DOCSLIB.ORG

CIC-DUX4 Induces Small Round Cell Sarcomas Distinct from Ewing Sarcoma

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
CIC-DUX4 Induces Small Round Cell Sarcomas Distinct from Ewing Sarcoma Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on April 12, 2017; DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-16-3351 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. CIC-DUX4 induces small round cell sarcomas distinct from Ewing sarcoma Toyoki Yoshimoto 1, 2, Miwa Tanaka1, Mizuki Homme1, Yukari Yamazaki1, Yutaka Takazawa3, Cristina R Antonescu4, and Takuro Nakamura1 1Division of Carcinogenesis, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan. 2Department of Pathology, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo Japan. 3Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo Japan. 4Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Running title: Mouse model for CIC-DUX4 sarcoma Keywords: CIC-DUX4, sarcoma model, Ccnd2, Muc5ac, biomarker The abbreviations used are: CDS, CIC-DUX4 sarcoma; ES, Ewing sarcoma; eMC, embryonic mesenchymal cell; SS, synovial sarcoma; RS, rhabdomyosarcoma; EMCS, extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma; GSEA, gene set enrichment analysis; ECM, extracellular matrix; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell. Grant Support: The study was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (no. 26250029 to T. Nakamura), and Cancer Center Support grants (P50 CA140146 and P30-CA008747 to C. R. Antonescu) from the U.S. National Institute of Health. Corresponding Author: Takuro Nakamura, Division of Carcinogenesis, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan. Phone: 81-3-3570-0462; E-mail: [email protected] T. Yoshimoto and M. Tanaka contributed equally to this article. The manuscript includes 3,775 words, five figures and two tables. 1 Downloaded from cancerres.aacrjournals.org on October 2, 2021. © 2017 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on April 12, 2017; DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-16-3351 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Abstract CIC-DUX4 sarcoma (CDS) or CIC-rearranged sarcoma is a subcategory of small round cell sarcoma resembling the morphological phenotypes of Ewing sarcoma (ES). Hoever, recent clinicopathologic and molecular genetic analyses indicate that CDS is an independent disease entity from ES. Few ancillary markers have been used in the differential diagnosis of CDS, and additional CDS-specific biomarkers are needed for more definitive classification. Here we report the generation of an ex vivo mouse model for CDS by transducing embryonic mesenchymal cells (eMC) with human CIC-DUX4 cDNA. Recipient mice transplanted with eMC expressing CIC-DUX4 rapidly developed an aggressive, undifferentiated sarcoma composed of small-round to short-spindle cells. Gene expression profiles of CDS and eMC revealed upregulation of CIC-DUX4 downstream genes such as PEA3 family genes, Ccnd2, Crh and Zic1. Immunohistochemical analyses for both mouse and human tumors showed that CCND2 and MUC5AC are reliable biomarkers to distinguish CDS from ES. Gene silencing of CIC-DUX4 as well as Ccnd2, Ret, and Bcl2 effectively inhibited CDS tumor growth in vitro. The CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib and the soft tissue sarcoma drug trabectedin also blocked the growth of mouse CDS. In summary, our mouse model provides important biological information about CDS and provides a useful platform to explore biomarkers and therapeutic agents for CDS. 2 Downloaded from cancerres.aacrjournals.org on October 2, 2021. © 2017 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on April 12, 2017; DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-16-3351 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Introduction CIC-DUX4 sarcomas (CDS) belong to a highly aggressive subgroup of small round cell sarcoma, affecting predominantly children and young adults (1). Although EWS-ETS-negative small round cell sarcomas were previously classified as Ewing-like sarcoma or Ewing sarcoma-like round cell sarcoma, increasing evidence suggests the distinct biology of CDS with CIC-DUX4 gene fusions, secondary to either a t(4;19)(q35;q13) or t(10;19)(q26.3;q13) translocation (1, 2). CDS morphologically show small- to medium-sized, round to ovoid cells, packed in solid sheets, lacking any line of differentiation. Thus the differential diagnosis from Ewing sarcoma (ES) is often difficult without detecting the CIC related fusions (1, 3). CDS show a poor outcome and overall survival of CDS patients was worse than that of ES patients (3). It is therefore important to clarify the biological characteristics responsible for the different behaviors between CDS and ES. The differences may be caused by distinct signaling pathways regulated by CIC-DUX4 and EWS-ETS as well as the potential different cell-of-origin of each tumor type. Immunohistolochemical detection of ETV4, a transcriptional target of CIC-DUX4, is a useful marker for the histologic diagnosis of CDS (2-6). This suggests that further molecular characterization of CDS will expand our understanding on their biological behavior, as well as provide novel biomarkers and molecular targets for therapy. To this end we developed an animal model that recapitulates the phenotypes of human CDS. CIC-DUX4 gene fusion is the initiating and causative event in CDS, encoding a chimeric transcription factor consisting of the large part of CIC including its DNA-binding HMG box, and the transcriptional activation domain derived from the DUX4 C-terminus (2). Deregulation of CIC target genes such as ETV4 is one of the key events in the development and progression of CDS (2), and chimeric transcription factors act as an oncogene only in proper cellular context (7-9). We have previously successfully generated an Ewing sarcoma mouse model utilizing an ex vivo-based technology (7). In this model EWS-FLI1 appropriately upregulates its target genes in the sarcoma cells as well as in the embryonic osteochondrogenic progenitors, considered the likely 3 Downloaded from cancerres.aacrjournals.org on October 2, 2021. © 2017 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on April 12, 2017; DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-16-3351 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. cell-of-origin of ES, exhibiting morphologic and molecular features of human ES. In addition, an alveolar soft part sarcoma model mouse that recapitulates histologic features and high metastatic potency of human counterpart has been generated (10). Taking advantage of this ex vivo gene transduction system, we have developed a similar mouse model for human CDS. Mouse embryonic mesenchymal cells transduced with the CIC-DUX4 develop small blue round cell tumors, as seen in human CDS, which showed a highly aggressive growth. Gene microarray analyses of CDS revealed distinct gene expression profiles of CDS from ES, with significant upregulation of the cell cycle progression pathway, such as Ccnd2 gene in CDS. Furthermore, Cyclin D2 and MUC5AC were found as novel biomarkers for diagnosis of CDS, and a growth inhibitory effect of trabectedin was observed. Modeling fusion gene-associated sarcomas thus provides important tools for further our understanding in the pathogenesis of these rare types of neoplasms. 4 Downloaded from cancerres.aacrjournals.org on October 2, 2021. © 2017 American Association for Cancer Research. Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on April 12, 2017; DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-16-3351 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. Materials and Methods Generation and characterization of the CDS model mouse N-terminal HA-tagged CIC-DUX4 was introduced into the pMYs-IRES-GFP vector. Limbs of Balb/c mouse embryo (Clea Japan, Tokyo, Japan) were removed aseptically on 18.5 dpc, and embryonic mesenchymal cells (eMC) were obtained by dissection using two mg/mL collagenase (Wako Pure Chemical, Tokyo, Japan) at 37˚C for 2 h. eMC were cultured in growth medium composed of Iscove’s Modified Dulbecco’s Medium (Invitrogen) supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum and subjected immediately to retroviral infection without further purification. The analysis of cell surface marker expression suggested that eMC might share overlapping characteristics with mesenchymal stem cells (Supplemental Fig. S1). Retroviral stock was added into the medium containing eMC with six μg/mL of Polybrene (Sigma) and then spun at 700 g for 1 h. The spin infection was repeated after 24 hours. Transduced eMC were mixed with growth factor-reduced Matrigel (Becton Dickinson) and 1 x 106 cells were transplanted into the subcutaneous regions of Balb/c nude mice was performed as described previously (7). Transduction efficiency of the CIC-DUX4 retrovirus was confirmed by flow cytometry using FacsCalibur (Beckton Dickinson) (Supplemental Fig. S2). All experiments described in this study were performed in strict accordance with standard ethical guidelines and approved by the animal care committee at the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research under licenses 10-05-9 and 0604-3-13. Human sarcoma specimens Paraffin blocks from ten cases of both CDS and ES specimens were obtained from the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (Protocol 02-060). Synovial sarcoma (hSS), rhabdomyosarcoma (hRS)
Load more

Recommended publications
  • DUX4, a Zygotic Genome Activator, Is Involved in Oncogenesis and Genetic Diseases Anna Karpukhina, Yegor Vassetzky
    DUX4, a Zygotic Genome Activator, Is Involved in Oncogenesis and Genetic Diseases Anna Karpukhina, Yegor Vassetzky To cite this version: Anna Karpukhina, Yegor Vassetzky. DUX4, a Zygotic Genome Activator, Is Involved in Onco- genesis and Genetic Diseases. Ontogenez / Russian Journal of Developmental Biology, MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica, 2020, 51 (3), pp.176-182. 10.1134/S1062360420030078. hal-02988675 HAL Id: hal-02988675 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02988675 Submitted on 17 Nov 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. ISSN 1062-3604, Russian Journal of Developmental Biology, 2020, Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 176–182. © Pleiades Publishing, Inc., 2020. Published in Russian in Ontogenez, 2020, Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 210–217. REVIEWS DUX4, a Zygotic Genome Activator, Is Involved in Oncogenesis and Genetic Diseases Anna Karpukhinaa, b, c, d and Yegor Vassetzkya, b, * aCNRS UMR9018, Université Paris-Sud Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, F-94805 France bKoltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
    [Show full text]
  • Neuromuscular Disease Journal Article on IRC 2019
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Neuromuscular Disorders 29 (2019) 811–817 www.elsevier.com/locate/nmd Research conference report 26th Annual Facioscapulohumeral Dystrophy International Research Congress Marseille, France, 19–20 June 2019 a b, ∗ c June Kinoshita , Frédérique Magdinier , George W. Padberg a FSHD Society, 450 Bedford Street, Lexington, MA, USA b Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, Marseille Medical Genetics, Marseille, France c Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Received 2 August 2019 1. Introduction In the welcome session, Mark Stone, CEO of the FSHD Society, summarized the international patient advocacy group Research in Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy meeting that was held on the previous day (June 18), which (FSHD) has reached the stage where we are seeing the gathered representatives of patients associations from six first drug trials aiming at reduction of its pathological gene European countries as well as Brazil, China, Israel, Japan, product DUX4. Driven by this development and by increased and the United States. international collaboration on translational research and trial preparedness, the FSHD Society has decided to hold its 2. Plenary and keynote lectures annual International Research Conference (IRC) alternating between the USA and in Europe, beginning this year with the The meeting opened with a plenary session aimed at 26th IRC held in Marseille, France. The meeting occurred on presenting the condition from the point of view of affected 19–20 June, 2019, at the Palais du Pharo, a historical palace individuals. A 10-min video gave an intimate look into the built in the second half of the 19th century by Napoleon III life of Pierre Laurian.
    [Show full text]
  • 2021 IRC Abstract Book
    ABSTRACT BOOK THANK YOU TO OUR SPONSORS S = session; P = poster; author in bold = presenting author Page | 2 SPEAKER PRESENTATIONS DAY 1 – THURSDAY, JUNE 24, 2021 . Discovery Research S1.100 Transient DUX4 expression provokes long-lasting cellular and molecular muscle alterations Darko Bosnakovski, Ahmed Shams, Madison Douglas, Natalie Xu, Christian Palumbo, David Oyler, Elizabeth Ener, Daniel Chi, Erik Toso, Michael Kyba S1.101 Identification of the first endogenous inhibitor of DUX4 in FSHD muscular dystrophy Paola Ghezzi, Valeria Runfola, Maria Pannese, Claudia Caronni, Roberto Giambruno, Annapaola Andolfo, Davide Gabellini S1.102 Use of snRNA-seq to characterize the skeletal muscle microenvironment during pathogenesis in FSHD Anugraha Raman, Anthony Accorsi, Michelle Mellion, Bobby Riehle, Lucienne Ronco, L. Alejandro Rojas, Christopher Moxham . Genetics & Epigenetics S2.200 Identification of a druggable epigenetic target required for DUX4 expression and DUX4-mediated toxicity in FSHD muscular dystrophy Emanuele Mocciaro, Roberto Giambruno, Stefano Micheloni, Cristina Consonni, Maria Pannese, Valeria Runfola, Giulia Ferri, Davide Gabellini S2.201 Accessing D4Z4 (epi)genetics with long-read sequencing Quentin Gouil, Ayush Semwal, Frédérique Magdinier, Marnie Blewitt . Pathology & Disease Mechanisms S3.300 System biology approach links muscle weakening to alteration of the contractile apparatus in FSHD Camille Laberthonnière, Megane Delourme, Raphael Chevalier, Elva-Maria Novoa-del-Toro, Emmanuelle Salort Campana, Shahram Attarian,
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Long Non-Coding Rnas in the Pathogenesis of Hereditary Diseases Peter Sparber1*, Alexandra Filatova1, Mira Khantemirova2,3 and Mikhail Skoblov1,4
    Sparber et al. BMC Medical Genomics 2019, 12(Suppl 2):42 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12920-019-0487-6 REVIEW Open Access The role of long non-coding RNAs in the pathogenesis of hereditary diseases Peter Sparber1*, Alexandra Filatova1, Mira Khantemirova2,3 and Mikhail Skoblov1,4 From 11th International Multiconference “Bioinformatics of Genome Regulation and Structure\Systems Biology” - BGRS\SB- 2018 Novosibirsk, Russia. 20-25 August 2018 Abstract Background: Thousands of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) genes are annotated in the human genome. Recent studies showed the key role of lncRNAs in a variety of fundamental cellular processes. Dysregulation of lncRNAs can drive tumorigenesis and they are now considered to be a promising therapeutic target in cancer. However, how lncRNAs contribute to the development of hereditary diseases in human is still mostly unknown. Results: This review is focused on hereditary diseases in the pathogenesis of which long non-coding RNAs play an important role. Conclusions: Fundamental research in the field of molecular genetics of lncRNA is necessary for a more complete understanding of their significance. Future research will help translate this knowledge into clinical practice which will not only lead to an increase in the diagnostic rate but also in the future can help with the development of etiotropic treatments for hereditary diseases. Keywords: Long non-coding RNA, lncRNA, Hereditary disease, Gene regulation, Medical genetics Introduction The second group includes rRNAs and long non-coding In 1958, Francis Crick proposed the central dogma of mo- RNAs (lncRNAs), which to date are very poorly function- lecular biology in which he explained the flow of genetic ally annotated.
    [Show full text]
  • The DUX4 Homeodomains Mediate Inhibition of Myogenesis and Are Functionally Exchangeable with the Pax7 Homeodomain Darko Bosnakovski1,2, Erik A
    © 2017. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Cell Science (2017) 130, 3685-3697 doi:10.1242/jcs.205427 RESEARCH ARTICLE The DUX4 homeodomains mediate inhibition of myogenesis and are functionally exchangeable with the Pax7 homeodomain Darko Bosnakovski1,2, Erik A. Toso2, Lynn M. Hartweck2, Alessandro Magli3, Heather A. Lee2, Eliza R. Thompson2, Abhijit Dandapat2, Rita C. R. Perlingeiro3 and Michael Kyba2,* ABSTRACT downstream target genes, compared with controls (Celegato et al., Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is caused by 2006; Krom et al., 2012; Rahimov et al., 2012; Tassin et al., 2012; inappropriate expression of the double homeodomain protein DUX4. Tsumagari et al., 2011; Winokur et al., 2003a,b). In our previous work, DUX4 DUX4 has bimodal effects, inhibiting myogenic differentiation and we demonstrated that ,whenexpressedatlowlevelsinC2C12 blocking MyoD at low levels of expression, and killing myoblasts at myoblasts, recapitulates aspects of this FSHD myoblast phenotype, high levels. Pax3 and Pax7, which contain related homeodomains, namely that it sensitizes cells to oxidative stress and severely reduces MyoD antagonize the cell death phenotype of DUX4 in C2C12 cells, mRNA and protein levels (Bosnakovski et al., 2008b). High DUX4 suggesting some type of competitive interaction. Here, we show that levels of expression caused cell death (Bosnakovski et al., the effects of DUX4 on differentiation and MyoD expression require the 2008b). In addition to these effects, myoblasts expressing low levels of DUX4 homeodomains but do not require the C-terminal activation domain of had diminished differentiation potential, presumably caused DUX4. We tested the set of equally related homeodomain proteins by dysregulation of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), including (Pax6, Pitx2c, OTX1, Rax, Hesx1, MIXL1 and Tbx1) and found MyoD (Bosnakovski et al., 2008b).
    [Show full text]
  • Fulcrum WMS DUX4 FSHD Poster
    Targeting DUX4 Expression, the Root Cause of FSHD: Identification of a Drug Target and Development Candidate Owen B. Wallace, Anthony Accorsi, Richard Barnes, Angela Cacace, Diego Cadavid, Aaron Chang, David Eyerman, Robert Gould, Steven Kazmirski, Joseph Maglio, Michelle Mellion, Peter Rahl, Alan Robertson, Alejandro Rojas, Lucienne Ronco, Ning Shen, Lorin A. Thompson and Erin Valentine Fulcrum Therapeutics. 26 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. Abstract 4. Losmapimod reduces DUX4 activation and its downstream consequences • FSHD is caused by the loss of repression at the D4Z4 locus leading to aberrant DUX4 expression A. 150 in skeletal muscle, activation of its early embryo transcriptional program and muscle fiber death. 125 100 • While some progress toward understanding the signals driving DUX4 expression has been made, 75 the factors and pathways involved in the transcriptional activation of this gene remain largely 50 unknown. 25 (% of nuclei in MHC mask) MHC in nuclei of (% % of DMSO% of control 0 • Using optimized myotube culture conditions, we identified p38 MAPK as a key regulator of DUX4 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 expression. [Losmapimod] µM • We observed that treatment with the p38α/β inhibitor losmapimod results in reduction of DUX4 B. C. expression, activity and cell death in FSHD patient-derived myotubes with minimal impact on WT FSHD myogenesis. 125 MBD3L2 mRNA 100 • RNA-seq studies revealed that only a small number of genes were differentially expressed after Active Caspase-3 treatment with losmapimod, ~90% of these are targets of DUX4. 75 50 • Fulcrum Therapeutics has selected losmapimod, a specific p38α/β inhibitor, for clinical 25 development in FSHD.
    [Show full text]
  • Deep Characterization of a Common D4Z4 Variant Identifies Biallelic
    European Journal of Human Genetics (2018) 26:94–106 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-017-0015-0 ARTICLE Deep characterization of a common D4Z4 variant identifies biallelic DUX4 expression as a modifier for disease penetrance in FSHD2 1 1 1 2 3 Richard JLF Lemmers ● Patrick J van der Vliet ● Judit Balog ● Jelle J Goeman ● Wibowo Arindrarto ● 4 1 1 1 5 6 Yvonne D Krom ● Kirsten R Straasheijm ● Rashmie D Debipersad ● Gizem Özel ● Janet Sowden ● Lauren Snider ● 7 8 7 6 5 Karlien Mul ● Sabrina Sacconi ● Baziel van Engelen ● Stephen J Tapscott ● Rabi Tawil ● Silvère M van der Maarel1 Received: 24 July 2017 / Revised: 7 September 2017 / Accepted: 9 September 2017 / Published online: 21 November 2017 © European Society of Human Genetics 2018 Abstract Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy is caused by incomplete repression of the transcription factor DUX4 in skeletal muscle as a consequence of D4Z4 macrosatellite repeat contraction in chromosome 4q35 (FSHD1) or variants in genes encoding D4Z4 chromatin repressors (FSHD2). A clinical hallmark of FSHD is variability in onset and progression suggesting the presence of disease modifiers. A well-known cis modifier is the polymorphic DUX4 polyadenylation signal (PAS) that defines FSHD permissive alleles: D4Z4 chromatin relaxation on non-permissive alleles which lack the DUX4- PAS cannot cause disease in the absence of stable DUX4 mRNA. We have explored the nature and relevance of a common variant of the major FSHD haplotype 4A161, which is defined by 1.6 kb size difference of the most distal D4Z4 repeat unit. While the short variant (4A161S) has been extensively studied, we demonstrate that the long variant (4A161L) is relatively common in the European population, is capable of expressing DUX4, but that DUX4 mRNA processing differs from 4A161S.
    [Show full text]
  • A Possible Approach for Treating FSHD with Rnai Therapeutics 4 10 16 24
    A Publication of the Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy Society SUMMER 2011 RESEARCH ISSUE FSH Watch 2011 CONNECTING THE COMMUNITY OF PATIENTS, FAMILIES, CLINICIANS AND INVESTIGATORS TRANSLATIONAL RESEArcH Journey toward developing a drug for FSHD Perspectives and updates from recently funded FSH Society grantees by DARKO BOSNAKOVSKI, D.V.M., Ph.D. University Goce Delcev Stip, Macedonia lthough FSHD is considered one Aof the most common inherited neuromuscular diseases, there is no Dr. Davide Gabellini with fellow researchers at the 2010 FSH Society FSHD research workshop specific therapeutic practice for it. So what can we do about it? First, we have TRANSLATIONAL RESEArcH to understand the mechanisms of the disease and to identify the crucial links in the chain of molecular reactions A possible approach for treating FSHD that underline FSHD. Furthermore, we have to develop a system to screen with RNAi therapeutics various therapeutic approaches, and in Perspectives and updates from FSH Society grantees the end to generate an animal model where clinical relevance of therapy by DANIEL PEREZ scientists: the Harper Lab at The Ohio State can be determined. When I joined the FSH Society University and Nationwide Children’s Hos- FSHD group lead by Dr. Michael Kyba with contributions by DAVIDE GABELLINI, Ph.D. pital in Columbus, Ohio, with a collabo- at University of Texas Southwestern six Division of Regenerative Medicine, San Raffaele rator in Modena, Italy; and the Gabellini years ago to develop a specific therapy Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy, and and Chamberlain labs in Milan, Italy, and for FSHD all of the above was considered Seattle, Washington, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Milan Faculty of Medicine and Surgery Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine
    University of Milan Faculty of Medicine and Surgery Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine Ph.D. course in Experimental Medicine and Medical Biotechnology (XXIX cycle) DOCTORAL THESIS FUNCTIONAL RELEVANCE OF D4Z4-DERIVED ANTISENSE AND CODING SENSE TRANSCRIPTS ON DYSREGULATION OF MYOGENESIS IN FACIOSCAPULOHUMERAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY Doctoral Candidate: Raniero CHIMIENTI R10547 Tutor: prof. Anna MAROZZI Academic Year 2015/2016 Table of contents Chapter I - General introduction 6 1.1 Skeletal muscle biology 6 1.1.1 Embrionyc myogenesis 6 1.1.2 Transcriptional regulation of myogenesis 8 1.1.3 Adult myogenesis stem cells 9 1.1.4 Myoblast fusion 10 1.1.5 Signaling mechanisms in myoblast fusion 10 1.1.6 Mediators of muscular atrophy and hypertrophy 13 1.1.7 mTOR signaling pathway in muscle differentiation 14 1.2 Noncoding RNAs 17 1.2.1 Long noncoding RNAs 17 1.2.2 Natural antisense transcripts 19 1.2.3 MicroRNAs 21 1.2.4 LncRNAs and miRNAs in muscle differentiation 23 1.3 Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy 25 1.3.1 Clinical characteristics 25 1.3.2 Genotype-phenotype correlation 25 1.3.3 Penetrance and anticipation 26 1.3.4 Molecular basis of FSHD 27 1.3.5 DUX4 gene 29 1.3.6 DUX4c 31 1.3.7 DUX4-like genes 32 1.3.8 DBE-T 34 1.3.9 Other noncoding transcripts from D4Z4 macrosatellite 34 Chapter II - Materials and Methods 36 2.1 Cell lines 36 2.2 AZA-TSA treatment 37 2.3 RNA fractionation 38 2.4 RNA extraction 38 2.5 3’ Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (3’RACE) 39 2.6 Deep sequencing 40 2.7 One-step strand-specific RT-PCR and nested
    [Show full text]
  • P38a Regulates Expression of DUX4 in a Model of Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy S
    Supplemental material to this article can be found at: http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/suppl/2020/06/23/jpet.119.264689.DC1 1521-0103/374/3/489–498$35.00 https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.119.264689 THE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS J Pharmacol Exp Ther 374:489–498, September 2020 Copyright ª 2020 The Author(s) This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY Attribution 4.0 International license. p38a Regulates Expression of DUX4 in a Model of Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy s L. Alejandro Rojas, Erin Valentine, Anthony Accorsi, Joseph Maglio, Ning Shen, Alan Robertson, Steven Kazmirski, Peter Rahl, Rabi Tawil, Diego Cadavid, Lorin A. Thompson, Lucienne Ronco, Aaron N. Chang, Angela M. Cacace, and Owen Wallace Fulcrum Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (L.A.R., E.V., A.A., J.M., N.S., A.R., S.K., P.R., D.C., L.A.T., L.R., A.N.C., A.M.C., O.W.) and University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Rochester, New York (R.T.) Received December 16, 2019; accepted May 26, 2020 Downloaded from ABSTRACT Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is caused by of which are DUX4 target genes. Our results reveal a novel and the loss of repression at the D4Z4 locus leading to aberrant double apparently critical role for p38a in the aberrant activation of DUX4 homeobox 4 (DUX4) expression in skeletal muscle. Activation of in FSHD and support the potential of p38a/b inhibitors as effective jpet.aspetjournals.org this early embryonic transcription factor results in the expression therapeutics to treat FSHD at its root cause.
    [Show full text]
  • Structural Basis of DUX4/IGH-Driven Transactivation
    Leukemia (2018) 32:1466–1476 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-018-0093-1 ARTICLE Acute lymphoblastic leukemia Structural basis of DUX4/IGH-driven transactivation 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 Xue Dong ● Weina Zhang ● Haiyan Wu ● Jinyan Huang ● Ming Zhang ● Pengran Wang ● Hao Zhang ● 1,2 1,2 1,2 Zhu Chen ● Sai-Juan Chen ● Guoyu Meng Received: 14 August 2017 / Revised: 10 February 2018 / Accepted: 20 February 2018 / Published online: 15 March 2018 © The Author(s) 2018. This article is published with open access Abstract Oncogenic fusions are major drivers in leukemogenesis and may serve as potent targets for treatment. DUX4/IGHs have been shown to trigger the abnormal expression of ERGalt through binding to DUX4-Responsive-Element (DRE), which leads to B-cell differentiation arrest and a full-fledged B-ALL. Here, we determined the crystal structures of Apo- and DNADRE-bound DUX4HD2 and revealed a clamp-like transactivation mechanism via the double homeobox domain. Biophysical characterization showed that mutations in the interacting interfaces significantly impaired the DNA binding affinity of DUX4 homeobox. These mutations, when introduced into DUX4/IGH, abrogated its transactivation activity in Reh cells. More importantly, the structure-based mutants significantly impaired the inhibitory effects of DUX4/IGH upon B- cell differentiation in mouse progenitor cells. All these results help to define a key DUX4/IGH-DRE recognition/step in B- 1234567890();,: 1234567890();,: ALL. Introduction the insertion of chromosome fragments containing DUX4 gene into the IGH locus, has been reported in ~7% of B- Oncogenic fusions are important causes/targets in leukemia ALL patients [3, 6, 7].
    [Show full text]
  • CIC-DUX4 Oncoprotein Drives Sarcoma Metastasis and Tumorigenesis Via Distinct Regulatory Programs
    CIC-DUX4 oncoprotein drives sarcoma metastasis and tumorigenesis via distinct regulatory programs Ross A. Okimoto, … , Tadashi Kondo, Trever G. Bivona J Clin Invest. 2019;129(8):3401-3406. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI126366. Concise Communication Oncology Transcription factor fusion genes create oncoproteins that drive oncogenesis and represent challenging therapeutic targets. Understanding the molecular targets by which such fusion oncoproteins promote malignancy offers an approach to develop rational treatment strategies to improve clinical outcomes. Capicua–double homeobox 4 (CIC-DUX4) is a transcription factor fusion oncoprotein that defines certain undifferentiated round cell sarcomas with high metastatic propensity and poor clinical outcomes. The molecular targets regulated by the CIC-DUX4 oncoprotein that promote this aggressive malignancy remain largely unknown. We demonstrated that increased expression of ETS variant 4 (ETV4) and cyclin E1 (CCNE1) occurs via neomorphic, direct effects of CIC-DUX4 and drives tumor metastasis and survival, respectively. We uncovered a molecular dependence on the CCNE-CDK2 cell cycle complex that renders CIC-DUX4– expressing tumors sensitive to inhibition of the CCNE-CDK2 complex, suggesting a therapeutic strategy for CIC-DUX4– expressing tumors. Our findings highlight a paradigm of functional diversification of transcriptional repertoires controlled by a genetically aberrant transcriptional regulator, with therapeutic implications. Find the latest version: https://jci.me/126366/pdf The Journal of Clinical Investigation CONCISE COMMUNICATION CIC-DUX4 oncoprotein drives sarcoma metastasis and tumorigenesis via distinct regulatory programs Ross A. Okimoto,1,2 Wei Wu,1 Shigeki Nanjo,1 Victor Olivas,1 Yone K. Lin,1 Rovingaile Kriska Ponce,1 Rieko Oyama,3 Tadashi Kondo,3 and Trever G.
    [Show full text]