DOCSLIB.ORG

A Case Study of Khon Kaen, Thailand

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Case Study of Khon Kaen, Thailand International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2015 Using Co-Design to Express Cultural Values and Create a Graphical Identity: A Case Study of Khon Kaen, Thailand Ratanachote Thienmongkol community in the twentieth/twenty first century has not Abstract—This paper outlines one of the significant design meant a familiarity and consistency with the Sin-Chai processes in my practice based design project. It involved literature. The authors considered that Sin-Chai literature has creating a new design of the public transport map (BRT Khon not been strong enough to provide the key images and Kaen) for Khon Kaen city. Collaborative and participatory identity designs for Khon Kaen city and the new UTS. design concepts are presented in this paper. Both concepts can be used to present the voice of stakeholders within the Further details of this argument are addressed in topic five. community who played a central role in my design process. It This point challenges me, in the role of Khon Kaen people, can be noted that democracy design can be used with the a user, a researcher and a graphic designer, to question “how heuristic concept of graphic designers to reach a design solution. can I research the real “local identity” from the knowledge The human factors that formed the knowledge base of the base of stakeholders in the community (Human Factors)?” community were critical to providing the challenging ideas that and “how can I transform this knowledge into the form of created the identity sets of map symbols on my design prototype (map). The graphic details on the map features display the graphic materials on the BRT transit map?” I believe that the design materials which related to the local ways of life, folk co-design approach can create identity designs in public wisdom, and culture. This design contribution expressed the spaces based on the democratic responsiveness, community cultural values and created a consistency between map readers ownership and respect of culture values. and their background knowledge. The results of my usability test found that graphical materials, which relate to user’s backgrounds, can be used to enhance communication and recognition. II. THE CASE STUDY CONTEXT/CULTURE Khon Kaen province is located in the center of the Index Terms—Co-design, graphic design, community Northeast region in Thailand, better known as the „Isan‟ participation, transit map. region. Khon Kaen province has the fourth largest population of Thai cities, at 1.76 million people, while the CBD contains 250,000 people. Its geographical location and development I. BACKGROUND policies have made Khon Kaen a center of business, In the next few years, Khon Kaen city will reform the education, medical professions, and transport in the region. Urban Transport System (UTS) introducing a new project Local government is the Khon Kaen municipality (or Khon „Bus Rapid Transit‟ (BRT) that will replace the old local Kaen City Council). transport „SongThel‟ (Mini-Bus). This project will affect the Isan culture represents all traditional practices in the Isan areas of Khon Kaen municipality. The project will create region, covering the ways of life in this area [3]. An Isan style radical change by replacing the whole operating system of has a strong identity derived from foods, languages (accents), public transport. This plan has also included research eating, folk arts, customs, amusements and beliefs. Khon regarding new routes, architecture and corporate identity Kaen is one of 19 provinces in the region, which preserves designs, which were created as the design prototypes. These Isan traditionalism. Although the Isan region shares common design artifacts were defined by following the key concepts traditional practices, each province has their own strong folk of „Sin-Chai‟ literature that is the major concept of urban and wisdoms [4]. For example, in „Yasothon‟ province there is a people development policies of the Khon Kaen municipality Fireworks festival; „Ubonratchathani‟ province has the [1]. Beeswax-Candle festival, and „Nong-Khai‟ province has the However, even though Khon Kaen is situated in the areas Long-Boat competition. Meanwhile, Khon Kaen has the Silk of the „Lan Chang‟ empire1 and the Sin-Chai has been a festival. The silk-cloth (Par-Mai) products are world famous traditional literature for the „Mekong River‟ of more than 900 goods, and represent the folk wisdoms in this province (see years, the Khon Kaen community does not have any the examples in Fig. 1) [5]. relationship to the literature in terms of history, geography and the calendar [2]. The learning experience of people in the Manuscript received June 1, 2014; revised August 2, 2014. Ratanachote Thienmongkol is with the New Media Department, Faculty of Informatics Mahasarakham University, 44000, Thailand (e-mail: [email protected]). 1 In 1869-2321BC, the „Lan Chang Empire‟ covered the areas of the Fig. 1. These pictures present the tradition of Khon Kaen folk wisdom, folk Mekong Riverbank across Laos and Northeast Thailand (Isan region), some musical instrument and custom: (left) Silk Cloths, (centre) Khaen and (right) parts of Cambodia and Vietnam; and the bottom areas of the South of China Isan country folk music. [1]. DOI: 10.7763/IJSSH.2015.V5.566 832 International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, Vol. 5, No. 10, October 2015 The Bamboo Mouth Organ (called „Khaen‟) is a key fare systems, and timetables. Lynch [12] argued that the musical instrument for the Isan country-folk music (called changing of the urban transport project would have a „Mor-Lum‟) Hence, different folk wisdom in each province significant impact in modeling the image of cities. Hence the has been built up contribute to local images and identities development of a graphic support system that could be (see Fig. 2). applied to assist people to recognize and use their urban space [13]. The reformation of a public transport system needs to create a new user information system, including a transit map, map handout, graphics on the buses, tickets, graphic material in the stations, bus shelter and bus stop. The Khon Kaen BRT project is not only reforming the operating system, but it will also modify the city image by using the Fig. 2. These pictures depict Khaen as the famous representing symbol in Environmental Graphic Design (EGD) approach. It will Khon Kaen city: (left) a Khaen with the hotel building design, (centre) a become an opportunity to see Khon Kaen city‟s fast Khaen with logo and (c) aKhaen with the city clock tower. transformations and the changing image of the city. III. THE NEW ROLE AND NEW SYSTEM IMPACT WITH THE CITY IMAGE IV. THE EGD EXPERIENCE WITH URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN THE CITY In 2015 the Southeast of Asia Nations or „ASEAN‟ will associate as the „Asean Economics Community‟ (AEC). The Gibson [14] explained that the EGD is related to an AEC consists of 10 member countries2 in this community organization of the spatial space in urban areas, signage system [6]. Since 1982 Khon Kaen province has been systems, and public design systems of wayfinding promoted by the central government to be one of five major applications for creating an appropriate message to cities in Thailand [7]. This promotion meant Khon Kaen has communicate with people. Cohesive information and a to make adaptations in the logistics and transport hubs in the unifying visual element in a graphic communication system, Isan region, in order to support the aim of „East West for a given location in a built environment, is key to the Economic Corridor‟ (EWEC) of the AEC. systematic development in the EGD spectrum activity [15]. Although Khon Kaen city provides a mini-bus system (20 lines), there is no public transit information to show people how to use it. Even the large transit nodes in Khon Kaen city provide no graphic material of user information guidelines (e.g. wayfinding of minibus with map, timetable, and fare rates). This is evidenced in Fig. 4. The new arrival of the BRT system will not only reform the UTS, but will bring with it the new arrival of the EGD experience in UTS for the city Fig. 3. This map show the location of Khon Kaen province at the center of the and people [16]. Isan region. This area is the heart for distribution of goods to Indo-China. EWEC will consist of double lines of trains and motorways from Burma to Thailand, through Laos and stopping in Vietnam [8]. Fig. 3 shows that Khon Kaen city is located at the center of the Isan region and Indo China areas (Indo-China areas consists of Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam [9]). Any goods, cargo or transit passengers need to Fig. 4. These pictures show on overview of challenges in the largest transit nodes in the city: (left) an old information board (without updating) is the be stored and stay in the city before distribution. These concealed by advertising canvas, (center) the Thai language around the reasons prompted Khon Kaen municipality to introduce the minibus is the informal information that every buses for passenger, (right) the new public transport plan (under the name of “Khon Kaen overview of bus stops in the city that is worn out and dirty. BRT”)3. This plan will also support a transit commuter (e.g. people, investors, and tourists) system, and reform their urban transport system. V. THE INFLUENCE OF THE LOCAL POLICY REFLECTS TO THE The BRT project was collaboratively planned between CITY IMAGE Khon Kaen municipality and Khon Kaen University. In the With the new EGD experience, Khon Kaen municipality years 2009-10, the BRT master plan involved: 1) cancellation awakened to the need to define the corporate identity for the of the old mini-bus system and installation of the new BRT; 2) BRT system.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Section II: Periodic Report on the State of Conservation of the Ban Chiang
    Thailand National Periodic Report Section II State of Conservation of Specific World Heritage Properties Section II: State of Conservation of Specific World Heritage Properties II.1 Introduction a. State Party Thailand b. Name of World Heritage property Ban Chiang Archaeological Site c. Geographical coordinates to the nearest second North-west corner: Latitude 17º 24’ 18” N South-east corner: Longitude 103º 14’ 42” E d. Date of inscription on the World Heritage List December 1992 e. Organization or entity responsible for the preparation of the report Organization (s) / entity (ies): Ban Chiang National Museum, Fine Arts Department - Person (s) responsible: Head of Ban Chiang National Museum, Address: Ban Chiang National Museum, City and Post Code: Nhonghan District, Udonthanee Province 41320 Telephone: 66-42-208340 Fax: 66-42-208340 Email: - f. Date of Report February 2003 g. Signature on behalf of State Party ……………………………………… ( ) Director General, the Fine Arts Department 1 II.2 Statement of significance The Ban Chiang Archaeological Site was granted World Heritage status by the World Heritage Committee following the criteria (iii), which is “to bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared ”. The site is an evidence of prehistoric settlement and culture while the artifacts found show a prosperous ancient civilization with advanced technology which had evolved for 5,000 years, such as rice farming, production of bronze and metal tools, and the production of pottery which had its own distinctive characteristics. The prosperity of the Ban Chiang culture also spread to more than a hundred archaeological sites in the Northeast of Thailand.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mineral Industry of Thailand in 2008
    2008 Minerals Yearbook THAILAND U.S. Department of the Interior August 2010 U.S. Geological Survey THE MINERAL INDUS T RY OF THAILAND By Lin Shi In 2008, Thailand was one of the world’s leading producers by 46% to 17,811 t from 32,921 t in 2007. Production of iron of cement, feldspar, gypsum, and tin. The country’s mineral ore and Fe content (pig iron and semimanufactured products) production encompassed metals, industrial minerals, and each increased by about 10% to 1,709,750 t and 855,000 t, mineral fuels (table 1; Carlin, 2009; Crangle, 2009; Potter, 2009; respectively; manganese output increased by more than 10 times van Oss, 2009). to 52,700 t from 4,550 t in 2007, and tungsten output increased by 52% to 778 t from 512 t in 2007 (table 1). Minerals in the National Economy Among the industrial minerals, production of sand, silica, and glass decreased by 41%; that of marble, dimension stone, and Thailand’s gross domestic product (GDP) in 2008 was fragment, by 22%; and pyrophyllite, by 74%. Production of ball valued at $274 billion, and the annual GDP growth rate was clay increased by 166% to 1,499,993 t from 563,353 t in 2007; 2.6%. The growth rate of the mining sector’s portion of the calcite and dolomite increased by 22% each; crude petroleum GDP increased by 0.6% compared with that of 2007, and that oil increased by 9% to 53,151 barrels (bbl) from 48,745 bbl in of the manufacturing sector increased by 3.9%.
    [Show full text]
  • Nong Khai Nong Khai Nong Khai 3 Mekong River
    Nong Khai Nong Khai Nong Khai 3 Mekong River 4 Nong Khai 4 CONTENTS HOW TO GET THERE 7 ATTRACTIONS 9 Amphoe Mueang Nong khai 9 Amphoe Tha Bo 16 Amphoe Si Chiang Mai 17 Amphoe Sangkhom 18 Amphoe Phon Phisai 22 Amphoe Rattanawapi 23 EVENTS AND FESTIVALS 25 LOCAL PRODUCTS 25 SOUVENIR SHOPS 26 SUGGESTED ITINERARY 26 FACILITIES 27 Accommodations 27 Restaurants 30 USEFUL CALLS 31 Nong Khai 5 5 Wat Aranyabanpot Nong Khai 6 Thai Term Glossary a rebellion. King Rama III appointed Chao Phraya Amphoe: District Ratchathewi to lead an army to attack Vientiane. Ban: Village The army won with the important forces Hat: Beach supported by Thao Suwothanma (Bunma), Khuean: Dam the ruler of Yasothon, and Phraya Chiangsa. Maenam: River The king, therefore, promoted Thao Suwo to Mueang: Town or City be the ruler of a large town to be established Phrathat: Pagoda, Stupa on the right bank of the Mekong River. The Prang: Corn-shaped tower or sanctuary location of Ban Phai was chosen for the town SAO: Subdistrict Administrative Organization called Nong Khai, which was named after a very Soi: Alley large pond to the west. Song Thaeo: Pick-up trucks but with a roof Nong Khai is 615 kilometres from Bangkok, over the back covering an area of around 7,332 square Talat: Market kilometres. This province has the longest Tambon: Subdistrict distance along the Mekong River; measuring Tham: Cave 320 kilometres. The area is suitable for Tuk-Tuks: Three-wheeled motorized taxis agriculture and freshwater fishery. It is also Ubosot or Bot: Ordination hall in a temple a major tourist attraction where visitors can Wihan: Image hall in a temple easily cross the border into Laos.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Baseline Characterization of Tad Fa Watershed, Khon Kaen Province, Northeast Thailand
    1. Baseline Characterization of Tad Fa Watershed, Khon Kaen Province, Northeast Thailand Somchai Tongpoonpol, Arun Pongkanchana, Pranee Seehaban, Suhas P Wani and TJ Rego Introduction Agriculture is the main occupation in Thailand and it plays an important role in the economic development of the country. Thailand is located in the tropical monsoon climate region where the amount of rainfall is high but shortage of water occurs even in rainy season. Only 20% of total agricultural area is under irrigation, with rest constituting rainfed area, which has relatively lower crop yields. High soil erosion and reduced soil productivity are some of the problems in the rainfed area. The northeastern part of Thailand occupies one-third of the whole country. The climate of the region is drier than that of other regions. Most of the soils in Northeast Thailand are infertile at present and liable to be further degraded. The empirical evidence shows that crop yields decreased over the years after the conversion of the area as agricultural land by deforestation. The soils have become infertile due to improper soil management. The soils are low in fertility and have low water-holding capacity (WHC), and soil erosion is a serious problem. The interventions by ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics) project aim to address these problems in the rainfed areas of Northeast Thailand. The watershed area in Phu Pa Man district in Khon Kaen province has been selected as benchmark site to address the above problems and increase agricultural productivity through a sustainable manner by adopting integrated soil, water and nutrient management (SWNM) and integrated crop management options.
    [Show full text]
  • An Integrated Land Use and Water Plan for Mahasarakham Province, Thailand
    An Integrated Land Use and Water Plan for Mahasarakham Province, Thailand A thesis submitted to the School of Planning of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Community Planning in the School of Planning of the School of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning 2013 by Yuwadee Ongkosit B.A. Geography, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand Committee Chair: David Edelman, Ph.D. Committee Member: Christopher Auffrey, Ph.D. Abstract This thesis identifies water-related problems that Mahasarakham Province, Thailand faces and the correlation between water and land use. Natural hazards are inevitable, and they ruin properties and cause changes to natural features. Two ways that the Thai government acts to mitigate their impact is to create or implement both structural and non-structural plans, but it heavily focuses on the first. The structural measures do not always relieve water-related problems. However, the non-structural measures can at least mitigate the effects posed on water resources. Land use and water resources are interconnected. One cannot separate one from another. Thus, this thesis also proposes an integrated water and land use plan that regulates the patterns of land use and prohibit certain uses at the national and local level. The proposed plan will help people better understand the interaction of land use and water resources. บทคัดย่อ วิทยานิพนธ์ฉบับนี้ ระบุปัญหาเกี่ยวกบนํั ้า ซึ่งจังหวัดมหาสารคาม ประเทศไทยประสบ รวมทั้งความสัมพันธ์ระหวางนํ่ ้าและการใช้ที่ดิน ภัยพิบัติทาง
    [Show full text]
  • Preserving Temple Murals in Isan: Wat Chaisi, Sawatthi Village, Khon Kaen, As a Sustainable Model1
    Preserving Temple Murals in Isan: Wat Chaisi, Sawatthi Village, Khon Kaen, as a Sustainable Model1 Bonnie Pacala Brereton Abstract—Wat Chaisi in Sawatthi village, Sawatthi District, located about twenty kilometers from the bustling provincial capital of Khon Kaen, is a unique example of local cultural heritage preservation that was accomplished solely through local stakeholders. Its buildings, as well as the 100 year-old murals on the ordination hall, have been maintained and are used regularly for merit- making and teaching. The effort was initiated by the abbot and is maintained through the joint effort of the wat community, Khon Kaen Municipality, and various individuals and faculties at Khon Kaen University. This paper will examine the role of local leadership in promoting local cultural heritage. Introduction Of the more than 40,000 Buddhist wats in Thailand seventeen percent, or nearly 7,000, are abandoned.2 Of those still in use, many are becoming increasingly crammed with seemingly superfluous new structures, statues, and decorations, funded by people seeking fame or improvement in their karmic status. Still others are thriving because of the donations they attract through their association with what is sometimes called “popular Buddhism,” a hodgepodge of beliefs in magical monks, amulets, saints, and new rituals aimed at bringing luck and financial success (Pattana 2012). Yet countless others are in a moribund state, in some cases tended by one or two elderly, frail monks who lack the physical and financial resources to maintain them. Both situations are related to the loss of cultural heritage, as countless unique 1 This paper is adapted from one presented at the Fifth International Conference on Local Government, held in Palembang, Indonesia, September 17-19, 2014.
    [Show full text]
  • Open Sangpenchan Msthesis.Pdf
    The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School Department of Geography CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON CASSAVA PRODUCTION IN NORTHEASTERN THAILAND A Thesis in Geography by Ratchanok Sangpenchan 2009 Ratchanok Sangpenchan Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science August 2009 ii The thesis of Ratchanok Sangpenchan was reviewed and approved* by the following: Amy Glasmeier Professor of Geography Thesis Advisor William E. Easterling Professor of Geography Karl Zimmerer Head of the Department of Geography *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT Analyses conducted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) suggest that some regions of Southeast Asia will begin to experience warmer temperatures due to elevated CO2 concentrations. Since the projected change is expected to affect the agricultural sector, especially in the tropical climate zones, it is important to examine possible changes in crop yields and their bio-physiological responses to future climate conditions in these areas. This study employed a climate impact assessment to evaluate potential cassava root crop production in marginal areas of Northeast Thailand, using climate change projected by the CSIRO-Mk3 model for 2009–2038. The EPIC (Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator) crop model was then used to simulate cassava yield according to four scenarios based on combinations of CO2 fertilization effects scenarios (current CO2 level and 1% per year increase) and agricultural practice scenarios (with current practices and assumed future practices). Future practices are the result of assumed advances in agronomic technology that are likely to occur irrespective of climate change. They are not prompted by climate change per se, but rather by the broader demand for higher production levels.
    [Show full text]
  • Progress Report (2)…
    No. JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL PROMOTION MINISTRY OF INDUSTRY THE KINGDOM OF THAILAND THE STUDY ON DEVELOPMENT OF CONSULTING SERVICES TO PROMOTE SME CLUSTER AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE KINGDOM OF THAILAND PILOT PROJECT REPORT OCTOBER 2005 UNICO INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CENTER OF JAPAN TOKYO, JAPAN ED JR 05-100 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL PROMOTION MINISTRY OF INDUSTRY THE KINGDOM OF THAILAND THE STUDY ON DEVELOPMENT OF CONSULTING SERVICES TO PROMOTE SME CLUSTER AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE KINGDOM OF THAILAND PILOT PROJECT REPORT OCTOBER 2005 UNICO INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CENTER OF JAPAN TOKYO, JAPAN Eleven Industrial Promotion Centers (IPCs) IPCIPC 1 1(7 provinces)(7 provinces) IPCIPC 7 7(5 provinces)(5 provinces) 1. Chiang Mai チェンマイ 28. Buri Ram ブリラム 2. Chiang Rai チェンライ 29. Surin スリン 3. Nan ナーン 30. Si Sa Ket シーサケット 4. Phrae プレー 33. Ubon Ratchathani ウボンラチャタニ 5. Mae Hong Son メーホーンソン 35. Amnat Charoen アムナートチャルン 6. Lampang ランパーン 7. Lamphun ランプン 8. Phayao パヤオ IPCIPC 8 8(14 ( provinces)14 provinces) 37. Chainat チャイナート 38. Sing Buri シンブリ IPCIPC 2 2(4 provinces)(4 provinces) 41. Ang Thong アーントーン 9. Uttaradit ウタラディット 42. Suphanburi スパンブリ 10. Phitsanulok ピサヌロク 43. Ayutthaya アユタヤ 12. Sukhothai スコータイ 44. Kanchanaburi カンチャナブリ 15. Phetchabun ペチャブン 45. Nakhon Pathom ナコンパトム 46. Nonthaburi ノンタブリ 47. Pathum Thani パトゥムタニ IPCIPC 3 3(5 provinces)(5 provinces) 49. Samut Sakhon サムットサコン 11. Tak ターク 51. Samut Songhram サムットソンクラム 13. Kamphaeng Phet カンペーンペット 52. Ratchaburi ラチャブリ 14. Phichit ピチット 53. Petchaburi ペチャブリ 16.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents …………….………………………………………
    จ ~ จ ~ Table of Contents …………….……………………………………….. 1 Map 1 2 Discover the Mekong River route from 101 Nong Khai Province -Vientiane City - Vientiane District – Loei Province 3 Tourist Attraction and Route 105 3.1 Muang Nong Khai District 105 3.2 Vientiane City 111 3.3 Vientiane District -Seekotabong- 129 Sangthong-Xanakam 3.4 Pak Lai – Kan Tao 135 3.5 Tha Lee District – Chiang Khan District 141 3.6 Muang Loei District 153 4 Restaurants 159 5 Accommodation 169 101 ~ 101 ~ 2. Discover the Mekong River route from Nong Khai Province -Vientiane City - Vientiane District – Loei Province Traveling around Thailand and neighborhoods is the crucial issue for Thai tourism organizations which they have to prepare for ASEAN Economic Community or AEC by strengthening potential tourist attractions, solving weaknesses cooperatively and promoting travelling routes among Thailand and neighbors continuously. Being together as ASEAN will help members on social, economic and political development without border issues as ASEAN slogan “One Vision, One Identity, One Community”. Rotating of investment, labor, body of knowledge, languages and culture among ASEAN countries is the most obvious phenomenon. Laos or Laos PDR is the closet neighbor of Thailand where there are shared traditions and cultures, for example, language, food, dressing, or even some traits and beliefs. Laos is still mysterious and magical country in terms of nature and culture which are well-preserved. 102 ~ 102 ~ Laos is known as “a small country” since there is a smaller number of population comparing to Thailand and Vietnam, yet Laos is full of crystal clear rivers and scenic mountains waiting for people to discover.
    [Show full text]
  • Revealing Two Dynamic Dengue Epidemic Clusters in Thailand
    Lim et al. BMC Infectious Diseases (2020) 20:927 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05666-4 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Revealing two dynamic dengue epidemic clusters in Thailand Jue Tao Lim1*†, Yiting Han1,2†, Borame Sue Lee Dickens1, Esther Li Wen Choo1,3, Lawrence Zheng Xiong Chew1,4 and Alex R. Cook1 Abstract Background: Thailand is home to around 69 million individuals. Dengue is hyper-endemic and all 4 serotypes are in active circulation in the country. Dengue outbreaks occur almost annually within Thailand in at least one province but the spatio-temporal and environmental interface of these outbreaks has not been studied. Methods: We develop Bayesian regime switching (BRS) models to characterize outbreaks, their persistence and infer their likelihood of occurrence across time for each administrative province where dengue case counts are collected. BRS was compared against two other classification tools and their agreement is assessed. We further examine how these spatio-temporal clusters of outbreak clusters arise by comparing reported dengue case counts, urban population, urban land cover, climate and flight volumes on the province level. Results: Two dynamic dengue epidemic clusters were found nationally. One cluster consists of 47 provinces and is highly outbreak prone. Provinces with a large number of case counts, urban population, urban land cover and incoming flight passengers are associated to the epidemic prone cluster of dengue. Climate has an effect on determining the probability of outbreaks over time within provinces, but have less influence on whether provinces belong to the epidemic prone cluster. BRS found high agreement with other classification tools.
    [Show full text]
  • Situational Analysis L Ana Nalysis Na
    SITUATIONALL ANAANALYSISNALYSISNA OF THE COMMERCIALIAL SEXUALL EXPLOITATION OOF CHCHILDRENHILDRENH THAILAND DESK REVIEW 1 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE COMMERCIAL SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN IN THAILAND dŚŝƐƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƉƌŽũĞĐƚǁĂƐƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬĞŶďLJZĞďĞĐĐĂ,͘ZŝƩĞŶŚŽƵƐĞǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĂŶĚƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů ŝŶƉƵƚŽĨhE/&dŚĂŝůĂŶĚ͘WƌŽũĞĐƚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚǁĂƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚďLJ:ƵŶŝƚĂhƉĂĚŚLJĂLJ͕ĞƉƵƚLJdžĞĐƵƟǀĞŝƌĞĐƚŽƌ ŽĨWƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ͕Wd/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůĂŶĚDĂƌŬĂƉĂůĚŝ͕,ĞĂĚŽĨZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚΘWŽůŝĐLJ͕Wd/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů͘ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĂƐƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐ ǁĞƌĞ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ͗ WƌĂǁŝƚ ZŽLJŬĂĞǁ͕ WƵďůŝĐWƌŽƐĞĐƵƚŽƌĂƚƚŚĞƩŽƌŶĞLJ'ĞŶĞƌĂů͛ƐKĸĐĞ͖&ĞĚĞƌŝĐĂWŝŽǀĞƐĂŶĂ͕ŚŝůĚWƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶKĸĐĞƌĂƚƚŚĞ dŚĂŝůĂŶĚ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞŽĨ:ƵƐƟĐĞ͖ŽŽŵĞĂŶ͕dŚĞ,ƵŐWƌŽũĞĐƚ͖<ĂƚĞƐĂŶĞĞŚĂŶƚƌĂŬƵů͕WƌŽũĞĐƚŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚŽƌ͕ Wd&ŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶ͖<ƌŝƚƐĂŶĂWŝŵŽŶƐĂĞŶŐƐƵƌŝLJĂ͕/ŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚŽŶƐƵůƚĂŶƚŽŶĐŚŝůĚ͛ƐƌŝŐŚƚƐ͕ĐŚŝůĚƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚĐŚŝůĚĂŶĚLJŽƵƚŚƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ͖WƵƐĂ^ƌŝǀŝůĂƐ͕/ŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚŽŶƐƵůƚĂŶƚ͕ZŽĂůŝƟŽŶdŚĂŝůĂŶĚĂŶĚ&ŝŐŚƚ ŐĂŝŶƐƚŚŝůĚdžƉůŽŝƚĂƟŽŶ;&Ϳ͖^ƵĚĂƌĂƚ^ĞƌĞĞǁĂƚ͕ŝƌĞĐƚŽƌ͕&͖<ƌŝƐĚĂdƵƉƌƵŶŐ͕dŚĂŝ,ŽƚůŝŶĞWƌŽũĞĐƚ DĂŶĂŐĞƌ͕/ŶƚĞƌŶĞƚ&ŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨdŚĂŝůĂŶĚ͖ĂƌůĞŶĞ>LJŶĐŚ͕/ŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚŽŶƐƵůƚĂŶƚ͖ 'ŝƵůŝĂ WĂƚĂŶĞ͕ /ŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚ ŽŶƐƵůƚĂŶƚ͖ ƌ͘ ^ŝŵŽŶ ĂŬĞƌ͕ /ŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚ ŽŶƐƵůƚĂŶƚ͖ ,ĞůĞŶ ƌĞĞƐĞ͕ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌ͕Wd/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů͖ŵŝůLJ^ŚĞƌǁŽŽĚ͕ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌ͕Wd/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů͘ ^ŝƚƵĂƟŽŶĂůŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨƚŚĞŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů ^ĞdžƵĂůdžƉůŽŝƚĂƟŽŶŽĨŚŝůĚƌĞŶŝŶdŚĂŝůĂŶĚ ĞƐŬZĞǀŝĞǁ November, 2015 ŽƉLJƌŝŐŚƚΞWd/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů Photography from www.pixabay.com ĞƐŝŐŶďLJ͗DĂŶŝĚĂEĂĞďŬůĂŶŐ Wd/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů 328/1 Phayathai Road Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400 dŚĂŝůĂŶĚ dĞů͗ нϲϲϮϮϭϱϯϯϴϴ &Ădž͗нϲϲϮϮϭϱϴϮϳϮ ŵĂŝů͗ŝŶĨŽΛĞĐƉĂƚ͘ŶĞƚ Website: www.ecpat.
    [Show full text]
  • New Vertebrate Fossil Site from the Early Cretaceous Sao Khua Formation, Sakon Nakhon Province, Northeastern Thailand
    Open Journal of Geology, 2019, 9, 619-622 https://www.scirp.org/journal/ojg ISSN Online: 2161-7589 ISSN Print: 2161-7570 New Vertebrate Fossil Site from the Early Cretaceous Sao Khua Formation, Sakon Nakhon Province, Northeastern Thailand Phornphen Chanthasit1*, Suravech Suteethorn2,3, Wilailak Naksri4, Haiyan Tong2, Kamonlak Wongko5, Teppei Sonoda6 1Sirindhorn Museum, Department of Mineral Resources, Sahatsakhan, Kalasin, Thailand 2Palaeontological Research and Education Centre, Mahasarakham University, Kantarawichai, Mahasarakham, Thailand 3Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, Thailand 4Northeastern Research Institute of Petrified Wood and Mineral Resources, Nakhon Ratchasima Rajabhat University, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand 5Phu Wiang Fossil Research Center and Dinosaur Museum, Department of Mineral Resources, Khon Kaen, Thailand 6Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum, Fukui, Japan How to cite this paper: Chanthasit, P., Su- Abstract teethorn, S., Naksri, W., Tong, H.Y., Wong- ko, K. and Sonoda, T. (2019) New Vertebrate A new vertebrate fossil site, “Phu Sung” in Sakon Nakhon Province was dis- Fossil Site from the Early Cretaceous Sao covered. Various vertebrate fossils belonging to fresh water shark, bony fish, Khua Formation, Sakon Nakhon Province, turtle, crocodile and dinosaur were found in reddish silty mudstone of the Northeastern Thailand. Open Journal of Geology, 9, 619-622. Early Cretaceous Sao Khua Formation of the Khorat Group. Crocodilian re- https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2019.910057 mains including a complete skull and partial articulated skeleton are very well preserved associated with turtle remains. Moreover, well preserved 19 turtle Received: August 16, 2019 shells were found accumulated together. These discoveries will certainly fulfill Accepted: September 21, 2019 Published: September 24, 2019 our knowledge about these aquatic taxa from the Early Cretaceous Sao Khua Formation.
    [Show full text]