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Multiple Corticosteroids Allergy in a Patient with Asthma: a Case Report

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Multiple Corticosteroids Allergy in a Patient with Asthma: a Case Report Mahadi et al. The Egyptian Journal of Internal Medicine (2020) 32:4 The Egyptian Journal of https://doi.org/10.1186/s43162-020-00008-x Internal Medicine CASE REPORT Open Access Multiple corticosteroids allergy in a patient with asthma: a case report Mahrunissa Mahadi1, Wan Syazween Lyana Wan Ahmad Kammal2* , Norazirah Md Nor1 and Adawiyah Jamil1 Abstract Background: Allergy towards systemic corticosteroid is rare. This case report discusses the investigations to confirm diagnosis and alternative treatments. Case presentation: A 51-year-old asthmatic woman developed severe anaphylactic reaction following administration of systemic hydrocortisone. Skin prick, intradermal, and intravenous provocation tests confirmed allergy to triamcinolone, hydrocortisone, and dexamethasone. Skin prick tests (SPTs) were negative to all the aforementioned drugs. Intradermal test (IDT) with triamcinolone 1:10 concentration resulted in a 2-mm wheal associated with rhonchi. IDT with hydrocortisone 1:10 concentration showed an 8-mm wheal with rhonchi. IDTs to dexamethasone and carboxymethylcellulose were negative. Generalized rhonchi were observed with intravenous dexamethasone full concentration challenge. Conclusions: Corticosteroid allergy should be suspected in asthma patients with worsening bronchospasm after its administration. Due to its rarity, such diagnosis can easily be missed, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality in patients. Keywords: Glucocorticoid, Drug hypersensitivity, Skin tests, Asthma Key messages Corticosteroid allergy occurs with various administration Corticosteroid allergy is rare. It should be suspected in routes including intravenous, oral, inhaled, intramuscular, asthmatic patients with worsening bronchospasm after intra-articular, ocular, intralesional, and topical applications steroid administration. Allergic skin tests are useful to [4]. Type IV hypersensitivity reaction in the form of allergic identify the allergen and suitable alternatives. contact dermatitis is observed mainly with topical prepara- tions. Systemic corticosteroid allergy frequently manifests as type I hypersensitivity reactions [4].Thepresenceofre- Background spiratorysymptomsismoreindicativeoftruesteroidal- Systemic corticosteroid allergy is rare with 0.1% preva- lergy [5]. Risk factors for corticosteroid allergy are aspirin- lence rate [1]. The most common offending agents are sensitive patients with asthma and renal transplant [3, 6]. hydrocortisone and methylprednisolone [2, 3]. Clinical We report a 51-year-old woman with asthma and manifestation includes urticaria, pruritus, flushing, rash, multiple drug allergies including diclofenac, esomepra- angioedema, dyspnoea, bronchospasm, stridor, hypox- zole, and corticosteroids. This case highlights the im- emia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and hypotension. portance to consider corticosteroid allergy in a Corticosteroid allergy is difficult to recognize clinically patient with asthma whose bronchospasm worsens after especially if it is used to treat an allergic reaction or a con- initiation of therapy. dition with symptoms similar to allergy and anaphylaxis. * Correspondence: [email protected] Case presentation 2Dermatology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Malaysia A 51-year-old woman with bronchial asthma presented Full list of author information is available at the end of the article with an acute exacerbation secondary to stressful event. © The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Mahadi et al. The Egyptian Journal of Internal Medicine (2020) 32:4 Page 2 of 3 Her asthma has been poorly controlled on inhaled beclo- Discussion methasone dipropionate/formoterol fumarate dihydrate Skin prick (SPT) and intradermal (IDT) tests are (Foster®) and inhaled salbutamol. tests for suspected IgE-mediated allergic reaction. She was given intravenous hydrocortisone and nebu- SPT is performed by pricking the skin percutaneously lized salbutamol. She developed generalized pruritus and withatestneedlethroughthesuspecteddrugsolu- worsening breathlessness 15 min later. Blood pressure tion. If SPT is negative, IDTs are done with serial was 122/65 pulse rate 100 beats per minute with oxygen dilutions of the suspected drug. The dilution starts saturation of 85% on high flow oxygen 15 l/min. The with 1/100 of the concentration in SPT. If the result chest was silent on auscultation. She developed severe is negative, concentration is increased in logarithmic hypoxia leading to seizures and respiratory arrest requir- steps (× 10) [7]. ing intubation and mechanical ventilation. She was Corticosteroids are classified into four groups based treated with intravenous aminophylline, magnesium on the chemical structure of its cyclopentanoperhydro- sulphate, and nebulized ipratropium without systemic phenanthrene nucleus. Group A consists of hydrocorti- corticosteroids as corticosteroid hypersensitivity was sus- sone, prednisolone, and methylprednisolone acetate; pected. Her condition subsequently improved, and she group B triamcinolone, desonide, and budesonide; and was extubated after 3 days with no further complica- group C betamethasone, desoximethasone, and dexa- tions. She was able to tolerate inhaled beclomethasone methasone; group D is classified into D1—betametha- dipropionate/formoterol fumarate dihydrate (Foster®), in- sone-17-valerate, clobetasol propionate, beclomethasone haled fluticasone propionate/salmeterol (Seretide Accu- dipropionate, fluticasone propionate, and mometasone halerTM), inhaled salbutamol, inhaled tiotropium furoate—and D2—methylprednisolone aceponate and bromide (Spiriva®), theophylline, and montelukast. hydrocortisone valerate [3, 4]. Cross-reaction within the She has received multiple doses of intravenous same group is possible due to similarities in chemical hydrocortisone that relieved symptoms of broncho- structure [4]. Cross-reaction between groups has been spasm in the past. However of late, she experienced observed at a lesser extent. The most significant cross- pruritus around hydrocortisone intravenous access site reaction is between group D2 with group A and budeso- during her asthma exacerbations. Previous exposure nide [4]. to diclofenac caused anaphylactic shock. She devel- Once corticosteroid allergy is suspected or con- oped generalized pruritis with esomeprazole and pred- firmed, a safer alternative from another group has to nisolone. All suspected drug allergies were diagnosed be identified. Groups C and D1 have very few allergic clinically. There was no history of food allergy or reactions and usually do not cross-react with other other atopy. groups. Ventura et al. suggested the usage of oral Skin tests were performed with hydrocortisone, betamethasone sodium phosphate and deflazacort as triamcinolone, dexamethasone, and carboxymethylcel- alternatives in corticosteroid allergy [2]. However, sys- lulose (excipient of systemic steroid preparation). Skin temic forms of both corticosteroids are not accessible prick tests (SPTs) were performed using a drop of the in our country. drugs at clinical concentrations. Intradermal tests Our patient tested positive to agents from groups A, (IDTs) were performed at 1:100 followed by 1:10 B, and C. She could tolerate inhaled agents from group concentrations [7].Salinewasusedasthenegative D1. Agents from group D1 are safer alternatives for control and histamine as the positive control. Wheal her, but systemic preparations are not available; thus, diameter measuring 3 mm larger than the negative there are no safe corticosteroid options left. If the use control was considered positive for SPT [7]. Wheal of corticosteroid is mandatory for disease treatment, diameter > 8 mm or 3 mm greater than the negative desensitization may be considered. It is a procedure control, or wheal with flare ≥ 2 times the size of the which temporarily alters the clinical sensitivity to the injection wheal was considered positive for IDT [7]. corticosteroid, resulting in short-term tolerance, hence Intravenous challenges with 1:100, 1:10, and full allowing patient to receive the medication safely. To strength concentrations were performed after negative our knowledge, there are only two successful cases of SPT and IDT. SPTs were negative to all tested prepara- corticosteroid desensitization to date [8, 9]. Acute tions. IDT with triamcinolone 1:10 resulted in a 2-mm exacerbations of her asthma should be managed with wheal with rhonchi. An 8-mm wheal diameter with measures including intravenous aminophylline, mag- rhonchi was observed with hydrocortisone IDT 1:10 nesium sulphate, nebulized bronchodilators, and concentration. IDTs to dexamethasone and carboxy-
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