Bike Boom: the Unexpected Resurgence of Cycling, 217 DOI 10.5822/ 978-1-61091-817-6, © 2017 Carlton Reid

Acknowledgments

Thanks to all at Island Press, including but not only Heather Boyer and Mike Fleming. For their patience, thanks are due to the loves of my life—my wife, Jude, and my children, Josh, Hanna, and Ellie Reid. Thanks also to my Kickstarter backers, listed overleaf. As much of this book is based on original research, it has involved wading through personal papers and dusty archives. Librarians in America and the UK proved to be exceptionally helpful. It was wonderful—albeit distracting— to work in such gob-stoppingly beautiful libraries such as the Library of Congress in Washington, DC, and the library at the Royal Automobile Club in London. I paid numerous (fruitful) visits to the National Cycling Archive at the Modern Records Centre at Warwick University, and while this doesn’t have the architectural splendor of the former libraries, it more than made up for it in the wonderful array of records deposited by the Cyclists’ Touring Club and other bodies. I also looked at Ministry of Transport papers held in The National Archives in Kew, London (which is the most technologically advanced archive I have ever visited, but the concrete building leaves a lot to be desired). Portions of chapters 1 and 6 were previously published in Roads Were Not Built for Cars (Carlton Reid, Island Press, 2015). However, I have expanded the content, including adding more period sources.

Philip Bowman Robin Holloway Sumei Toh Sam Jordison Trickhand James Johnston Christian Amoser Rosie Bell Chris Niewiarowski Chris Dorling Heikki Rautanen Robert Dingwall Stewart Duncan Charles Frazer Harvey Sylvia Aitken Mary Manning Chelle Destefano Chris Whiley Paola Vedana Nunuboogie David Goodstein John Donnelly Sam Joslin Brian Brunswick Graham George Andrew Lamberton Richard Guy Briggs Mark Dempsey Irene McAleese Anthony McDougle Jacob Curtis Matthew Hardy Simon Woodward Nigel Oulton Nick Orloff Nick Lewis Chris Murphy Fredrik Jönsson Graham Powell George Coulouris Allen Dickie Alan Cragg Davide Zulli Terry Duckmanton James Grant Richard Worth John Pitts Richard Warren Jnik Ken Neal Martin J. Adam Bowie Ken Callan Paul Shortland Ed Ames Ian Hollidge Edouard Guidon John Grocock Joe Wiederhold Peter Clinch Mike Skiffins Peter Hawkins Tam Steve Fagg Mark Philpotts Don Springhetti Mark Dwight Paul Dyett Andy Fox Christopher Fox Thomas Hoffmann John Blackie Edgar Fernandez Rick Rubio Tore Simonsen Patrick Wadsworth Jaime Lee Pabiloña Darren Steele Torben Finn Laursen Mark Harrison Jon H Ballentine Catherine Bedford Tino Calum Jonathan Winston Graham Parker Kerry Palmer Philip Henderson Maree Carroll Jacqueline Campbell Fabien Fivaz G Swanson Michael Charland Dave Robinson Alec McCalden Lesley G. Craddock Tim Doole Jonathan Streete Ron Grosinger Toby Adam Ray Hans Dorsch Bernardo Pereira Darryl Rayner Lea Tui Terry Coaker Ferran Graham Clark The Warmans David Houghton Pål Steinar Berg Brenda Broughton Richard Evans Seamus Kelly Douglas Carnall Grant Mason Steffen Lohrey Ben Wooliscroft Suso del Rio Keith Stephen John Cooper Tina Bach Ben Martin Roy Cuckow Alan Couchman Michael Beverland Hugh Wilson Graeme Wilson Richard Ashurst Graham Connor Curtis Corlew Icicle19 Bristolpedalrevolution Mark Carlson Erin McWalter Gemma Rathbone Shaun Connor Miles Rickelton Greg Hostetler Andrew Harker Dr John Darling Pj roon Kelvin Kwan Paul Kohn Michael Josephy Barista Paul Deaton Andrew Knights Kevin Hasley Graham Robinson Hans-Erhard Lessing Toby Churchill Adam Bower James Evans Ulf Göransson Jonathan Sanderson Thomas NIcol Frode P. Bergsager Robert Seidler Patrick Mcloughlin Paul Tildesley Mark Chopping John Junta David Davies Sara Rich Dorman Kerry Chin Kris Wills Giles Cudmore Frankie Roberto FlyKly Richard Masoner Yoav Tzabar John Boyd D Wiegand Kirsten Shouler Jan Foniok William Chong Darran Shepherd Josh Miner Will Crocombe Donald Pillsbury Mark Silcox Belen Vivanco M. Peter Veasey Kyle Griggs Jim Stahl Giulia Cortesi Jamie Scahill Jim Baltaxe Daniel Thomas Jenkinson Peter Silburn Bruce Lewandowski Gabor Jeffrey Dallas Moore Peter Whitelegg Ian Clark Patrick Finley James Eldridge Vivienne Gray Martin Packer Fiona Campbell SW Philip Ashbourn Melvin Bailey Ed Wojtowicz Ed Loach David Priestley Tedder Alasdair Sinclair Robert Weeks Matt Bridgestock

Jonathan Simpson Stephanie Creasey Christof Damian Brian C Peter Blakeman eric ludlow Aaron Spencer Sean Carter Mark Heal Robert Harber Ashley Burrows David Bernstein Brian Carlin Alexander Allan Norman Oxtoby David Tuttle Rob James Jonathan Rowland David Gibbon Ralph Metcalf Ian Hull Wil Symons Mark james Jim Vincent Jr. Pete Abel Ivor Hewitt John Waterworth Adam Lennie Paul Fulbrook John Olson Mathieu Davy Karl Matthew Little Eifion Francis Jerry Ash Pedro Fradique Neil Barron Paul Wilkinson David Wellbeloved Michael Richters Michael Pospieszalski Sigurd Gudd James Holloway Simon Schupp Brian Mackenzie Gary Dawes Graeme Howell Jonathan Gradin Don Muir Chris Hinchliffe Paige Mitchell Jerry McKinley Jonathan McGarry David Ramkalawon John Wills Lloyd Spotwood Vance Phyll Hardie Philip Passmore Michael Oxer duncan r jamieson Andrew Russell Peter Lyons-Lewis K.A. Moylan Patrik Lundquist Richard Pelling Martin Hart Gregor Buchanan Tom Lindsay GODtower Lukas Georgiou PurpleCyclist Paul Jorgensen Graham Jones Peter Dixon Santiago Gorostiza John Galbraith Edward Fitzgerald-Clark Tom Ryan Langa Bruce Devlin Rms cycling services Alister Barclay Kim Schönfeld Andrew Reeves-Hall Andy Walker Christopher Peck Jason Charles Halliday Roger Suddaby Dave Minter Keith Byrne Susan E Spinks Andrew Grimbly Peter G. Taylor-Anderson Peter Owen Tibs les crook Daniel Wrightson JCorvesor Shaun McDonald Stephen Carleysmith Grant Sandilands Philip Howard John Richards Tim Mullett Ben Cooper Neil Richardson Michael Schooling Jamie Radford Johnathan Calvert Richard Palmer Anthony Lister Jeremy Strutt Lazerblade Peter Rohde John Conway Vicki Berry Rob Wachowski Michael Gaze Gregg Hillmar Jenni Gwiazdowski Chris Smith Neville Jones Edward T. Burke John Krug Derek Vickers Mark Appleton Ben Fields Juliet Blackburn Amaryllis Courtney Cheryl Churm Martin Donkin Mark Sanders Jez Higgins Ian E Hall Keith Robertson Chris Emerson Mark Strong Craig Steve Knattress Iain Peacock Jakob Whitfield Samuel Quemby Richard Wilson James Shepherd Anthony Cartmell Andrew Wood Vivek Krishnan Andrew Martin Nigel Shoosmith Kevin Green Lorenz Zahn Pierre Riteau Lin Tuff Jerry Lawson Bryan Lorber Oly Shipp Keith Day Chris Hill Fred_dot_u Gaz Dave Warnock Christopher Allan Roland Backhouse Marc Eberhard Alex Ingram zanf Paulo A.Franke Thomas Heller Wiethege Nigel Land Phillip Darnton Graham Smith James Spinks Philip Benstead Nigel Clark peter kershaw Neil Webster e_bruton Michael Barnstijn Piers Hawksley Eviltoystealer David Squires Mike Dunn Philip Johnston Hugh Willliams Derek Noble Mark Redmond Kevin M Ablitt Jonathan Bennett John Saunders Dave Walker Tim Blackwell Ian Denton Francis King Phil Clarke Graham Fereday Warren Isaacs Jason Wood Brent Johnson Jim Stuart Gwenda Owen Alasdair Alexander Robert Prior Tim Warin David Hartley Amos Field Reid Greyson Eric Schneider Clement T. Cole Ollie Dwnwrd Zvi Leve David Ryan Leslie Reissner James Clarke Albert Reid Anthony Morley Tom Sulston Jonathan Dow Jim Denham Daniel Glassey Kasey van Puijenbroek Mark Martin Jon Cotton Richard Dean Karey Harrison Guy Joel Ripley Sean O’Sullivan Robert Feakes Lisa Adolphe Joe Gary Fisher Keith Richmond John Peterson Chris Clayton Joe Clarbour Trainmanusa Erik Daems

Appendix A: “Bike Boom” Mentions, 1896–2016

Below I list a selection of the various “bike boom” media mentions down the years. But first, let’s zoom out to look at the bigger picture with Google’s Ngram Viewer. This is an online book-scraping tool developed by Google in 2010 with the help of scientists at Harvard University. The massive searchable database comprises more than 5 million books—both fiction and non-fiction— published between 1800 and 2000. Plotting the search terms “cycling boom,” “bike boom,” and “bicycle boom” throws up three mountain ranges, peaking at 1940, 1980, and 2000. (Quite why the 1895–97 boom doesn’t spike in Ngram is anybody’s guess.) The 1940 mountain, peaking after the stellar sales of the mid-1930s, is K2, with Everest being the 1980 mountain. Mount 1980’s climb started at the end of the 1960s, and climbed steeply through the 1970s. This tallies reasonably well with bicycle sales, as well as bicycling’s popularity. The Ngram results are English-language only; a Dutch-language Ngram would result in different peaks and troughs. Clearly, the Dutch bike booms are of a different order of magnitude to the booms elsewhere in the world. The US and UK bike booms are also different although it may be a surprise to many to discover that there were any pre-1970s bike booms in either country.

1890s The phrase “bike boom” was first used in the 1890s, when the wordbike —once frowned upon as a slang word—started to become more generally used, even in

Bicycle boom, 1896. Cartoon from Puck magazine, January 1896.

polite society. “Cyclomania” was greatest in America and Britain, but the “cycling craze” also spread to France, the Netherlands, and Germany, as can be witnessed by the phrases “la mode de la bicyclette,” “de wielermanie,” and “den Siegeslauf des Fahrrads.” In this era, cycling was for the elites, from the middle classes to royalty, not yet the workers. The boom started in 1896 and was over by 1897.

1925 By the end of the 1920s, cycling was a popular form of transport for working people all over Europe, most especially in the Netherlands and the “cycling city” of Copenhagen. This boom—an actual and steady boom—was woefully underreported in the media. There had been a “Boom in Bicycle Sales” reported theNew York Times, quoting DeWitt Page, vice president of General Motors. Sales had increased by 25 percent, Page told dealers at the 21st annual convention of the Cycle Trades of America, being held in New York. Page said that “friends of mine who find it difficult to locate parking space for automobiles near their offices ride bicycles from the parking place to the offices. It saves time and provides good exercise.” (DeWitt Page may have been a motor-man but—via his leadership of the New Appendix A | 223

Departure bicycle bell company, absorbed by General Motors after part of it had become a motorcar maker—he was president of the Cycle Trades of America.)

1932 Reporting from the Lightweight Cycling, Hiking, and Camping Exhibition being staged in the Royal Horticultural Hall, Westminster, the Guardian glowed: “The surprising bicycle ‘boom’ of the last 18 months is shown here in all its glory. . . .” The newspaper added that the exhibition had been opened by Labour party leader George Lansbury, who declared that it “was a good thing that some machinery should be so adapted that men and women could use their own limbs,” and that he was glad to “see this rebirth of interest in cycling.”

1934 When, for recreation, horses were replaced by bicycles at the Desert Inn in Palm Springs, California, the resident Hollywood film stars “began to wheel madly around.” This led to cycling becoming a “raging West Coast fad,” which “spread rapidly to the East,” claimed Time. “Thus was born last year’s bicycle boom which dropped unsought into the laps of U.S. bicycle makers.”

1935 The “Boom in Bikes” had succeeded in “bringing back to popularity the rubber- tired bronco of the late Victorian days,” wrote cowboy-chronicler Wayne Gard in Real America. “From Hollywood to Park Avenue, ladies in shorts have taken up that favorite pastime of the ’nineties.”

1936 “The Bicycle Comes Back,” headlined a double-page spread inPopular Science in July 1936. “News items from all parts of the country tell the story of this dramatic boom in popularity. . . . Instead of subsiding, the tide of cycling popularity continues to rise.” The bicycle, said the magazine, had been a “forgotten vehicle” but, since 1932, had made an “amazing comeback”—thanks, in part, to Hollywood film stars flocking to two wheels. “What started as a mere publicity stunt, turned into an authentic cycling craze,” wrote the magazine’s John E. Lodge. “The bicycle craze spread up the California coast to San Francisco. Society leaders took up cycling as a novelty, and ended by adopting it as a regular activity. The popularity of cycling spread inland. Before it could reach the Atlantic coast, Boston, New 224 | BIKE BOOM

York, and Washington had already been bitten by the bicycle bug from another direction. . . . Today, hardly a city or state is untouched by the bicycling wave which has swept the country.” Lodge continued: “Another outstanding development of the bicycle boom is the establishment of cycle paths in city parks.” He concluded: “The bicycle, economical and dependable, has got its second wind.”

1939 “The bicycle is back,” reportedCollier’s Weekly in 1939. “The current bicycle bug bit hard out in Hollywood in 1934 when the movie stars took to wheels for the sake of fun and their figures.” The American news magazine continued: “The present bicycle boom has put on the road in the past three years over three million bicycles . . . .” The Second World War saw cycle usage grow massively in both the United Kingdom and the United States, but the media no longer talked about “bike booms,” cycling merely became the normal thing to do for countries where fuel was rationed. It would take another 25 years before cycling became boomy again—from the media perspective, at least.

1956 Hollywood “movie folks” were making bicycles popular once again, reported a US newspaper. In a news story headlined “Big Boom in Cycling,” the paper reported that a bicycle shop in Beverly Hills did a “thriving business” selling bikes to Marilyn Monroe and Tyrone Power. “Clark Gable has long been a good cyclist,” stated owner Hans Ohrt. “He pedals around Encino, where he lives.” While many stars cycled for transportation, others—such as Bob Hope and Bing Crosby—“pedal around the [studio] lots,” said Ohrt.

1971 “Bicycle Business Is Booming,” headlined the New York Times in August 1971. “Big Adult Market Is Bringing Euphoria to Industry.” A marketing executive with Schwinn told the Times reporter: “There is a recession going on but I forget it. Until I talk to someone out of our industry.” Schwinn had sold out of its 1.225 million production for 1971 by May. “If we could have increased our production by 50 percent or even 100 percent, we [still] couldn’t have met the demand,” said Peter Kaszonyi. And it wasn’t just Schwinn doing well—the Times said the whole industry had found itself in a “Jack-and-the-beanstalk state of growth,” selling 8.5 million bicycles before the year was out, compared with 3.7 million in 1960 Appendix A | 225

and 5.6 million in 1965. And the industry was “dreaming impossible dreams” because a third of the new sales were to adults. “The demand for adult bicycles is accelerating its growth rate so fast even the acceleration is an acceleration,” said Gene Bierhorst, who had opened three discount bike stores in Manhattan.

1972 “The continuing bicycle boom [is] beginning to be heard by city, state, and federal bureaucrats,” said a nationally syndicated article in an American newspaper in 1972. “In Oregon, the ‘bicycle bill’ passed last year by the state legislature directed the state to spend one cent per dollar of its highway money to build bicycle trails. . . . Chicago has just added 50 more miles to its network of bike ways. . . . The list goes on . . . a new bikeway in Ft. Wayne, Ind. . . . 27 more miles of paths in Tampa, Fla. . . . a Maryland bill that would incorporate bike lanes into all new road and highway construction.”

1973 In a letter to the nationally syndicated “Dr. Bicycle,” W. T. of Ottawa wrote: “Bicycle writers keep talking about the U.S. bike boom as if no one else had ever heard of two-wheels. Well, there’s a bicycle explosion going on up here, too. . . . Bikeways are being built.” A line drawing of Dr. Bicycle had him saying, “I’m geared for the bike boom.”

1974 “Today, bicycles are booming,” said TV presenter Michele Brown in a British government PR film, released in 1974. The boom had come for the bicycle “after years of being scorned as the motorcar’s poor relation.” An Associated Press film of 1974 also talked about a “bike boom.” It predicted that “in Britain alone one million people will switch from four-wheels to two.” This was because the “cost of motoring has given a fresh boost to cycling.” The film added that “finding a route to ride in safety is one of the biggest obstacles to pedal power, but the new English town of Stevenage incorporates twenty-five miles of tracks . . . without crossing the tracks of motorists.” CycleTouring, the magazine from the Cyclists’ Touring Club, warned: “Get Ready for the Bike Boom.”

1975 “There is a bicycle boom throughout the world,” wrote Richard Ballantine in 226 | BIKE BOOM

the third edition of his best-selling Richard’s Bicycle Book. “In America it is like the 1849 California Gold Rush . . . and now there is a boom in Great Britain.” Ballantine wrote that line in 1973 when there most definitely was a boom; by the following year the boom was over.

1976 ITV broadcast a program to cash in on the 1970s bicycle boom. The Big Booming Bicycle Show was produced by Tyne-Tees Television, and aired a number of times on Saturday mornings in 1976. It was fronted by Sally James who, the following year, became the presenter of the Phantom-Flan-Flinging Tiswas. One episode of the show focused on the separated cycleway network of Stevenage.

1979 Newsweek reported that injuries sustained by people on bikes were on the rise, and would increase still further “if the cycling boom continues.”

1981 The “bicycle boom is bringing in benefits to enterprising local businesses,” stated SPOKES, the newsletter of the Edinburgh cycling campaign group, reporting that the number of bike shops in Edinburgh had doubled in 1981. “We are in the middle of a cycling boom, the like of which has not been seen for a hundred years,” claimed the Municipal Journal, published by Britain’s Ministry of Housing, and anticipating one of the subjects in Roads Were Not Built for Cars when it added that the previous boom had been “when the dust problem caused by cyclists using unmetalled roads first led to pressure for road surfacing.” A Department of Transport consultation paper puffed that the UK was experiencing a “boom in cycling.”

2004 “Cycling is booming in London with an increase of 23 per cent in the past year alone,” claimed Peter Hendy, Transport for London’s managing director of surface transport, in a press release. “It’s National Bike Week and cycling is booming,” stated a 2004 headline in the Independent.

2006 The “cycling boom” was a “Revolution!” blurted the front cover of the Independent Appendix A | 227

in June 2006. “Britain embraces the bicycle,” continued the newspaper’s reporter Cahal Milmo, who stated that “clogged roads, concern at global warming caused by air pollution, and the quest for improved fitness” was persuading “millions to opt for pedal power” in an “explosion in bike use.” The lofty rhetoric notwithstanding, Milmo admitted that “despite the phenomenal growth, Britain remains near the bottom of the European league of cycle use with just 2 per cent of all journeys made by bike.”

2009 “Cycling is booming,” said the UK government’s culture secretary—and member of the All-Party Parliamentary Cycling Group—Ben Bradshaw in 2009.

2014 “Cycling has boomed,” wrote the BBC’s Ben Dirs in 2014, stating what he called the “anecdotal truism” that “cycling is the new golf.”

2016 “People are aware at the moment that there is a boom in cycling,” Olympian Sir Bradley Wiggins told Peter Walker of the Guardian. “But as that boom becomes the norm and 20 years pass we may get to a stage where we’re like an Amsterdam.” The gold medalist added: “Cyclists aren’t going to go away. As the issues grow with cars, and emissions, and all these things, and roads getting busier, cycling is only going to get more popular, become more of a means of transport.” Reporting on London’s bike boom for BikeBiz trade magazine in 2016, I described the “utterly amazing growth of cycling.” A document from the mayor of London’s office and the Greater London Authority said: “It is sometimes suggested that cycling is a marginal or fringe activity. In London, this is no longer true. In zone 1, during the morning rush hour, 32 per cent of all vehicles on the roads are now bicycles. On some main roads, up to 70 per cent of vehicles are bicycles.” According to Transport for London, motorists entering central London during the morning peak in 2000 outnumbered cyclists by more than eleven to one. By 2014, the ratio was 1.7 to 1. “If these trends continue, the number of people commuting to central London by bike will overtake the number commuting by car in three years,” said a statement from TfL.

Appendix B: How the Bicycle Safety Institute Was Formed from a 1970s-era Cycle Advocacy Organization

It is often assumed that the main cycle-helmet information source must have been started by a cabal of money-grubbing helmet manufacturers in cahoots with automobile interests aiming to make cycling look dangerous. In fact, the Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute of America was born from a cycle-advocacy organization that, from its foundation in 1972, lobbied for separated cycleways. Today, those in favor of cycleways are often opposed to cycle helmets, citing that in countries where cycling is common helmets are not. The BHSI was founded in December 1988, but its roots go back to 1974 when the then two-year old Washington Area Bicyclist Association (WABA) collected bicycle helmets from nine brands, and set out to test them. Randy Swart, a former State Department economist, approached the Snell Memorial Foundation to arrange a comparative test, but the helmet-testing organization declined (at the time it tested only motorsports helmets). WABA’s helmet committee approached Snell again in 1979, and the outcome was WABA’s Bicycle Helmet Wearability Study which tested and rated eleven helmets. “Without one, you are always in danger,” wrote Swart in the helmet committee’s first communication; “with one, you stand a good chance of surviving even a bad crash.” In June 1980, 22-year-old Washington bicycle messenger Mary Gaffney was killed by a truck. While the BHSI website acknowledges that cycle helmets offer little protection in a crash with a truck, Swart echoed the DC Coroner’s belief that Gaffney’s death “might have been prevented by a safe helmet.” The WABA’s

board created the Mary Gaffney Memorial Fund “which would solicit donations to be used to promote helmet use.” The Fund paid for the helmets used in a 1981 helmet comparison carried out by Swart and WABA’s Tom Balderston, a cyclist and motorcyclist. Balderston convinced Snell that the quality of cycle helmets had advanced enough for them to warrant cycle-helmet-specific tests. Helmet manufacturers were not keen on WABA’s helmet committee efforts. “Some of the manufacturers got worried when they heard what Swart and Balderston were doing, and tried to scare them off,” claims a WABA history. Swart recalls: “Skid Lid sent us a page and a half of obscure references thinking they could bury us. But Tom went to the Library of Congress and looked up everything, while I called a professor in Sweden, and we found out they were just blowing smoke.” Balderston wrote up the results of the study for Bicycling magazine but, according to the WABA history, the “publication date for the article kept slipping, possibly because some of the manufacturers threatened to sue.” Swart informed Bicycling that WABA’s lawyers wanted to see the communications from the manufacturers. The study was eventually published in 1983, and, thanks to a PR push by WABA, the Bicycling article “generated a great deal of interest in the media,” said Swart. “It was reviewed in USA Today . . . and on several television and radio programs.” Snell urged WABA to join the helmets committee of the American National Standards Institute. According to Swart, this had “already drafted a bicycle helmet standard, but it was bottled up by members who were manufacturers of helmets that did not meet the standard.” A bicycle helmet standard was adopted in 1984, and Swart started to travel the country addressing “bicycle rallies about the importance of bicycle helmets. . . .” He figured that if he “could convince the serious bicyclists who attended these rallies, others would follow their lead.” WABA also paid for the production and dissemination of brochures promoting helmet use. In 1987, WABA president Bill Silverman embarked on a campaign to compel advertisers who used bicycling themes to show riders wearing helmets. He wrote to advertising associations, syndicated newspaper columnists, national magazines, and Fortune 500 firms such as Chrysler, Stanley Tools, Sears, and MCI. WABA’s helmet committee became the Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute in 1988. Swart is still the BHSI’s lead volunteer. The BHSI’s much-visited website— Appendix B | 231

helmets.org—went online in 1995, and despite its antediluvian design is still the main go-to source for cycle-helmet information or, as some opposing advocates would have it, cycle-helmet propaganda. The helmet issue is one that can divide cyclists almost like no other. Pro-helmet campaigners say the wearing of cycle helmets saves lives. Opponents say the promotion of helmets makes cycling— which is statistically safe—look dangerous, and therefore less appealing, especially to would-be cyclists. The BHSI is still part of the cycleways-lobbying Washington Area Bicyclist Association, although it is not supported by members’ subscriptions (BHSI is run on a shoestring budget funded by consumer donations). In a 2013 blog posting, WABA president Jim Titus appeared to diverge from some of BHSI’s positions. In particular, Titus wanted the federal government to withdraw its long-standing claim that bicycle helmets prevent 85 percent of head injuries. This statistic— pointedly called “bad information” by Titus—is from a 1989 Seattle study, and is frequently wheeled out by pro-helmet campaigners. Titus said:

Efforts to replicate . . . results during the 1990s confirmed that helmets reduce injuries, but not nearly as much as the Seattle study suggested. Yet public health advocates, government web sites, and the news media have continued to repeat the 85 percent factoid to the point that it has become a mantra. Bad information can cause problems. . . . If people think that helmets stop almost all head injuries, consumers will not demand better helmets, and legislators may think it makes sense to require everyone to wear one.

In response to WABA’s petition, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the Centers for Disease Control dropped the 85 percent claim. Swart continues to claim that the 1989 study was a “landmark” one, and despite its many critics, he believes it and another from the same researchers with a lower estimate to be “still valid” and “based on field experience.”

(Disclosure: Bike Boom publisher Island Press is a corporate member of WABA.)

Appendix C: Vive la Vélorution!

Cars, cars everywhere What a stink! Packed together Street by street Usurping our space Eliminating our feet We had nothing to like Then we rediscovered the bike —Bicycle Bob

With almost 400 miles of cycleways—including a two-mile curb-protected cycleway smack-bang in the Central Business District—Montreal is considered to be the best cycling city in North America. The city was twentieth out of twenty in the Copenhagenize Report’s index of best cycling cities in 2015 but, significantly, it was one of only three non-European cities included on the list. Montreal became bicycle-friendly because of people power. Le Monde à Bicyclette was founded in April 1975, and many of the campaign tactics employed by this bicycle-advocacy group are still used by advocacy groups around the world. Montreal’s first “stop killing cyclists” demonstration—modeled after play- dead protests in the Netherlands from earlier in the 1970s—used black humor, urging protestors to “Come die-in with me.” A placard at one of these die-ins demanded “vélo pour la vie”—“bicycle for life.” Le Monde à Bicyclette—literally, “The World of the Bicycle,” or Citizens for Cycling, or just MAB—was a motley collection of francophone nationalists and anglophone anarchists who, after a number of years of campaigning, successfully

Robert “Bicycle Bob” Silverman, cofounder of Montreal’s cycle advocacy group Le Monde à Bicyclette, on the Claire Morissette cycleway in the center of the city. persuaded the left-leaning politicians of Montreal to provide for people on bikes. The anti-automobile activism group was cofounded by Claire Morissette and Robert “Bicycle Bob” Silverman. The curb-protected cycleway in the Central Business District was built in 2007, replaced a car lane, and was named for Morissette, who had died from cancer earlier in the same year. Signs on the Piste Claire-Morissette state proudly that she was a “militante écologiste.” Morissette was the creative brains of the organization while Silverman was the lead actor, he told me when I visited him in Montreal. To protest at the lack of a safe bridge crossing for cyclists over the St. Lawrence River, he dressed up as Moses and, clasping the Ten Bicycle Commandments (“Thou shalt not Kill, Thou shalt not Pollute . . .”), he attempted in vain to part the “Red Sea” for a gaggle of waiting cyclists. Of course, the local media loved that, as well as other stunts the group pulled, such as attaching wings to bicycles and attempting to Appendix C | 235

fly over the river, and towing bicycles on rafts behind canoes. In 1990, Montreal built a pedestrian and cyclist bridge, and added bike lanes to other bridges. Perhaps because many members were comfortably bilingual, and because Silverman was at heart a poet, MAB used words as weapons, although always humorously. MAB’s guerrilla protesters were “vélo-Quixotes,” “vélo-holy rollers,” and “vélorutionaries”; they fought against “autocracy” using “cyclodramas.” Silverman wrote poems and songs for the group’s newsletter, Le Monde à Bicyclette, such as this one from 1976:

The World of the Bicycle

Forward bicycles Listen to the echoes The future of bicycles It’s the end of cars

Le Monde à Bicyclette Wants to change the planet Le Monde à Bicyclette Will save the planet

It’s the end of the scourge No more plots No more pollution For it is the revolution.

The group’s longest-running cyclodrama was when activists carried bulky items onto Montreal’s metro—a ladder, skis, a papier-mâché hippopotamus— while those with less bulky bicycles were refused access. After three years of these “cyclo-provocations,” MAB won the subway access for cyclists it had sought. MAB also constructed car-sized wooden frames for placing over moving bicycles to demonstrate how much space Montreal would save if it catered to cyclists, and not just to automobiles. “Motorists got really mad at that,” remembered Silverman, with a twinkle in his eye. Always willing to suffer for the cause, Silverman was sentenced to eight days in the clink for refusing to pay a small fine levied after he was caught illegally 236 | BIKE BOOM

painting a cycle lane on a residential street. (He was released after two days.) “Bicycle Bob” is now 83, partially blind, and no longer able to cycle—I pedaled him around his old haunts with the help of a cargo bike—but he remains passionate about what he and Morissette were able to achieve as the leaders of Le Monde à Bicyclette. In 1998, despite being salaried, they wound up the group. “We’d achieved all our aims,” Silverman told me. “There was nothing else to campaign for.” MAB was later revived, and the group’s mission is continued by a new generation of vélorutionaries. Among other things, they campaign to open a long-closed gate on one of the hard-fought-for bridge bike paths. Select Bibliography

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McGurn, Jim. On Your Bicycle. John Murray, 1987.

McShane, Clay. Down the Asphalt Path: The Automobile and the American City. Columbia University Press, 1994. Bibliography | 239

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Oldenziel, Ruth, Martin Emanuel, Adri Albert de la Bruhèze, and Frank Veraart, eds. Cycling Cities: The European Experience: One Hundred Years of Policy and Practice. Published by Foundation for the History of Technology and LMU Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society, 2016.

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Perry, David B. Bike Cult. Four Walls Eight Windows, 1995.

Plowden, William. The Motor Car and Politics in Britain. Bodley Head, 1971.

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Sadik-Khan, Janette, and Seth Solomonow. Street Fight: Handbook for an Urban Revolution. Viking, 2016.

Wray, J. Harry. Pedal Power: The Quiet Rise of the Bicycle in American Public Life. Paradigm, 2008.

Index

Page numbers in italics indicate images. Bicycle Association, 89 bicycle boulevards, 97–98, 144–146 Ace of Spades roadhouse, 37 “The Bicycle Capital of America,” 68, 73–74 Action Against Automobiles (AAA), 115, 211 Bicycle Ecology, 114–115 Adams, Ansel, 69 Bicycle Federation of America, 129 Adams, John, 15 Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute of America Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), (BHSIA), 229 62 Bicycle Institute for America (BIA), 118 Albrecht, Joseph, 154 bicycle path societies, 185–186 Aldred, Rachel, 174 Bicycle Path Task Force, 116 “All Change to Bikes” campaign, 99–100, 101 Bicycle Safety Committee, 69–70 Alness Report, 41–47 Bicycle Safety Institute, 229–231 American Bike Month, 55, 58, 64 Bicycle Transportation report (EPA), 138 Ameruso, Anthony R., 213 Bicycle Week promotion of 1916, 24–26 Amis de la Terra group, 92 Bicycles USA conference, 135–136 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 4, 137, 198, 202 Bierhorst, Gene, 225 Amsterdam-Haarlem road, 34, 35 Bike to Work Ride, 131–132 Anderson, Glenn, 156–157 bike-ins, 92–93, 115–116, viii Appleton, J.H., 106 bikeology, 120–121, 121 Aramaic, Edward, 114–115 Bikeway Program, 156–157 Arris, Tom, 128 bikeways, 16–17, 56–58 Ashbourn, Philip, 107 Bikeways: State of the Art (DOT), 138–139, Aspinall, Wayne, 126 139, 148, 149 Birmingham, England, 84 baby boom, 129–131, 190 Birnbaum, Marie, 135 Balderson, Tom, 230 Blumberg, Arnold, 62 Ballantine, Richard, 92–93, 118–119, 164 Bongartz, Roy, 119–120 Ballard, J. G., 199 booms, factors controlling, xxi Banham, Peter Reyner, 84–86 Boorsboom, Mirjam, 210 bans, 213 Boulder, Colorado, 74 Barnes, Alfred, 81–82 Brachi, Philip, 94–96 Barnsley, Tom, 88–89 Briercliffe, Harold, 87 Beach Drive, 125 Bristol-to-Bath railway line, 105, 106, 107, 108 Bear Pit, 189–190 British Cycling Bureau (BCB), 90–92, 95, 100, Bedford, England, 104–105 101, 104, 107 Before the Traffic Grinds to a Halt (BCB), 92, 97 British Roads Federation, 50 Benepe, Barry, 115 Briton Ferry bridge, 83 Bergman, Carl, 124 Brown, Joanna, 16–17 Bernstein, Carl, 122–124, 125–126 Buchanan, Colin, 48–49, 79, 85–86 Betjeman, John, 91 Buckley, William F., 59 Bevan, John, 38–39 Buehler, Ralph, 3, 209

Buehler, Ted, 75–76 146–148, 208 Burden, Dan, 129 curb-protected space, defined, 17 Bustos, Timothy, 76 Cycle and Motor Cycle Association, 89 cycle priority routes, 96 California Cycleway, 21–23, 23 “Cycle Route” trial (Portsmouth, England), Calvinism, 184 97–99 Campbell, Ruth, 57 cycle superhighways, 16 Cannondale bicycles, 117 Cyclebag, 107–108 Capek, Karel, 187 “Cycleway Seminar” at MAUDEP conference, capitalism, 114 96 car restraint, 177 cycleways, 3–4, 6, 16–17, 170–171. See also Car-Elimination Service, 196–197 Stevenage cycleway system Carey, Hugh, 213 cycling tracks, experimental, 32–33, 33, 97–99 Car-Free Amsterdam, 202 Cyclists’ Inferiority Phobia, 155 Caro, Robert, 30 Cyclists’ Touring Club, 32–39, 50, 79, 87–88, Carpinteria, California, 70 93, 99–106, 170 Central Park (New York City), 31, 65–66 cyclodramas, 235 Chicago, Illinois, 59–61 children. See also Stop de Kindermoord Daley, Richard J., 59–60 campaign Darago, Vincent, 150, 152 Alness Report and, 47 Davis, California, 67–76, 146–148 association with, 25–26 Davis Tweed Run, 76 baby boom and, 129–131, 190 De Beauvoir Association, 200–201 cycling to school, 172, 175 De Pijp area (Amsterdam), 198 Holland and, 181 De Silva, Harry Reginald, 52 regulations and, 153–154 deferential paralysis, 15 Childs, Frank and Eva, 67–68 Delft redesign, 137 Choate, Rufus Jr., 163 Delta Works, 183–184 Chopper hi-rise bicycles, 89 Denington, Evelyn, 96, 170 Christchurch, New Zealand, 5 Department of Transportation (DOT), 136– Cieslewicz, Dave, 12 139, 147, 148–149, 153 Citizens for Cycling, 233–236 Design & Layout of Roads in Built-up Areas Civic Trust, 99–100 report, 79–80 claiming the lane, 155 Dobbins, Horace Murrell, 22 Claxton, Eric, 16–17, 40, 86–87, 92, 96, 98–99, Dower, Michael, 106 165–172 Dowlin, John, 133 Clean Air Act, 127–128 Drees, William, 192 Columbia, Maryland, 161–164 driverless cars, 13–15 Columbia bicycles, 21 Driving Under the Influence, 54 comic books, 150–152 Dubinsky, David, 132 Consumer Product Safety Commission Dutch Cycling Embassy, 209–210 (CPSC), 151–152 Dutch Cyclists’ Union, 192 Cook, Frederick C., 79 Dutch intersections, 71–72 cost considerations, 148 Dutch system, 179–180. See also Netherlands countercultural movement, 194–197 Cox, Peter, 185 Earth Day (1970), 112, 113 Crash (Ballard), 199 Ebert, Anne-Katrin, 186 Critical Mass events, 197 Eckhardt, Robert C., 65 Cross, Kenneth, 131 Effective Cycling (Forester), 146, 151, 151–152 curb-nerdery, 208 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 54, 55–56, xv curb-protected bikeways, 68, 70, 93–94, Ellen Fletcher Boulevard, 146 Index | 243

energy efficiency, 94–96 gridlock, 133 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Grimshaw, John, 106, 107, 107 127–128, 138 Groningen, Netherlands, 69, 203–205 environmentalism, 9–10, 89, 92–95, 111–116, Grooms, Red, 115 130–131 Grove, Noel, 111, 129 Epperson, Bruce, 72, 152, 156 Gruskiun, Stuart, 214 Gubric, Clay, 122 Falbo, Nick, 71–72 Guidelines for a Comprehensive Bicycle Route Far to the Right law (FTR), 27, 153 System (Rasmussen), 60–61 Farnsworth, Dana L., 56 Gurin, David, 115, 134, 211 Fascell, Dante B., 55 Federal-Aid Highway Acts, 54, 111 The Hague, Netherlands, 206, 207 Fee, Julie Anna, 137 Hahn, Gilbert, 123–124 Feilden, Richard, 96, 101 Hamers, Ton, 192 Ferguson, George, 108 Hanna, Jack, 67 Fichter, George, 57 head injuries, 229–231 filtered permeability, 146 health benefits, 55–58, 118 Finney, Albert, 83 Heffer, Eric, 88 Fischman, Barry, 131 helmets, 229–231 Fisher, Gary, 148 Hembrow, David, 72, 205 Flanigan, Peter, 109 Hemmstead, Terry, 201 Fletcher, Ellen, 146 Henderson, Leon, 53 “FoE Cycleways Campaign,” 100 Hertzberg, Hendrick, 131–132 Ford Maverick burial, 112–113 Hirten, John E., 134–136, 141 Forester, John, 143, 145–148, 147, 151–152, Homestead, Florida, 56–58 155–160 Hore-Belisha, Leslie, 33–36, 38 France, 32 Horton, Dave, xxii Frankel, Godfrey and Lillian, 17 Houten, Netherlands, 172–173 freeways, 85, 181 Howell, Denis, 103 Friends of Bikeology, 10, 120–122 Hudson, Mike, 100 Friends of the Earth (FoE), 9–10, 92, 94, 97–100 Huffman bicycles, 52 Fulbright, William, 62 Hunt, John, 87 Huntingdon bypass, 83 Gaffney, Mary, 229–230 Gelinck, W. G. C., 34 Illich, Ivan, 95, 114 General Motors, 163 infrastructure Germany, 32, 188–190, xvii funding for, 203–205 Giant Bicycles, 117 lobbying for, 94 Gibson, Charles Granville, 34 as local, 82 Glaser, Meredith, 210 necessity of for cycling, 4–5 Gloucester, England, 81 of Netherlands, 182–185, 203–205 The Gnomes, 196–197 Internet, 62 Goldschmidt, Neil, 116 Interstate 66, 128–129 Goodwin, Reg, 177 islands, raised, 212–213 Google Ngram Viewer, 221 Google Street View images, 215 Jacobs, Jane, 30, 58–59, 114, 211 Great Britain, 3, 32, 199–202, xvii, xx, xxi–xxii. jaywalking, 27 See also Stevenage cycleway system Johnson, Lyndon B., 65 Great Schism, 156 Jokinen, David, 195–196 Green, Harriet, 131 Jones, Tim, 164–165 greenways, 106–108 Jordan, Pete, 180–181, 189 244 | BIKE BOOM

Kanfer, Stefan, 111 Midland Railway, 108 Kaplan, Stan, 123 Millennials, 6 Kaszonyi, Peter, 224 Miller Beer advertisement, 62 Keeper, Louis E., 171 Le Monde à Bicyclette (MAB), 233–236 Kemp, Dave, 74 Montreal, Canada, 233–236 Kibblewhite, Doris, 200–201 Moran, Katie, 129 Kittleman, Allan H., 163 Morissette, Claire, 234 Koch, Ed, 115–116, 211–213 Morris, Errol, 62 Koenig, H. P., 205 Moses, Robert, 30–31, xix Kolsbun, Ken, 120–121 Motorists’ Superiority Phobia, 155 Komanoff, Charles, 214 Moulton, Alex, 84–85, 86, 170 Kretchmer, Jerome, 132 movie stars, 224 Kryptonite shackle locks, 123 “Mr. Smartspokes” program, 75 Mrak, Emil, 67 Langenhoff, Vic, 197 Munn, Harold C., 142, 155 law enforcement, 153–154 lawsuits, 127–128 National Bike Month, 58 League of American Wheelmen, 26–27 National Child Safety Council, 154 Lenthall, Roy, 96, 176 National Cycle Network, 106, 108 Lindsay, John V., 132, 134 National Cyclists’ Union, 35, 50 lines, painted, 26 National Plan for Cycling (BCB), 90, 91–92 livable cities, 64 natural gas fields, 204 local infrastructure, 82 Netherlands locks, 123, 195 DOT study on, 137 Lodge, John E., 28 fight against automobiles in, 192–197, London, England, 2, 6, 101–102, xxi–xxii 202–203 Longhurst, James, 26, 53, 154 freeways for cyclists in, 181 Longstaff, H. J., 83 funding for infrastructure in, 203–205 Lorenzen, Coby, 67 history of cycling in, 184–192 Los Angeles County, California, 140–141 inconvenience and, 158–159 Lott, Dale, 69–70, 146–147 infrastructure of, 182–185, 203–205 in mid-1930s, 32 MacCarthy, Shane, 56 as model for British system, 87–88 Magruder, Jeb Stuart, 123 overview of biking in, 2–4, xvii, xx–xxi MAMILs, 12 planning for cycling and, 7–8 Manchester, England, 179–180 reasons for success of cycling in, 10, Manifold Railway Path, 108 207–210 Mapes, Jeff, 3 rise of automobiles in, 190–192 Marples, Ernest, 86–87 safety campaigns in, 197–199 Marples, Ridgway, and Partners, 86 tourism in, 205 Marquette-Negaunee road (Michigan), 26 New York City, 1, 29–31, 131–134, 211–215. Marshall Plan, 190 See also Central Park Marston Ferry Road, 89–91 New Zealand, 210 MAUDEP conferences, 96 Newlon, Martha, 121, 135 McCall, Tim, 116 Ngram Viewer, 221 McCorkell, Charlie, 115 Nines, Edward H., 26 media, timeline of mentions in, 221–227 Noguchi, Ted, 143, 143, 145–146 Menschel, Ronay, 212 Northampton, England, 81 messenger cyclists, 213–214 Norton, Peter, 27 Meyers, Tedson, 128–129 Middlesbrough Cycleway, 105–106 Oakland, Sam, 116 Index | 245

offset crossings, 71 Rothe, Edward, 54–55 Only One Road (AAA), 154 Rouse, James, 162–164 OPEC oil crisis, 94, 202 Rowlands, David, 136 Oregon Bicycle Bill, 116, 141 Royal Automobile Club, 40 Outdoor Recreation Resources Commission (ORRRC), 63 Sadik-Khan, Janette, 215 Oxford, England, 89–91 Saekow, Louis, 150 Oxnard, California, 70, 71 Safe Bicycling Committee, 56 Safer Traffic Party, 191–192 Page, DeWitt, 222–223 Safety and Location Criteria for Bike Facilities Palo Alto, California, 143–146, 149, 150–152 (DOT), 148 Parkin, John, 9, 108 Safety Spacers, 131 parking facilities, 167 Salisbury, Harry, 62 Pasadena, California, 21–23 Saltzman, Harry, 83 pavement, sidewalk vs., 12 San Jose State College, 112–113 peak car theory, 6 Sandler, Ross, 213 Pearlman, Nancy, 112, 113 Sawday, Alistair, 107 pedal-ins, 114 Sawtell, R., 39–40 Pelz, Dave, 75 Schepel, Steven, 198 The Perils of the Cycle Path (CTC), 36 Schimmelpennink, Lund, 196, 202 Permanent Way, 106 Schumacher, E. F., 114 Peugeot bicycles, 62 Schwartz, Sam, 133–134, 134 Philadelphia Bike Coalition, 133 Schwinn bicycles, 130–131, 224 pollution, 63, 130–131, xvi Seaton, Arthur, 83 Porte, Joe and Ilana, 110 segregationism, 78–80, 87–88, 148, 177, 185 Portland, Oregon, 1, 116 Seville, Spain, 10–11 Portsmouth, England, 97–99 Shallcross, George, 91–92 propensity to cycle, 11 Shanteau, Bob, 153 protected intersections, 70–72, 71 Shapiro, Alfred, 66 Provos, 194–196 Sharp, Thomas, 80–81 Pucher, John, 3, 157, 158–159, 209 sharrows, 97, 98 Shaw, Cary, 127–128 rail trails, 16, 17 Shopper bicycles, 89 railways, 86 Sickles, Carton R., 55 Raleigh bicycles, 83, 89, 117 sidepaths, defined, 16 Randel, William Pierce, 51–52 sidewalks, 12, 145–146, 150 Raskin, A.H., 132 Sillitoe, Alan, 83 Rasmussen, Paul, 60–61 Silverman, Bill, 230 rationing, 94–95 Silverman, Robert, 234–236, 234 Reading, England, 81 Sinyard, Mike, 117 “Red Zone” proposal, 134 Skinner, Maynard, 70 reflectors, 151 Sloane, Eugene, 118 Reinhold, Robert, 135 Snell Memorial Foundation, 229–230 rental bicycles, 29, 66 Snowden, Ernest, 38 Richard’s Bicycle Book (Ballantine), 92–93, Sommer, Robert, 72–74, 146–147 118–119, 132, 164 Sowerby, John, 45 Ride On!! (WABA), 127 space for cycling, defined, 17 “right to the road” concept, 49 Special Roads Bill, 81–82 Rock Creek Park Road, 125–128 Sprocket Man comic book, 150–152 Rodale, Robert, 135 Sproxton, David, 108 Rosenthal, Joseph J., viii St. Anna bicycle tunnel, 29 246 | BIKE BOOM

Stancer, George Herbert, 44, 45–47, 145 Urb-i, 215 Stanford University, 150–152 steel horses, 61 Van Der Plas, Rob, 93, 205 stereotypes, 12–13 van Putten, Maartje, 197 Stevenage cycleway system, 9, 92, 137, 161– van Spanje, Han, 194, 197–198 176, xix Vancouver, Canada, 11 Stoke-on-Trent, England, 107 vehicular cycling Stop de Kindermoord campaign, 137, 194, Bicycle USA conference and, 135 197–199, 198 current status of, 159–160 Stovall, Lou, 124 disputes over, 155–156 Surface Transportation Assistance Act, earliest reference to, 142 156–157 origins of, 143–146 Sustrans, 106, 107–108 overview of, 4–5, 88 Swart, Randy, 229–231 regulations on, 151–155 Swinging Sixties, 84 Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1978 and, 156–157 Takemoto-Weerts, David, 74–75 Victory Bikes, 52–53, 61 taxes, 186–187 Vietnam War, 61–62 Taylor, M. A., 81 Volpe, John A., 123, 125, 141 Te Ara I Whiti cycleway, 210 terminology, 16–17 Wagenbuur, Mark, 204 Thamesmead, England, 177–178 Walker, Peter, 3 theft, 122–123, 189 war on the motorist, 176–177 Thomas, David M., 58 Ward, Benjamin, 214 Titus, Jim, 231 Warner, Leslie, 87 Townley, Jay, 131, 141 Washington, D.C., 123–129 Towpath Cycle Shop, 122 Washington Area Bicyclist Association Trails for America report, 64–65, 117 (WABA), 127–128, 229–231 Transport and Road Research Laboratory Watergate, 122–123 (TRRL), 98–99 ways, defined, 16–17 Treasure, Mark, xxi–xxii Weiss, Eben “Bikesnob,” 159 Triborough Bridge complex, 30 Wentworth, Marchant “Lucky,” 124, 126 Trillin, Calvin, 131–133 Western Avenue (England), 34–38, 40, 50, Triple-A, 115, 211 199–200 Tripp, Herbert Alker, 78–79 Westfield bicycles, 52 trucks, 58–59 White, Paul Dudley, 55–58, 55, 64, 135, xv Tseng, Ike, 117 White Bicycle Plan, 194–195 tunnels, 82–83 Wiggins, Bradley, 227 Tyne Pedestrian and Cyclist Tunnel, 82–83 Wijkgroep de Pijp, 198 Wilkinson, Bill, 129, 135–136 Udall, Stuart, 55, 63–65, 117 Williams, Howard, 25 underpasses, 189–190 Williams, John, 152 Uniform Vehicle Code, 27 Wilson, S. S., 113–114 university courses, 120 Wittenberg, Jan, 192 University of California, Davis, 67–76, Woodbury, Norman, 70 146–148 World War I, 24, 50, 185–186 unraveling, 179–180, 184 World War II, 51–53, 61, 188–190 Urban Bikeway Design Collaborative (UBDC), 150, 152 Yom Kippur War, 94 Urban Bikeway Design Guide (NACTO), 16 York-to-Malton bypass, 38–40 urbanization, impacts of, 13 Young, George, 102–104

TRANSPORTATION | BICYCLES

Journalist Carlton Reid sets out to discover what we can learn from the history of bike “booms” in this entertaining and thought-provoking book.

Advance Praise for BIKE BOOM

“Bike Boom is full of heroes fighting for safe places for bikes, up against the Goliath of mass motorization. Carlton deftly tells the stories of the major battles over bikes in Europe and the United States from the 1930s through the 1970s. Not much has changed: we are still facing the same forces today, with the same arguments for and against. The book is a loving testament to yesterday’s scrappy champions with lessons for all who persist today.” —MARTHA ROSKOWSKI, Vice President of Local Innovation, PeopleForBikes

“Carlton Reid brings an essential—and often forgotten—historical depth to ongoing debates about cycling and cycling infrastructure. In Bike Boom, he maps the deeply political struggles that are hidden behind seemingly technical, or even banal, issues. Indispensable reading for those trying to grasp cycling, but even more so for those who are fighting the continuous fight for its place in contemporary cities and societies.” —MARCO TE BRÖMMELSTROET, Academic Director, Urban Cycling Institute; Associate Professor in Urban Planning, University of Amsterdam

“Carlton Reid is one of the most well-respected authors in the cycling world today, and with good reason. He is renowned for his political insight and meticulous research. Building on his earlier works—which delve into the history of this multi-purpose machine—Bike Boom is a beautifully fluid account of contemporary cycling and raises Carlton’s reputation as a leading cycling aficionado to new heights.” —CHRIS BOARDMAN, Senior Policy Advisor at British Cycling and Cofounder of Boardman Bikes

CARLTON REID is the executive editor of BikeBiz magazine, a publication for the bicycle trade based in the United Kingdom. He is author of Roads Were not Built for Cars.

Washington | Covelo | London www.islandpress.org All Island Press books are printed on environmentally responsible materials.