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Home , Treaty of Versailles

Franz Ferdinand

Europe Plunges Into War CH. 13.2

Main Idea: Due to alliances one European nation after another was drawn into a large and industrialized war that: (resulted in many deaths)

Why It Matters Now: Much of the technology of modern warfare, such as fighter planes and the , was introduced in WWI

*US catapulted to a new position of international power

Objectives 1. What happened as a result of the alliance system?

2. What type of warfare was used on the Western Front?

3. What countries fought on the Eastern Front?

4. What was Russia’s main problem? What Led to the Great War? • : Powerful countries taking advantage of weaker ones

• Nationalism:1.Breaks up old empires (Balance of power) 2. Fuels Competition

• : glorification of the military

• Alliances: created to protect each other

WW I Setting The Stage Objective 1

• By 1914, was divided into 2 rival camps

• -Hungary’s against Serbia sets off a chain reaction within the alliance system

• The Alliance System: - Nearly all of Europe enters the war Nations Take Sides

Triple Entente/Allies Triple Alliance / 1. Great Britain 1. 2. 2. Austria-Hungary 3. Russia 3. Bulgaria 4. Japan 4. Ottoman Empire 5. Italy* *Flips sides, accuses former allies of unjust war

A Bloody Stalemate (Tie)

• Germanys Plan • – Named after designer Alfred Graf von Schlieffen

– Defeat France in west then N rush east to fight Russia

Thought Russia’s old railroad systems would slow them down – German leaders – “Need a quick victory over France”

Germany vs. France

• Initially: Germany is successful – – By early Sept. German forces reach outside skirts of

• September 5th (Marne River) – Allies regroup throw all of its resources into an attack – Allies send 600 taxicabs of soldiers from Paris to Marne for reinforcement – After 4 days of fighting Germany retreats

**Schlieffen Plan Fails** Germany Reacts

• First Battle of Marne – German retreat insures Schlieffen plan is ruined

• Germany forced to fight war on 2 fronts

• Germany sends thousands of troops to aid forces in east (Russia)

• Western Front settled into a stalemate – Western Front: deadlock region in northern France

Trench Warfare: Objective 2 • By 1915 Western Front (miles of trenches to protect from enemy fire)

• No Man’s Land = Between Trenches

• Western Front becomes known as “terrain of death” Soldiers in trenches had 66 lbs. strapped to back. No Man’s Land

No Man’s land, no trenches that is! New Weapons

Military planners were at a loss, New weapons slowed the pace of war.

New Weapons Poison Gas caused blindness, blisters, choking

Machine Gun Weapons > Soldiers

Tank transportable on all terrains

Submarine equipped with torpedoes Result Each side suffers more than ½ million causalities

Eastern Front: Objective 3

• Who – & Serbs vs. and Austria-Hungarians

• Where – Battlefields along German and Russia Border

• Result – Germany & Austria successful against Russia – Austria able to push into Russian soil • Fighting on Russian soil

Russia Struggles: Objective 4 • Non-industrialization hurts Russia – Army low on supplies (food, guns, ammo)

• Only strength was population – Able to offset casualties by reloading from their vast Russian population

– Russia able to tie up Germany in east and prevent a full German attack in the west • **France is saved**

Fighting Spreads • Fighting spreads to Africa, Asia – WWI becomes a World War

CH.13.3: A Global Conflict

• Main Idea – spread to several continents and required the full resources of many governments

• Why it Matters Now – The war propelled the to a new position of international power, which it holds today Review

• Europe divided/ 2 rival camps • Chain reaction in Alliance system • Allies/Central powers • Schlieffen Plan • Western Front/ • New Weapons • Eastern front

Objectives

1. What was the Allies objective in the ?

2. What was unrestricted ?

3. What was the Zimmerman Note? Setting The Stage, p. 418

• WW I was more than a Euro. conflict.

– & Japan Join the Allies • India supplies the British with troops – Ottoman Turks and Bulgaria join the Central Powers – All of the Great Powers looked around the world for allies.

The Gallipoli Campaign: Objective 1 • Strategy for the Allies

– Attack Dardanelles: * Region in Ottoman Empire • Gateway to Ottoman Capital: Constantinople

*Allies Objective: “Establish a supply line to Russia”

The Gallipoli Campaign

• Campaign Feb. 1915 – Allies assault Gallipoli Peninsula – Turkish troops defend the region – Trench warfare (stalemate) – By Dec. Allies evacuate after suffering 250, 000 casualties

The Dardanelles

Minefields

Fortress Battles in Africa & Asia

• German colonies in Africa & Asia are assaulted – Japan, England & France overran German outposts – British & France recruit subjects in colonies • Some subjects don’t want to fight for Euros • Some believe assisting will lead to independence “…We would improve our status by helping the British” – Gandhi

America Joins The Fight • Unrestricted submarine warfare *Jan. 1917 German subs would sink ships without warning. *Any ship in waters around Britain (trying to cutoff supply line of GB) German U-boats

America Joins the Fight

• U.S. Supplies Allies: Germany takes action Lusitania – Lusitania is sunk May 1915 (128 Americans) – Germans threatened to sink anything hostile or neutral

– U.S. opinion turns against Germany

America Joins the Fight

• Zimmerman note- telegram from Germany to Mexico – Recover the Southwest (TeXas, Arizona, New Mex.)

• U.S. declares war • Selective Service (draft)- – 24 million registered; 3 million called up

Total War!

• More Europeans lost in battle than all the wars in the previous 3 centuries • Civilians for the first time affected • “Total War” – all resources put into war • Governments take control of Economies – Factories told what to produce – All able bodies put to work / no unemployment – Rationing – limit what / how much you could buy • Use Propaganda (one sided info.) to keep up morale

Women & The War

• Total War = govt turn to women for help • Women Work in: – Offices / Factories/ Shops – Build – Plow fields / Pave roads / run hospitals – Supply troops – food, clothes, weapons • Women change people’s view of women’s capabilities

Russia Revolts & Makes Truce

• (1917) – Czar Nicholas to step down – 5.5 million soldiers die – Soldiers refuse to fight anymore, drop out of WW 1 – Communist Lenin seizes power and offers Germany a truce “Treaty of Brest-Litovsk”

End of the War • After Russia - German troops sent to Western front – Final attack – Germans reach Marne River (40 mi from France) – 2 million U.S. Soldiers waiting – U.S. tips balance (Germany can’t recover)

• The Central Powers Collapse – Bulgarians & Ottoman Turks surrender – Revolutions spread in Austria-Hungary – Germany • Soldiers (mutiny) rebel • Public turns on Kaiser • Kaiser Wilhelm II steps down • Germany declares itself Republic • Armistice – agreement to stop fighting

Legacy of World War I

1. New kind of War – New technologies • Unprecedented amount of death & destruction 2. Economic Impact on Europe • Drained treasuries of European countries (cost $338 billion) 3. Society disillusionment • Despair & Insecurity reflected in art & literature 4. America the big winner • No battles on U.S. soil – Enter War late – Fewer casualties & Economic Hardships 5. Agreement • Prompted anger & resentment = World War II

ET- Summary with terms Word bank  -Gallipoli Campaign/ stalemate  -Total War  -Legacy of the war  -Zimmerman note  -unrestricted submarine warfare

Summary kick start • The Allies got themselves another stalemate when they tried the Gallipoli Campaign, trying to make a supply line for Russia. Also, the U.S. entered the Great War due to Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmerman Note sent to Mexico by the Germans against the U.S. Further, the end of the war saw the Central Powers fall to the Allies, leaving a legacy of war where new technologies brought untold destruction in the new art of war called total war.

CH.13.4: A Flawed Peace

Main Idea The Treaty of Versailles dictated by the Allies created bitter feelings among the losers. **With victory comes the spoils of war.**

Why it matters These bitter feelings established by the “Treaty of Versailles” cause WWII.

TREATY OF VERSAILLES Review

• Europe divided/ 2 rival camps • Chain reaction in Alliance system • Allies/Central powers • Schlieffen Plan • Western Front/ Trench Warfare • Eastern front

Objectives

1. What countries were in the ?

2. What were the aims of the U.S. government after the war?

3. What were the weaknesses of the Treaty of Versailles?

Setting the Stage : January 1919

• Paris Peace Conference:

• 32 countries met, led by the Allies Russian City

• Struggled: – To solve their problems (What to do with Germany?)

– Create a “lasting” peace! Jan. 1919 Paris Peace Conference: Objective 1 • Led by Big Four: 1. Woodrow (US) 2. George Clemenceau (France) 3. (Great Britain) 4. Vittorio Orlando (Italy) • **Why is Russia not here?** – Most major decisions made by the 4 • The : – Crafted by Wilson – #1-4 • End to secret treaties • Freedom of the seas • • Military reductions – #5 • Give **Fairness towards the colonized! – #6-13 ** • Suggestions for creation of new nations

The Fourteen Points Cont:

– #14 • Can handle disputes before war breaks out • : – Shot down by U.S. govt.- U.S. felt it would be dragged into Euro Conflicts

Aims of the Allies: Objective 2

• France/ GB – strip Germany of power! Germany’s – Make Germany pay! fault! – Take Central Powers colonies as reparations • Use mandate system • U.S . – Lasting Peace – To stay out of European affairs • Italy – Wanted to gain territory • Japan – Gain territory, influence, respect

Germany to Blame • Loss of territory • Restrictions on military • Article 231- “War Guilt Clause” – Sole responsibility of war placed on Germany • Germany must pay allies $$$ called reparations Austro-Hungary • Austria, Hungary, , – All Become independent nations – Self determination in action Ottoman Turks • control of Turkey • England controls: – Palestine, Iraq, Trans Jordan • France controls: – Syria, Lebanon • Both use mandate system: – Allies govern ex-colonies of central powers, until judged ready for independence

• self determination?

Present Day Middle East

• 1000’s of Jews flee Ottoman Empire

• Where do they go?

• Jews go to the middle east (Israel) Russia

– Russia will lose territory – Romania and gain land from Russia – Finland, Estonia, Latvia, become independent Treaty Weaknesses: Objective3 • Germany humiliated: – War-guilt clause & stripped of colonial possessions

• Soviet Union loses territory: – Absent at conference

• Opposition from U.S. : – Too harsh – League of Nations opposed– didn’t want to get involved – laid foundation for the WW II ET –

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