Bike Boom: the Unexpected Resurgence of Cycling, 217 DOI 10.5822/ 978-1-61091-817-6, © 2017 Carlton Reid
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Acknowledgments Thanks to all at Island Press, including but not only Heather Boyer and Mike Fleming. For their patience, thanks are due to the loves of my life—my wife, Jude, and my children, Josh, Hanna, and Ellie Reid. Thanks also to my Kickstarter backers, listed overleaf. As much of this book is based on original research, it has involved wading through personal papers and dusty archives. Librarians in America and the UK proved to be exceptionally helpful. It was wonderful—albeit distracting— to work in such gob-stoppingly beautiful libraries such as the Library of Congress in Washington, DC, and the library at the Royal Automobile Club in London. I paid numerous (fruitful) visits to the National Cycling Archive at the Modern Records Centre at Warwick University, and while this doesn’t have the architectural splendor of the former libraries, it more than made up for it in the wonderful array of records deposited by the Cyclists’ Touring Club and other bodies. I also looked at Ministry of Transport papers held in The National Archives in Kew, London (which is the most technologically advanced archive I have ever visited, but the concrete building leaves a lot to be desired). Portions of chapters 1 and 6 were previously published in Roads Were Not Built for Cars (Carlton Reid, Island Press, 2015). However, I have expanded the content, including adding more period sources. Carlton Reid, Bike Boom: The Unexpected Resurgence of Cycling, 217 DOI 10.5822/ 978-1-61091-817-6, © 2017 Carlton Reid. Kickstarter Backers Philip Bowman Robin Holloway Sumei Toh Sam Jordison Trickhand James Johnston Christian Amoser Rosie Bell Chris Niewiarowski Chris Dorling Heikki Rautanen Robert Dingwall Stewart Duncan Charles Frazer Harvey Sylvia Aitken Mary Manning Chelle Destefano Chris Whiley Paola Vedana Nunuboogie David Goodstein John Donnelly Sam Joslin Brian Brunswick Graham George Andrew Lamberton Richard Guy Briggs Mark Dempsey Irene McAleese Anthony McDougle Jacob Curtis Matthew Hardy Simon Woodward Nigel Oulton Nick Orloff Nick Lewis Chris Murphy Fredrik Jönsson Graham Powell George Coulouris Allen Dickie Alan Cragg Davide Zulli Terry Duckmanton James Grant Richard Worth John Pitts Richard Warren Jnik Ken Neal Martin J. Adam Bowie Ken Callan Paul Shortland Ed Ames Ian Hollidge Edouard Guidon John Grocock Joe Wiederhold Peter Clinch Mike Skiffins Peter Hawkins Tam Steve Fagg Mark Philpotts Don Springhetti Mark Dwight Paul Dyett Andy Fox Christopher Fox Thomas Hoffmann John Blackie Edgar Fernandez Rick Rubio Tore Simonsen Patrick Wadsworth Jaime Lee Pabiloña Darren Steele Torben Finn Laursen Mark Harrison Jon H Ballentine Catherine Bedford Tino Calum Jonathan Winston Graham Parker Kerry Palmer Philip Henderson Maree Carroll Jacqueline Campbell Fabien Fivaz G Swanson Michael Charland Dave Robinson Alec McCalden Lesley G. Craddock Tim Doole Jonathan Streete Ron Grosinger Toby Adam Ray Hans Dorsch Bernardo Pereira Darryl Rayner Lea Tui Terry Coaker Ferran Graham Clark The Warmans David Houghton Pål Steinar Berg Brenda Broughton Richard Evans Seamus Kelly Douglas Carnall Grant Mason Steffen Lohrey Ben Wooliscroft Suso del Rio Keith Stephen John Cooper Tina Bach Ben Martin Roy Cuckow Alan Couchman Michael Beverland Hugh Wilson Graeme Wilson Richard Ashurst Graham Connor Curtis Corlew Icicle19 Bristolpedalrevolution Mark Carlson Erin McWalter Gemma Rathbone Shaun Connor Miles Rickelton Greg Hostetler Andrew Harker Dr John Darling Pj roon Kelvin Kwan Paul Kohn Michael Josephy Barista Paul Deaton Andrew Knights Kevin Hasley Graham Robinson Hans-Erhard Lessing Toby Churchill Adam Bower James Evans Ulf Göransson Jonathan Sanderson Thomas NIcol Frode P. Bergsager Robert Seidler Patrick Mcloughlin Paul Tildesley Mark Chopping John Junta David Davies Sara Rich Dorman Kerry Chin Kris Wills Giles Cudmore Frankie Roberto FlyKly Richard Masoner Yoav Tzabar John Boyd D Wiegand Kirsten Shouler Jan Foniok William Chong Darran Shepherd Josh Miner Will Crocombe Donald Pillsbury Mark Silcox Belen Vivanco M. Peter Veasey Kyle Griggs Jim Stahl Giulia Cortesi Jamie Scahill Jim Baltaxe Daniel Thomas Jenkinson Peter Silburn Bruce Lewandowski Gabor Jeffrey Dallas Moore Peter Whitelegg Ian Clark Patrick Finley James Eldridge Vivienne Gray Martin Packer Fiona Campbell SW Philip Ashbourn Melvin Bailey Ed Wojtowicz Ed Loach David Priestley Tedder Alasdair Sinclair Robert Weeks Matt Bridgestock Carlton Reid, Bike Boom: The Unexpected Resurgence of Cycling, 218 DOI 10.5822/ 978-1-61091-817-6, © 2017 Carlton Reid. Acknowledgments | 219 Jonathan Simpson Stephanie Creasey Christof Damian Brian C Peter Blakeman eric ludlow Aaron Spencer Sean Carter Mark Heal Robert Harber Ashley Burrows David Bernstein Brian Carlin Alexander Allan Norman Oxtoby David Tuttle Rob James Jonathan Rowland David Gibbon Ralph Metcalf Ian Hull Wil Symons Mark james Jim Vincent Jr. Pete Abel Ivor Hewitt John Waterworth Adam Lennie Paul Fulbrook John Olson Mathieu Davy Karl Matthew Little Eifion Francis Jerry Ash Pedro Fradique Neil Barron Paul Wilkinson David Wellbeloved Michael Richters Michael Pospieszalski Sigurd Gudd James Holloway Simon Schupp Brian Mackenzie Gary Dawes Graeme Howell Jonathan Gradin Don Muir Chris Hinchliffe Paige Mitchell Jerry McKinley Jonathan McGarry David Ramkalawon John Wills Lloyd Spotwood Vance Phyll Hardie Philip Passmore Michael Oxer duncan r jamieson Andrew Russell Peter Lyons-Lewis K.A. Moylan Patrik Lundquist Richard Pelling Martin Hart Gregor Buchanan Tom Lindsay GODtower Lukas Georgiou PurpleCyclist Paul Jorgensen Graham Jones Peter Dixon Santiago Gorostiza John Galbraith Edward Fitzgerald-Clark Tom Ryan Langa Bruce Devlin Rms cycling services Alister Barclay Kim Schönfeld Andrew Reeves-Hall Andy Walker Christopher Peck Jason Charles Halliday Roger Suddaby Dave Minter Keith Byrne Susan E Spinks Andrew Grimbly Peter G. Taylor-Anderson Peter Owen Tibs les crook Daniel Wrightson JCorvesor Shaun McDonald Stephen Carleysmith Grant Sandilands Philip Howard John Richards Tim Mullett Ben Cooper Neil Richardson Michael Schooling Jamie Radford Johnathan Calvert Richard Palmer Anthony Lister Jeremy Strutt Lazerblade Peter Rohde John Conway Vicki Berry Rob Wachowski Michael Gaze Gregg Hillmar Jenni Gwiazdowski Chris Smith Neville Jones Edward T. Burke John Krug Derek Vickers Mark Appleton Ben Fields Juliet Blackburn Amaryllis Courtney Cheryl Churm Martin Donkin Mark Sanders Jez Higgins Ian E Hall Keith Robertson Chris Emerson Mark Strong Craig Steve Knattress Iain Peacock Jakob Whitfield Samuel Quemby Richard Wilson James Shepherd Anthony Cartmell Andrew Wood Vivek Krishnan Andrew Martin Nigel Shoosmith Kevin Green Lorenz Zahn Pierre Riteau Lin Tuff Jerry Lawson Bryan Lorber Oly Shipp Keith Day Chris Hill Fred_dot_u Gaz Dave Warnock Christopher Allan Roland Backhouse Marc Eberhard Alex Ingram zanf Paulo A.Franke Thomas Heller Wiethege Nigel Land Phillip Darnton Graham Smith James Spinks Philip Benstead Nigel Clark peter kershaw Neil Webster e_bruton Michael Barnstijn Piers Hawksley Eviltoystealer David Squires Mike Dunn Philip Johnston Hugh Willliams Derek Noble Mark Redmond Kevin M Ablitt Jonathan Bennett John Saunders Dave Walker Tim Blackwell Ian Denton Francis King Phil Clarke Graham Fereday Warren Isaacs Jason Wood Brent Johnson Jim Stuart Gwenda Owen Alasdair Alexander Robert Prior Tim Warin David Hartley Amos Field Reid Greyson Eric Schneider Clement T. Cole Ollie Dwnwrd Zvi Leve David Ryan Leslie Reissner James Clarke Albert Reid Anthony Morley Tom Sulston Jonathan Dow Jim Denham Daniel Glassey Kasey van Puijenbroek Mark Martin Jon Cotton Richard Dean Karey Harrison Guy Joel Ripley Sean O’Sullivan Robert Feakes Lisa Adolphe Joe Gary Fisher Keith Richmond John Peterson Chris Clayton Joe Clarbour Trainmanusa Erik Daems Appendix A: “Bike Boom” Mentions, 1896–2016 Below I list a selection of the various “bike boom” media mentions down the years. But first, let’s zoom out to look at the bigger picture with Google’s Ngram Viewer. This is an online book-scraping tool developed by Google in 2010 with the help of scientists at Harvard University. The massive searchable database comprises more than 5 million books—both fiction and non-fiction— published between 1800 and 2000. Plotting the search terms “cycling boom,” “bike boom,” and “bicycle boom” throws up three mountain ranges, peaking at 1940, 1980, and 2000. (Quite why the 1895–97 boom doesn’t spike in Ngram is anybody’s guess.) The 1940 mountain, peaking after the stellar sales of the mid-1930s, is K2, with Everest being the 1980 mountain. Mount 1980’s climb started at the end of the 1960s, and climbed steeply through the 1970s. This tallies reasonably well with bicycle sales, as well as bicycling’s popularity. The Ngram results are English-language only; a Dutch-language Ngram would result in different peaks and troughs. Clearly, the Dutch bike booms are of a different order of magnitude to the booms elsewhere in the world. The US and UK bike booms are also different although it may be a surprise to many to discover that there were any pre-1970s bike booms in either country. 1890s The phrase “bike boom” was first used in the 1890s, when the wordbike —once frowned upon as a slang word—started to become more generally used, even in Carlton Reid, Bike Boom: The Unexpected Resurgence of Cycling, 221 DOI 10.5822/ 978-1-61091-817-6, © 2017 Carlton Reid. 222 | BIKE BOOM Bicycle boom, 1896. Cartoon from Puck magazine, January 1896. polite society. “Cyclomania” was greatest in America and Britain, but the “cycling craze” also spread to France, the Netherlands, and Germany, as can be witnessed by the phrases “la mode de la bicyclette,” “de wielermanie,” and “den Siegeslauf des Fahrrads.” In this era, cycling was for the elites, from the middle classes to royalty, not yet the workers. The boom started in 1896 and was over by 1897. 1925 By the end of the 1920s, cycling was a popular form of transport for working people all over Europe, most especially in the Netherlands and the “cycling city” of Copenhagen. This boom—an actual and steady boom—was woefully underreported in the media. There had been a “Boom in Bicycle Sales” reported theNew York Times, quoting DeWitt Page, vice president of General Motors.