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Glossaries and Acronyms

E.1 Glossary of Metrology

This section is intended to provide the readers with the definitions of certain terms often used in the calibration of instruments. The definitions were taken from the Swedish National Testing and Research Institute (http://www.sp.se/metrology/eng/ terminology.htm), the Guide to the Measurement of Pressure and Vacuum, National Physics Laboratory and Institute of Measurement & Control, London, 1998 and VIM, International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology, 2nd Ed., ISO, Geneva, 1993. Accuracy The closeness of the agreement between a test result and the accepted reference value [ISO 5725]. See also precision and trueness. Adjustment Operation of bringing a measuring instrument into a state of performance suitable for its use. Bias The difference between the expectation of the test results and an accepted reference value [ISO 5725]. Calibration A set of operations that establish, under specified conditions, the relationship between values of quantities indicated by a measuring instrument (or values repre- sented by a material measure) and the corresponding values realized by standards. The result of a calibration may be recorded in a document, e.g. a calibration certifi- cate. The result can be expressed as corrections with respect to the indications of the instrument. Calibration in itself does not necessarily mean that an instrument is performing in accordance with its specification. Certification A process performed by a third party that confirms that a defined product, process or service conforms with, for example, a standard. Confirmation Metrological confirmation is a set of operations required to ensure that an item of measuring equipment is in a state of compliance with requirements for its intended use. Metrological confirmation normally includes, for example, calibra- tion, any necessary adjustment or repair and subsequent recalibration, as well as any required sealing and labeling. Corrected result Result of a measurement after correction for systematic error. Correction The value which, added algebraically to the uncorrected result of a measure- ment, compensates for an assumed systematic error. The correction is equal to the assumed systematic error, but of the opposite sign. Since the systematic error can not be known exactly, the correction is subject to uncertainty.

519 520 E.GLOSSARIESAND ACRONYMS

Dead band Maximum interval through which a stimulus may be changed in both direc- tions without producing a change in response of a measuring instrument [VIM 5.13]. Detector Device or substance that indicates the presence of a phenomenon, body, or sub- stance when a threshold value of an associated quantity is exceeded. NOTES: 1) In some fields the term ”detector” is used for the concept of sensor. 2) In chemistry the term ”indicator” is frequently used for this concept. Device Any artifactual object designed to perform an action or process, with or without an operator in attendance. Drift A slow change of a metrological characteristic of a measuring instrument. Error ((of indication) of a measuring instrument) The indication of a measuring instru- ment minus a ’true’ value of the corresponding input quantity, i.e. it has a sign. Expectation (of the measurable quantity) The mean of a specified population of mea- surements. Fiducial error (of a measuring instrument) Error of a measuring instrument divided by a (fiducial) value specified for the instrument [VIM 5.28]. Fiducial value Can be the span or upper limit of nominal range of measuring instrument. Group standard A set of standards of chosen values that, individually or in combination, provides a series of values of quantities of the same kind. Inspection Involves measurement, investigation or testing of one or more characteristics of a product, and includes a comparison of the results with specified requirements in order to determine whether the requirements have been fulfilled. Instrument constant Coefficient by which the direct indication of a measuring instru- ment must be multiplied to give the indicated value of the measurand or of a quantity to be used to calculate the value of the measurand [VIM 5.8]. Kind, quantities of the same Quantities that can be placed in order of magnitude relative to one another [VIM 1.1]. Laboratory bias The difference between the expectation of the test results from a partic- ular laboratory and an accepted reference value [ISO 5725]. Limiting conditions Extreme conditions that a measuring instrument is required to with- stand without damage, and without degradation of specified metrological character- istics when it is subsequently operated under its rated operating conditions [VIM 5.6]. (Measurable) quantity Attribute of a phenomenon, body or substance that may be dis- tinguished qualitatively and determined quantitatively [VIM 1.1]. Measurand Particular quantity subject to measurement [VIM 2.6]. Measurement Set of operations having the object of determining a value of a quantity [VIM 2.1]. E.1. Glossary of Metrology 521

Measurement procedure Set of operations, described specifically, used in the perfor- mance of particular measurements according to a given method [VIM 2.5]. Measurement signal Quantity that represents the measurand and which is functionally related to it [VIM 2.8]. Measurement standard, Etalon Material measure, measuring instrument, reference mate- rial or measuring system intended to define, realize, conserve or reproduce a unit or one or more values of a quantity to serve as a reference [VIM 6.1]. Measuring chain Series of elements of a measuring instrument or system that constitutes the path of the measurement signal from the input to the output [VIM 4.4]. Measuring range Set of values of measurands for which the error of a measuring instru- ment in intended to lie within specified limits [VIM 5.4]. Measuring system Set of measuring instruments and other devices or substances assem- bled and adapted to the measurement of quantities of specified kinds within specified intervals of values. Measuring instrument A device or combination of devices designed for measurement of quantities. Measuring transducer Device that provides at its output a quantity having a determined relation to the quantity at its input. Metrology The science of measurement. National (measurement) standard Standard recognized by a national decision to serve, in a country, as the basis for assigning values to other standards of the quantity concerned. Nominal range Range of indications obtainable with a particular setting of the controls of a measuring instrument [VIM 5.1]. Nominal value Rounded or approximate value of a characteristic of a measuring instru- ment that provides a guide to its use [VIM 5.3]. Precision The closeness of agreement between independent test results obtained under stipulated conditions [ISO 5725]. Quality Relates to all the characteristics that meet an expressed or implied need. Reference Accepted value that serves as an agreed-on reference for comparison, and which is derived from a theoretical or established value, based upon scientific princi- ples, or from an assigned or certified value, based upon experimental work of some national or international organization, or from a consensus or certified value based upon collaborative experimental work under the auspices of a scientific or engi- neering group. When these are not available, the reference value is taken to be the expectation of the measurable quantity. Reference conditions Conditions of use prescribed for testing the performance of a mea- suring instrument or for intercomparison of results of measurements [VIM 5.6]. 522 E.GLOSSARIESAND ACRONYMS

Relative error Error of measurement divided by a true value of the measurand [VIM 3.12]. Repeatability Precision under repeatability conditions. Repeatability conditions Conditions where independent test results are obtained with the same method on identical test items in the same laboratory by the same operator using the same equipment within short intervals of time [ISO 5725]. Reproducibility Precision under reproducibility conditions. Reproducibility conditions Conditions where test results are obtained with the same method on identical test items in different laboratories with different operators using different equipment. Resolution Smallest change of measured quantity which changes the indication of an measuring instrument. Result of a measurement Value attributed to a measurand, obtained by measurement [VIM 3.1]. Response characteristic Relationship between a stimulus and the corresponding response, for defined conditions [VIM 5.9]. Response time Time interval between the instant when a stimulus is subjected to a spec- ified abrupt change and the instant when the response reaches and remains within specified limits around its final steady value [VIM 5.17]. Sensitivity Change in the response of a measuring instrument divided by the correspond- ing change in the stimulus. Sensor Element of a measuring system that is directly affected by the phenomenon, body, or substance carrying the quantity to be measured. Note in some fields the term ’detector is used for this concept. Span Modulus of the difference between the two limits of a nominal range [VIM 5.2]. Stability Refers to the ability of a measuring instrument to maintain constant its metro- logical characteristics with time. Standard, national Standard recognized by a national decision to serve, in a country, as the basis for assigning values to other standards of the quantity concerned (see National standard). Standard, primary Standard that is designated or widely acknowledged as having the highest metrological qualities and whose value is accepted without reference to other standards of the same quantity. Standard, reference Standard, generally having the highest metrological quality avail- able at a given location or in a given organization, from which measurements made there are derived. The reference standard itself must be periodically calibrated against a higher standard or in the case of national measurements institute in key compar- isons. E.1. Glossary of Metrology 523

Standard, secondary Standard whose value is assigned by comparison with a primary standard of the same quantity. Standard, transfer Standard used as an intermediary to compare standards. Standard, working Standard that is used routinely to calibrate or check material mea- sures, measuring instruments or reference materials. Systematic error Mean that would result from an infinite number of measurements of the same measurand carried out under repeatability conditions minus a true value of the measurand [VIM 3.14]. Transformed value Value of measurement signal representing a given measurand [VIM 2.9]. Testing A technical investigation, e.g. as to whether a product fulfills its specified perfor- mance. Threshold Largest change in a stimulus that produces no detectable change in the response of a measuring instrument, the change in the stimulus taking place slowly and mono- tonically [VIM 5.11]. Traceability Means that a measured result can be related to stated references, usually national or international standards, through an unbroken chain of comparisons, all having stated uncertainties. Trueness The closeness of agreement between the average value obtained from a large series of test results and an accepted reference value [ISO 5725]. The measure of trueness is usually expressed in terms of bias. Uncertainty of measurement A parameter, associated with the result of a measurement, that characterizes the dispersion of the values that could reasonably be attributed to the measurand. It can also be expressed as an estimate characterizing the range of values within which the true value of a measurand lies. When specifying the uncertainty of a measurement, it is necessary to indicate the principle on which the calculation has been made. Uncorrected result Result of a measurement before correction for systematic error [VIM 3.3]. Unit (of measurement) Particular quantity, defined and adopted by convention, with which other quantities of the same kind are compared in order to express their magnitudes relative to that quantity [VIM 1.7]. Verification An investigation that shows that specified requirements are fulfilled. The precise definitions of the terms listed here can also be found in a number of interna- tional standards documents, including: IEC 60050 International Electrotechnical Vocabulary ISO 3534-1 Statistics - Vocabulary and symbols - Part 1. Probability and general statistical terms 524 E.GLOSSARIESAND ACRONYMS

ISO 5725 Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results. ISO 8402 Quality management and quality assurance - Vocabulary ISO 10 012 Quality assurance requirements for measuring equipment: Part 1: Metrological confirmation system for measuring equipment. EN 45 020 General terms and their definitions concerning standardization and related activities. Webster’s Dictionary

E.2 Acronyms

E.2.1 Institutions

AEB Atmospheric Experiment Branch (NASA GSFC) (USA) AFRL Air Force Research Laboratory (USA) BIPM Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (France) CETP Centre d’etude´ des Environnements Terrestre et Planetaires´ (France) ESA European Space Agency GSFC NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (USA) HAFB Hanscom Air Force Base (USA) IEC International Electrotechnical Commission IPB Interplanetary Physics Branch (NASA GSFC) (USA) IKI Russian Space Research Institute (Russia) IPSL Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (France) IRFK Institutet for Rymdfysik (Institute of Space Physics), Kiruna (Sweden) ISAS Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (Japan) ISO International Organization for Standardization ISSI International Space Science Institute (Switzerland) KRISS Korean Research Institute of Standards and Science LANL Los Alamos National Laboratory (USA) LMATC Lockheed-Martin Advanced Technology Center (USA) JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory (USA) MPAe Max-Planck-Institut fur Aeronomie (Germany) MSFC NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (NASA) (USA) MSSL Mullard Space Science Laboratory (UK) NASA National Air and Space Administration (USA) NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology (USA) NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (USA) NPL National Physics Laboratory (UK) NPTC Northeast Proton Therapy Center at Massachusetts General Hospital (USA) NRL Naval Research Laboratory (USA) PTB Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (Germany) RPI Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (USA) SEC Space Environment Center (NOAA) (USA) SwRI Southwest Research Institute (USA) SLAC Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (USA) UoB University of Bern (Switzerland) E.2. Acronyms 525

UCSD University of California, San Diego (USA) UCB University of California, Berkeley (USA) UD University of Denver (USA) UNH University of New Hampshire (USA) UM University of Michigan (USA) UTD University of Texas, Dallas (USA) VSSE AFRL Space Vehicles Directorate/Space Electronics and Protection Branch (USA)

E.2.2 Spacecraft ACE Advanced Composition Explorer, measures solar wind at L1 AE Atmosphere Explorer, a series of low altitude NASA science missions Aeros-A, -B Two German-US collaboration satellites in low altitude, polar orbit for atmospheric studies Akebono Japanese science mission in an elliptical, high inclination orbit also known as EXOS-D AMPTE Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracer Explorers; international science mission using chemical releases to actively determine magnetospheric transport processes; consisted of the 3 spacecraft CCE, IRM, and UKS ATS Applications Technology Satellite, a series of NASA technology development satellites in geostationary orbit Alouette Polar orbit, low altitude science mission BepiColombo ESA planetary exploration mission to Mercury currently in development Cassini Mission to Planet Saturn CCE Charge Composition Explorer, part of the AMPTE mission Chandra NASA X-ray astronomy mission Cluster Magnetospheric four spacecraft mission CONTOUR COmet Nucleus TOUR, comet encounter mission CRAF Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby, originally a component of the Cassini interplanetary mission but ultimately canceled CRRES Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite, geostationary transfer orbit DE Dynamics Explorer, a dual satellite, polar orbit science mission Deep Space 1 The first of NASA’s New Millennium Program series of technology development spacecraft DMSP Defense Meteorological Satellite Program, a series of polar orbit operational satellites DSP Defense Satellite Program, a series of DoD operational missions DSX Demonstration and Science Experiment, a DoD mission ESRO European Space Research Organization, also a series of scientific satellite missions sponsored by ESRO Equator-S Near geostationary orbit for magnetospheric studies FAST Fast Auroral SnapshoT, polar orbit auroral mission Galileo International mission to Jupiter including a planetary orbiter GEOS GEOstationary Scientific satellite, a two satellite program by ESA for the study of fields and particles at geostationary altitude 526 E.GLOSSARIESAND ACRONYMS

Geotail Low inclination, highly elliptical orbit for magnetospheric studies Giotto ESA space mission to comet Halley GOES Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite, operated by NOAA Helios-1,-2 Two ESA interplanetary science missions HST Hubble Space Telescope, a NASA astronomy mission Huygens The Titan probe/lander, a component of the Cassini mission to Saturn IBEX Interstellar Boundary Explorer, a NASA science mission in development IMAGE Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration, polar orbit IMP Interplanetary Monitoring Probe, a series of NASA interplanetary science missions Injun A series of low altitude high inclination science missions implemented by the University of Iowa IRM Ion Release Module, a subsatellite deployed on the AMPTE mission ISEE International Sun Earth Explorer, a three satellite mission in various orbits ISIS International Satellites for Ionospheric Study, two polar orbit science satellites LANL Los Alamos National Laboratory spacecraft series Mariner A series of NASA planetary science missions Mars Express ESA mission to Mars Mars Surveyor NASA planetary mission orbiting a spacecraft around Mars MMS Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission MSX Midcourse Space experiment, a DoD mission to study optical background from the atmosphere and space NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration satellites a series of polar orbit operational satellites, also called POES Nozomi Japanese Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science planetary exploration mission to Mars. Also known as Planet-B NPOESS National Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellite System OGO Orbiting Geophysical Observatory, a series of NASA science missions in both polar and low inclination orbits Pioneer A series of NASA planetary and interplanetary science missions POES Polar Operational Environmental Satellite a series of polar orbit operational satellites operated by NOAA Polar high inclination polar orbit PVO Pioneer Venus Orbiter, planetary mission Rosetta ESA comet encounter mission San Marco A series of Italian-NASA low altitude, low inclination satellite missions for atmospheric research SCATHA Spacecraft Charging AT High Altitude, a low inclination, highly elliptical orbit DoD science mission SOHO Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, measures Sun and solar wind at L1 STEREO Solar-Terrestrial Relations Observatory, two spacecraft in solar orbit at 1 Astronomical Unit for solar wind and solar physics science S85-1 High inclination, low altitude Defense Department Space Test Program mission E.2. Acronyms 527

THEMIS Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms, a multi-satellite NASA Explorer mission TIROS Television and InfraRed Observing Satellite Triana A proposed mission to monitor the solar wind at L1 TSX Tri Service experiment, a series of DoD missions with science and operational goals UARS Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite, 600 km altitude orbit, high inclination UKS United Kingdom Satellite, part of the AMPTE mission Ulysses A spacecraft in polar heliocentric orbit for heliospheric science studies Viking Swedish spacecraft mission for auroral studies also an early NASA planetary mission to Mars Wind upstream solar wind mission Voyager mission to the outer planets

E.2.3 Instruments ALSEP Apollo Lunar Science Experiment Package, a science instrument package left on the moon during the Apollo missions ASPERA Analyzer of Space Plasma and Energetic Atoms, an instrument on the Mars Express and Venus Express missions AXIS Atmospheric X-ray Imaging Spectrometer, a component of the PEM instrument on the UARS satellite BNMS Bus Neutral Gas Mass Spectrometer, an instrument on the PVO mission BUGATTI Bonn University Gas Analyzer for Turbulence and Turbopause Investigation, an instrument flown on sounding rockets CAPS Cassini Plasma Spectrometer CASYMIR Calibration System for the Mass Spectrometer Instrument ROSINA CASYMS Calibration System for Mass Spectrometers CEASE Compact Environmental Anomaly SEnsor, flown on several spacecraft (i.e. DSX) CELIAS Charge, Element and Isotope Analysis System, an instrument suite onboard the ESA SOHO spacecraft CIS Cluster Ion Spectrometer, an instrument on the Cluster spacecraft CODIF COmposition DIstribution Function, part of the CIS instrument on the Cluster satellites COLLISA Collection of InterStellar Atoms COPS COmet Pressure Sensor, a component of the ROSINA instrument onboard the Rosetta spacecraft COS Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, an instrument on the NASA HST spacecraft COSPIN Comic ray and Solar Particle Investigations, an instrument suite on the Ulysses spacecraft CRIS Cosmic-Ray Isotope Spectrometer, instrument onboard theACE satellite 528 E.GLOSSARIESAND ACRONYMS

CTOF Charge Time-Of-Flight, a component of the CELIAS instrument suite on the SOHO Spacecraft DFMS Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer EAe, EAp Electron and Proton Energy Analyzers, part of the Geotail LEP instrument EESA-H, EESA-L Electron ElectroStatic Analyzer-High and Low geometric factor, components of the Wind 3D instrument on Wind ELENA Emitted Low-Energy Neutral Atoms, a component of the SERENA instrument under development of the BepiColombo mission ELS Electron Spectrometer, a component of the ASPERA instrument EPACT Energetic Particle Acceleration Composition and Transport an instrument suite onboard the Wind spacecraft EPIC Energetic Particles and Ion Composition, an instrument on the Geotail spacecraft GCMS Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer, an instrument onboard the Huygens Titan reentry probe component of the Cassini mission GPMS Galileo Probe Mass Spectrometer, an instrument onboard the atmospheric entry probe component of the Galileo mission LOLET An instrument to measure radiation dose from low energy particles HEEA High Energy Electron Analyzer, a component of the PEACE instrument HENA High Energy Neutral Atom detector, an instrument onboard the IMAGE satellite HEPAD High Energy Proton And Alpha detector, an instrument on the GOES spacecraft HEPS High Energy Proton Spectrometer, an instrument on the Air Force Demonstration and Science Experiment (DSX) HIA Hot Ion Analyzer, part of the CIS instrument on Cluster HILET An instrument to measure radiation dose from high energy particles Hydra A plasma instrument onboard the NASA Polar spacecraft, named for the many-headed monster of mythology IE Ion Emitter, an spacecraft potential control device on the Geotail satellite ILENA Imager for Low Energy Neutral Atoms IMS Ion Mass Spectrometer, an instrument on the Cassini spacecraft also Ion Mass Spectrometer instrument on the MSX spacecraft IMS-HI Ion Mass Spectrometer-High energy, instrument on the CRRES satellite INMS Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer, an instrument on the Cassini Spacecraft LECP Low Energy Charged Particle, an instrument on the NASA Voyager planetary science mission LEEA Low Energy Electron Analyzer, a component of the PEACE instrument E.2. Acronyms 529

LEMMS Low Energy Magnetospheric Measuring System, a component of the MIMI (Magnetospheric IMaging Instrument) suite on the Cassini planetary science mission LENA Low Energy Neutral Atom detector, an instrument onboard the IMAGE satellite LEP Low Energy Particle, an experiment on Geotail LEPA Low Energy Plasma Analyzer, instrument on the AMPTE mission LET Low Energy Telescope, an instrument on the Ulysses spacecraft also acronym for Linear Energy Transfer LOLET An instrument to measure radiation dose from low energy particles MEA Medium Electron A spectrometer, instrument onboard the CRESS satellite MACSIMS Measurements of Atmospheric Constituents by Selective Ion Mass Spectrometry MASS High MASS Resolution Spectrometer, a component of the SMS instrument suite onboard the NASA Wind spacecraft for solar wind research MENA Medium Energy Neutral Atom detector, an instrument onboard the IMAGE satellite MEPA Medium Energy Particle Analyzer, an instrument on the AMPTE/CCE satellite MEPED Medium Energy Proton and Electron Detector, a component of the SEM on the POES spacecraft MEFISTO Messinstrument fur¨ Flugzeitinstrumente MFI Magnetic Field Instrument, an instrument on the NASA Wind satellite MTOF Mass Time-Of-Flight spectrometer, a component of the CELIAS instrument suite on the SOHO spacecraft NACE Neutral Atmospheric Composition Experiment, an instrument onboard the San Marcos 3 spacecraft NATE Neutral Atmosphere Temperature Experiment on the San Marco, Aeros and Atmosphere Explorer spacecraft NMS Neutral Mass Spectrometer onboard the Nozomi spacecraft also Neutral Mass Spectrometer onboard the Giotto spacecraft NGIMS Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer, an instrument on the CONTOUR spacecraft ONMS Orbiter Neutral Mass Spectrometer, an instrument on Pioneer Venus Orbiter OSS Open-Source neutral mass Spectrometer, an instrument onboard the AE series of science missions PEACE Plasma Electron And Current Experiment, an instrument on the Cluster spacecraft PEM Particle Environment Monitor, an instrument onboard the UARS satellite PEPE Plasma Experiment for Planetary Exploration, an instrument on the NASA Deep Space 1 mission 530 E.GLOSSARIESAND ACRONYMS

PESA-H, PESA-L Proton Electrostatic Analyzer, High and Low geometric factor, components of the Wind 3D instrument on Wind PLASTIC PLasma And SupraThermal Ion Composition onboard the two spacecraft STEREO mission PLS PLasma Science instrument on the NASA Voyager planetary science mission PM Proton Monitor, a component of the CELIAS instrument suite on the SOHO satellite PSI Plasma Source Instrument, a component of the TIDE instrument on the Polar spacecraft used to control the spacecraft potential RAPID Research with Adaptive Particle Imaging Detectors, an instrument suite onboard the Cluster spacecraft REFLEX Return Flux Experiment, an instrument onboard a shuttle mission ROSINA Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis RPA-1 Reme´ Plasma Analyzer, an instrument on the Giotto spacecraft RTOF Reflectron Time-Of-Flight spectrometer SCENIC Spectroscopic Camera for Electrons, Neutral, and Ion Composition a component of the RAPID instrument suite onboard Cluster spacecraft SEM Space Environment Monitor, a suite of particle detectors flown on the POES spacecraft SERENA Search for Exospheric Refilling and Emitted Natural Abundances an instrument under development for the BepiColombo mission SIMS Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry SIS Solar Isotope Spectrometer, onboard the ACEE spacecraft SMS Suprathermal Mass Spectrometer on board the Akebono spacecraft also an instrument suite (Solar Wind and Suprathermal Ion Composition) composed of SWICS, MASS and STICS onboard the Wind spacecraft SSJ/4 Special Sensor J-4, an auroral energy particle instrument on the DMSP spacecraft STEP Supra Thermal Energetic Particle telescope, a component of the EPACT instrument suite onboard the Wind spacecraft STICS SupraThermal Ion Composition Spectrometer Spectrometer, a component of the SMS suite onboard the NASA Wind spacecraft for solar wind research STOF Suprathermal Time-Of-Flight, a component of the CELIAS instrument suite on the SOHO spacecraft SWE Solar Wind Experiment, an instrument suite onboard the NASA Wind satellite SWEA Solar Wind Electron Analyzer onboard the two spacecraft STEREO mission SWICS Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer , a component of the SMS instrument suite onboard the NASA Wind spacecraft for solar wind research also Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer onboard the ESA spacecraft Ulysses exploring the solar poles E.2. Acronyms 531

SWIMS Solar Wind Ion Composition/Mass Spectrometer onboard the NASA spacecraft ACE (Advanced Composition Explorer) SWOOPS Solar Wind Observations Over the Poles of the Sun, solar wind instrument onboard the Ulysses spacecraft TED Total Energy Detector, a component of the SEM on the POES spacecraft TIDE Thermal Ion Dynamics Experiment on board the NASA Polar spacecraft TIMAS Toroidal Imaging Mass-Angle Spectrograph onboard the NASA Polar spacecraft TNR Thermal Noise Receiver, a component of the WAVES instrument suite on the Wind satellite UACS Upper Atmosphere Composition Spectrometer onboard the Space URAP Unified RAdio and Plasma wave, an instrument onboard the Ulysses spacecraft UVI Ultra Violet Imager, an instrument onboard the NASA Polar satellite VEIS Vector Electron Ion Spectrometer, a component of the SWE instrument suite on the Wind spacecraft WATS Wind And Temperature Spectrometer, an instrument onboard the DE low altitude spacecraft WAVES An instrument suite for the detection of electromagnetic radiation on the NASA Wind satellite Wind 3D A plasma and energetic particle instrument on the Wind spacecraft WHISPER Wave of HIgh frequency and Sounder for Probing of Electron, a wave instrument on the Cluster spacecraft

E.2.4 Other Acronyms ADC Analog-to-Digital Converter, also A/D amu Atomic mass unit APD Avalanche Photo Diode AVF Azimuthally Varying Field cyclotron design CASYMIR Calibration System for the Mass Spectrometer Instrument ROSINA CASYMS Calibration System for Mass CCD Charge Coupled Device CDG Capacitance Diaphragm Gauge, a form of gas pressure gauge CEM Continuous Electron Multiplier, Channel Electron Multiplier CFT Constant Fraction Trigger CME Coronal Mass Ejection cps Counts per second CSDA Continuous Slowing Down Approximation DAC Digital-to-Analog Converter, also D/A DC Direct Current DoD United States Department of Defense DVU Design Verification Unit 532 E.GLOSSARIESAND ACRONYMS

ECF Electron Calibration Facility EM ElectroMagnetic EMC ElectroMagnetic Contamination EMI ElectroMagnetic Interference EMIC Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron waves ENA Energetic Neutral Atom EPROM Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory EQM Engineering Qualification Model ESA Electrostatic Analyzer ESD Electron Stimulated Desorption, also Electrostatic Discharge EU Engineering Unit EUV Extreme UltraViolet eV Electron Volt FC Faraday cup FEC Fast Event Count FOV Field of View FPGA Field-Programmable Gate Array FS Flight Spare FU Flight Unit FUV Far Ultra Violet FWHM Full Width Half Maximum G Geometric factor GCU Gas Calibration Unit GeV Giga electron Volt GF Geometric factor GPL General Public License GSE Ground support equipment GPIB General Purpose Interface Bus HV High Voltage IDCF Instrument Development and Calibration Facility IFC In Flight Calibration IPS Ion Propulsion System KAFKA Karbonfolienkollisionsanalysator keV kilo electron Volt Kn Knudsen number LED Light Emitting Diode LEEIF Low Electron Energy and Ion Facility LEF Linear Electric Field LP Langmuir Probe L/D Length to Diameter ratio MALDI Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization MCA Multi Channel Analyzer MCP Microchannel Plate, Multi-Channel Plate MDG Molecular Drag Gauge, a form of gas pressure gauge MeV Mega electron Volt NMI National Measurement Institute PCT Parametric Current Transducer E.2. Acronyms 533

PEC Processed Event Count PHD Pulse Height Distribution, also Pulse Height Discriminator PMT PhotoMultiplier Tube PSBL Plasma Sheet Boundary Layer PSD Position Sensitive Detector REF Radiation Effects Facility RF Radio Frequency RGA Residue Gas Analyzer RPA Retarding Potential Analyzer SAA South Atlantic Anomaly SC, S/C SpaceCraft SRG Spinning Rotor Gauge, a form of gas pressure gauge SSD Solid-State Detector SSL Surface Science Laboratory detector SW Solar Wind TAC Time-to-Amplitude Converter TDC Time-to-Digital Converter TOF Time-Of-Flight TOF-E Time-Of-Flight with energy detection in an SSD UHV Ultra High Vacuum UV UltraViolet V-A Voltage-Ampere, also I-V for Current-Voltage VICKSI Van de Graaff Isochronous Cyclotron Kombination fur¨ Schwere Ionen

E.2.5 Radiation Effects on Electronics LET Linear Energy Transfer (in MeV mg−1 cm−2): the average energy deposited by incident ions along their track, and a useful parameter to describe heavy ion properties (whereas energy (in MeV) is enough for protons). MOS Metal Oxide Semiconductor RADFET RADiation sensitive metal oxide Field Effect Transistor SEB Single Event Burnout affecting power MOSFETs. SEDR Single Event Dielectric Rupture, mainly affecting power MOSFETs and occasionally other devices (e.g. EEPROMs, FPGAs, some analog devices.) SEFI Single Event Functional Interrupt, i.e. the device turns to an undefined mode; a power reset is usually necessary to recover. SEGR Single Event Gate Rupture, mainly affecting power MOSFETs and occasionally other devices (e.g. EEPROMs, FPGAs, some analog devices.) SEL Single Event Latch-up SET Single Event Transient, i.e. transient signals mainly generated by analogue devices, that propagate in the circuit if not filtered. SEU Single Event Upset (or soft error), i.e. the logic state of a memory cell is changed. SHE Single Hard Error (stuck bit) i.e. memory cells stuck in a given logic state.