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Abnormal Uterine Bleeding, 108, 113 Acupuncture, 159-160 Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-45182-7 - Managing the Menopause: 21st Century Solutions Edited by Nick Panay, Paula Briggs and Gab Kovacs Index More information Index abnormal uterine bleeding, 108, American Society of Clinical potential role as reproductive 113 Oncology (ASCO) biomarker, 6 acupuncture, 159–160 guidelines, 143 predicting the menopause, adenomyosis American Society of 14–17 effects of the menopause, 108 Reproductive Medicine, anti-ovarian antibodies, 16 management, 115 198 antral follicle count (AFC), 16 pathophysiology, 109 androgen therapy antral follicles, 2 aging adverse events in women, anxiety and risk of VTE, 185 139–140 cognitive behavior therapy and sexual decline, 104 androgen physiology in (CBT), 88 risk factor for CVD, 36 women, 137 Aristotle, 20 Albright, Fuller, 58 causes of androgen asoprisnil, 125 alendronate, 76–77 insufficiency in women, assisted reproduction, 13–14, alternative therapies 137–138 16 claims made by proponents, considerations when oocyte vitrification, 17–18 158 prescribing for FSD, atherosclerosis, 38 common misunderstandings 140–141 atractylodes in herbal medicine, about, 161 description, 136–137 22 definition, 157 DHEA, 136 atrophic vaginitis direct risks, 159 effectiveness in treating FSD, definition, 52 evidence for effectiveness, 138–139 local estrogen therapies, 48 158–159 for female sexual dysfunction See also vulvo-vaginal expectations of users, (FSD), 137 atrophy. 157–158 indications for, 137 autoimmune disease extent of use for menopausal postmenopausal therapies, and premature ovarian symptoms, 157 136–137 insufficiency (POI), indirect risks, 159 role of androgens in female 195 need for reliable information physiology, 136 about, 158, 161 routes of administration for back pain, 8 problem of evaluating testosterone therapy, and osteoporosis, 68 effectiveness, 159–161 138–139 bazedoxifene, 65, 76, 142, risk-benefit balance, 159 safety considerations for 176 safety issues, 159 women, 139–140 tissue selective estrogen Alzheimer’s disease (AD) use of testosterone, 136 complex (TSEC), costs to the UK health-care See also testosterone 145–146 system, 91 replacement therapy Beck, Aaron, 87 effects of estrogen therapy at (TRT). biopsychosocial approach, 81, menopause, 91–92 androgens, 2 86–87 prevalence and future andropause. See male bisphosphonates, 65, 76–77 projections, 91 menopause black cohosh, 22, 154, 158, role of estrogen at the androstenedione, 37, 136 160 menopause, 91 anovulatory cycles, 6, 8, 29, bladder pain syndrome, 103 role of the cholinergic 108 bone fracture risk system, 93 anti-Müllerian hormone effects of HRT, 207 role of the dopaminergic (AMH) bone mineral density (BMD), system, 94 assessment of ovarian 67 role of the serotonergic reserve, 14 assessment, 68–70 system, 94 effects of chemotherapy, benefits and risks of HRT, See also memory. 14–17 62–65 232 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-45182-7 - Managing the Menopause: 21st Century Solutions Edited by Nick Panay, Paula Briggs and Gab Kovacs Index More information Index 233 dual energy X-ray breast density cardiovascular effects of HRT, absorptiometry (DXA), and breast cancer risk, 175 208, 211 68–70 and mammographic effects of progestin effects of POI, 217 sensitivity, 175 component, 43 loss of, 9 effects of estrogen/progestin influence of HRT prevention of HRT, 130 formulation and dose, postmenopausal bone breast tenderness, 8 41–44 loss, 65 British Menopause Society, 65, influence of route of prophylactic use of HRT, 149 administration, 41–42 62–65 bupleurum in herbal medicine, modern view of protective role of HRT, 22 postmenopausal HRT, 59–60 Burger, Professor Henry, 27 40–41 recommendations for observational studies, 39 maintenance, 62 calcitonin, 65 preventive use of HRT, bone quality, 67 calcitriol, 65 40–43 bone remodeling calcium/vitamin D randomized controlled trials postmenopausal supplementation, 158 (RCTs), 39–40 osteoporosis, 58 osteoporosis treatment, timing hypothesis, 40–41 bone strength, 67 65 cardiovascular effects of POI, bone turnover cancer and HRT 217 role of estrogen, 58–59 case example, 173 cathepsin K inhibitors, 79 Botulinum toxin, 50 Cancer Prevention Study II, Cerazette™, 165 brain. See estrogen effects on 41 cervical cancer, 170 the brain cancer screening cervical cancer survivors brain imaging studies problems associated with and HRT, 182 effects of estrogen, 94–97 vulvo-vaginal atrophy, chamomile herbal remedy, 22 BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation 55 chemotherapy carriers cancer survivors and HRT, and premature ovarian and HRT, 177–178 179 insufficiency (POI), breast cancer risk breast cancer survivors, 195 and use of HRT, 26–27, 179–180 assessing risk of early 173–175, 210 cervical cancer survivors, 182 menopause, 16–17 BRCA1 and BRCA2 endometrial cancer effects on AMH levels, 16–17 mutation carriers, survivors, 181 menopause induced by, 30 177–178 gynecologic cancer survivors, risk of vulvo-vaginal atrophy, concerns about HRT (case 182 55 example), 149 ovarian cancer survivors, Chinese herbal medicine, 22 family history risk factors, 181–182 chocolate cyst, 109, 111 175 vaginal cancer survivors, cholesterol, 2 related to the menopausal 182 cholesterol levels transition, 9 vulval cancer survivors, 182 changes at menopause, 36 risk factors, 173, 175 cancer treatments cholinergic system risk related to breast density, and use of local estrogen role in mood and memory, 175 therapy, 56 99 risk with hormonal cardiovascular disease (CVD) chromosomal abnormalities contraception, 167 healthy lifestyle to help as cause of POI, 194 breast cancer survivors mitigate risk, 39 citalopram, 152–153 and HRT, 179–180 menopause as risk factor, climacteric breast cancer treatments 36–37 definition, 29 and use of local estrogen preventive strategies, 40–43 See also menopausal therapy, 56 risk factors, 36–40 transition. raloxifene, 144 risk related to menopausal clonidine, 31, 150–151 tamoxifen, 143 complaints, 38–39 cognition tamoxifen interactions with risk related to menopause, effects of HRT, 208 SSRIs, 152–153 8–9 See also estrogen effects on toremifene, 143–144 role of estrogens, 37–38 the brain. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-45182-7 - Managing the Menopause: 21st Century Solutions Edited by Nick Panay, Paula Briggs and Gab Kovacs Index More information 234 Index cognitive behavior therapy transition to menopause role of the dopaminergic (CBT) management, 171 system, 94 case example, 89 unintended pregnancy rate, role of the serotonergic definition, 87 163 system, 94 for anxiety, 88 women’s health issues, dermoid, 111 for depression, 88 171–172 desogestrel, 165, 168 for sleep problems, 88 corpus luteum (yellow body), desvenlafaxine, 103, 153 for vasomotor symptoms, 2 diabetes 88–89 coumestans, 122–123, 153–154 risk factor for CVD, 36–37 cognitive impairment risk cultural context of menopause, dietary supplementation effects of POI, 217 81–82 risks related to, 159 colorectal cancer, 170 cystadenomas, 110–111 diethylstilbestrol (DES), 24, and HRT, 178, 209 cystocoele. See pelvic organ 118 complete procidentia. See pelvic prolapse differential diagnosis for organ prolapse cytokines menopausal symptoms, concentration role in bone remodeling, 30 lack of, 8 59 dihydrotestosterone (DHT), conjugated equine estrogens 136 (CEE), 42 dandelion herbal remedy, 22 diosgenin, 24 contraception Danish Nurses Cohort Study, dong quai in herbal medicine, and premature ovarian 217 22 insufficiency (POI), 219 Danish Osteoporosis dopaminergic system contraceptive pill, 94 Prevention Study role in mood and memory, hormonal contraceptives, 14 (DOPS), 43 94 contraception at Danish Osteoporosis Study droloxifene, 142 perimenopause effects of progestogens in dual energy X-ray barrier methods, 167–168 HRT, 133–134 absorptiometry (DXA), benefits of contraception, definitions in reproductive 68–70 164–166 aging, 3 DXA bone densitometry, 65 combination hormonal degenerative arthritis risk dyspareunia, 7–8, 52–55, 57, 76, methods, 169–171 effects of HRT, 207 103 contraceptive needs, 163–164 dehydroepiandrosterone ospemifene treatment, contraceptive options, 164 (DHEA), 136 144–145 definition of perimenopause, use in vulvo-vaginal atrophy, 163 56 early menopause, 85 emergency hormonal dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Early versus Late Intervention contraception (EHC), (DHEA-S) alternative Trial with Estradiol 169 therapy, 159 (ELITE), 41 erroneous beliefs about risk denosumab, 78–79 ectopic pregnancy, 112 of pregnancy, 163 dental health and HRT, 209 egg donation, 196–202 intrauterine device (IUD), depression, 31–32 cost, 202 168 case example, 81, 86–87 cycle programming, 200 non-hormonal methods, cognitive behavior therapy donor matching, 199–200 167–168 (CBT), 88 egg collection and embryo permanent methods, 164 effects of estrogen, 93–99 transfer, 201–202 progestin-only methods, effects of HRT, 207 endometrial development, 168–169 potential benefits of estrogen 200–201 reversible contraceptive at menopause, 98 regulation, 196–197 methods, 167–171 relationship with vasomotor screening of egg donors, risk of breast cancer, 167 symptoms, 85–86 198–199 risk of VTE, 166–167 risk factors at menopause, sources of egg donors, risks associated with later 82–85 197–198 pregnancy, 164 role of estrogen at the success rates, 202 risks of contraception, menopause, 91 embryo cryopreservation, 166–167 role of the cholinergic 18 sterilization, 164 system, 93 endometrial ablation, 115 © in this
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