natural and ǰȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ěȱȱ¢ȱȱ human-made disasters and these ȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ ȱǻǼǯȱȱȱȬ numbers seem certain to increase as a ȱȱ·ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȓǯ ȱȱȱěȱȱȱǯ1 ȱȱȱȱ ǯ ŗǯȱȱȂȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĴǱȦȦ ǯ ǯȦ Eldoret IDP Internally displaced persons (IDPs) ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǯ camp, Kenya. ȱȱ¢ȱęȱȱ ȱȱǰȱ ŘǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦ January 2008. ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ Ğȱ¢ȱǯȱ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ may lose their property and access ǯȱȱ ȱ ȱǲȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ become the accepted ǲȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱ international standard ȱ¢ȱȱȱǲȱ ȱ ǲȱȱȱ ¢ȱĞȱȱ¢ȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĜȱȱȱȱ incorporated them into ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǲȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ǯȱ¢ȱȱȱĞȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ humanitarian and ¢ȱȱȮȱȱĚȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱȬȱ – both nationally and ȱȱ ȱĴǯȱȱȱ internationally – in Ĝȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ǯȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ǰȱ¢ȱ ǰȱȱȱȱǯ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱĚǰȱȱȱȱ ĞȱȱȱȱȱĜȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ¢¢ǰȱȱȱǰȱ ¢ȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĴȱȱ ěȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ displacement still do ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱĞȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱ laws or policies on a period of time to allow them to ǲȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ still unaware of their ¢ǰȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ǲȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ numerous obstacles ȱȱĞȱ ȱȱȱǯ ȱȱǯȱ ȱ therefore welcome the ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ¢ȱěȱ the protection of IDPs is based on ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǯȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ¡ǰȱ not only underpin humanitarian ȱǰȱ¢ȱ action in protection of IDPs but also ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱǯȱȱ ȱȱ ǯȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ on Internal Displacement2 clearly to assume their ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ responsibilities ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ

ȱǯȱȱȱ Principles and on Yazdi Pedram 4 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES FMR – GP10 The genesis and the challenges Roberta Cohen and Francis M Deng

The need for international standards to protect and ȱ ȱȱȱȱ assist internally displaced persons arose directly ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ from the explosion of civil wars in the last decade of ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ the 20th century that left tens of millions uprooted ȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ within the borders of their own countries. ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱŗşśŗȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ ȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱǰȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ǰȱǰȱȱ ȱ ȱęȱ ȱǯ ȱȱ Ȭȱȱ¢ȱȱ ǰȱ ȱȱǯȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ their content as to the process ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱȮȱȱȱȮȱ ȱȱęȱǰȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ experts outside the traditional ȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱĞǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱęȱȱ the most appropriate approach ȱȱǯȱĞ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ǯȱȱ independent international experts ȱȱ ȱǯȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȁȬȂȱ ęȱȱ ȱȱȱ approach – to identify IDP needs ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱ ǰȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱȂȱȱǯȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ ȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢Ȭ ȱȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ¢ȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱŗşşŞǯȱ ȱǰȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȁȬȂȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȮȱȱȱ¡¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱĞǰȱȱȱȱ ŗşşŘǯȱȱȱ ȱȱ law1ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȮȱȱ ȱȱǱ Walter Kälin2ȱȱȱǰȱ ¢ȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ ȱȮȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ N ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱ ¡ǯȱȱȱȁȱ ȱ¢ȱȬȱ ȱȱȱ¢ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȂȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱ was presented in two parts by the ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ N ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ standards were based on a concept ȱ ȱȱȱŗşşŜȱȱŗşşŞǯȱ ȱǰȱȱȱŘŖŖŗǰȱ¢ȱ that would promote consensus ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ N ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ and expressed support for the ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱĜȱ ǯȱ ȱǰȱ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱǰȱ had not created new law but mostly ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ compiled and restated what had ȱȱǯȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ ȱ¢ȱǯȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ Ěȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ form of responsibility became ǰȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱŝŝȱȮȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ǯȱǰȱĜȱ ȱ3ȱȮȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱ international law already existed to ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǯȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ a restatement of the law tailored ȱȱȱǯ ȱěǰȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ·ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱęȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢Ȭ ȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱěǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ¡¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ precedents abound in international ĚȱȱȱȮȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ FMR – GP10 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES 5

ȱȱȱȱ Ȭ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȬǰȱȱ ȱĴȱǻ ǼȱȮȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱǻȓǯǼǰȱ ȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȬ¢ȱ ¢Ȭ Ȃȱȱ coordination of humanitarian From a process initiated barely ȱ ¢ȱȱȱ assistance4 – to welcome the ȱ¢ȱǰȱȱ ȱ from 1992 to 2004 and is now Special ǯȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢Ȭ ȱ them widely and applied them in ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱęǯȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱ ŗǯȱȁ ȱ Ȃȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ¢ȱȱȱ 5 on Internal Displacement ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱǻȓǯ ȱ ȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱ ǯ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ eduǼȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Řǯȱȱ §ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ¢Ȭ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱǯȱ ȱŘŖŖśǰȱȱ Displacement, which she co-founded ȱȱȱŘŖŖŚǯȱ řǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯŝŝǯȦ ȱŗşŖȱȱȱȱȱ and co-directed for 12 years, and ŚǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦȦ Ŝ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǰ śǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦȦǯ¡ ȱę¢ȱȱ ¢Ȃȱ ȱȱȱ ŜǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦŘŖŖśȦȦȏǯ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱǯȱ

Commitments to the protection of IDPs

ȱȱȱȱȱ displaced persons, namely in all The acronym ‘IDP’ gives the ȱȱȱȱ the dimensions of protection. merest idea of the grim realities ȱȱȁ ȱȱ António Guterres that confront us in many parts of – commitment to the protection the world today. In August alone ȱ Ȃǯȱȱȱ ȱȱ … the Guiding Principles have indeed [2008], more than half a million ȱȱȱȱ provided a useful framework to people have been driven out of their àȱ ǰȱȱ¢Ȭ guide the responses of governments, homes as a result of three renewed ȱȱ ȱěȱ humanitarians and other actors FRQÁLFWVLQ*HRUJLDLQDUHDVRQ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ in natural disasters. However, as the border between Pakistan and ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ in other displacement contexts, Afghanistan, and in the southern more needs to be done by all of us ȱȱ ȱĴȱȱ Philippines. During recent weeks to translate them into consistent ȱȱȱȱ Ǳȱ tens of thousands more have had policy and practice. I reiterate my WRÁHHWKHLUKRPHVLQ6UL/DQNDLQ In the absence of binding commitment, and that of my staff, to 6RPDOLDLQHDVWHUQ&RQJRDQGLQ instruments, the Guiding Principles support all stakeholders, particularly many other places where hostilities have become an extremely relevant governments, to ensuring that and attacks on civilians have protection instrument. We consider the standards set by the Guiding continued unabated for years. We them as more than a simple Principles are met. If we want to are committed to reaching all these compilation and restatement of legal stand true to our commitment to end people in profound distress, who are rules. For us, the Guiding Principles the suffering of the millions who are, in urgent need of basic goods and KDYHSOD\HGDVLJQLÀFDQWUROHHYHQ and who will be, displaced by natural services, and in need – most of all in shaping our own operational disasters, there is no other option. – of a sense of security and hope. responsibilities in relation to John Holmes Angelo Gnaedinger 6 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES FMR – GP10 Achievements, challenges and recommendations Summary of outcomes of the GP10 Conference: 16-17 October 2008, Oslo

ȱȱȱĜȱȱ in situations of displacement ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯ1 ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱ£ȱ reports from a number of states that ȱȱȱȱȱȱ Challenges ahead the Principles had been incorporated of Europe2ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱ into national laws and policies and ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ ȱǯȱ ȱǰȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ Assistance to Internally Displaced forcibly displaced from their homes ȱȱȱȱęȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱŗƖȱȱȱ Ȃȱ commitment is needed to ensure ȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ in disaster-induced displacement ǻŗǼȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱǻŘǼȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ because of protracted situations ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ displacement usually occurs as ǻřǼȱȱȱ ǯ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱĚȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱ Ĝȱȱ¢ȱȱ ǰȱȱȱęȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ǯȱ ȱ¢ȱǰȱęȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ to ensure durable solutions to ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯ are also required to address the ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱ ȱȱ The conference noted that a Shar Akitena dries ȱȱȱ¡¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱěȱ¢ȱ grain in the sun, KHUÀUVWKDUYHVW ȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ¢ȱȱ internal displacement remain since returning ensure that the standards set by ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ home to Otim, her ȱ ȱȱȱǯ from which humanitarian ȱȱȱȱ village of origin in northern Uganda, and protection standards and ǯȱ ȱȱ ȱǰȱȱ after years of Achievements ȱȱǯ3 humanitarian space required to displacement. Participants in the conference ȱȱȱ ȱ With respect to displacement ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĜȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ protection of IDPs in domestic ȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱǯȱȱ¡ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĞȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ǯȱ ȱȱȱȬ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĞȱȬǯȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȬȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢Ȃȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ used to build closer partnerships ȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ¡ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱ £ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ǯȱ ȱǰȱęȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ Principles at the onset of a ȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ FMR – GP10 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES 7

ȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱ protection to IDPs is limited as a ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȬȱǯȱ ȱ¢ǰȱȱ ǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ Responsibility to Protect concept ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ǯȱ Political dialogue ȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ ȱǰȱȱȱ as a number of states remain more Recommendations ǰȱȱȱȱȱ Ĵȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ȃȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ Incorporation into ȱȱȱȱ ȱěȱ ȱȱǯ4 national legislation ǯȱ¡ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ so as to promote their implementation and property is essential to the ȱȱȱȬ¡ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ęȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ the Manual for Law and Policymakers Disaster prevention ȬȱȱȱȬ on Protecting Internally Displaced ȱȬȱǰȱȱ ȱȱǯ Persons5 will be a useful resource ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ to build closer partnerships between ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ them with adequate protection and ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ěȱȱȱȱȱȱ but also to ensure that laws and ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱĴȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱǯ appropriate durable solutions also Urban IDPs ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ Partnerships ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ěȱȱȱǯȱȱ ěȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ¡ǰȱĞȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĞȱȱȱȱǯȱ ǯȱȱȱ them with adequate protection and ȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ With respect to international ǲȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱěȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ ¢ǲȱ ȱȱȱęȱ ȱȱĴȱȱȱȱǯ ȱȱĴȱ¢ȱ ǲȱ ȱǰȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱ society and international protection Participation of IDPs ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǲȱȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ mechanisms to ensure the Ěȱȱę¢ȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ participation of IDPs in political leadership of coordination of ǰȱȱȱěȱ ǯȱǰȱȱȱ Preventing and ending ȱȱȱǰȱȱ ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ displacement ȱȱȱȱ humanitarian ȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱ their credibility ěȱȱȱȱ precondition to the implementation undermined ȱ¢ȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ ȱǯȱ ȱȱȱ ȱĚȱǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱěȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ensure equality ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ Ȃȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱĴȱȱ of action should be accompanied by Ȧ ǰȱȱȬȱ ěȱ ȱ coordinated political commitment ȱȱ ȱȱ populations in ȱȱĚȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱǯȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱěǰȱȱȱĴǱȦȦ ǯ Paul Jeffrey/Action by Churches Together Churches by Jeffrey/Action Paul ȬǯȦŗ0 Durable solutions In situations of ŗǯȱȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱŘŗȱȱ disaster-induced ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱŗŜǯ ǰȱ ȱȱĞȱȱȱ Řǯȱȱȱȱŗśǯ řǯȱȱȱ¢ȱàȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ protection so as to facilitate the transition ȱȱ ȱȱśǯȱȱ ȱǰȱ ȱ leadership from humanitarian assistance to ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ remains ȱȱěȱ ȱȱĜǯ inadequate at ¢ȱ¢ȱǯȱ ȱ Śǯȱȱȱȱŗŗǯ the institutional ȱȱęȱȱȱȱ śǯȱȱřşǯ 8 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES FMR – GP10 Developments in the legal protection of IDPs Cordula Droege

Ten years ago the International Committee of the Red Cross ȱȱȱȱȱȃ¢ȱ (ICRC) helped draft the Guiding Principles. How have the ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ Ş Principles contributed to improving protection for IDPs? ȱȱȱȱǯȄ What gaps remain? ęȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ Ěȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱĜȱ¡ȱȱ ¢ȱȱĴȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱĞȱǯȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ of a widespread or systematic ȱ ȱCustomary Law Study9 humanitarian law – and to “clarify Ĵȱȱȱ¢ȱ ęȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ¢ȱȄȱȱȃȱȄǯ1 ȱǰȱȱ rules of international humanitarian ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱĚǯȱ law that must be applied by all ȱ ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱĚȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱĚǰȱ ¡ȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ N ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȬǱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱ Tribunal for the Former ȱȱȱĞǰȱȱ ȱȱ ŝȱȱȱ N the prohibition of forced ȱ¡ȱ ȱȱȱȱĚȱ that displacements are crimes displacement ȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱ punishable under customary ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ N ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ¢ȱęȱȱȱȁȂǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ physical force but rather may ȱȱǰȱ¢ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ include the “threat of force or ǰȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ and consolidated the law ȱȱǰȱǰȱǰȱ N non-separation of members ȱȱ ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ of the same family unit ȱȱȱȱĚȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱ N ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱęȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ and safe return ȱȱȱȱǱ ǯȄ The essential

N Both the International ȱȱȱȱ ȱ3 and the ȱȱ ȱǰȱȱ ICRC/Pedram Yazdi ICRC/Pedram ȱȱ4 ȱȱęȱ¢ȱ ȱŗŜŖȱǯȱ

N All states in the world are now party to the ȱȱȮȱ the international treaties that contain the most ȱȱȱ ȱěȱȱ ǯ5

N Adoption of the ȱȱȱ the International ȱŜ has ȱȱȱȱ unlawful deportation and transfer is a war IDPs, Nakuru, Kenya, crime in any armed January 2008. FMR – GP10 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES 9

N the protection of the +DYHWKH3ULQFLSOHVÀOOHG most displacement is induced by the ¢ȱȱǯȱ grey areas and gaps? ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ The importance of weapons treaties ȱȱȱȱȱĞȱ While a lot has been done to raise ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱŗşşŜǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ ¡ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȮȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ one of the main obstacles to safe as the fact that non-state actors are ȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ¢ǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱ ȱȂȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ǯȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȮȱȱ ȱ ȱȱĚȱ ȱěȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ęȱȱȱȱǯȱ the parties respected the displaced ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ ȱǯȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ antipersonnel landmines in the ȱȱȱǰȱȱ ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ĵ ȱǰŗŖȱȱȱ ȱȂȱęȱȱȃȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĚȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱęĞȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȄȱȱ ȱȱȱ11 ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱŗşşŞǯȱȱ ȱȱǻȓǯǼȱ ȱȱ¢Ȭȱȱ are more structures in place to deal ȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ȃȱ ȱȱ12 all ȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱǻ ǯǯǼǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ are less prone to deny the existence ȱȱȱȱ Ȃȱ ȱȱȱǯ ȱȱǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȁ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȂǯ15 ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱĞȱȱ ȱǯȱȱȱ ŗǯȱȱȱȦǯŚȦŗşşŞȦśřȦǯŘǰȱŗŗȱ¢ȱŗşşŞǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱĴȱȱȱ ȱşǯ Řǯȱ Ȭȱ¢ǰȱȁȱ ȱȱ Assistance of Internally Displaced ȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱǱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ Persons in Africa13 which has the ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃǰȱ ŗşşŞȱInternational Review of the Red CrossȱȱřŘŚǰȱŚŝŜǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ řǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦȦřȦȦȏǯm ȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ ǰȱȱęȱȱȱ ŚǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦȦřȦȦȏǯm ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĚȱȱ śǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦȦȦŖǯȦȦ ǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ s ěȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱĚȱ ŜǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦȦ ǰȱȱȱȱǰȱ because they are forced out by the ŝǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦy Şǯȱȱȱ ǰȱ ȬşŝȬŘśǰȱȱȱ ȱȱ ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĚǰȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱŗśȱȱŘŖŖŘǰȱȱŚŝśǯȱ ȱěȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱ¡ǰȱ şǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦ ȦȦŖǯȦȦ ȱ¢Ȭ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱǰȱȱȱ ¢Ȭ ȬȬŘşŗŖŖŞǰȱȱŗŘşǰȱŗřŗǰȱŗřŘǰȱŗřřǯ ȱȱ ǰȱȱ §ǯȱȱ ȱǯȱȱ¢ȱĚȱȱ ŗŖǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦǯȦȦśŞŖǵ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱęǰȱȱ ŗŗǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦǯȦȦŜŗŖǵȱ and Assistance to Internally Displaced ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ŗŘǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦǯȦȦŜŘŖǵȱ 14 ŗřǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦȏȏ Persons commits member states ¢ȱĴȱȱ¢ȱ ȦŘŖŖŞǯl ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱǰȱ ŗŚǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦȦȦȦ incorporate the Principles fully ȱȱĚȱȱ ȱȱ ȏ ǯf ŗśǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦȦȦŖǯȦȦȬ ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱ ȬȬŖřŖŝŖŜ

What is protection? $GHÀQLWLRQE\FRQVHQVXV

The launch of the Guiding Principles occurred around the same and refugee law). Human rights and humanitarian actors shall time that the international community at large was beginning conduct these activities impartially and not on the basis of to take on the idea of humanitarian protection. Indeed the race, national or ethnic origin, language or gender. (1999) Principles were instrumental in shaping both the need for the Protection activities may include responsive action, remedial HPSKDVLVRQSURWHFWLRQDQGWKHZD\WKDWLWZDVWKHQGHÀQHG action and environment-building (and may be carried From 1996 to 2000 the International Committee of the out concurrently) and encompass any activity which:

Red Cross (ICRC) convened a series of workshops on the N SUHYHQWVRUSXWVDVWRSWRDVSHFLÀFSDWWHUQRI protection of civilians. These workshops, involving about 50 abuse and/or alleviates its immediate effects; humanitarian, human rights and academic organisations/ N restores people’s dignity and ensures adequate living institutions, led to a ‘working consensus’1 – that still holds – conditions through reparation, restitution, and rehabilitation, RQWKHGHÀQLWLRQRIWKHWHUPSURWHFWLRQDVHQFRPSDVVLQJ N fosters an environment conducive to respect for the rights of ... all activities, aimed at obtaining full respect for the rights individuals in accordance with the relevant bodies of law. of the individual in accordance with the letter and the spirit of the relevant bodies of law (i.e. human rights, humanitarian ŗǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦŖŖŖŖŖŜŜřǯ 10 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES FMR – GP10 Assessing the impact of the 3ULQFLSOHVDQXQÀQLVKHGWDVN Elizabeth Ferris

The Guiding Principles’ objectives were clear but, ten years ǰȱȱȱȱȱ on, how can we assess their impact? ȱęȱǯȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱęȱǰȱ ȱȱ·ȱȱȱȱ Changing international they are able to exercise them and ęȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ discourse ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱęȱ Ǳȱȱ Issues around internal displacement As reported in a recent publication ȱȱȱǲȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȬȱȱȱ support within the humanitarian into the international policy ȱǰ5 IDPs in ¢ǲȱȱęȱěȱ ǯȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ęȱǲȱȱȱ resolutions and documents reference ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱ Principles and promote their wider Ȃȱ¢ȱȱ Ȭǯȱ reports on the protection of children ǯȱ¢ȱȱȱ ěȱ¢ȱȱĚ1 to them useful as a basis for requests ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢Ȭ ȱ made to the authorities and to secure ȱȱȱĞȱȱȱȱ on the implementation of the ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱŗşşŞȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱǰ2 ǯȱȂȱȱǰȱ humanitarian and state awareness to the Report of the World ȱȱǰȱȱȱ of internal displacement issues ȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱ¡ǯȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ǯ3 The ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ laws and policies to promote IDP ȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱęȱȱ ȱ ȱ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ on the international humanitarian ȱȂȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ¡ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ęȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ reform of the humanitarian system ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱ which culminated in the launch of ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢Ȭ the cluster approach in December ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ŘŖŖśǯ4ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱ ǻ Ǽȱȱȱȱ dominated much of the humanitarian ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱĴȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ Ĵȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȂȱȱȱ ¢ǰȱȱŘŖȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ the needs of those displaced by ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ęǯȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱŘŖŖśǯȱ ȱȱȱ ǰȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ they do not always follow the text ȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ the Principles into their own the Principles is still an issue in ȱȮȱ£ħǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ ¢ȱ¡ǰȱȱȱ ȱȮȱȱȱȬȱȱ ěȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ǯȱ¢ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱĴȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱ beyond that of humanitarian ȱȱ¢Ǳȱȃ ȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ ǯȱȱ ȱȱŚřȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱ ȱŗşşŖȱ ǰȱȱȱĜ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱŘŖŖŞȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ǯȱȱȱśŘŞȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱŗŞȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǽȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱŗşşŞȱȱ Ǿǰȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱǰȱ ȱȱȱĞȱȱ ȱȱȬŗşşŞȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ǲȱ ȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯŜȱȱ ȱǰȱşŝƖȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱǯ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱǯ ȱǰȱ FMR – GP10 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES 11

25% had heard of the Principles ȱȱȱȱȱȱ £ȱȱǻeferris@ ȱ ȱǰȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǯuǼȱȱȱȬȱ ȱǯ ȱ ǰȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȬȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱǯ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ What is much less certain is the ŗǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦȦĚȦȦǯ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ¡ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ html ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ŘǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦȦǯl ǰȱȱȱȄǯŝ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ řǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯ ǯȦȦe ¢ȱȱ ȱȱęȱȱ ŚǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯ ǯȦǯm ȱȱȱĜȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱ śǯȱȱǰȱListening to the Voices of the Displaced: Lessons Learned,ȱǰȱǱȱȬȱȱ direct impact of the Principles on ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱǰȱŘŖŖŞǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯ ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ensure that IDPs are aware of their ȦȦŘŖŖŞȦŖşȏȏȏǯx Ŝǯȱȁȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȂǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱĴȱȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŜǰȱŗŚǰȱŘŚǯȱ adopt laws and policies on internal see the Principles as a useful tool in ĴǱȦȦ ǯǯǯȦǯf ǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱǯ ŝǯȱȱȱǰȱȁȱȱȱȱȮȱȱ ȂȱǻǼǰȱśŖǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Guiding Principle 22(b)

Internally displaced persons, whether or not they are complain that “Education and training programs for IDPs are living in camps, shall not be discriminated against as non-existent” and “there have been intentions but no follow- a result of their displacement in the enjoyment of the up.” In Colombia, only a small number of those interviewed following rights… The right to seek freely opportunities for have received help to improve their skills or vocational training. employment and to participate in economic activities. The government did have a programme for promoting micro- “We do not want more humanitarian aid; we want income from businesses to help IDPs earn a living and reintegrate effectively jobs,” says an IDP interviewed in Colombia. Half-way across the but for most IDPs developing a successful project proposal world an IDP woman in Abyei, Sudan echoes the same sentiment: LQWKHEXVLQHVVVHFWRUSURYHWRRGLIÀFXOW0RUHRYHUDVWKH\ “What we will grow is better then the relief SRLQWRXWFUHGLWLVGLIÀFXOWWRUHSD\,Q%RVQLDSUREOHPV given to us.” also arise with credit programmes. Returning IDPs who Indeed, whatever the country, IDPs yearn for jobs in cities or QHHGÀQDQFLDODVVLVWDQFHÀQGWKDWWKHKLJKLQWHUHVWUDWHV to be working the land so that they can have stable incomes. of many micro-credit programmes deter self-employment In Sri Lanka, access to livelihoods is a major concern for initiatives in urban areas. Creating livelihood opportunities IDPs returning to their home areas. In Nepal, of the IDPs for the vast majority of IDPs remains a major challenge. interviewed, 61% complained of economic/employment-related problems, and in Bangladesh, 58% marked economic concerns Interviews carried out by the Brookings-Bern Project on as their main problem for survival. In Assam in India, IDPs Internal Displacement. See Brookings-Bern Project report LGHQWLÀHGODFNRIZRUNRSSRUWXQLWLHVDVDPDMRUSUREOHP ‘Listening to the Voices of the Displaced: Lesson Learned’ Training and income-generating projects are few and far at http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2008/09_internal_ between for IDPs. In Juba, the capital of southern Sudan, IDPs displacement_cohen.aspx The Guiding Principles and the Responsibility to Protect Erin Mooney

$WWKH*3FRQIHUHQFHVHYHUDOVSHDNHUVLQYRNHGWKH ¢ǯȱȱȱŘŖŖŗǰȱȱȱȱ ¶UHVSRQVLELOLW\WRSURWHFW·DQGUHFRPPHQGHGFORVHO\OLQNLQJ Řȱȱȱȱ ȱ it to the Guiding Principles and with the fate and situation ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱǻ Ǽǯȱȱ ȱ RIWKHPLOOLRQVRI,'3V:KDWPLJKWPDNLQJWKLVFRQQHFWLRQ ȱȱȱȱ bring, conceptually and concretely, to the protection of IDPs? consensus on humanitarian ȱĞȱȱ¡ȱȱ The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) other mass atrocities but that when ȱŗşşŖǰȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱǰȱȃȱ a responsibility to protect their ǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȮȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ community of states also comes into ȱȱ ȱȮȱȱ ȱȱ 12 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES FMR – GP10

ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ǯȄ1 architect of R2P recently credited ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȬȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǯȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱŗşşŗǰȱȱ of a rightȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱȱȃ¢ȱ At the same time the Principles a responsibilityȱȮȱȱȱęȱǰȱ carries with it a responsibility on ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ of the state concerned – to protect its ȱȱȱȱȱȱ is the responsibility not only of ȱǯȱŘȱȱȱ ȱ£ǯȄ3ȱȱȱ¢ȱ authorities in-country but also of the ȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ǰȱ¢ȱ not only the responsibility to react to ȱȱȂȱȱ when national authorities are ȱȱȱȱ ȱŗşşŘȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱęȱȱ harm but also the responsibility ȱ¢Ȭ ȱȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱȱȱĜȱȱ to prevent such situations and ȱǰȱȱȱȱ “all authorities and international to rebuildȱȱȱĞǯȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱęȱǱȱ actors shall respect and ensure ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȃȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱȱ ŘŖŖśȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱŘǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȄȱǻȱśǼǯȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ upon states to accept international ȱǰȱȱȱȱ access to protection and resources assistance if they are unable or ȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ Ȭǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ęȱǱȱǻŗǼȱȱȱ ǽǳǾȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǻȱŘśǼǯȱȱ state has the responsibility to ȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱ protect its population from these then the international community ȱȱȱȱ ǲȱȱǻŘǼȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ the host country or with international ȃȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ǰȱȱęȱȱǯȄ4 ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ so when “national authorities are ȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȁ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȄȱǻȱŘŝǼǯȱ Ȅȱȱȱǰȱȱ ¢Ȃǰ5ȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯ2 ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱŗŜŝŚȱ ȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȮȱȱȱȱ ǻŘŖŖŜǼȱ¢ȱĜȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ scenarios for R2P – are all expressly ȱȱȱȱȱŘǯȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱ ǰȱȱŘȱȱȱ ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱǰȱ ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ Ĵǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ prescribed by the Principles is by predates R2P by more than half a ȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ no means limited to these same ¢ǯȱȱǰȱŘȱȱ responsibility also simply made ǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȬȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ǰȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĚǰȱȱ Ĵȱ¢ȱȱ ȱěȱȱǯȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱǰȱ states and the international ȱȱȬȱǰȱ ¢ȱȱęȱȱȱ Key similarities and differences ȱȬȱȱǯȱ ȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱŘǰȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ responsibility at the core of R2P ĞȱȱȂȱ¢ȱȱ The relevance to IDPs also informed and underpins the ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱ ȱǰȱ ǯȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȃȱȱȱȱ R2P as to whether it can be applied ȱȱ¢ȱȱ primary duty and responsibility to ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱ ȱŘȱȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ assistance to internally displaced where the state concerned is either ¡ȱ¢ȱȱǯ ȱ ȱȱȄȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ǻȱřǼǯȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱŘȱ proceed to spell out what this ęȱȱȱǯŜȱǰȱȱ ȱǰȱ¡ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ responsibility requires in all phases ȱęȱȱȱȱ inspired by international approaches ȱǱȱȱȱ not only of physical safety but also to IDP protection introduced a decade ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱǰȱ ǯȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱǯ ȁ¢ȱȱ¢Ȃǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȮȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱŘǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱěȱȱȱȱ traceable to the earliest days of IDP ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱȱ ȱ¢ǯȱȱȱ ȱȱŘȂȱȬȱ ȱĞȱȱȱȱȱȱ FMR – GP10 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES 13

ȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱ¡¢ȱȱ ȱŘȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ R2P to internal displacement and the ȱŘŖŖŞǼǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱŘȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ Ĵȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ǯȱȱȱ¡ȱ ěȱȱȱȱ ȱ reinforce and support realisation ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ acceptance of the Principles that of those parts of the Principles ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ concerned with the protection of of states and other authorities ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱŘŖŖśȱ ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱŘȂȱȱ the international community will ȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ ęȱȱȱȮȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȮȱȱȱȱȱȱ into national laws and policies in ȱǰȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱǯȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯ ¢ȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱ the Principles also specify some of ȱȱȱęȱȱĚȱ ȱ¢ȱǻ¢ȓǯ the concrete actions that realisation of ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ comǼȱȱȱȱȱĜȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱ replacement personal documentation ȱȱȱȱȱŘȱ ȱȱȱ¢Ȭ ȱ ǰȱȱ Ȃȱ in cases of real or threatened internal ȱȱ ȱȱŗşşśȱȱŘŖŖŜǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱŘŖŖŗȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ

ȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱ Řȱȱȱȱȱȱ ŗǯȱ ǰȱThe Responsibility to Protectȱǻ ǰȱŘŖŖŗǼǰȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȁĞȂȱȱȱȱȱ ĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦȬǯ ȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱ persuasion were used in Kenya to ŘǯȱȱȱȱŘŖŖśǰȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱŜŖȦŗȱǻŘŖŖśǼǰȱȱŗřŞȬŗřşǯ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȬȱȱȮȱ řǯȱ ȱǰȱThe Responsibility to Protect: Ending ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱŘǯȱ Mass Atrocity Crimes Once and For AllȱǻǰȱŘŖŖŞǼǰȱ řŜǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦȦȦŘŖŖŞȦ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ǯ¡ Anchored in the same bodies of ȱ¢ȱȱȱŘȱȱȱ ŚǯȱȱǯȱȦǯŚȦŗşşřȦřśȱǻŘŗȱ ¢ȱŗşşřǼǰȱȱŗśŗǯ international humanitarian law as the ȱ¢ȱ ¢ȱȱȱǰȱ śǯȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ¢ǱȱĚȱ ǰȱŘȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱǰȱ ȱ Management in AfricaȱǻǰȱŗşşŜǼǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯ ǯȦȦȦŗşşŜȦ¢ǯ¡ȱ ěȱǱȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ Ŝǯȱ ȱřřȱȱ¢ȱ¡ ¢ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱǰȱę¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȁ¢ȱȱǵȱǰȂȱGlobe and Mailȱǻşȱ¢ȱ ŘŖŖŞǼǲȱǰȱśśȬśŜǲȱȱȱǰȱȁ¢ȱ the basic questions of principle ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ǰȂȱ under whose authority international Yale Globalȱǻŗşȱ¢ȱŘŖŖŞǼǯȱ ŝǯȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱŘȂȱ a focus on the Responsibility to Protect in February Řȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ŘŖŖŞǯȱȱ ȱȱǰȱThe United Nations and the Responsibility to Protect, ¢ȱ¢ȱȱǻ¢ȱ acceptance and traction is a testament ȱȱȱ¢Ȭȱȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŞǼǰȱŗǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯ¢ǯ to its contribution towards re- ȱȱ ǰȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȦǯǵƽřŚś ȱȱȱȬĜȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ Şǯȱȱǯȱ ȦȦŗŗŝŖŗȱǻŗśȱ ¢ȱŘŖŖŞǼǯȱ şǯȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȁȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȃ¢ȱȱȄǱȱȱȱȱȱ ǻȱȱ¢Ȭ ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȂǰȱInternational Journal of Refugee Law ǻŘŖŖŞǼǰȱśřŜǯȱĴǱȦȦħǯ ȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ¡ǯȦ ȱŘȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱ People ÁHHLQJ ¢Ȭ Ȃȱȱȱ attacks on ȱŘȱȱǱȱȃȱȱ their villages states are united in their support for pitch a makeshift ȱȱȱŘȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ camp on the ŝ ȱȱǯȄ ȱȱ¢Ȭ outskirts of ȱȱ Ȭǰȱȱȱ Goz Beida ȱȱŘǰȱ ȱȱ town, Chad, 2006. ȱȱȃȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ǲȱ ȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ǯȱǽǳǾȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱ ȱǯȄŞ In the absence of such a ǰȱȱǲȱ ȱę¢ǰȱȱȱ ȱȱŘȱȱȃȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ in political rhetoric remains a road ȱȱ¢ǯȄ9ȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱ ȱǰȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱ UNHCR/ Helene Caux 14 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES FMR – GP10 Achievements and limitations of the Guiding Principles in Burma Thailand Burma Border Consortium

While the Guiding Principles have galvanised awareness done Ĵȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ of and assistance for IDPs in Burma, they have been an ĚȬěȱǯȱȱ ineffective tool for dealing with a predatory military junta. ȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȂȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ share of the costs and are denied outlined1ǰȱȬȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱęǯȱ displacement has been a reality in ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȃȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ displacement may be caused by ȱȱ ȱȱȱŗşśŖǯȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȄ2 has also been ǯȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ are due to state-led ȱęǰȱ ȱǰȱȱ ȱǰȱ ȱȱ ǰȱȱǰȱ ¢ȱ¡ǰȱ extortion and restrictions ȱȱȱęȱȱ ǯȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ of these factors is distinct ȱȱ¢ǰȱ ęȬȱȁȱ Ȃȱȱ¢ȱ A Burmese family heads associated with towards ȱǯ a relief camp near Kungyangan ȱȱȂȱ Township, ȱȱ UNHCR May 2008. on humanitarian space ȱĚȬěȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱ helped to mobilise funds for cross- ȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĚȱĚǰȱȱ underpin international humanitarian awareness about displacement and ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ Ȃȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȬęȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱǰȱȱǰȱȱȱ assistance and that such assistance ȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȱ ȱȂȱȱ ȱ should not be considered a threat ěȱĴȱȱȱ ȱ Ȭȱȱ ȱȱ¢ǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȦ has resonated in Burma as state- ȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱȱęȱȱǯ ȱȱȱ cross-border aid into Burma is not ȱĞȱȱȱ ¢ȱęȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱǯ3 ȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ that it is not only proximity to ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȂȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ěȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱęȱȱȱ FMR – GP10 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES 15

ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ It is now accepted that if national Burma Border Consortium ( ǯǯ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ orǼǰȱȱ ȱȱŗŗȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱ the requirement to address its ¢ȱȱȱĞȱ Ȭȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ǯŜ ȱȱȱǯ ȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱĞȱ ȱĞȱȱȱȱȱ ŗǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯ ǯȦǯm ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ Řǯȱȱ ȱǭȱȱ ǰȱŗşşşǰȱHandbook for ŘŖŖŞǰȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱ Applying the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, ȱǰȱśȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦȦȦȦ access continue elsewhere in Burma ȱȬȱȱ Ȧ ǯf ȱ¢ȱȱěȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ řǯȱȱǰȱŘŖŖŖǰȱȁ ȱǱȱ ȱ ȱȱĚȬěȱ ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȂǰȱForced Migration Review,ȱȱŜǰȱĴǱȦȦ ǯ ǯȦ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ Ȃȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȦŖŜȦŜŖŞǯf ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ Śǯȱ¢ȱ ǰȱśȱ ȱŘŖŖŞǰȱȁȱȱ and humanitarian law in eastern ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȂǰȱASAȱŗŜȦŖŗŗȦŘŖŖŞȱĴǱȦȦ ǯ¢ǯȦȦ¢ȦȦŗŜȦŖŗŗȦŘŖŖŞȦn Burma could constitute crimes ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱŘŖŖŞǰȱInternal Displacement and ȱ¢ǯ4 International ȱȱǯ International Law in Eastern Burma. ĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦ Ȧǯm ȱȱȱĚȱȱ śǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯ ǯȦ ȦǯȦşŖŖ Ȧ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ Ĵȱ¢ȱȱ ȬŝŚ ǵt ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ Ŝǯȱȱ ȱ¢ǰȱŘŖŖśȱȱȱȱ 5 ǰȱȱǯȱȦȦŜŖȦŗǰȱŘŚȱȱŘŖŖśǰȱȱŗřŞȱ Ĵȱȱȱȱǯ (ȓǯǼȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱǰȱȱŗŜŝŚǯ Protecting IDPs in Europe Corien Jonker

Over the past decade the 47-member Council of Europe ȱȱȱȱȱ has put a considerable amount of effort into promoting the ȱȱȱȱȱȱ 3 Guiding Principles. ȱȱ ȱǯ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱŚŝȱȱȱ1 Ĵȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱĴȱȱ member state is protected by the ȱȱ¡¢ȱŘǯśȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǯȱ¢ǰȱ¢ȱ ȱŗřȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱ2 ȱǯȱȱȱȬŗşşŖǰȱ found a durable solution to their ȱȱȱȱȬȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ Ȭȱ ȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯ ¡ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱę¢ǯȱ Ěȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱȱěȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ǰȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ they are usually entitled to the same ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱǯȱ ȱȱŗşşŞǯȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȮȱ£ħǰȱ ȱȱȱȱǰ4 and ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȮȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ęȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱǯȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȂȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ recommendations and resolutions ǯȱ¡¢ǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ – on issues such as the education the countries with the least prospect Ĵȱ ȱȱȱȬȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ of return of their IDP populations ȱȱȱ countries and the humanitarian in the near future because of the ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ situation of displaced populations ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǰȱȬȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǻǰȱȱ¢ǰȱ Ǽǯȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱŘŖŖŜǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĴȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ¢Ȃȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ 16 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES FMR – GP10

ȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ solutions that will help displaced ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǻǯȓ ǯǼȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱȱȱȂȱ ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ Ĵȱȱǰȱȱ There is no question that the primary ȱȱȱĴǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǻȱĴǱȦȦ ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ǯǯȦǯǵƽȦ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ĴȦ ȦȏǯǼǯ ȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ŗǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦ ȱȱěȱ ȱę¢ȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ŘǯȱȱȱǻŘŖŖŜǼŜȱȱȱĴȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱ instruments to hold states and their ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱǻȱśȱȱŘŖŖŜǼȱ expertise and political will to address ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ řǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦȦ śŖǯ Śǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱęȱ¢ȱȱ ǯȱ ȱ all we need to end ostrich-style ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ Ȃȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ economic constraints and are unable ǰȱǰȱ Ȭ ȱȱĜȱȱ ȱǯ ȱȱ Ȃȱȱȱȱȱ Experience of the Guiding Principles in Georgia Iulia Kharashvili, Ilya Kharashvili and Koba Subeliani

*HRUJLDKDVPDGHVLJQLÀFDQWVWULGHVWRZDUGVLQFRUSRUDWLQJ ȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱ ȱ the Principles in policy and practice. ǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱ ȱȱŘŖŖŞȱȱȬ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȬ conditions for IDPs and ensure their is paid to the protracted displacement ȱȱȱȱ¢Ȭ ȱȱ¢ǯȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱĚȱ ȱȱ ȱǰȱ ęȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ in 1991-1993 which caused most ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱŘŖŖŖȱȱ ȱȱȮȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ the free and informed choice of ȱȱȱ£ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ Ĝ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ǯ2 ǰȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱĚȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱȱĜȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ ǯȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱŘŘŘǰŜŗŜǯȱ ȱŘŖŖřȱȱ ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱŚśƖȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ Ȯȱȱȱǰȱȱ to explain the Principles to local ȱŗŘŞǰŝŖŖȱȱȱ ȱǰȱǰȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱŘŖŖřȱȱȱȱ into dependence on humanitarian ǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǯ3ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱĚȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱǻǼȱȱ ȱ ȱȮȱȱȱȱȮȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱǰȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ǯȱ their IDP status and entitlement ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ĝȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱǯ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȬȱȂȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱ ȱȱŘŖŖśȱȱ §ȱȮȱ ȱȱAddressing Internal ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȂȱȱȮȱȱ Displacement: A Framework for National return with the de facto authorities ǯȱȱȱ Responsibility.4 This has helped ensure ȱ£ȱȱȱȱȱ in his mission report1 spurred the the humanitarian response has met ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱ ŗşşŜȱȮȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱěȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȮȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ FMR – GP10 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES 17

Reverend László Lehel, director of Hungarian Interchurch Aid, meets people displaced by WKHFRQÁLFW in Georgia,

HIA-ACT International. September 2008.

ŗǯȱĴǱȦȦǯǯȦȦȦ Ȧ displacement and ensure that the řŚǰŖŖŖȱ ȱȱȱěȱ¢ȱ ŖŜȦŗŘŖȦŗŚȦȦ ŖŜŗŘŖŗŚǯǵt ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ ȱȱŘŖŖŞȱĚȱ ȱȱ ŘǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦȦȦ ȬȬ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ Ȧǯx ȱ ȱȱǰȱȱ ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ řǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯ ǯȦ Ȧ ǯȦşŖŖ Ȧ Ȭ ŝ Řǵt ȱȱȱ¢ȱ£ǰȱ ȱȱȱŜǰŖŖŖȱ ȱ ŚǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦȦȦŘŖŖśŖŚŖŗȏ has played a prominent role in the ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǯx ȱ¢ǯȱ¢ȱǱ ǯȱ ȱȱǰȱȱ śǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯ ǯǯe ȱȱȱȱ ȱ N ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱ Life stories of IDPs ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ The Internal Displacement ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ Monitoring Centre (IDMC www. N ȱȱȱ ȱȮȱ ȱȱȱȱ internal-displacement.org) with the on minimum standards of ȱȱȱȮȱȱȱ support of the Panos London’s Oral humanitarian assistance ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ Testimony Programme (www.panos. assistance and durable solutions org.uk/oraltestimony) interviewed N assisted the authorities in ȱȱǯȱȱȱ IDPs in Georgia and Colombia to communications with international ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ record their personal experiences ȱȱȱ or to stay temporarily in shelters of forced displacement and what ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ it means to be displaced. N helped publicise on the ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱǻǯȓ IDMC’s IDP Voices website (www. ȱȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǯǯeǼȱȱȱȱȱ idpvoices.org) gives access to a ȱȱǯ5ȱ ¢ȱ wide range of IDPs’ stories and ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǻŗŘřȓǯǼȱȱȱ voices in written and audio formats, ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ Ȭȱȱȱ ȱȱ organised by country and by rights ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ as stated in the Guiding Principles. ȱȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ Books published on IDP voices in substantial numbers of people to ǯȱ ȱȱǻ¡ȓ Colombia (Let It Be Known, published ǯȱȱǰȱ ǰȱȱ ¢ǯǼǰȱǰȱȱȱ in Spanish and English) and Georgia ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȂȱ ȱ (Heavy Burden, available in Georgian, that the presence of European Union Group (and recently appointed Russian and English) can also be ȱ ȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ downloaded from this website. reality is that there are still more than ȱȱ Ǽǯȱ 18 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES FMR – GP10

Regional approaches to incorporating the Guiding Principles Walter Kälin, the UN Secretary- work with regional organisations regional organisation may General’s Representative on to develop region-wide, place greater pressure on the Human Rights of Internally binding conventions. While individual states to actually Displaced Persons, has – like the negotiations may be more IXOÀOWKHLUFRPPLWPHQWV lengthy, involving as they do a his predecessor – sought to number of states, the impact The best examples to date ‘harden’ soft law by encouraging PD\EHJUHDWHUÀUVWO\EHFDXVH of incorporating the Guiding states to develop national several states accede to regional Principles in regional approaches laws and policies based on conventions at the same time are in Africa, as discussed the Guiding Principles. A and secondly because being in this article by Brigitta parallel track has been to subject to the scrutiny of a Jaksa and Jeremy Smith. Africa: from voluntary principles to binding standards Brigitta Jaksa and Jeremy Smith

A continent-wide Convention to protect IDPs in Africa could N ȱǰȱȱȱ VRRQEHDGRSWHGE\WKH$IULFDQ8QLRQ,IVXIÀFLHQWO\UREXVW ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱ and aligned closely with the Guiding Principles, it would send ȱȱȬȱ ǯȱ ǰȱȱ a powerful signal about Africa’s determination to address ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ IDP issues. ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȃȬ Ȅȱȱȱ ȱ With as many IDPs in Africa – 12 ǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȃǰȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ million – as in the rest of the world ȱȱȄȱǰȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ about public and parliamentary already shown leadership in the Principle 4 which outlaws ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ ȱȱǯȱ ŘŖŖŜǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ N on the Protection and Assistance ȱȱȱȱ N ȱȱȱ ȱ to Internally Displaced Persons1 ȱȱȱ ȱ Ȃȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ Principle 1 that IDPs “shall protection and humanitarian ȱȱ ȱǯȱ ¢ȱǳȱȱȱȱ assistance – or to enable others The decision by African Union freedoms under international ȱȱȱȮȱȱǱȱ ǻǼȱȱȱŘŖŖŜȱȱȱ and domestic law as do other ȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȬ ȱȱȱ¢ǯȄȱȱǰȱ ȱǰȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ potentially undermines the ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȃȱǰȱ ȱȱǯȱȱ¡Ǳȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ¡ȱȱ£ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ǰȱ of Internal Displacement and the ¢ȱȱȱǯȄ impartiality and independence Protection of and Assistance to N ȱȱȃęȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ Internally Displaced Persons in Ȅȱȱȱ¢ȱ ¢¢ǰȱȱȱȃȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ not empower IDP women to Ȅȱȱ ȱȱȱȱŘŖŖşȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱǲȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱĞȱȱȱ¢ȱ what is considered solely a limited role in assessment of ȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ ȱȂȱ¢ǯ ȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ that a state could choose to decide ȱȱȱȱǯ N ȱȱȱȱ ȱ Ȃȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȬȱ ȱȱȱȱ N ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱ¢ȱęǰȱ ¢ȱǲȱȱȱȱ states to refrain from and such non-state actors cannot when states are unable to protect ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱǯ and assist IDPs sometimes FMR – GP10 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES 19

ȱȱȱȃȄȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ international assistance and ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ Ȃȱęȱ sometimes merely that they ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȮȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȃ¢Ȅǲȱȱȱȱȱȱ institution intended to be the ȱȱȱȱ ǯ condition that outside assistance ȃȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȃ¡ȱ ǽǾȱȄ but which is not Ĵȱ ȱǻȓǯǼȱ ȱǽǾȱȱȱ ¢ȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ Ȅȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱ (¢ȓǯǼȱȱȱ creates a mechanism by which a ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ Action ( ǯǯǼǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȂȱ2 Ȭȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱ ȱȱęȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ N ȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȂȱ ǯ ȱȱǯȱȱĞȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱǰȱȱ ŗǯȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȂȱȱ ŗŗȱǰȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ Ȭ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱǯ ȱȱȂȱ ǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦȦ ȱȱȱ ȦȦ ȏ ǯf does not specify its functions or ȱȱȱȱ ŘǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦȦȏȦȏǯl ¢ȱȱǯ ǰȱȱ ȱȱ Can the Guiding Principles PDNHDGLIIHUHQFHLQ.HQ\D" Jacqueline Klopp and Nuur Mohamud Sheekh

Kenya has signed the Regional Pact on Security, Stability ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ DQG'HYHORSPHQWLQWKH*UHDW/DNHV5HJLRQ1 which includes ȱȱȱȱȱ legally binding IDP protection protocols based substantially ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ on the Guiding Principles. Potentially, advocates could use the Pact to enhance efforts to assist those still displaced as ȱ¢ȱŘŖŖŞǰȱȱȱ a result of violence following elections in December 2007. ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ǻȱȱ Ǽǯȱȱȱ Prior to the most recent bout of ȱȱŗşşŘǰȱŗşşŝȱȱŘŖŖŘǰȱ ȱȱ ǰȱȱȱ ȱȱ ¢ǰȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȬ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱěȱȮȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȬȱ displacement as a “permanent ȱȱŗŖǰŖŖŖȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱ Ȅȱȱ ¢Ȃȱ¢ǯ3 ǻ¡¢ȱǞŗŘŝǼȱ ȱěȱ ȱȱĴȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱŗǯřȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱǻ¡¢ȱȱǞŗŜǯśȱ ȱȱȱ number of concerns about Rudi million2ǼȱȱȱŘŖŖŝȬŖŞȱęȱ¢ȱ ȱŘŞȱ¢ȱŘŖŖŞȱȱ ¢ǰȱȱȱȱǱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱ ȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ N compensation or business ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȬȱȱȱ support loans Ĵȱ¢ȱ ȱǰȱ caused mass displacement and put ȱ ȱȱȱ ǯȱęȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ N preparations for security and ȱȱȱęȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ reconciliation in places of return ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ N ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱ wish to return or had no access ȱŜŖŖǰŖŖŖȱȱ ȱȱ announced its intention to close to land ȱȱŗǰśŖŖȱȱĞȱȱ IDP camps situated in stadia and ȱȱŘŝȱȱŘŖŖŝǯȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱŘŖŖŞǯȱ N ȱȱȱȱ of these people had been displaced ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ Ȧ ȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱ ęȱȱȱȱ and displaced children in ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ foster families and in school 20 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES FMR – GP10

N communication with IDPs ŗŖǰŖŖŖȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǰȱȱ ǰȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯ them with no information ȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ been narrowly focused on the ȱ ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ Ȭ Ğȱ¢ǰȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ While some IDPs successfully ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ ěȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ decided not to return to places Ĵȱȱȱǯ ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱ The way forward bodies could do more to stress the ȱȱşŖƖȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱ Principles in their interaction with Ĵȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱŘŘŖǰŖŖŖȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱĜȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ¢ȱ ȱȱŘŖŖŞǯ4ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱǰȱȱ ǰȱ¢ȱȱ Ȭȱ ended up in urban slums without ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱǰȱȱǯ ¢ȱȱǯȱ¢Ȭ ǯȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ poor community members are ǯȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ issues fall within the realm ȱȱǯȱ ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱ meant that as episodes of ȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĞȱ ȱȱ ȱǯȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ is sustained policy ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱ reconciliation and ȱǯȱ If displacement is to stop ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ¢ǰȱȱ ȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ

ȱ ȱ (ŘŖŖŘȓǯ eduǼȱȱȱȱ Bernard Thomas Barrett Thomas Barrett Bernard ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱěȱ Displaced ¢ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ǯȱȱ families prepare claim that its policies are based on ȱȱǻǯȓ meals, ȱ ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱ ǯhǼȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ ȱ Elburgon ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȂȱ ȱȱ Primary ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǻĴǱȦȦ ǯ School, near Molo ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯ ȬǯǼǯ in Kenya, Principles as IDPs were not consulted ŗǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯȬǯ January 5 ȱĴȱǯ ȱ ȱ Yet clearly much more needs to be ȦŞŖŘśŝŖŞŖŖŚŖŜȦǻĴ ¢¢¢ǼȦ 2008. ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱ śşŖŗŗŗŘśŝŘŚŞŖŖŘŝŚŝȦǞęȦ ƖŘŖ ƖŘŖȏǯf ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ ȱȱȱȱȬȱ Řǯȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱŘŖŖŞǯ headed households in urban centres ȱȱȱȱȱ řǯȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱǰȱ as parents fear for their safety in should create a clear national IDP ŘŝŗǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯȦȦ ȬŘŖŖŞǯf places of return or abandon them ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ŚǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯǯȦ ȦȬȦŗŖśŜȦŚŝŚřřŜȦȬȦ ŜśŜȦȬȦ¡ǯl ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ śǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯ ǯȦǯ¡ǵ ƽŞŖşŚŞ ȱȱȱȱǯŜ The incoherent ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ and ĴǱȦȦǯȦȦŘŖŖŞŗŖŘşŖŖŚŗǯl ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ŜǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦ¢¢Ȧ¢ȏŚśŜŚŗǯ html and ĴǱȦȦ ǯ ǯȦǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ It is also important to raise awareness ¡ǵ ƽŞŖŘŜŝ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱ FMR – GP10 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES 21 Uganda’s response to displacement: contrasting policy and practice Ruth Mukwana and Katinka Ridderbos

$QRIWHQRYHUORRNHGDVSHFWRIQRUWKHUQ8JDQGD·VSURWUDFWHG ȱȱȱȱȱ FRQÁLFWLVWKDWWKHPDLQGULYHURIGLVSODFHPHQWZDVWKH ȱȱȱȱĜȱ Ugandan government’s decision to force civilians into ǯȱĴȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ‘protected villages’. Peace may be in sight but more must ȱĴǯȱȱȱȱ EHGRQHWRPDNHDUHDOLW\RI8JDQGD·VPRXOGEUHDNLQJ under further pressure as a result national IDP policy. ȱȱȱĚ¡ȱȱȱ actors and the subsequent decision Ěȱ ȱȱȱ Ȃȱȱ¢ȱȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȂȱ ȱ ȱȱȱŘŖŖŚǰȱ Ĵȱǻ ǼȱȮȱȱȱ Resistance Army (LRA) has ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ humanitarian coordination ȱȱȱŗǯŞȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ mechanism1ȱȮȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱ ¢Ȭ ȱȱ ȱ country for the implementation of the ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱ ȱǯ2ȱ¢ȱȬȬȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱ international actors failed to consult ȱȂȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȬȱȱ ȱȱȱŘŖŖŘȱȱ ȱ ȱǰȱ Ǳ the cluster approach set up parallel displacement crisis worsened when structures for the coordination ȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ N holistically addresses protection ȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱěȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ǻȱ ȱǼǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ the international community did ȱȱȱȁȱ Ĵȱȱ Ĵȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ Ȃȱȱȱȱȁȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ Ȃǰȱǯǯȱȱǯȱ N ȱȱ ȱȃȱȱȱ between national and local ȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱĴȱȱ Forced encampment dramatically and humanitarian assistance from with IDPs and failure to allocate ȱ¢ǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȄ ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱĴȱȱȱ ȱ ȱĞȱȱȱ N ȱ ȱȃȱȱȱȱȱ Ğȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ęȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱĴȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȂȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȄ ȱȱȱęȱȱŘŖŖŜǯȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȮȱȱ the LRA has yet to be persuaded ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ N ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱȱ ȱȱȱęǯȱȱȱ Ĵȱȱȱȱ – in part due to the International ȱȱȁȱȂȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȂȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ leaders – the security situation in conditions in the camps entrenched N ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ Ȯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ displaced women and youth ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ well as suppliers of its cadres – that ȱȱȱȱȱȱ they were politically and socially N has been translated into ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ǯȱ ȱŘŖŖřȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȮȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ national and international response ǰȱȱȱ there is confusion about the roles ȱȱȱȱ and responsibilities of national and ȱȱȂȱ ȱȱȱ N represents a commitment by the ȱǰȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ǯ3 The multiple ȱǻǼǰȱ ȱǰȱȱ of standards to which actors can coordination mechanisms created describe the humanitarian crisis in ȱȱȱǯ in the earlier phase of the crisis ȱȱȱȱȃȱ must be streamlined to allow Ĵǰȱȱȱ Implementation of the IDP Policy ȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ǯȄ ȱěȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ 22 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES FMR – GP10

A displaced girl cares for her younger sibling in an IDP camp in

northern Together Churches by Jeffrey/Action Paul Uganda.

ȱȱęȱȱǰȱȱ ȱ ęȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĚȱ ¢ǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ and allocate more resources to ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ǯȱȱ ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱ and informed decisions on whether ȱ ȱǻ ȓǯǼȱ ȱȱȬȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱĴǯȱ ȱȱ ȱěȱĜȱ and helped prepare local authorities ǻǼȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱŘŖŖśȱȱȬȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱĜȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȮȱȱ ȱěȱǻ Ȭȱ ȱěȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȮȱȱ ĴǱȦȦǯǯǼǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǻǯȓ ȱȱȱěȱ¢ȱĚǯȱ ȱȱȂȱ ǯhǼȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ Failure to address the root causes of ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱĚȱȱȱȱȱęȱ ȱǯ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱȱǻ ǯ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȮȱȱ ȱȱȱǯ4 The ȬǯǼǯȱ

ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ŗǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦc ȱ¢ȱ ȱȮȱ ȱĴȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ ŘǯȱȱȱŘŖǰȱĴǱȦȦ ǯ ǯȦ Ȃȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ǯm řǯȱ¡ǰȱȁȱ¢ȱȱ¢Ǳȱȱ displacement and create conditions ǰȱȱǰȱ ȱȂȱȂǰȱȱŘŖŖŞǯȱȱĴǱȦȦ ȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ǯ¡ǯȦęȦŗŗŞȬȬȬ¢Ȭ ȱȱȱ Ȭ¢ǯf Śǯȱ ¢ȱǰȱȁȂȱ ȱ¢ȂǰȱȱŘŝǰȱ ¢ȱ The peace process has created an ȱȱȱěȱȱ ŘŖŖŝǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯ ǯȦȦŘŝȦśřǯ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱ pdf FMR – GP10 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES 23 Guiding Principle 29 and the right to restitution Rhodri C Williams

The emergence of a right to post-displacement property ǰȱȱȱȱȱ UHVWLWXWLRQUHSUHVHQWVDVLJQLÀFDQWGHYHORSPHQWLQKXPDQ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ rights law in the ten years since the Guiding Principles were ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȱ¢ȱ submitted. While Guiding Principle 29 has contributed to ȱȱǰȱ WKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKLVULJKWVLJQLÀFDQWREVWDFOHVUHPDLQ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ to its consistent application in displacement settings. ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ failure in implementation results in ȱȱǯȱȱȱ¢ȱ Ȅȱȱȱȃȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ Principle 29(2) states that: them property of which they were and local and national authorities “Competent authorities have the ǯȄȱȱ¡ȱęȱ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ ǯȱ duty and responsibility to assist a methodical push to restore the ȱ£ȱĚǰȱȱȱ returned and/or resettled internally ¢ȱȱȱȂȱǰȱ ¢ȱǯȱǰȱ ȱȱ displaced persons to recover, to the ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ extent possible, their property and ŘŖŖǰŖŖŖȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ possessions which they left behind ȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱ ȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ or were dispossessed of upon their ȱȱȬȱȬĚȱ ȱ ǰ4 the recent incursion by displacement. When recovery of ¢ȱȱȱȱǯ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ such property and possessions is not ȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ possible, competent authorities shall The Bosnia experience helped shape provide or assist these persons in ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ¡ǰȱȱ obtaining appropriate compensation ŘŖŖŜȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ or another form of just reparation.” ¢ȱȱȁȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȂȱĜȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ as restitution in addition to fair where landlessness was widespread ȱ ȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱ ǯ1ȱȱȱęȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱǰȱ IDPs to reclaim abandoned property ȱȱȬȱȱ where the population has nearly ȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱŘŖŖśȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȁȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰ2 ǰȱȱȱȱ Ȃȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱęȱȱȃȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ people to the frontiers of their country ȱ¢ȱȱȄȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȮȱȱȱĞȱȱȱ ȱȱȃȱȱǳȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ǯ ȱȱǯȱ ǰȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȬȄȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱęȱ ȱęȱ ȱǰȱȱȱ ȱěȱȱȱȱȱ as a procedural entitlement to a fair ȱȱȱȱĚȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ǯȱ ǰȱ ȱȬȱ ȱ principles of international law ȱ¢ȱǰȱȱ ¢ȱęȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱǯȱ ȱǯ While traditional systems should be ¢ǰȱ ȱȱĞȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱĞȱ that durable solutions for IDPs were ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱ¢ȱȱĞȱȬ ȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱ ȱȱ¢Ȭ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱěȱȱ ȱěȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȬĚȱ¢ȱǯ3 ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ ǰȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱĚȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ěȱǰȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȂȱȱȱ ȱŗşşśȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱǰ5 which ended the war in Bosnia and ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱĜȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ own property without discrimination “freely to return to their homes of ǰȱ ȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ 24 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES FMR – GP10

pastoral communities to special ȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ Displaced Persons: A Manual protection of their property but fails The promise of Principle 29(2) has for Law and Policy-Makers ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱęȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ traditional inheritance systems ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȬȱǯȱ ȱȱ ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ŗǯȱĴǱȦȦ ŘǯǯȦȦ Ȧ¢ǯm ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ŘǯȱȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦȦĴȦƖŘŖ ȱȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱǯ ǯf ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ řǯȱȱȁȱȱȱ¢Ȭ ȱȱȱȱ Ambitious restitution plans are ȱǯȱȱǻrcw200@ ȱȱȱȱĚȂǰȱŘŖŖŝ ĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦȦȦȦ ȱȱȱȱ ¢ǯmǼȱȱȱ ǯǵƽȦŘŖŖŝȦŜŚ3 ȱ ǯȱ¡ȱȱȱŘŖŖŚȱ of property restitution in Bosnia ŚǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦ ȦȦȦŘŖŖŝȦşŗŚŘǯ tsunami and other natural disasters ȱȱ£ȱȱ¢ȱ ǯm śǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦȦȦȦ ȏ has led to increased awareness that ȱȱȱǻǼǯȱ ȱǯf ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱĞȱProtecting Internally Obstacles to realising Guiding Principle 29 in Afghanistan Megan Bradley

Restoring property to displaced Afghans is a formidable ǰȱȱȱȱ challenge. Given the prevalence of landlessness, overlapping ȱȱȱȱȱȱ claims and inequitable property distribution, focusing ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȄȱ VROHO\RQUHVWRULQJODQGWRLWV¶RULJLQDORZQHUV·LVXQOLNHO\WR meet the needs of IDPs, returnees and their neighbours. ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱŘşȱȱǱȱȃȱ ǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ ¡ȱĴȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱĞȱȱ ȱȱȱŗřŖǰŖŖŖȱ ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȦ or were dispossessed of upon their ȁȂȱȱȱȱȱ ȱĴȱ¢ȱȱ ǯȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱ¡ȱ such property and possessions is not ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱĚǰȱ ȱȱ ǰȱĚȱ ȱǯȱ ȱęȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ returned from ȱȱ 1 ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ǰȱȱ ¢ȱĞȱȱ the resources and power necessary to ȱ¢ǰȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǯ

ȱȱ land is intense in a ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ birth rate where only 12% of land IDP camp, ȱǯȱȱ Kabul, ȱĚȱȱ Afghanistan, IRIN/Manoocher Deghati June 2008 ȱȱ FMR – GP10 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES 25

ȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱ ěȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ěȱȱǰȱĞȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢Ȃȱȁȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ Ȃȱȱȱȱ ȱĚȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ restitution processes in countries ȱŘşȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ǯȱȂȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱĴȱ ȱȱǯȱȱ ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȬ ȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ £ȬęȬȱȱȱȱ in other cases multiple people ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȂȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ǰȱ ȱĞȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ¢ȱȱǯ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ The courts cannot be relied upon ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱ ǰȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȂȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱěȱ ȱ ȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱ is needed to explore how customary ȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȬȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĞȱȱǰȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȂȱȱǰȱ enforcement is extremely limited and as shura and jirgaȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱŘşǰȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ Ğȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ are based on sharia law but men ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ĵȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱ who participate in them also follow ȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯ customary laws which may be more ȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ ǰȱ¢ȱȱ ȱŘşȱȱĚȱȱȱ Ȃȱǯȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ¢ȱǻǯ¢ȓǯ ŘŖŖŗȱȱȱęȱǰ2 ȱ ȱȱshura and jirga is ¡ǯǯǼȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢Ȃȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱŘşȱȱǰȱȱ ǰȱ¢ȱȱ¡ǯ ȱȱȱ ǯȱ¢ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȱȱ ŗǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦǯl ȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ ŘǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦȬȦ¡Ȧ¡ȦȦǯ ¢3ȱȃȱȱȱȱȱ decisions and are less corrupt and ǵƽ ǭƽřśşşŖŚ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱǯ4 řǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯǯf ǽǾȱȱ¢Ȅǯȱȱ Śǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱshura and ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȬ jirgaȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦǯ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ

about safety and transportation problems because there is Guiding Principle 23 no school nearby: “Our children have to walk more than 6 km or have to hire an auto. We don’t have enough bus services. Every human being has the right to education … To give effect Because of that our girls can’t continue their education.” to this right for internally displaced persons, the authorities concerned shall ensure that such persons, in particular In Juba, southern Sudan, parents lament that “Some go displaced children, receive education which shall be free to school, whose parents can afford, but most cannot.” and compulsory at the primary level. Education should Other barriers to schooling include damaged school respect their cultural identity, language and religion. buildings and supplies, untrained teachers, unfamiliar languages, loss of necessary documents for entry to Most IDPs consider education an essential factor in their school, and inability to meet residency requirements. children’s development. “I don’t need wealth but I do want education – I want there to be a future for our children,” In several countries IDPs report discrimination against asserts a Ugandan IDP. In Peru, some IDPs will not return their children. In Sudan, southern Sudanese IDPs home because of a lack of schools in areas of return, while complain of religious and racial discrimination. A young in Mozambique returning IDPs left their children behind IDP man who had gone to school in Khartoum says that temporarily so they could continue their education. Schooling is “We learned Islamic doctrines in Khartoum by force.” seen also as a means of normalising their children’s life and as A boy in Colombia had been told by his teacher: “No a security measure, providing safety against sexual exploitation, wonder you are so stupid – you are a displaced.” military recruitment and being preyed upon by criminal gangs. Interviews carried out by the Brookings-Bern Project on Yet IDP parents in Georgia and Colombia point to lack of school Internal Displacement. See Brookings-Bern Project supplies, proper clothing and shoes as factors preventing report ‘Listening to the Voices of the Displaced: their children from attending school, while in Indonesia high Lesson Learned’ at http://www.brookings.edu/ tuition fees pose problems. In Sri Lanka, parents complain reports/2008/09_internal_displacement_cohen.aspx 26 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES FMR – GP10 6HHNLQJHOHFWRUDOHTXDOLW\IRU IDP voters Jeremy Grace and Jeff Fischer

*XLGLQJ3ULQFLSOHDIÀUPV,'3V·´ULJKWWRYRWHDQGWR need not undermine the transparency participate in governmental and public affairs, including of the electoral process or threaten the right to have access to the means necessary to exercise Ȃȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ this right.” Despite the clarity of this language, there is no ȱǰȱȱȱȱ set of universally accepted policies and practices protecting ȱȱȱȱ IDP voting rights. ę¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱ IDPs are protected by the full The reasons for this discrimination ȱȱ¢ȱȱ spectrum of constitutional ¢ǯȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ protections and applicable human ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱ may appear to be beyond the means ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ

ȱȱǱ

N the sustained focus on IDP ȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ¢Ȭ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ¢ȱȱ ǯȱǰȱȱ¡ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯ1

N ȱĴȱȱ displacement issues in the election ȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ£ȱȱ¢ȱ Brett Lacy Brett ȱȱȱ

IDPs queue ȱȱȱȱěȱȱ ȱȱŘŖŖśȱȱȱ N ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ outside a their state on a non-discriminatory where IDP participation was possible ȱȱȱ ȱȱ makeshift polling centre ǯȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȂȱŘŖŖŝ to vote in ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱěȱȱȱǰȱ Handbook for the Protection of Liberia’s measures necessary to meet these ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ Internally Displaced Persons and August 2005 presidential ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱĚȬ ȱ and ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ IDPs: Assessment for Action2 legislative ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱ elections N in Margibi ȱȱ¢ȱȱ Ȯȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ County. sometimes tolerated blatantly election – disenfranchisement ȱȱȱ discriminatory limitations on the ȱǰȱȱȱȱ in IDP communities by ȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȬȱȱȬ ȱȱȱȱ ¡ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ ǰȱȱȱ N ǰȱȱȱȱ onerous residency and documentation ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĜȱ ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ include IDPs in electoral processes ¢ȱȱ ȱ£ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ about electoral processes and ȱȱȱȬěȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ ¢ȱǯȱ ȱȱ ȱǯ3 FMR – GP10 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES 27

What still needs to be done? ȱȱǰȱ¢ȱ ęȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ IDP political participation remains ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ Ȃȱȱǯȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ Ȭęȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱ Ĝȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ operational and security issues ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǻȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱǯȱȱ ǯȱ ǰȱȱ ȱȱ census bureaus or social welfare ǰȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ Ǽǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȬĚȱȱȱ ȱǱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ capacity to transparently conduct ȱȱǲȱȱ ȱȱȱĜȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ Ĵǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱǯ ǲȱȱ ǰȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ ¢ȱǲȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ęȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǲȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ¢ǰȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱǲȱȱ international electoral assistance help the international community that humanitarian assistance ȱȱȱȱ Ĵȱȱȱȱ Ȧȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǲȱ Ȃȱ¢ȱȱȱ that conform to fundamental ȱȱȬȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯ ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ the fundamental principles of non- ȱȱȱ£ǯȱ ȱ Jeremy Grace (¢ȓ¢ǯ ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ comǼȱȱ ěȱȱǻęěȓ extent to which displacement issues International mediators should ǯtǼȱȱȱȱ ęȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱ pressure national authorities to ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱǯȱ¢ȱȱȱ discrimination may be embedded ȱȱȱęȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱ support professionals and as ȱ ȱȱ ȱǯȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯ ǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯ

ȱ ȱȱȱ Ȭęȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ŗǯȱĴǱȦȦ ŘǯǯȦȦȦȦǯm ȱȱȱ ǯȱȱ ȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ŘǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯȬǯ ȱ ȱȱȱȬȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȦŞŖŘśŝŚŝŖŖřŝśȦǻĴǼȦŘşŖşŝş ŞŜřşśşŗŘśŝŚŜŖŖŚŘŗŞȦǞęȦ ȏǯf ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǻȱǼ ȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱȱ ȱ¢Ȭ ǰȱȱ ȱ řǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦǅs Time to apply the Guiding Principles in Nepal Shiva K Dhungana

While Nepal’s new Maoist-led government drags its heels ȱȱȱŘŖŖŜȱ ȱȱ in implementing the country’s national policy on IDPs, the ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ QHHGVRIWKRVHGLVSODFHGE\FRQÁLFWFRQWLQXHWRJRXQPHW ȱ ȱȱśŖȬŝŖǰŖŖŖȱĚȬ ȱ ȱȱȱŘŖŖŝǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ had been displaced by natural ęȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱřśǰŖŖŖȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱ fear and distrust that return is a safe the issues of protection and ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ ǰȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȮȱȱȱȱȱȱȮȱȱ and insecurity of land tenure ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱȱǯȱȱ ŗşşŖǯȱȱĚȱęǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ international community drew There is no accurate data on the ȱȱȱȱȱ Ĵȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱǻǼȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĚȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱŘŖŖŜȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱ Ěȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȃȱȱȄȱ ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ ȱȱĚȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ŘŖŖǰŖŖŖȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱĚȱȱȱ 28 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES FMR – GP10

ȱȱǰȱǰȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱ N ensure cooperation between the ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱ the IDP policy and build local- ¢ȱȱ ȱěȱȱ ȱȬȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȬ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱŘŖŖśȱȱȱ §ǰȱȱ ȱȱǯ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢Ȭ has no functional capacity ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱǰȱȱ ěȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ N ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱĴȱȱȱ ȁȂȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ǯȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢Ȭȱǯȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ǰȱȱ ȮȱȱȱȱŘŖŖŝȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ them and initiate community- ȱȱȁȱȱȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŝȂȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ Ȯȱęȱȱ ȱȱȃȱȱ ȱȱ the scale of IDP return cannot be ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱȱ N ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ĞȱȱȱȱȱĚȱȱ has focused on return to places ȱȱȱȱ ȱȂȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ ěȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱĚȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǱ ȱȱȱȱǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ human-made disaster and situation N ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǻȓ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǯmǼȱȱȱ Ȭ ȱěȱȱȱǯȄȱȱ N ȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ ȱęȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱǰȱ ŗǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦȦȦȦ incorporated the Principles into a return to former places of residence ȏŘŖŖŞȬŗŖǯf ȱ¢ȱǯȱȱ ȱ ŘǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯ ǯȦǯ ¢ȱĞȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ N adopt a holistic approach ¡ǵ ƽŞŗřŖ2 ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ towards IDPs ȱǻǼȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ǯȱ

¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱ Guiding Principle 24 ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ All humanitarian assistance shall be carried out in accordance with the principles of ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ humanity and impartiality and without discrimination. ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ The criteria for eligibility to receive emergency aid can be highly politicised. ȱȱȱȱ For example, IDPs in Colombia complain that to be considered eligible for aid ȱȱȱȱ ȱ as an IDP, it is easiest to claim to have been displaced by insurgent groups. calls for “establishment of the truth If they say they have been displaced by government security forces, the ȱǰȱ ȱȱ authorities reply that “law enforcement does not cause displacement.” ȱȱĚȄǯ1ȱ ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ Colombian IDPs also point to what they describe as incomplete aid (such as medical ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ consultations without medications or clinical tests) and uncoordinated aid (for ȱȱȱȱȱȱ example, land without provision for housing, or education without providing food and ȱȱȱǯȱȱ nutrition at schools). The overall result is that many IDPs remain in extreme need. £ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ¡ȱȱȱĚȬěȱ ǯȱ Discrimination is given as another way in which access to emergency aid can be obstructed. Southern Sudanese IDPs in the north say that “Assistance was ȱȱȱȱ provided but for Muslims only and not for non-Muslims.” Others complain that ȱȱȱ¢ȱ because they are “black people” they are denied aid. “We were settled in a desert ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ¢ǯȱȱĜȱȱȱ where there was no water or trees. As time passed, the government saw that ȱȱĴȱȱ ȱǯȱ we were suffering … and decided to let the NGOs provide us with small services, ȱȱȱȱȱ like some water and food. But this was not enough to meet our needs.” ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ Ȭȱȱȱ Elderly IDPs in particular feel discriminated against in access to aid. ȱȱȱȱŘŖŖŞǯ2 In Nepal, most elderly persons say they received no special attention. 84% of the IDPs interviewed in India and more than 68% in Bangladesh ǰȱȱ ȱȱ also say that no special support is given to the elderly. ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ Interviews carried out by the Brookings-Bern Project on Internal Displacement. See ŗŖȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ Brookings-Bern Project report Listening to the Voices of the Displaced: Lesson Learned ǯȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ at http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2008/09_internal_displacement_cohen.aspx ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ FMR – GP10 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES 29 Returnees in Sierra Leone Claudena Skran

Over ten years of brutal civil war displaced approximately ȱȱȱ ȱ 4.5 million people, about half Sierra Leone’s population. ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ǯȱ $IWHUWKHFRQÁLFWHQGHGLQ81+&5IDFLOLWDWHGWKH ȱȱĞȱȱĴȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ participation of both returnee refugees and returnee IDPs ȱȱȱȱ in community-level reconstruction projects. ȱ ǯȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ Ȃȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ Leonean humanitarian crisis came Ȃȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ¢ȱȱ ǰȱ ¡ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǯ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱęȱ ȱ ǯȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱ ȱ Ȃȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱŘŞǰȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¡Ȭȱ ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱǯȱĞȱȱȱ ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱǞśǰŖŖŖȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ limitation to areas where there were ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĜ¢ȱȱ (QIPs) to meet the immediate needs Ĵǯȱȱȱ ǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ of returnees and those who had ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱǯȱ ȱŘŖŖřȬŖśȱȱŘǰŖŖŖȱ ȱ¢¢ȱȱȱ ¢ǰȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱ support from international donors ǻǼȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǰȱǰȱ ǰȱǰȱȱ ȱ ǯ2ȱǰȱ Ȃȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȬ¢ȱĚǯȱ ěȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱǰȱǰȱ ǰȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱǯ1 ȱȱȱ¢ȱ Ěȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ ǯȱ ȱȱȱ Principle 28 ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǻǯȓ 1. Competent authorities have the has become the community focal ǯuǼǰȱȱȱ primary duty and responsibility to ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ establish conditions, as well as provide ȱȱȱȱǯ ¢ȱȱǰȱȱ the means, which allow internally ȱȱȱȱ ȱ displaced persons to return voluntarily, ȱ ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱŘŖŖśȬŖŜǯȱ in safety and with dignity, to their ȱȱȱȱ ȱĞȱ ŗǯȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȁȱ¢ȱ homes or places of habitual residence, ǯȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ Ǳȱ ȱȱ or to resettle voluntarily in another ȱěȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ȃǰȱ ȱŘŖŖśǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦȦ part of the country. Such authorities ȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȦŚŘŖŞŖřŞŚǯf shall endeavour to facilitate the ȱȱȱȱȱ ŘǯȱǱȱȱ ǰȱȁȱǱȱĴȱ Ȃȱ ¢ȱȱȂǰȱŗŝǰȱ¢ȱŘŖŖřǯȱ reintegration of returned or resettled ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ĴǱȦȦ ǯ ǯȦȦŗŝȦŗŝǯŗřǯf internally displaced persons. ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ the amount of rations normally Two community 2. Special efforts should be made ȱȱȱǯȱȱ elders in a remote to ensure the full participation of village in Peje West Chiefdom, western internally displaced persons in ȱȱ ȱ Kailahun District, the planning and management returned to their Sierra Leone. of their return or resettlement ȱ ȱěȱ and reintegration. ¡ȱȱǯȱ ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȬǰȱ¢Ȭ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ęȱȱȱ ȱȮȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ Ȯȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱ than those who had stayed ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ tended to ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ choose as ȱ ȱȱěȱ ȱ Claudena Skran 30 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES FMR – GP10 Guiding Principle 27 and Philippine typhoon response Sara McHattie

Oxfam GB’s response to the devastation and displacement camps were not primarily due to ill caused by Typhoon Durian included advocacy with ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ Philippine state, NGO, community and private sector ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ actors to raise awareness of Principle 27 – obliging ȱ1ȱȱȱ ȱ SURYLGHUVRIKXPDQLWDULDQDVVLVWDQFHWR´JLYHGXHUHJDUG ǯȱȱȱȱȱ to the protection needs and human rights” of IDPs. ȱȱȱȱ humanitarian response would both ȱřŖȱȱŘŖŖŜȱ¢ȱ displaced people to allow education raise the standards of the current Residents of Amore ȱěȱȱŘǯśȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ response and enable local actors to resettlement ȱȱŗřȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȁȱȂȱȱ ȱȱ Ĵȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ site (a £ǯȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ ¢ȱȬȱȱǯȱ transitional ȱȱȱȱȱ housing project) near ǯȱ¢ǰȱ ȱȱȱ The two initial transitional sites ¡ȱȱ ȱȱ Legazpi city. densely populated communities in ȱ¢ȱȬǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ authorities had no ȱȱȱȱȱ awareness of minimum ¢Ȭȱ ǰȱȱȱ standards of assistance ȱǻǼǯȱȱȦȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱǰȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ¢ǰȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ

IRIN/Manoocher Deghati ȱǰȱ ȱ ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱ ǰȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱĜǰȱǰȱ ȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ and food and non-food ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱ ȱȱȱĜǰȱ ȱȱĜȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ǻǼǰȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ sector contributors to ǰȱ£ǯȱ ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ǻǼȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĞȱ ȱ Mt Mayon volcano, śŚŗȱȱ ȱȱ ¢ȱȱ near ȱȱŗŜŚǰŗŞŖȱȱ ȱȬȱ Legazpi city. partially or completely IRIN/Manoocher Deghati ȱȱǯȱ ¢ǯȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱȱȮȱȱȱȱȱȱŘŖȱ ȱȱȱŗŗǰŖŖŖȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȮȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱśśǰŖŖŖȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ¡ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱęȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ a humanitarian standards component ȱȱǯȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ were not equipped to support the ȱ¢ȱęȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ ȱȱȱȱǲȱȱ ǰȱ ǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱŗśŖȱǯȱ ȱǯȱ¡ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ As schools needed to be cleared of that the conditions in the transitional £ȱȱȱ FMR – GP10 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES 31

government, NGOs, the private N established regulations Government authorities have sector and community leaders to within evacuation centres acknowledged that without the understand the basic concepts of training and the improvements in the Principles and the national N changed government policies – standards of response they would responsibility framework: ensuring that vulnerable people ȱȱȱ ȱęȱ living outside evacuation centres unrest amongst evacuees. A key N identifying protection issues are also eligible for assistance contributor to the success of this ȱȱǰȱĴȱ project was the eventual commitment and reintegration N assisted with assessments, and buy-in of the government. targeting, encouragement N developing an action plan to of volunteerism and Training community leaders has address IDP issues in Albay distribution of assistance given them the tools to articulate their needs and to use an internationally N distributing copies of the Principles N launched a grass-roots IDP recognised framework to hold state in Tagalog, the national language, ¢ȱ Ĵȱȱ and non-state actors to account. and the local language, Bicolano ȱĚ ȱȱ Whether displaced by violence, development or natural disaster, N convening whole-community N worked with government communities are protected both orientation sessions on the Ĝȱȱȱȱ ȱ by international law and national Principles and IDPs’ rights. Assembly for all IDPs, establishing obligations. The Typhoon Durian a common focal point for response has demonstrated that a key Partnership with SAC Legazpi led liaison with Ayuda Albay. factor contributing to the application IDPs to organise themselves into 300 of these laws and principles is that Core Groups to represent those living Impact of raising awareness government, NGOs and communities in evacuation centres, transitional ȱȱȱ ȱęȱǰȱ must be aware of their obligations sites and within the ‘unsafe’ zone. the government was apprehensive, and rights. This can create a dialogue Forty per cent of them have continued fearing that providing communities ȱȱ¢ȱęȱȱǯȱ to function following closure of with information about Sphere and the project. Core Groups have: the Principles would incite them ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ¡ȱ Ȃȱ to make unmeetable demands at ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ N improved distribution a sensitive time in the Philippine ȱ¢ȱǯȱȱ of goods/services and electoral cycle. Oxfam built ȱǰȱȱȱ ensured they are based on ęȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȓ¡ǯǯȱȱȱ ¢Ȭęȱ ¢ȱǰȱȱĚ ȱ ȱȱȱ of information and dialogue would ȱȱȱǰȱȱ N ȱȱĚ ȱ ȱȱȱȱěȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ by establishing direct lines and allow all those concerned ȱȱȱĚȱȱ of communication with space for discussion, compromise ȱȱȱ¢ǯ

ȱĜȱȱ and mutual understanding. 1. ĴǱȦȦ ǯǯg Internal displacement in the Central African Republic Laura Perez

In the Central African Republic (CAR), where most communities, and only those who displaced people are unaware of their rights, the Norwegian are living in relatively accessible Refugee Council (NRC) is seeking to promote wider areas have received assistance from international relief organisations. awareness of, and respect for, the Guiding Principles. In response to the displacement crisis Since 2005, 197,000 people have ȱȱȱȱęȱ in CAR, NRC has been working in been internally displaced due agreements and a peace process emergency education in the northern ȱȱĚȱ ȱȱ is underway, the security of most province of Ouham since April 2007. government of François Bozizé and people in northern CAR has hardly Home to about 12% of the country’s various rebel groups, and because improved because banditry has IDPs, Ouham is one of CAR’s most ȱĴȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱĚȱȱȱ ĚȬěȱǯȱȂȱ coupeurs de route who take advantage main source of violence. Displaced project supports approximately of the government’s inability to people in CAR have depended 14,200 children in 57 primary schools guarantee security. Although all almost entirely on help from host through teacher training, provision 32 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES FMR – GP10

ȱȱǰȱȱȱ areas in the north of the country to research and report on the ǰȱȱȱȬ ȱȱȱǯ protection and assistance needs ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ The Principles were prominent in a ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱŘŖŖŞȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ¡ȱȱȱǻ Ǽ1 – ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱřŖŖȱȱȱ ǰȱǰȱ ȱȱěȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǯȱȱřŖȱ Ğȱ ȱ¡ȱȱ ¢ȱǯȱȱȱ Ĝȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ of family members when their ȱȱȱȱ Principles and on child protection in ȱ ȱĴȱ¢ȱȱ of displacement helps deter would-be ǯȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱĴǰȱ ȱǻȱ¢ȱǼǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ ȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱęȱǯ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ Using the Guiding Principles as porters of stolen property or ȱȱȱȱ ȱŘŖŖŝǰȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯ ȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱ some of the principles in order to ȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱ ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȬȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ nor incorporated them into national Principles has been distributed ǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱǯȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱǰȱ¡ȱȱȱ ǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ need to be distributed more widely ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ǰȱȱȱ to displaced communities to raise ¢ȱǯȱȱ been used to train humanitarian ȱ ȱȱȱǯ children face economic exploitation ǰȱȱǰȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱęȱ ȱǰȱȱ The plight of displaced ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ children ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ Ȃȱ ȱȱ ¢ǯȱȱȂȱȱȱ the Restoration of the Republic and ȱȱǻ Ǽȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȬ Democracy (APRD) which controls ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱŘŖŖŞȱ ȱȱǯ

These IDPs have lived in this temporary site since February 2006 after ÁHHLQJDQ attack by governmental forces on their village in Boutouli, 3 km away. UNHCR/Helene Caux CAR. FMR – GP10 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES 33

Displaced children from minority which entered into force in June ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ŘŖŖŞǯȱȱȂȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ Protection and Assistance to IDPs and implement the Principles as a ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱ commits member states not only ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱ perception that all Peuhl are road ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱ into domestic law but also to ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ create a practical implementation ȱęȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱěȱ the protection and assistance of ȱȱĚǰȱ¢ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱǯ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ Ĵȱȱȱȱ ȱȂȱǰȱȱ ȱ£ȱǻǯ£ȓǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ chǼȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱęȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǻĴǱȦȦ ǯ not been adequately addressed by ȱȱ ǯ3ȱȱȱȱ ȬǯǼǯ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ǰȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ŗǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯ¡ǯȦȬ - ȱ¢ȱȱǯ ęȱȱ ȱȱȱ ŘǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯȬǯ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȦŞŖŘśŝŖŞŖŖŚřŗȦǻĴ ǼȦŜŖŘŝŝŞ /HJDOIUDPHZRUNIRUUHVSRQVH ŘŗŘśŝŘŖŖŘŝȦǞęȦ ƖŘŖƖŘŖ ȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȏǯf ȱȱęȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĜ¢ȱ řǯȱȱŝŘǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŚǯ ȱȂȱ ȱȱǰ2 ȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ UNHCR and the Guiding Principles Khassim Diagne and Hannah Entwisle

81+&5WRGD\ZRUNVZLWKJRYHUQPHQWVDQGRWKHU ȱȱ ǰȱȱ humanitarian actors in 28 countries to protect nearly ȱ ȱǯȱ 14 million IDPs. In the Democratic Republic of the ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȬ¢ȱHandbook ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱŗşŝŖǯȱ for the Protection of Internally Displaced particular importance of education ¢ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ Persons,2ȱȱȱȱŘŖŖŝǰȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȬ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱ ȱŘŖŖřǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȬ¢ȱ ǰȱȱȱ Ȃȱ ȱȱǯȱ ȱȱ ȁȱȂǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱǯȱȱHandbook ȱȱǰȱȬ ȱȱ¢ǯȱ also shows how the Principles ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱ ȱŘŖŖśǰȱȱȱ ȱęȱ ȱȱȱȱȬ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱěȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ Principles as a tool to explain to ȱ¢ǰȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¡ǯȱ national and local authorities their ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȁȱ ęȱȱȱȱ Ȃȱ Elements from the Principles Ȃǯȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ assumed leadership responsibilities ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱȱǱȱǰȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¡ǰȱȱ¢ȱ camp coordination and camp ¢ȱȱĚȱȱȱȱ ȱȱŜȱȱȱ ǰȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ ȱȱǯȱȱ ȱ¢ȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ symbiotic relationship between ǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ as more than a simple compilation ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ŘŖŖŝǯ3ȱ ȱĜȱȱ ȱ ȂȱŘŖŖŝȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱ ęȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱěȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ¢1 As the international humanitarian ȱȱȱȱ Ĝȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ they will be incorporated into the ȱȱȱȱȱ Ğȱȱȱȱ ĜȂȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ for the Protection and Assistance of ȱȱ ǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱ 34 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES FMR – GP10

Colombia Ȃȱ¡ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ĞȬȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ Ȃȱ¢ȱȱ ȱǻ ȱǯȱřŞŝȱȱŗşşŝǼȱ was enacted before the adoption of ȱȱȱȱȱ authorities referred to the preparatory ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢Ȭ ȱȱ ȱ ǰȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ¢Ȃȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱŘŖŖŗǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ to incorporate the Principles into ȱȁȱȂǰȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǯȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱĚȱ the Principles as a fundamental basis for the institutional response ȱȱǯȱ

ȱǰȱ ǰȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȂȱ ȱȱ ȱ and its implementation at national ȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱŘŖŖŚȱ ȱȱȱȱ which incorporates elements of Children attend ȱȱȱȱǻȬŖŘśǼǰȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ a UNHCR- ȱǯȱȱȱȱ funded primary ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ school in the ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȂȱ permanent ȱęȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ǰȱ relocation village of 4 Serbia and Kosovo ȱȱȱǯ ęȱȱȱȱ Tharanikulum, ȱ¢ȱĞȱȱȱȱȱĚȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ in Vavuniya, Ȃȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱŘŖŜǰŖŖŖȱ ȱȱȱȱ Sri Lanka. illustrate the impact the Principles ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ is no institutional responsibility ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȁ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱŗŞǰŖŜŖȱ of Internally Displaced Persons role of humanitarian assistance with members of minority communities ȱ ȱȱǱȱ ȱȱ ȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ Ȃǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ relies on the Principles to explain ŗşşşǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ the necessity for impartiality and ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱǯŜ neutrality and the non-discriminatory ȱȱ ǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ 6UL/DQND ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ The Principles form the basis of all ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱěȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱǰȱȱ ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ Ȃȱȱȱȱȱ ęȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ and refer to them in reports to the ȱȱǯȱ ȱȱ non-displaced children more aware ȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȬ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ IDPs about conditions in their ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ęȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ ȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱĴȱȱȱ The Principles are also routinely ȱȱȱ ȱǻ Ǽ5 ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ has also released a Manual on Returns The Principles are used on a day-to- FMR – GP10 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES 35

security situation as a result of the ęȱ ȱȱȂȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱĞȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ The next decade and beyond ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¡ȱȱ ȱ Ȃȱ use of the Principles in its day-today operations contributes not only ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱ success of the Principles is a testament ȱȱȱěȱȱ ǰȱ ȱǰȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ

ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ęȱǰȱȱȱ is needed to determine when internal displacement can be said to ȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱ ensure IDPs are adequately included ȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ

UNHCR/R.Chalasani ȱȱȱȱ ȱȮȱȱęȱȱȮȱȱ day basis to help deal with concerns ȱȱȱŘŖŖŚǯȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱĜȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱ ȱěȱȱ ȱȱȱ£ȱȱ ǯȱȱĚȱȱ with school principals when it was ¢ȱǰȱȱ also required on forced displacement ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱ denied entry into schools because ȱȱ¢ȱȱ this can be adequately addressed ȱ ǯȱȱ ȱ ǯȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱǰȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ǰȱȱ basis upon which to build its ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ teachers and resources were found to ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱǯ ǰȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ǰȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĚȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȬȱȱȱ ȱȱěǰȱ and support camp phase-out and internal displacement contained ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱǯȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱǯ ȱǻęȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱǻȓǯǼȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱŝ) and ȱ ȱȱǯȱȱŗŚȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ Ȭȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ( ǯǯǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱęȱȱ ( ȓǯǼȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱŘŖŖŜǯȱ ȱȱȬ ŘŖŖŜȱ ȱȱȱȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ¡ȱȱȱȱ ęȱȱȱ ŘŖŖŞȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱĜȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ȃȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ

ǰȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ ŗǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦ armed forces and law enforcement ȱȬȱȱȱȱ ȦȦŗȦ ƖŘŖȦ ƖŘŖȦ¢ƖŘŖŘȦ ¢ ǯf ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ ŘǯȱȱȱȱȱȱŚŖǯȱ to restore essential infrastructure ȱǰȱȱȱ řǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦȬȦ¡Ȧ¡ȦȦǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱ ǵƽ ǭƽŚŝĠŞŗ2 ȱ Ȃȱȱ ǯȱ ȱȱĴȱȱȱ Śǯȱȱȱȱǰȱȁȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȂǰȱřŖȱĴǱȦȦ ǯ ǯȦ ȱȱȱȱ ȦřŖȦŜŚȬŜśǯf Northern Uganda ȱȱȱęȱȱ śǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦ The Principles constitute the ǰȱȱȱ ȱȱ ŜǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦ ȦęȦŚŘŗŘŖśśŚǯf ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ ŝǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦȦ ȦŚŞŘśŗřŘǯ Policy for IDPs adopted by the ȱȱȱȱȱ pdf 36 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES FMR – GP10 Training to strengthen protection of IDP rights Kim Mancini Beck

The earliest post-launch training activities around the Principles ȱǯȱȬȱ aimed mainly to raise awareness and generate acceptance ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ from government, NGO, UN and international actors. In ȱȱȱȱȱȱ Asia and East Africa and liaises closely recent years, training has moved beyond awareness raising ȱȱȱȱȱ to applying the Principles and setting global standards. ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǯȱȱȂȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȬ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱǻ Ǽȱȱ ȱěȱȱ¢ȱ ¢ȱȱǻǼǰȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱęȬȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǯȱ ȱȱĜȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱěȱǻ Ǽǰȱ ȱȱǯȱ ȱȱ ȱǻ Ǽȱ ȱȱȱȱȬ ȱȱęȱĜȱȱ includes a three-day protection mentation of the cluster approach deployment of senior protection ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱŘŖŖś1ȱȱȱ Ĝȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱęȱĜȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ Ȭȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȬȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ¡ǯȱȂȱ¡Ȭ¢ȱȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ incorporation of the Principles into ȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱ ȱ ȱǯȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱęȱ £ȱȱȱǻ Ǽȱ approach has also contributed focus on internal displacement and ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ę¢ȱȱȬ¢ȱ Ȭ¢ȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ2 and the ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ has incorporated IDP issues into an ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȦȬȱȱĜǯ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱǯȱȱȱ ěȱȁ¢ȱȂȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȬ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ment considerations into areas such ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ěȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȬȱǰȱȱ ǻǼȱ4ȱȱȱȱ ¡ǰȱ Ȃȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ǯ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱęȱ ǻǼȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȬ¢ȱȱȱ ǰȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ ǰȱ¢ȱǰȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ operational responses and coordination ȱȱȬ¢ȱȱ Ȃȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ¡ȱȱŘŖŖşȱ ȱȱ ěȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱęȱȱǰȱ ȱęȱȱ¡ȱ Ȭ¢ȱȱĴȱ and were later reinforced by the ǰȱȱȱȱ ǻ Ǽǯȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱ¡ǰȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱěȱȱ ȱȱȱǻǼȱ ȱ potential consequences of displacement ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱŘŖŖŘȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱěȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ critical issues such as separation of ȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢Ȃȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ Ȭęȱ camps and resulted in the publication ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱŘŖŖŚȱǻȱȱŘŖŖŞǼ3 ȱęȱȱȱĜȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȬ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǻǼȱ ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ trainers (ToT) course and an inter- ǯȱȱȱ¢Ȭ Ȃȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱǯȱĞȱȱ ȱȮȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȬȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǻǼȱ ȱǻǼȱȱ ȱ Internal Displacement – runs an ȱȱ¢ǰȱęȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱęȬ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱěȱ ȱęȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ and partners to roll out its new ȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯ disasters and national laws and policies ȱȱȱǯȱ FMR – GP10 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES 37

ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ¢ǯȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱěȱ ȱȱȱȱǻǼȱ ȱ¡ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ populations such as the non-displaced ȱȱȱȱȱ Ȭ ěȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ ęȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ęȱ¡5 based on their ȱȱȱǰȱ IDPs and to support host families ęȱ¡ȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȬȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱǰȱȱȱ Ȃȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ closely tied to its mandate to protect ȱȱȱȱȱ in situations of natural disaster as ȱȱȱȱĚǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǯȱ Ȃȱ the cluster approach merely sets out seen as part of a broader spectrum of ŘŖŖŝȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱěȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ should be consulted to determine who ȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱȱĴȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȬȱȱǯ ěȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǻǯȓ ȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ǯhǼȱȱȱȱȱĜȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢Ȭȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ Ȃȱ in IDP operations and in contexts Ȃȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱǻĴǱȦȦ ǯ a broader frame within which to rule of law but the capacity and ȬǯǼǯȱȱȱ ȱȱǯŜ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱĴǰȱ 7LPHWRWDNHVWRFN ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȬȱǰȱǰȱ These new resource materials ȱ¢ȱěȱȱȱ ǰȱ ǰȱǰȱȱȱ ǰȱ Ěȱȱ ȱȱĴȱ ȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱ ¡ȱ ǰȱǰȱ ǰȱ ȱǰȱȱ¡ȱ ¢Ȭȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȬ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ¡ȱȱ¢ǯ ¢ȱȱęȱȱȱȱęǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ ŗǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ŘşǱȱĴǱȦȦ ǯ ǯȦǯ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱ htm Řǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱěȱ¢ȱȱ ǰȱȱ ȱȱĜȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱęȱ ȱȱŚŖǯ done before common standards and ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ řǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦȦ the cluster approach are consistently state responsibilities to protect ŚǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦȦȱȱȱȱȱȬ ¢ȱȬȱȱȁ ȱȱȱȱ understood and implemented by ȱȱ¢ȱȂȱ ȱȂǯ ȱȱȱȱęǯȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ śǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯȬǯ

ȦŞŖŘśŝŖŞŖŖŚŖŜȦǻĴ ¢¢¢ǼȦIRIN ȱȱ¢ǯȱ řŞşŞřŘśŘŚŗŘśŝŚŖŖřŗŝŘȦǞęȦƖŘŖ ȱŘŖŖŝȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȬƖŘŖ ƖŘŖęƖŘŖ¡ȏęƖŘŖƖŘŖ ȱęȱȱ ȱŝ indicates ȱȬ¢ȱȱȱȱ ŘŖŖŞǯf ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ Ŝǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱŞȬşǯ ŝǯȱȁȬȱȱȱ Ȃȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ operations for internally displaced persons and the cluster ȱěȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱȱȱȱ Ǳȱ¢ȱȱęȂǰȱŘŖŖŝǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯ Ȧ ȦȦŚŝŖřşŚŗŘǯl ȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ Rights in practice ¢ȱȱǰȱȱ A couple of years ago I was in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo to attend training ȱȱǰȱ¢ȱ sessions in the application of the Guiding Principles run by the Norwegian Refugee ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ &RXQFLO:HKHOGZRUNVKRSVLQWKHÀHOGZLWKYDULRXVDUPHGJURXSVSROLFHYLOODJHFKLHIV ęȱěǯȱȱȱȱ religious leaders and ordinary people from the IDP and host communities. The very notion ȱ¢ȱȱȱ of rights was foreign to many of them and the training led to some surprising results. can best be addressed by more cross- ȱ ȱȁȂȱȱ 2QH,'3UHWXUQHHWROGPHZKDWKDGKDSSHQHGWRKLVÀVKSRQGZKLFKSURYLGHGKLVPDLQ ȁȂȱȱȱȱ source of income as well as food for his family. The village chief had taken it for himself, ȱȱȱ¢ȱ claiming this was in accordance with the chief’s status, needs and local customs. They ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ had both attended the Guiding Principles training course so the villager reminded the ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ chief about the workshop and the debates held there. He claimed that the chief had ¢ȱǰȱȱȱ YLRODWHGKLVULJKWVE\WDNLQJWKHÀVKSRQGIRUKLPVHOI²DQGWKDWKHVKRXOGUHWXUQLW ȱȱȱǰȱȬ WRKLP7KHFKLHIDGPLWWHGKHZDVLQWKHZURQJDQGGXO\UHWXUQHGWKHÀVKSRQGWRLWV ȱǰȱǰȱȱȱ rightful owner. ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ Pål Nesse, Head of Advocacy Section, Norwegian Refugee Council ȱȱȱȱěȱ 38 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES FMR – GP10 The future of the Guiding Principles Walter Kälin

$OWKRXJKLWLVKDUGWRWDNHDQREMHFWLYHYLHZRQDQHQWHUSULVH ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ in which you have been closely involved, it is fair to Ȭȱǯȱȱȱ say that over the last ten years the Guiding Principles ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ have demonstrated their utility and impact but also that already existed under human their limitations. ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱ ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ obstacles to their adoption and ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ raise awareness about displacement implementation described in the ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱ and mobilise humanitarian assistance ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱěȱĴȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĚȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ¡ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱǯȱȱȱ ǰȱ¢ȱǰȱ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ £ȱȱ Ĵȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ ¡ȱȱȱȱĞȱǯȱ ȱȱ ȱęȱ Ĵȱȱ Ȃȱȱȱ ¢ȱǯȱ¢ǰȱ ȱȱ but across the world IDP political ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĞȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ 3ȱ¡ǰȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ¢ȱǯȱ ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱěȱ ȱ¢ǯȱ ȱȱȱĜȱȱȬ ȱ ȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱ applicable mainly in peacetime and ȱȱĞȱȱȱ more immediate was required to humanitarian law for times of armed IDP camp, ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ Ěȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ Hal Hajid, Chad. of Internal Displacement and the ȱȱ ȱ ǰȱȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ February Protection of and Assistance to ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ 2008. Internally Displaced Persons in Africa ȱȮȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ African Union at a special summit1 – ȱěȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ The Principles were issued to ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱĚȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ Ȃȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ¢ȱ Displaced Persons but there is still a ¢ȱęȱȱǯȱ

ȱȱȱ¢ȱ£ȱ2 ¡ǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ accurately the impact of the ǯȱ ǰȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱęȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱȱȱ ȱȱǯ

What can be done to further increase ȱȱȱȱǵȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ Thierry Gassmann FMR – GP10 TEN YEARS OF THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES 39

¢ȱĴȱȱȱȱȱ IDPs cannot participate in elections ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ ȱȱǰȱ be applied in accordance with the Still an internal affair? ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ Ğȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱŘŖŖśȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱ ęȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ4 ǲȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ to structure responses to internal showed that while the Principles ȱ ȱȱȱȱ displacement that comply with ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ Ȃȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱǯ5 ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱĚȱȱ ¢ȱ¡¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ The law of internal displacement ȱǯȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱǰȱȱ internal displacement is essentially ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȁȱěȂȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱęȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǰȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ possible because of statutes to the ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ěȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȁĴȱȂǯȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ who arbitrarily displaced people by ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱěȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ displacement to incorporate the ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ǯ Principles into domestic law and to ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ §ȱǻȓǯǼȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ the national electoral commission ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ Secretary-General on the Human ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ ǯȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱĴȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱǯȱ ȱǰȱ his mandate and mission reports ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ¡ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ǱȱĴǱȦȦ ŘǯǯȦ ȱȱȱ ǯȱȱ ȱȱȱ ¢ȱ ȦȦȦ¡ǯm Ğǰȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ ŗǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦȏȏ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȦŘŖŖŞǯl the Principles in a law or policy of international law articulated ŘǯȱȱŗŖǯ ǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ by the Principles should be řǯȱȱŚǯ ȱȱĜȱȱ ȱȱȱǯ ŚǯȱĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦŘŖŖ5 ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ śǯȱProtecting Internally Displaced Persons: A Manual for Law and Policymakers,ȱȬȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ Manual for Law and ǰȱȱŘŖŖŞǯȱȱȱ ȱȱ Ĝȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ 3ROLF\PDNHUV ĴǱȦȦ ǯǯȦȦŘŖŖŞȦŗŖŗŜȏȏ ǯx or email Ȭȓǯ ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ eduȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ¢ȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ ěȱ¢ȱȱȱ Ȭȱȱȱ ȱ “We have rights” ȱ ȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡ǰȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ In Colombia, I met a dozen or more ȱȱĞȱȱȱ ȱęȱȱȱ¢ȱ men and women in ragged clothes ȱȱȱȱęȱȱ principles that must be enshrined at who had walked for hours through the and thus may create insurmountable ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ jungle to meet me in a dilapidated ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ VFKRROKRXVHRQWKH3DFLÀFFRDVW ȱȱǯȱ ȱǰȱȱ on how to shape laws and policies 7KH\VSRNHDERXWKRZWKH\KDGÁHG ¡ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ the ongoing violence, had left behind ȱȱȱěȱ¢ȱȱ assistance needs of IDPs in a way that everything, and were now struggling ¢ȱȱȱȁȱȂȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ to survive. And then one man added: issued by the headmaster of their ȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ “Amidst all this suffering, we know one ȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ thing for sure. We have rights and they ȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱȱǰȱ cannot take them from us even if they âȱȂ ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ violate them. The Guiding Principles ȱȱȱęȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǯȱ on Internal Displacement are our ȱȱȮȱȱȱȱ We hope the manual will be of rights. They clearly say that we have ȱǰȱȱĞȱȱȱȱ direct and concrete assistance in the right to safety, the right to food and Ěȱȱȱȱȱęȱ Ğȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ to health, and the right to return to – but there are no mechanisms for ȱǰȱȱȱ our homes; and this gives us hope.” ȱǯȱ¢ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱěȱ Sources and resources *XLGLQJ3ULQFLSOHVRQ,QWHUQDO'LVSODFHPHQWIXOOWH[WLQPDQ\ODQJXDJHVRQOLQHDWKWWSZZZEURRNLQJVHGXSURMHFWVLGSJSBSDJHDVS[

/HJDOIUDPHZRUNDQGQDWLRQDOUHVSRQVLELOLW\ Guidance on Profiling Internally Displaced Persons, Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, UN Office for the Coordination Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement: Annotations, of Humanitarian Affairs, April 2008: $PHULFDQ6RFLHW\RI,QWHUQDWLRQDO/DZ%URRNLQJV%HUQ3URMHFW KWWSZZZLQWHUQDOGLVSODFHPHQWRUJSURÀOLQg Revised Edition, 2008: http://www.asil.org/pdfs/stlp.pdf Designed to help humanitarian actors gather better core data ,GHQWLÀHVWKHOHJDOVRXUFHVLQLQWHUQDWLRQDOODZIRUHDFK on IDPs, including number of IDPs disaggregated by age and sex of the Principles. and location, proposing various methodologies and providing Protecting Internally Displaced Persons – A Manual for Law and advice on choosing the best for a given country context. Policy Makers, %URRNLQJV%HUQ3URMHFW2FWREHU http://www.brookings.edu/papers/2008/1016_internal_ 6SHFLÀFVHFWRUVLVVXHV displacement.aspx Standards and good practices pertaining to the protection of IDPs Provides detailed guidance to national authorities on how have been included in several inter-agency documents developed to shape laws and policies addressing protection and IRUVSHFLÀFVHFWRUVRULVVXHV assistance needs of IDPs and ensuring their rights in line Guidelines for Gender-based Violence Interventions in with the Guiding Principles; reviews relevant questions and Humanitarian Settings (IASC, 2005) issues to be addressed by national authorities; and contains Gender Handbook in Humanitarian Action (IASC, 2006) lists of minimum essential elements of state regulation. Camp Management Toolkit (DRC, IRC, NRC, UNHCR, Addressing Internal Displacement: A Framework for National OCHA, IOM, 2008) Responsibility, %URRNLQJV%HUQ3URMHFW$SULO http://www. Guidance Note on Early Recovery (Early Recovery Cluster brookings.edu/projects/idp/20050401_nrframework.aspx Working Group, 2008) Sets out 12 steps for governments to take and provides Handbook on Housing and Property Restitution for a basis for assessing/monitoring progress. Refugees and Displaced Persons (2007, FAO, Using the Guiding Principles NRC/IDMC, OCHR, OHCHR, UN-Habitat, UNHCR) The Handbook on the Protection of IDPs, All documents online at: 3URWHFWLRQ&OXVWHU:RUNLQJ*URXS http://www.humanitarianreform.org December 2007: Other web resources http://www.humanitarianreform.org/Default. aspx?tabid=294 Representative of the UN Secretary-General on the Human Rights of IDPs: Designed for those in charge of IDP http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/idp/index.htm protection on the ground. Reviews key components of IDP protection, Provides access to all documents pertaining to including the normative and institutional the mandate and work of the Representative, frameworks, protection activities including reports to UN bodies, UN resolutions and tools, and provides ‘action and press releases since 1992, and to resolutions sheets’ addressing protection risks of the UN General Assembly and other UN commonly encountered by IDPs. Final bodies pertaining to the Guiding Principles. version to be released in 2009. %URRNLQJV%HUQ3URMHFWRQ,QWHUQDO Protecting Persons Affected by Natural Displacement: Disasters – IASC Operational Guidelines http://www.brookings.edu/projects/idp.aspx on Human Rights and Natural Disasters, Includes studies, conference reports, articles, June 2006: http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/iasc/downloadDoc. etc, for the promotion of more effective policies. aspx?docID=3429&type=pdf Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre: Guidelines focusing on what humanitarian actors should do in http://www.internal-displacement.org order to implement a rights-based approach to humanitarian Includes the Global Internally Displaced Persons action in the context of natural disasters. Complemented Database, documenting the situation of IDPs in more by a manual. Final version to be released in 2009. than 50 countries, plus training materials on the Guiding Protection of Conflict-induced IDPs: Assessment for Action, Principles, country reports and thematic documents 3URWHFWLRQDQG(DUO\5HFRYHU\&OXVWHU:RUNLQJ*URXSV RQLVVXHVVXFKDVSURÀOLQJDQGXUEDQ,'3V http://www.humanitarianreform.org/Default.aspx?tabid=555 Guiding Principles Global Database: Framework developed to help states and humanitarian http://www.idpguidingprinciples.org agencies conduct a comprehensive analysis of the situation &ROOHFWLRQRIRIÀFLDOGRFXPHQWVDERXWWKHULJKWVRI,'3VDQGWKH of IDPs and of affected populations. In Part I (following application of the Guiding Principles, including relevant national *XLGLQJ3ULQFLSOHVVWUXFWXUH HDFKFKDSWHUUHÁHFWVDFOXVWHU laws and policies, regional and international instruments, of rights drawn from international law; Part II provides general UN documents and statements of national authorities. guidance on participatory assessment methodologies. Still DSURYLVLRQDOUHOHDVHVFKHGXOHGLQÀQDOIRUPIRU GP10 conference website: http://www.internal-displacement.org/gp10 When Displacement Ends: A Framework for Durable Solutions Includes: conference presentations (text/video) and conference for Internally Displaced Persons, %URRNLQJV%HUQ3URMHFW summary, plus access to all language editions of the Guiding June 2007: http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/iasc/downloaddoc. Principles and other documents/resources relating to IDP rights. aspx?docID=4123&type=pdf Provides guidance to determine whether and to what extent Forced Migration Review (FMR): http://www.fmreview.org a durable solution has been achieved for IDPs. Examines Provides access to all back issues of FMR with many articles both the processes through which solutions are found and on the Guiding Principles. Searchable and indexed. Available the actual conditions of IDPs in search of durable solutions. in English, Arabic, French and Spanish.