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PROSTOR 29 [2021] 1 [61] A SCHOLARLY JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING ZNANSTVENI ÈASOPIS ZA ARHITEKTURU I URBANIZAM UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB, FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE SVEUÈILIŠTE 130-141 Nevena Mašanović Montenegrin Rural Settlement Attributes, Problems, and Possibilities U ZAGREBU, Nenad Lipovac for Development According to Their Regional Affiliation ARHITEKTONSKI Marija Jevrić Scientific Subject Review FAKULTET https://doi.org/10.31522/p.29.1(61).10 UDC 711:911.373 (497.16) ISSN 1330-0652 https://doi.org/ 10.31522/p UDC 71/72 CODEN PORREV 29 [2021] 1 [61] 1-152 1-6 [2021] 130 Fig. 1 Three regions of Montenegro Scientific Paper 29[2021] 1[61] PROSTOR 131 Nevena Mašanović1, Nenad Lipovac2, Marija Jevrić3 1 University of Montenegro, Faculty of Architecture, Džordža Vašingtona bb, Podgorica 2 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Architecture, Kačićeva 26, Zagreb 3 University of Montenegro, Faculty of Civil engineering, Džordža Vašingtona bb, Podgorica [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Scientific Subject Review https://doi.org/10.31522/p.29.1(61).10 UDC 711:911.373 (497.16) Technical Sciences / Architecture and Urban Planning 2.01.02. - Urban and Physical Planning Article Received / Accepted: 9. 11. 2020. / 18. 6. 2021. Montenegrin Rural Settlement Attributes, Problems, and Possibilities for Development According to Their Regional Affiliation Montenegrin settlements rural development rural settlements settlements attributes vernacular architecture The rural areas cover a significant part of the Montenegrin territory preserving the existing and restoration of the missing values of their and play an essential role in its development potential. These areas natural and cultural heritage. The planning procedures for recogniz- have been exposed to various (more spontaneous and less planned) ing and determining the criteria for the detection (today visible ones) transformations throughout history, which has been reflected in their and assessing the lost values of rural settlements are proposed at particular characteristics. the end of this paper. Future planning and design processes could The three settlements, one from each region, were treated by analyz- acquire the gained knowledge about these values and be employed ing identity attributes and complex issues of development and through future development, through creating new planning and degradation of rural areas. This research aims to determine the rea- economic models for the rural settlements’ revival, protection, and sons for the extinction of rural settlements and propose measures for improvement. 132 PROSTOR 1[61] 29[2021] 130-141 N. MašaNović, N. LIPOVAC, M. Jevrić Montenegrin Rural Settlement… Scientific Paper INTRODUCTION tem of Montenegro. Later, the proposed improvement steps can be used in defining the new directions for the amendments and changes of the existing legal documents and current planning methods. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND If a Place is a term that generally covers the part of Space where people reside, live for a part, or the whole life, we come to the point when we must name the Place differently - a Settlement (Lipovac, 2019). This term (settlement) is a very general one and is not connected to the area occupied size, population, or its importance. Speaking of its size, today, we are aware of additional names or terms used to define them: a city, town, village, hamlet. On the other hand, depending on the settlement region, we can distinguish two major types: urbanized settlements and rural settlements. Whichever approach we take, spatially and structurally, a settlement (be- sides residential buildings) should consist of some public buildings, public and private places (land) that are in function of it (Lipo- vac, 2019). The term rural settlement is closely connected to another term - the rural area, which covers he paper deals with rural settlements in many issues, like natural and cultural land- T scapes, farmland, and other cultivated land- Montenegro, their historical origin, development, appearance, and position within the scapes, forests, and wilderness, orchards and nowadays Montenegro settlement system. It back gardens used for growing vegetables, is followed by the research of possibilities for along with parts of the land where they keep their further development. The primary stim- the livestock. The methodical thinking must uli for this research came from the lack of sci- also encompass all economic and social struc- entific research on this topic. Up to nowa- tures, in which farming, and forestry, handi- days, previous research in Montenegro has craft, and small production create significant been more professional than scientific, even characteristics of living in rural areas and set- though problems of these areas are complex: tlements (Dorrel, 2018). insufficient focus on rural settlements and The other term to be discussed is the rural rural heritage through spatial planning docu- settlement pattern. A simple definition could mentation and legislation, inadequate con- result from how the community arranges the struction of the new ones, and interventions houses for a living and other buildings. There on the existing traditional buildings, demo- is a considerable number of factors that de- graphic depopulation, etc., so their solution termine the type and the pattern of a rural must be scientifically based. settlement. They can be recognized as the This research reveals the main drivers and physical attributes: relief, quality of the land conditions of the emergence and develop- in the vicinity, nearness of water, availability ment of rural settlements in Montenegro, re- of construction material, and cultural attri- lated to their location, environment, and his- butes: a social way of living and farming, tory. The paper detects the reasons for the need for protection, transportation, etc. (Li- extinction and decay of these areas, their povac, 2018). Scholars worldwide have tried cultural and natural values, and future devel- to state many different attributes that might opment possibilities. After analyzing and de- help in differing and grouping rural settle- termining the identity attributes of each of ment patterns, highly connected with the the observed rural settlements, the authors public road approach and street network. will try to propose guidelines for preserving their existing values, restoration of the lost 1 Both are professors at the Philosophy Faculty, De- ones, and further steps for their improve- partment of Geography, University of Montenegro. In their research, they have been covering topics ranging from ment, their self-sustainability, and recogniz- demography, socio-economy, and planning of settlements ability within the economic development sys- in Montenegro. Scientific Paper Montenegrin Rural Settlement… N. MašaNović, N. LIPOVAC, M. Jevrić 130-141 29[2021] 1[61] PROSTOR 133 Speaking of physical appearance and follow- mountains, or in the vast farmland areas, like Fig. 2 Bošnjaci, Slavonia, Croatia ing most of these factors, the authors have Sirogojno in Serbia, Zahum in Bosnia and Fig. 3 Beram, Istria, Croatia focused on the three major rural settlement Herzegovina, or like the ones in Gorski Kotar, patterns distinguished as linear, condensed, Croatia. These groups of houses can be sepa- and dispersed in this paper. rated from each other by several kilometers. The road network is also unique: the roads The linear pattern of a rural settlement is are winding or zigzagging through the land- typical in a valley, rarely in a hilly region. The scape like a village in Marija Bistrica munici- first type covers the cases when a rural set- pality in Krapinsko-zagorska County, Croatia tlement is a collection of buildings built along (Fig. 4). the existing (transit) road following the river, coastline, or just winding among the hills and other topographic/natural features. Exam- LITERATURE REVIEW ples of this pattern are Vitojevci in Serbia, In this scholarly paper, the authors will focus Miljevac in Bosnia and Herzegovina or Boš- on the rural settlement types of Montenegro. njaci, Vukovarsko-Srijemska County in Croa- Previously, this topic was partly covered by tia (Fig. 2) with cultivated land areas (gardens academic research performed by two Monte- and agricultural fields for everyday usage) at negrin professors1: Bakić R. and Doderović M. the back of family buildings belt with pas- On the other hand, two other Montenegrin tureland or woodland, further away from that scholars, Pasinović M. (natural and cultural settlement. heritage of Boka Kotorska Bay) and Škatarić The condensed or clustered pattern can be G. (sustainable development), were perform- observed in a hilly and mountain-like region, ing their research on Montenegrin rural set- a region with a very demanding topography tlements, too. Several scientific meetings and not such a large flat area of land. Through- were organized in Montenegro with the same out history, condensed settlements were topic, with presentations published as pro- Fig. 4 A village near Marija Bistrica, Croatia built due to defense reasons on the hilltops or hilltop mesas like Petrijevo in Serbia or Lu- komir in Bosnia and Herzegovina. There is a center with several public buildings (church, shop, community house), surrounded by family buildings built on small plots with small gardens next to the buildings. They are all connected with the center by several streets, for pedestrian usage only. There are two general sub-types of condensed pattern rural settlement:

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