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Common Transmission Media

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Common Transmission Media ELEX 3525 : Data Communications 2015 Winter Session Common Transmission Media is lecture describes the characteristics of the most common transmission media: twisted pair, co-ax and fiber-optic cables and free space-propagation for wireless channels. Aer this lecture you should be able to: identify the different types of transmission media described in this lecture, their component parts and their advantages and disadvantages; compute common-mode and differential voltages; solve prob- lems involving Z, velocity factor, εr,twisted pair and co-ax physical dimensions, and distributed L and C; solve problems involving signal levels and loss in logarithmic and linear units; convert between AWG and diameter; and solve problems involving free space propagation path loss. Twisted Pair GSRHYGXSV MRWYPEXMSR Twisted pair cable consists of a pair of parallel insu- GSRRIGXSVFPEHI lated wires twisted around each other and covered with a plastic jacket. is is oen called unshielded twisted pair (UTP): e main applications for twisted pair cables are telephone local “loops” that connect subscribers to the telephone switching office and local-area net- works that connect computers and data networking equipment. “Cat 5” (Cat 3, Cat 6, etc.) refer to EIA specifica- tions for four-pair UTP cable typically used for LANs such as the various IEEE 802.3 standards that operate at rates from 10 Mb/s to 10 Gb/s. Twisted pair cables oen contain several pairs in the same jacket. Differential Signalling e pairs can also be surrounded by a metallic, typ- ically aluminum foil, shield. is is called “shielded Twisted pair cables use differential signaling: oppo- twisted pair” (STP): site currents flow on each of the two wires. is has two advantages: • the electric and magnetic fields generated by the currents flowing in the wires cancel each other out. is reduces radiation which might cause interference to other systems. Twisting is not re- quired for this to happen. e shielding can be applied to the individual • the voltages induced by external electric or mag- pairs to minimize interference between the pairs netic fields on adjacent twists are opposite and (“crosstalk”), or to the cable as a whole to minimize thus cancel out. is reduces interference from interference with other cables, or to both. STP is fields generated by other systems. is only hap- more expensive and much less common than UTP. pens if the wire is twisted. e main advantages of twisted pair cables are low cost and ease of making connections. Connections e voltage between the two wires is the differen- are usually made by insulation-displacement connec- tial voltage. e voltage between the average of the tors using small slotted blades that cut through the voltages on the two wires and ground is called the insulation to make contact with the conductors. common-mode voltage. lec2.tex 1 e following diagram shows the differential and common-mode voltages and the two loops through which magnetic fields could flow to cause differential and common-mode noise: Signals typically propagate in co-ax cables in trans- verse electro-magnetic mode (TEM). is means that both the electric and magnetic fields are perpendicu- lar to the direction of propagation which is along the cable: WLMIPH GIRXIV GSRHYGXSV ,JMIPH e area between the wires (Ad) is typically much )JMIPH smaller than the area between the wires and ground (Ac). In addition, the voltages induced on the twisted Co-ax cables tend to have lower loss and radiate less than twisted-pair cables because the electric and pair by the magnetic field (the parts of the field Hdiff+ magnetic fields are confined to the inside of the shield. and Hdiff−) will cancel out due to the twisting. us the noise induced on the differential voltage will be However, they tend to be larger and more expensive much less than the noise induced on the common- than twisted pair cables. mode voltage. e receiver can ignore the common- Co-axial cables are mainly used to transport radio mode voltage by subtracting the voltages on the two frequency signals such as for the distribution of “cable wires. TV.” Co-ax cable names beginning with “RG” such as “RG-59” refer to an obsolete military specification for Wire Gauge co-ax cables. ese numbers now only specify the ap- Twisted-pair wire diameters are oen quoted in proximate dimensions and characteristic impedance “American Wire Gauge”. 24-gauge wire, a common of the cable. Specifications such as loss must be ob- gauge, has a diameter of about 0.5mm. e AWG tained from the manufacturer’s datasheets for a spe- value decreases as the log of the wire’s diameter. Re- cific cable. ducing (increasing) the wire gauge by 6 approxi- mately doubles (halves) the diameter. For example Distributed Element Model for Transmission 30-gauge wire has a diameter of about 0.25mm. Lines Exercise 1: How much does a cable’s resistance increase when the gauge size increases by 6? By 3? Hint: a wire’s resistance is A metallic cable has resistance due to the resistance proportional to its cross-sectional area. of the conductors. e cable also has a capacitance because of the charge stored in the electric field be- tween the conductors. e cable also has induc- Co-Axial Cable tance because of the magnetic field set up around the wires. ere insulator can also be lossy, particularly Co-axial (“co-ax”) cable is made from an inner con- at higher frequencies. ductor surrounded by a cylindrical shield. e sepa- e resistance, capacitance and inductance are rator can be air, various types of plastics or a combi- uniform and distributed along the whole length of the nation. e shield can be thin-walled copper tubing, line so we can specify these values per unit length (pF aluminum foil, braided wire or a combination. per meter, for example). 2 We can thus model a short portion of the • maximize power transfer for a given transmitter transmission line using the following circuit where output impedance R; C; L and G represent values per unit length: • minimize reflections that can cause inter- 6 0 symbol interference e characteristic impedance of twisted pair trans- + ' mission line as a function of the wire spacing S, the wire diameter D, and the dielectric constant of the in- sulation (εr): and the complete transmission line as an infinite se- 7 quence of the above blocks: ( is: e characteristic impedance of this transmission ( ) line model can be derived to be: ≈ p S s Z ln εr D R + jωL Z = O + G jωC Exercise 3: What is the characteristic impedance of UTP made where the electrical quantities are specified per unit from 24-gauge wire with polyethylene insulation (εr = :) of length (per foot or per meter). 0.25mm thickness? If jωL >> R and jωC >> G then the characteristic Typical characteristic impedances of twisted pair impedance becomes independent of frequency: are 100 and 150 ohms. s e characteristic impedance of co-ax as a function L of the inner conductor diameter d, the outer conduc- Z = O C tor diameter D and the separator dielectric constant εr: Exercise 2: What is the characteristic impedance of a lossless cable with an inductance of 94 nH per foot and capacitance of 17pF/ft? H ( Cable Specifications Characteristic Impedance is: ( ) e characteristic impedance of a transmission line D Z ≈ p ln is the ratio of voltage to current for an infinitely long εr d transmission line, or equivalently, the ratio when the transmission line is terminated so that nothing is re- Exercise 4: What is the characteristic impedance of a co-ax flected from the load. cable with a 0.8mm diameter center conductor, 3.5mm diam- e characteristic impedance of the transmission eter shield and foamed polyethylene between them that has a line is important because the impedances of the line dielectric constant of 1.5? driver (voltage/current source) and the receiver (ter- e most common co-ax impedance values are 50 mination) should match the characteristic impedance ohm, mainly used for radio equipment and 75 ohm, of the transmission line in order to: mainly used for cable TV applications. 3 Loss Fiber-Optic Cables Loss measures how much the transmission line atten- uates the signal. It will depend on the dimensions and Optical fibers are fibers made from glass combined the materials used to make the transmission line. It is (“doped”) with various materials and manufactured a function of frequency and is specified in dB per unit so that its index of diffraction decreases from the cen- length. For example “3dB per 100m at 10 MHz”. ter out. is causes light to be refracted (bent) back towards the center of fiber. As long as the fiber is not Exercise 5: An 800 MHz signal is output from a CATV amplifier bent at too sharp an angle all of the light will remain at a power level of 10dBm. What power level would you expect within the fiber. e fibers are also very thin which al- at the other end of a 75m run of co-ax whose loss is specified lows the to bend (again, within limits) without break- as 24dB/100m at 800 MHz? ing. Velocity of Propagation Multi-mode fibers allow propagation along multi- ple paths inside the fiber. Since each path has a dif- e speed at which an electrical signal propagates ferent propagation delay this causes dispersion of the through a transmission line can be expressed in terms signal in time (multiple propagation delays) which of the capacitance and inductance per unit length: limits possible data rates. Multi-mode fiber is typi- cally only used in local-area networks (distances <1 v = p km).
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