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N,-CHRp Synffiesi-s, 236, II -. 3tho7o"00 Rl i1;1)AATAc Tiiui1 J IIy I IDAMO TRANSPORTATION DEPARTMENT RESEARCH LIBRARY I 0 0 0 ir I jL\ 0 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD EXECUTIVE COMMITrEE1996 Officers ak JAMES W. VAN LOBEN SELS, Director. California Department of Tftsnsportation Vice Chair DAVID N. WORMLEY, Dean of Engineering, Pennsylvania State University Executive Diredar ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR., Transjortation Research Board, National Research Council Members EDWARD H. ARNOLD, President & CEO. Arnold industries, inc. SHARON D. BANKS, General Manager, Alameda-Contra Costa Transit District, OaklantL California BRIAN J. L BERRY, Lloyd Viel Berbier Regental Professor, Bnuon Center for Development Studies, University of Texas at Dallas LILLIAN C. BORRONE, Director, Port Department, The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (Past Chair, 1995) DAVID BURWELL, President, Rails-to-Trails Conser,'ancy E DEAN CARLSON, Secretary, Kansas Department of Transportation JAMES N. DENN, Commissioner, Minnesota Department of Transportation JOHN W. FISHER, Director, ATLSS Engineering Research Center, Lehigh University DENNIS J. FITZGERALD, Executive Director, Capital District Transportation Authority DAVID R. GOODE, Chairman, President, and CEO, Norfolk Southern Corporation DELON IIAMVI'ON. Chairman & CEO, Delon Hampton & Associates LESTER A. HOEL, Hamilton Professor, University of Virginia, Department of Civil Engineering JAMES L LAMMIE, President & CEO. Parsons Brinckerhoff inc. BRADLEY L MALLORY, Secretary of Transportation, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ROBERT E. MAR11NEZ, Secretary of Transportation, Commonwealth of Virginia MARSHALL W. MOORE, Director, North Dakota Department of Transportation CRAIG E. PHILIP, President. ingram Barge Company ANDREA RINIKER, Deputy Executive Director, Port of Seattle JOHN M. SAMUELS, Vice President-Operating Assets. Consolidated Rail Corporation WAYNE SHACKLEFORD, Commissioner, Georgia Department of Transportation LESLIE STERMAN, Executive Director of East-West Gateway Coordinating Council JOSEPH M. SIJSSMAN, JR East Professor and Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, MiT (Past Chair, 1994) MAR1'IN WACHS, Director, University of California Transportation Center, Berkeley, California DAVID L. WINSTEAD, Secretary, Maryland Department of Transportation MIKE ACC)TT, President, National Asphalt Pavement Association (ex officio) ROY A. ALLFI"4, Vice President, Research and Test Department, Association of American Railroads (as officio) JOE N. BALLARD, Chi ef of Engineers and Commander, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (ex officio) ANDREW H. CARD, JR., President & CEO. American Automobile Manufacturers Association (as officio) THOMAS J. DONOHUE, President and CEO, American Trucking Associations, inc. (as officio) FRANCIS B. FRANCOIS. Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (as officio) DAVID GARDINER, AssistantAdmninistrator, Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (as officio) WILLIAM W. MILLAR, President, American Public Transit Association (as officio) ALBERT J. 1-IERBERGER, Maritime Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation (as officio) DAVID R. HINSON, Federal Aviation Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation (as officio) T.R. LAKSHMANAN, Director, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S.Department of Transportation (as officio) GORDON J. LINTON, Federal Transit Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation (as officio) RICARDO MARTINEZ. Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (as officio) JOLENE M. MOUTORIS, Federal Railroad Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation (as officio) DHARMENDRA K, (DAVE) SHARMA, Administrator, Research & Special Programs Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (as officio) RODNEY E. SLATER, Federal Highway Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation (as officio) NATiONAL COOPERATiVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Transportation Research Board Executive Committee Subcommittee for NCHRP LILLIAN C. BORRONE, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR., Transportation Research Board FRANCIS B. FRANCOIS, American Association of State Highway and RODNEY E. SLATER, Federal Highway Administration Transportation Officials JAMES W. VAN LODEN SELS. Cal (fomia Department of Transportation (Chair) .LESTER A. HOEL, University of Virginia DAVID N. WORMLEY. Pennsylvania State University Field of Special Projects Project Committee SP 20-5 KENNEFH C. AFFERTON, New Jersey Department of Transportation (Retired) Program Staff GERALD L ELLER, Federal Highway Administration JOHN J. HENRY, Pennsylvania Transportation Institute ROBERT J. REILLY, Director, Cooperative Research Programs GLORIA J. JEFF, Federal Highway Administration CRAWFORD F. JENCKS,Manager, NCHRP C. IAN MACGILLIVRAY. iowa Department of Transportation DAVID B. BEAL. Senior Program Officer GENE E. OFSTEAD, Minnesota Department of Transportation LLOYD R. CROWTHER, Senior Program Officer DAVID H. POPF Wyoming Department of Transportation B. RAY DERR, Senior Program Officer EARL C. SHIRLEY, Consulting Engineer AMIR N. HANNA, Senior Program Officer JON P. UNDERWOOD, Tasas Dept. of Transportation (Chair) EDWARD T. HARRIGAN, Senior Program Officer J. RICHARD YOUNG, JR., Mississippi Department of Transportation RONALD D. McCREADY, Senior Program Officer RICHARD A. McCOMB, Federal Highway Administration (Liaison) KENNETH S. OPIELA, Senior Program Officer ROBERT E. SPICHER, Transportation Research Board (Liaison) EILEEN P. DELANEY, Editor TRB Stafffor NCHRP Project 20-5 STEPHEN R. GODWIN, Director for Studies and informalion Services SALLY D. LIFF. Manager, Synthesis Studies STEPHEN F. MAHER. Senior Program Officer LINDA S. MASON, Editor National Cooperative Highway Research Program Synthesis of Highway Practice 236 Methods for Household Travel S Surveys PETER R. STOPHER, Ph.D. and HELEN M. A. METCALF PlanTrans Topic Panel PATRICK DECORLA-SOUZA, Federal Highway Administration ROBERT GRIFFIThS, Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments R. LESLIE JONES, California Department of Transportation ELAINE M!JRAKAMI, Federal Highway Administration CHARLES L. PURVIS, Metropolitan Transportation Commission, Oakland, California PHILLIP A. SALOPEK, Bureau of the Census JAMES A. SCOT!', Transportation Research Board RONALD W. TWEEDIE, New York State Department of Transportation Transportation Research Board National Research Council Research Sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in Cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1996 Subject Area Planning and Administration NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM NCHRP SYNThESIS 236 Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective Project 20-5 FY 1993 (Topic 26-03) approach to the solution of many problems facing highway ad- ISSN 0547-5570 ministrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local ISBN 0-309-6009-5 interest and can best be studied by highway departments indi- Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 96-061899 vidually or in cooperation with their state universities and oth- ers. However, the accelerating growth of highway transportation Price $15.00 develops increasingly complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research. In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials initiated in 1962 an objective national highway re- search program employing modern scientific techniques. This program is supported on a continuing basis by funds from par- ticipating member states of the Association and it receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal Highway Admini- NOTICE stration, United States Department of Transportation. The Transportation Research Board of the National Research The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Coop- Council was requested by the Association to administer the re- erative Highway Research Program conducted by the Transportation Re- search Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Re- search program because of the Board's recognized objectivity search Council. Such approval reflects the Governing Board's judgment that and understanding of modem research practices. The Board is the program concerned is of national importance and appropriate with re-- uniquely suited for this purpose as it maintains an extensive spect to both the purposes and resources of the National Research Council. committee structure from which authorities on any highway The members of the technical committee selected to monitor this project transportation subject may be drawn; it possesses avenues of and to review this report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due consideration for the balance of disciplines appropriate to the communication and cooperation with federal, state, and local project. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied are those of the governmental agencies, universities, and industry; its relation- research agency that performed the research, and, while they have been ac- ship to the National Research Council is an insurance of objec- cepted as appropriate by the technical committee, they are not necessarily tivity; it maintains a full-time research conelation staff of spe- those of the Transportation Research Board, the National