DOCSLIB.ORG

Seymour Cray: the Father of World Supercomputer

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Seymour Cray: the Father of World Supercomputer History Research 2019; 7(1): 1-6 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/history doi: 10.11648/j.history.20190701.11 ISSN: 2376-6700 (Print); ISSN: 2376-6719 (Online) Seymour Cray: The Father of World Supercomputer Si Hongwei Department of the History of Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Email address: To cite this article: Si Hongwei. Seymour Cray: The Father of World Supercomputer. History Research. Vol. 7, No. 1, 2019, pp. 1-6. doi: 10.11648/j.history.20190701.11 Received : May 14, 2019; Accepted : June 13, 2019; Published : June 26, 2019 Abstract: Seymour R. Cray was an American engineer and supercomputer developer who designed a series of the fastest computers in the world in 1960-1980s. The difference between Cray and most other corporate engineers is that he often won those business battles. His success was attributable to his existence in a postwar culture where engineers were valued. He was able to also part of an extraordinary industry where revolutionary developments were encouraged, and even necessary. Lastly Cray is recognized as "the father of world supercomputer". From the perspective of science and technology history, this paper describes the history of Cray and his development of supercomputer. It also sums up his innovative ideas and scientific spirit. It provides a reference for supercomputer enthusiasts and peers in the history of computer research. Keywords: Seymour R. Cray, Supercomputer, Science and Technology History 1. Introduction 2. The Genius Seymour Supercomputer refers to the most advanced electronic computer system with the most advanced technology, the Seymour Cray was born on September 28th, 1925 in the fastest computing speed, the largest storage capacity and the town of Chippewa, Wisconsin. As the same name as Seymour highest level of science and engineering under the current R. Cray, his father graduated from the University of production process conditions. Supercomputers are usually Minnesota and worked as an engineer at northern States. At composed of multiple or even hundreds of CPU, with huge that time, the local power supply was mainly from numerical computing power and data processing capabilities, hydro-power. The Chippewa River flows through Wisconsin and can calculate large and complex problems that ordinary and Minnesota and merges into the Mississippi River to the personal computers and servers cannot accomplish. south. Northern State Power Company built some dams on the Supercomputers are widely used in the most advanced fields river to get the most electricity. The elder Cray was sent to of science and technology, industry, military, etc. The Wisconsin in order to service the dam and determine development capability of supercomputers has become one of engineering problems such as storage. He loved the job very the most important indicators for measuring the much and accomplished his mission brilliantly. Being comprehensive national strength and technological level of a appointed by local officials as an engineer, Cray stayed in the country. The world who first proposed the concept of town and continued his work in order to raise a family. supercomputer has been unable to verify, but in the true sense, The elder Cray was a smart, tough, disciplinarian who’d the first person to develop a supercomputer-defined product is brought up his two children as mirror images of himself. Seymour Roger Cray (1925-1996), who developed Cray Father's obsession with technology and the pursuit of supercomputers. For the representative of the "Cray" series of perfection had a big influence on the young Seymour, which the world's fastest supercomputer, leading the international made him fascinated by electronics from an early age. supercomputer development trend for decades, he is Captivated by technology, he found an avenue for expression indisputably known as the "father of the world in photography at age ten. He built a darkroom in the supercomputer."[1] basement, snapped photos in the yard, and developed them himself. While still in elementary school, he even rigged a Morse Code connection between his bedroom and his sister's 2 Si Hongwei: Seymour Cray: The Father of World Supercomputer so that they could communicate after lights out. His father became the later well-known product UNIVAC. He spent a lot became aware of the late night clicking and told Seymour to of time reading books in the library to study how the computer shut down the system because it was bothering the rest of the works. He also had the opportunity to participate in ERA's household. Seymour's solution was to convert the clickers to academic activities and listen to Neumann's speech. However, lights and to continue to communicate with his sister. As an he soon discovered that he did not have much reference amateur of electrical equipment, he often spent a lot of time in material for researching computers. So, he wanted to practice the electrical laboratory of his high school, delving into radio, and innovate himself. In order to avoid entertainment and electric motors and electrical circuits. His served as electrician make work undisturbed, Cray often worked at night, which for the junior prom and in physics class acted as substitute became his lifelong habit. In the study, Cray paid great teacher when the regular one called in sick. According to the attention to collecting all aspects of information and learning yearbook of the Chippewa Falls High School, the Monocle, a from other computer designers. classmate wrote: "As science is becoming more and more In this small company, Cray designed his first important each year, many students are needed in this field. computer——ERA 1103——one of the earliest machines Seymour Cray has received the science award. He has been using magnetic core memory. The system used electrostatic very much interested in this work through high school days. If storage, consisting of 36 Williams tubes with a capacity of anyone were to predict his future, I dare say it would be along 1024 bits each, giving a total random access memory of 1024 the science line."[2] words of 36 bits each. Each of the 36 Williams tubes was five In 1943, during the Second World War, Cray joined the US inches in diameter. A magnetic drum memory provided 16,384 Army after graduation and served as a radio operator for words. Fixed-point numbers had a 1-bit sign and a 35-bit value, communications. After a short European mission, he was sent with negative values represented in ones' complement format. to the Philippines, where he operated his radio equipment Instructions had a 6-bit operation code and two 15-bit operand from a cave in a remote area. At the same time, electronic addresses. [3] computers were developed under the military needs of World 2-3 years later, ERA was acquired by Remington Rand. War II. At that time, the US military needed a Then, Sperry Corporation merged with it. Soon it was high-performance tool to calculate the timely and accurate followed by Burroughs, and later by Unisys. Cray’s work was ballistic firepower meter. In this context, the world's first not affected. However, when the company's executives shifted computer——ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And their focus to commercial small computers, Cray took his Computer) in 1946 was successfully constructed and operated A-big-one dream of leaving the company. He and his friend at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Bill Norris and others created the CDC (Control Data Pennsylvania, USA. The inventor was a research team led by Corporation) in 1957. Mauchly and Eckert. The famous scientist John von Neumann At CDC, Cray was a technical expert and a vice-chairman was also added. Cray, who was about to being discharged from of the company. His goal was to develop a first-rate scientific the service, didn’t know that he would be associated with this computer which was faster than any computer at that time. He invention that had changed his life in the future. persuaded other top executives and took out his own $5,000 to In 1947, Cray married Verene, his wife, was the daughter of buy the company's stock during financial difficulties. As a a Methodist minister. Soon they went to study at the result, CDC and Cray began building large scientific University of Wisconsin. A year later, they moved to the computers. They quickly took the market away from ERA and University of Minnesota for a better engineer program. At the earned $600,000. university where his father had studied, Cray earned a When CDC expanded, Cray found that the staff was bachelor's degree in electrical engineering and a master's divergent. He moved out of the city and returned to the town degree in applied mathematics during 1950-1951. When he of Chippewa, where he built a warehouse to develop 1604 graduated, Cray was quite awkward. He often walked around computer for CDC. It was Cray’s first project——building a on campus and asked himself: "What should I do next?" large computer as quickly as possible at the lowest price. At Fortunately, like his father, he’d found his first job through a that time, the transistor was still a new electronic device, but lead from an admiring professor: He had been strolling across Cray decided to use it to build CDC 1604. He found that the the campus when a professor had leaned out a window and transistors sold at local retail stores in Minneapolis had called him: "If I were you, I would not stay in the market, but defective products, which were much cheaper than buying go to ERA (Engineering Research Associates), which is a them from the factory. He bought all the transistors needed.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Unit 18. Supercomputers: Everything You Need to Know About
    GAUTAM SINGH UPSC STUDY MATERIAL – Science & Technology 0 7830294949 Unit 18. Supercomputers: Everything you need to know about Supercomputers have a high level of computing performance compared to a general purpose computer. In this post, we cover all details of supercomputers like history, performance, application etc. We will also see top 3 supercomputers and the National Supercomputing Mission. What is a supercomputer? A computer with a high level of computing performance compared to a general purpose computer and performance measured in FLOPS (floating point operations per second). Great speed and great memory are the two prerequisites of a super computer. The performance is generally evaluated in petaflops (1 followed by 15 zeros). Memory is averaged around 250000 times of the normal computer we use on a daily basis. THANKS FOR READING – VISIT OUR WEBSITE www.educatererindia.com GAUTAM SINGH UPSC STUDY MATERIAL – Science & Technology 0 7830294949 Housed in large clean rooms with high air flow to permit cooling. Used to solve problems that are too complex and huge for standard computers. History of Supercomputers in the World Most of the computers on the market today are smarter and faster than the very first supercomputers and hopefully, today’s supercomputer would turn into future computers by repeating the history of innovation. The first supercomputer was built in 1957 for the United States Department of Defense by Seymour Cray in Control Data Corporation (CDC) in 1957. CDC 1604 was one of the first computers to replace vacuum tubes with transistors. In 1964, Cray’s CDC 6600 replaced Stretch as the fastest computer on earth with 3 million floating-point operations per second (FLOPS).
    [Show full text]
  • Musings RIK FARROWOPINION
    Musings RIK FARROWOPINION Rik is the editor of ;login:. While preparing this issue of ;login:, I found myself falling down a rabbit hole, like [email protected] Alice in Wonderland . And when I hit bottom, all I could do was look around and puzzle about what I discovered there . My adventures started with a casual com- ment, made by an ex-Cray Research employee, about the design of current super- computers . He told me that today’s supercomputers cannot perform some of the tasks that they are designed for, and used weather forecasting as his example . I was stunned . Could this be true? Or was I just being dragged down some fictional rabbit hole? I decided to learn more about supercomputer history . Supercomputers It is humbling to learn about the early history of computer design . Things we take for granted, such as pipelining instructions and vector processing, were impor- tant inventions in the 1970s . The first supercomputers were built from discrete components—that is, transistors soldered to circuit boards—and had clock speeds in the tens of nanoseconds . To put that in real terms, the Control Data Corpora- tion’s (CDC) 7600 had a clock cycle of 27 .5 ns, or in today’s terms, 36 4. MHz . This was CDC’s second supercomputer (the 6600 was first), but included instruction pipelining, an invention of Seymour Cray . The CDC 7600 peaked at 36 MFLOPS, but generally got 10 MFLOPS with carefully tuned code . The other cool thing about the CDC 7600 was that it broke down at least once a day .
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 14 Data Level Parallelism (2) EEC 171 Parallel Architectures John Owens UC Davis Credits • © John Owens / UC Davis 2007–9
    Lecture 14 Data Level Parallelism (2) EEC 171 Parallel Architectures John Owens UC Davis Credits • © John Owens / UC Davis 2007–9. • Thanks to many sources for slide material: Computer Organization and Design (Patterson & Hennessy) © 2005, Computer Architecture (Hennessy & Patterson) © 2007, Inside the Machine (Jon Stokes) © 2007, © Dan Connors / University of Colorado 2007, © Kathy Yelick / UCB 2007, © Wen-Mei Hwu/David Kirk, University of Illinois 2007, © David Patterson / UCB 2003–7, © John Lazzaro / UCB 2006, © Mary Jane Irwin / Penn State 2005, © John Kubiatowicz / UCB 2002, © Krste Asinovic/Arvind / MIT 2002, © Morgan Kaufmann Publishers 1998. Outline • Vector machines (Cray 1) • Vector complexities • Massively parallel machines (Thinking Machines CM-2) • Parallel algorithms Vector Processing • Appendix F & slides by Krste Asanovic, MIT Supercomputers • Definition of a supercomputer: • Fastest machine in world at given task • A device to turn a compute-bound problem into an I/O bound problem • Any machine costing $30M+ • Any machine designed by Seymour Cray • CDC 6600 (Cray, 1964) regarded as first supercomputer Seymour Cray • “Anyone can build a fast CPU. The trick is to build a fast system.” • When asked what kind of CAD tools he used for the Cray-1, Cray said that he liked “#3 pencils with quadrille pads”. Cray recommended using the backs of the pages so that the lines were not so dominant. • When he was told that Apple Computer had just bought a Cray to help design the next Apple Macintosh, Cray commented that he had just bought
    [Show full text]
  • A Look at Some Compilers MATERIALS from the DRAGON BOOK and WIKIPEDIA MICHAEL WOLLOWSKI
    2/11/20 A Look at some Compilers MATERIALS FROM THE DRAGON BOOK AND WIKIPEDIA MICHAEL WOLLOWSKI EQN oTakes inputs like “E sub 1” and produces commands for text formatter TROFF to produce “E1” 1 2/11/20 EQN EQN oTreating EQN as a language and applying compiler technologies has several benefits: oEase of implementation. oLanguage evolution. In response to user needs 2 2/11/20 Pascal Developed by Nicolas Wirth. Generated machine code for the CDC 6000 series machines To increase portability, the Pascal-P compiler generates P-code for an abstract stack machine. One pass recursive-descent compiler Storage is organized into 4 areas: ◦ Code for procedures ◦ Constants ◦ Stack for activation records ◦ Heap for data allocated by the new operator. Procedures may be nested, hence, activation record for a procedure contains both access and control links. CDC 6000 series The first member of the CDC 6000 series Was the supercomputer CDC 6600, Designed by Seymour Cray and James E. Thornton Introduced in September 1964 Performed up to three million instructions per second, three times faster than the IBM Stretch, the speed champion for the previous couple of years. It remained the fastest machine for five years until the CDC 7600 Was launched. The machine Was Freon refrigerant cooled. Control Data manufactured about 100 machines of this type, selling for $6 to $10 million each. 3 2/11/20 CDC 6000 series By Steve Jurvetson from Menlo Park, USA - Flickr, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.Wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1114605 CDC 205 CDC 205 DKRZ 4 2/11/20 CDC 205 CDC 205 Wiring, davdata.nl Pascal 5 2/11/20 Pascal One of the compiler Writers states about the use of a one-pass compiler: ◦ Easy to implement ◦ Imposes severe restrictions on the quality of the generated code and suffers from relatively high storage requirements.
    [Show full text]
  • R00456--FM Getting up to Speed
    GETTING UP TO SPEED THE FUTURE OF SUPERCOMPUTING Susan L. Graham, Marc Snir, and Cynthia A. Patterson, Editors Committee on the Future of Supercomputing Computer Science and Telecommunications Board Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS Washington, D.C. www.nap.edu THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Gov- erning Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engi- neering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for ap- propriate balance. Support for this project was provided by the Department of Energy under Spon- sor Award No. DE-AT01-03NA00106. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations that provided support for the project. International Standard Book Number 0-309-09502-6 (Book) International Standard Book Number 0-309-54679-6 (PDF) Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 2004118086 Cover designed by Jennifer Bishop. Cover images (clockwise from top right, front to back) 1. Exploding star. Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing (SciDAC) Center for Supernova Research, U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science. 2. Hurricane Frances, September 5, 2004, taken by GOES-12 satellite, 1 km visible imagery. U.S. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. 3. Large-eddy simulation of a Rayleigh-Taylor instability run on the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory MCR Linux cluster in July 2003.
    [Show full text]
  • VHSIC and ETA10
    VHSIC and The First CMOS and Only Cryogenically Cooled Super Computer David Bondurant Former Honeywell Solid State Electronics Division VHSIC System Applications Manager ETA10 Supercomputer at MET Office - UK’s National Weather Forecasting Service Sources • “Very High Speed Integrated Circuits (VHSIC) Final Program Report 1980-1990, VHSIC Program Office”, Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Deputy Director, Defense Research and Engineering for Research and Advanced Technology, September 30, 1990 • Carlson, Sullivan, Bach, and Resnick, “The ETA10 Liquid-Nitrogen-Cooled Supercomputer System”, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 36, No. 8, August 1989. • Cummings and Chase, “High Density Packaging for Supercomputers” • Tony Vacca, “First Hand: The First CMOS And The Only Cryogenically Cooled Supercomputer”, ethw.org • Robert Peglar, “The ETA Era or How to (Mis-)Manage a Company According to Control Data Corp.”, April 17, 1990 Background • I graduated from Missouri S&T in May 1971 • My first job was at Control Data Corporation, the leading Supercomputer Company • I worked in Memory Development • CDC 7600 was in production, 8600 (Cray 1) was in development by Seymour Cray in Chippewa Falls, WI • Star 100 Vector Processor was in Development in Arden Hills • I was assigned to the development of the first DRAM Memory Module for a CDC Supercomputer • I designed the DRAM Module Tester Using ECL Logic Control Data Corporation Arden Hills • First DRAM Module was 4Kx32 using 128 1K DRAM Development Center - June 1971 Chips
    [Show full text]
  • Oral History of Les Davis
    Oral History of Les Davis Interviewed by: Dag Spicer Recorded: May 3, 2010 Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin CHM Reference number: X5796.2010 © 2010 Computer History Museum Oral History of Les Davis Dag Spicer: We're here today with Mr. Les Davis. it's May the third, 2010, and Les is one of the eminent computer designers and pioneers in the field who worked at Cray Research, and welcome today, Les, thank you for speaking with us. Les Davis: Glad to be here. Spicer: I wanted to start with your life early on. Tell us a bit about where you were born and what your parents did for a living. Davis: I was born in Minneapolis, my mother was actually an immigrant from-- a German immigrant from Russia, and she and my dad met in Minneapolis, were married. They later separated, and so I was raised by my mother. I went to school in Minneapolis, to a small parochial grade school and then to a Catholic high school, DeLaSalle High School, which is located in Minneapolis. From there, then, after graduating from high school, I struggled to try and find some work at that time, work was a little hard to find. And then shortly thereafter Uncle Sam took care of me by saying “Either come voluntarily or we will come and get you.” So I joined the Navy in 1951 and was in the Navy through 1955. During that time I was fortunate to have been able to go to a electronics school, and basically my training in electronics developed there.
    [Show full text]
  • CDC Begann 1963 Und Endete Erst Nach Über 30 Jahren Im Jahre 1994
    Die Zusammenarbeit zwischen der Universität Hannover und der Firma CDC begann 1963 und endete erst nach über 30 Jahren im Jahre 1994. Als 1963 eine CDC 1604-A an die TH Hannover geliefert wurde, war der Hersteller noch wenig bekannt: CDC war das Kürzel der jungen und (damals) noch kleinen amerikanischen Firma Control Data Corporation, die sich aus ehemaligen Mitarbeitern etablierten Firmen gebildet hatte, um ohne Rücksicht auf firmeninterne Bürokratie möglichst leistungsfähige Computer bauen zu können. Allen voran: Seymour Cray – dem bis in die 90er Jahre legendären Computer-Pionier. Das wussten wir damals natürlich noch nicht – aber es kamen die ersten „Cray-Geschichten“ auf, wie etwa die von den Konstruktionsplänen eines neuen Rechners, die Cray am Wochenende im Bett ersonnen haben soll, als er einmal krank war. Mit dem Einzug von CDC im Jahr 1963 begann die CDC-Epoche am Rechenzentrum, die schließlich bis 1994 reichte. Die CDC 1604-A selbst war bis 1973 im Einsatz. Seymour Cray hatte Mitte der 60er-Jahre die legendäre CDC 6600 kreiert, das erste System überhaupt mit getrennten Funktionseinheiten und 10 peripheren Prozessoren für die Systemsteuerung und Ein-/Ausgabe-Zwecke. Mit diesem System bewies er seinen Führungsanspruch bezüglich des schnellsten Rechners und war gleichzeitig IBM ein großer Dorn im Auge: Aus dieser Zeit wurden Reaktionen des IBM-Managements kolportiert, in denen man sich fragte, wieso eine kleine Firma mit 37 Mitarbeitern den schnellsten Rechner der Welt bauen kann, was einem selbst nicht mit Tausenden von Mitarbeitern gelang. (Seymour Cray verließ 1972 das Unternehmen, gründete eine eigene Firma „Cray Research“ und trat damit in Konkurrenz zu CDC) Die CDC-Epochen an der TH/TU/Uni Hannover I: CDC 1604-A II: Die CYBER 76 mit Vorrechnern III: Die CYBER 180 - Systeme Der neue Top-Rechner am RRZN (der „Niedersächsische Vektorrechner“) sollte eine ETA 10 (Weiterentwicklung der CYBER 205) werden.
    [Show full text]
  • Cray Supercomputers Past, Present, and Future
    Cray Supercomputers Past, Present, and Future Hewdy Pena Mercedes, Ryan Toukatly Advanced Comp. Arch. 0306-722 November 2011 Cray Companies z Cray Research, Inc. (CRI) 1972. Seymour Cray. z Cray Computer Corporation (CCC) 1989. Spin-off. Bankrupt in 1995. z Cray Research, Inc. bought by Silicon Graphics, Inc (SGI) in 1996. z Cray Inc. Formed when Tera Computer Company (pioneer in multi-threading technology) bought Cray Research, Inc. in 2000 from SGI. Seymour Cray z Joined Engineering Research Associates (ERA) in 1950 and helped create the ERA 1103 (1953), also known as UNIVAC 1103. z Joined the Control Data Corporation (CDC) in 1960 and collaborated in the design of the CDC 6600 and 7600. z Formed Cray Research Inc. in 1972 when CDC ran into financial difficulties. z First product was the Cray-1 supercomputer z Faster than all other computers at the time. z The first system was sold within a month for US$8.8 million. z Not the first system to use a vector processor but was the first to operate on data on a register instead of memory Vector Processor z CPU that implements an instruction set that operates on one- dimensional arrays of data called vectors. z Appeared in the 1970s, formed the basis of most supercomputers through the 80s and 90s. z In the 60s the Solomon project of Westinghouse wanted to increase math performance by using a large number of simple math co- processors under the control of a single master CPU. z The University of Illinois used the principle on the ILLIAC IV.
    [Show full text]
  • Cryptology's Role in the Early Development of Computer
    Cryptology’s Role in the Early Development of Computer Capabilities in the United States This publication is a product of the National Security Agency history program. It presents a historical perspective for informational and educational purposes, is the result of independent research, and does not necessarily reflect a position of NSA/CSS or any other U.S. government entity. This publication is distributed free by the National Security Agency. If you would like additional copies, please email your request to [email protected] or write to: Center for Cryptologic History National Security Agency 9800 Savage Road, Suite 6886 Fort George G. Meade, MD 20755-6886 Cover: A World War II COLOSSUS computer system. Cryptology’s Role in the Early Development of Computer Capabilities in the United States James V. Boone and James J. Hearn Center for Cryptologic History National Security Agency 2015 Preface ryptology is an extraordinary national endeavor where only first place counts. This attitude was prevalent among the partici- pantsC in the U.K.’s Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) activities at Bletchley Park1 during World War II. One of GC&CS’s many achievements during this time was the development and exten- sive use of the world’s first large-scale electronic digital computer called COLOSSUS. The highly skilled military personnel assigned to Bletchley Park returned to the U.S. with this experience and, aug- mented by the experience from other government-supported devel- opment activities in the U.S., their ideas for using electronic digital computer technology were quickly accepted by the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • The CRAY- 1 Computer System
    We believe the key to the 10's longevity is its basically simple, clean structure with adequately large (one Mbyte) address space that allows users to get work done. In this way, it has evolved easily with use and with technology. An equally significant factor in Computer G. Bell, S. H. Fuller, and its success is a single operating system environment Systems D. Siewiorek, Editors enabling user program sharing among all machines. The machine has thus attracted users who have built significant languages and applications in a variety of The CRAY- 1 environments. These user-developers are thus the dominant system architects-implementors. Computer System In retrospect, the machine turned out to be larger Richard M. Russell and further from a minicomputer than we expected. Cray Research, Inc. As such it could easily have died or destroyed the tiny DEC organization that started it. We hope that this paper has provided insight into the interactions of its development. This paper describes the CRAY,1, discusses the evolution of its architecture, and gives an account of Acknowledgments. Dan Siewiorek deserves our some of the problems that were overcome during its greatest thanks for helping with a complete editing of manufacture. the text. The referees and editors have been especially The CRAY-1 is the only computer to have been helpful. The important program contributions by users built to date that satisfies ERDA's Class VI are too numerous for us to give by name but here are requirement (a computer capable of processing from most of them: APL, Basic, BLISS, DDT, LISP, Pascal, 20 to 60 million floating point operations per second) Simula, sos, TECO, and Tenex.
    [Show full text]
  • VMS 4.2 Service Begins
    r, University of Minnesota Twin Cities May 1986 VAX News VMS 4.2 Service Begins Marisa Riviere On April16 the VAX 8600, ACSS's passwords on the VAX 8600 are network prompt as described new VX system, became available the same as those you were using above. to our users. This larger, faster on the VAX 11/780 at the time of VAX permits us to offer new VMS the transfer. You may also have to change your services that were difficult or terminal parity; in VMS 4.2 the impossible to offer on the VA, a As previously announced in our parity default is even. smaller VMS machine, and will cost March Newsletter, we discontinued users 20 to 30 percent less than our VMS 3.6 service on the VA a the VA. few days after the VX became Training Software available. The ACSS additions to the VMS We plan to offer several on-line operating system have been Not all the software available on the training packages on the VX. As transferred to the VAX 8600. VAX 11/780 was transferred to the we go to press, two packages are There are, however, some VAX 8600. See the March available: the Introduction to VMS important differences between Newsletterorthe VMS42 writeup and the Introduction to EDT. (EDT VMS 4.2 (the operating system on on the VX for details. is the VMS line and full-screen the VX) and VMS 3.6 (the editor). To use e~her package, first operating system on the VA). type in the set term/vt100 Some changes are discussed later Logging On command.
    [Show full text]