Digital Irreducible Complexity: a Survey of Irreducible Complexity in Computer Simulations
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Guiding Organic Management in a Service-Oriented Real-Time Middleware Architecture
Guiding Organic Management in a Service-Oriented Real-Time Middleware Architecture Manuel Nickschas and Uwe Brinkschulte Institute for Computer Science University of Frankfurt, Germany {nickschas, brinks}@es.cs.uni-frankfurt.de Abstract. To cope with the ever increasing complexity of today's com- puting systems, the concepts of organic and autonomic computing have been devised. Organic or autonomic systems are characterized by so- called self-X properties such as self-conguration and self-optimization. This approach is particularly interesting in the domain of distributed, embedded, real-time systems. We have already proposed a service-ori- ented middleware architecture for such systems that uses multi-agent principles for implementing the organic management. However, organic management needs some guidance in order to take dependencies between services into account as well as the current hardware conguration and other application-specic knowledge. It is important to allow the appli- cation developer or system designer to specify such information without having to modify the middleware. In this paper, we propose a generic mechanism based on capabilities that allows describing such dependen- cies and domain knowledge, which can be combined with an agent-based approach to organic management in order to realize self-X properties. We also describe how to make use of this approach for integrating the middleware's organic management with node-local organic management. 1 Introduction Distributed, embedded systems are rapidly advancing in all areas of our lives, forming increasingly complex networks that are increasingly hard to handle for both system developers and maintainers. In order to cope with this explosion of complexity, also commonly referred to as the Software Crisis [1], the concepts of Autonomic [2,3] and Organic [4,5,6] Computing have been devised. -
Organic Computing Doctoral Dissertation Colloquium 2018 B
13 13 S. Tomforde | B. Sick (Eds.) Organic Computing Doctoral Dissertation Colloquium 2018 Organic Computing B. Sick (Eds.) B. | S. Tomforde S. Tomforde ISBN 978-3-7376-0696-7 9 783737 606967 V`:%$V$VGVJ 0QJ `Q`8 `8 V`J.:`R 1H@5 J10V`1 ? :VC Organic Computing Doctoral Dissertation Colloquium 2018 S. Tomforde, B. Sick (Editors) !! ! "#$%&'&$'$(&)(#(&$* + "#$%&'&$'$(&)(#$&,*&+ - .! ! /)!/#0// 12#$%'$'$()(#$, 23 & ! )))0&,)(#$' '0)/#5 6 7851 999!& ! kassel university press 7 6 Preface The Organic Computing Doctoral Dissertation Colloquium (OC-DDC) series is part of the Organic Computing initiative [9, 10] which is steered by a Special Interest Group of the German Society of Computer Science (Gesellschaft fur¨ Informatik e.V.). It provides an environment for PhD students who have their research focus within the broader Organic Computing (OC) community to discuss their PhD project and current trends in the corresponding research areas. This includes, for instance, research in the context of Autonomic Computing [7], ProActive Computing [11], Complex Adaptive Systems [8], Self-Organisation [2], and related topics. The main goal of the colloquium is to foster excellence in OC-related research by providing feedback and advice that are particularly relevant to the students’ studies and ca- reer development. Thereby, participants are involved in all stages of the colloquium organisation and the review process to gain experience. The OC-DDC 2018 took place in -
Intelligent Design Creationism and the Constitution
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Washington University St. Louis: Open Scholarship Washington University Law Review Volume 83 Issue 1 2005 Is It Science Yet?: Intelligent Design Creationism and the Constitution Matthew J. Brauer Princeton University Barbara Forrest Southeastern Louisiana University Steven G. Gey Florida State University Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_lawreview Part of the Constitutional Law Commons, Education Law Commons, First Amendment Commons, Religion Law Commons, and the Science and Technology Law Commons Recommended Citation Matthew J. Brauer, Barbara Forrest, and Steven G. Gey, Is It Science Yet?: Intelligent Design Creationism and the Constitution, 83 WASH. U. L. Q. 1 (2005). Available at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_lawreview/vol83/iss1/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law School at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington University Law Review by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Washington University Law Quarterly VOLUME 83 NUMBER 1 2005 IS IT SCIENCE YET?: INTELLIGENT DESIGN CREATIONISM AND THE CONSTITUTION MATTHEW J. BRAUER BARBARA FORREST STEVEN G. GEY* TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................. -
Irreducible Complexity and Darwinian Gradualism: a Reply to Michael J
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Asbury Theological Seminary Faith and Philosophy: Journal of the Society of Christian Philosophers Volume 19 Issue 1 Article 1 1-1-2002 Irreducible Complexity and Darwinian Gradualism: A Reply to Michael J. Behe Paul Draper Follow this and additional works at: https://place.asburyseminary.edu/faithandphilosophy Recommended Citation Draper, Paul (2002) "Irreducible Complexity and Darwinian Gradualism: A Reply to Michael J. Behe," Faith and Philosophy: Journal of the Society of Christian Philosophers: Vol. 19 : Iss. 1 , Article 1. Available at: https://place.asburyseminary.edu/faithandphilosophy/vol19/iss1/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at ePLACE: preserving, learning, and creative exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faith and Philosophy: Journal of the Society of Christian Philosophers by an authorized editor of ePLACE: preserving, learning, and creative exchange. IRREDUCIBLE COMPLEXITY AND DARWINIAN GRADUALISM: A REPLY TO MICHAEL J. BEHE Paul Draper In Darwin's Black Box, Michael). Behe argues that, because certain biochemical systems are both irreducibly complex and very complex, it is extremely unlikely that they evolved gradually by Darwinian mechanisms, and so extremely likely that they were intelligently designed. I begin this paper by explaining Behe's argument and defending it against the very common but clearly mistaken charge that it is just a rehash of William Paley'S design argu ment. Then I critically discuss a number of more serious objections to the argument. I conclude that, while Behe successfully rules out some Darwinian paths to the biochemical systems he discusses, others remain open. -
Teaching and Learning with Digital Evolution: Factors Influencing Implementation and Student Outcomes
TEACHING AND LEARNING WITH DIGITAL EVOLUTION: FACTORS INFLUENCING IMPLEMENTATION AND STUDENT OUTCOMES By Amy M Lark A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Curriculum, Instruction, and Teacher Education – Doctor of Philosophy 2014 ABSTRACT TEACHING AND LEARNING WITH DIGITAL EVOLUTION: FACTORS INFLUENCING IMPLEMENTATION AND STUDENT OUTCOMES By Amy M Lark Science literacy for all Americans has been the rallying cry of science education in the United States for decades. Regardless, Americans continue to fall short when it comes to keeping pace with other developed nations on international science education assessments. To combat this problem, recent national reforms have reinvigorated the discussion of what and how we should teach science, advocating for the integration of disciplinary core ideas, crosscutting concepts, and science practices. In the biological sciences, teaching the core idea of evolution in ways consistent with reforms is fraught with challenges. Not only is it difficult to observe biological evolution in action, it is nearly impossible to engage students in authentic science practices in the context of evolution. One way to overcome these challenges is through the use of evolving populations of digital organisms. Avida-ED is digital evolution software for education that allows for the integration of science practice and content related to evolution. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Avida-ED on teaching and learning evolution and the nature of science. To accomplish this I conducted a nationwide, multiple-case study, documenting how instructors at various institutions were using Avida-ED in their classrooms, factors influencing implementation decisions, and effects on student outcomes. -
Comment the Communication Strategies of Neocreationism Between the United States and Europe
SISSA – International School for Advanced Studies Journal of Science Communication ISSN 1824 – 2049 http://jcom.sissa.it/ Comment The communication strategies of neocreationism between the United States and Europe Astrid Pizzo In their essay which appeared in 1972 in Models in Paleobiology , Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge, introducing the theory of punctuated equilibrium, stressed the fact that no scientific theory develops as a simple and logical extension of facts and of patiently recorded observations, and that the particular vision of the world that the scientist adheres to is able to influence, even unconsciously, the way in which data are collected, selected and then interpreted. Scientists, being aware of the existence of an intrinsic problem of prejudice in their scientific research activity, know that, in order to produce original and innovative ideas, it is fundamental to try to revolutionise their research image, to look at reality in a new light, to read data with alternative viewpoints. According to the American philosopher Robert Pennock 1,2, creationists ignore this aspect completely: they look to the Sacred Scriptures to find answers on the origin of the world and of life, and then try to interpret the empirical evidence so that it fits the scriptures. However, American creationism has changed radically in recent decades. Unlike creationists in the strict sense of the word, who use what is said in the Bible explicitly, at times even literally, to attack the theory of evolution, the advocates of Intelligent Design, who opened their season in the Seventies with the publication of Scientific Creationism by Henry Morris 3, do not adopt a stance of direct opposition to evolutionism, but try to work alongside it and to make use of scientific method to find the evidence of the divine hand in nature. -
Network Complexity of Foodwebs
Network Complexity of Foodwebs Russell Standish School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales Abstract Complexity as Information The notion of using information content as a complexity In previous work, I have developed an information theoretic measure is fairly simple. In most cases, there is an ob- complexity measure of networks. When applied to several vious prefix-free representation language within which de- real world food webs, there is a distinct difference in com- plexity between the real food web, and randomised control scriptions of the objects of interest can be encoded. There networks obtained by shuffling the network links. One hy- is also a classifier of descriptions that can determine if two pothesis is that this complexity surplus represents informa- descriptions correspond to the same object. This classifier is tion captured by the evolutionary process that generated the commonly called the observer, denoted O(x). network. To compute the complexity of some object x, count the In this paper, I test this idea by applying the same complex- number of equivalent descriptions ω(ℓ, x) of length ℓ that ity measure to several well-known artificial life models that map to the object x under the agreed classifier. Then the exhibit ecological networks: Tierra, EcoLab and Webworld. Contrary to what was found in real networks, the artificial life complexity of x is given in the limit as ℓ → ∞: generated foodwebs had little information difference between C(x) = lim ℓ log N − log ω(ℓ, x) (1) itself and randomly shuffled versions. ℓ→∞ where N is the size of the alphabet used for the representa- Introduction tion language. -
Irreducible Complexity (IC) Has Played a Pivotal Role in the Resurgence of the Creationist Movement Over the Past Two Decades
Irreducible incoherence and Intelligent Design: a look into the conceptual toolbox of a pseudoscience Abstract The concept of Irreducible Complexity (IC) has played a pivotal role in the resurgence of the creationist movement over the past two decades. Evolutionary biologists and philosophers have unambiguously rejected the purported demonstration of “intelligent design” in nature, but there have been several, apparently contradictory, lines of criticism. We argue that this is in fact due to Michael Behe’s own incoherent definition and use of IC. This paper offers an analysis of several equivocations inherent in the concept of Irreducible Complexity and discusses the way in which advocates of the Intelligent Design Creationism (IDC) have conveniently turned IC into a moving target. An analysis of these rhetorical strategies helps us to understand why IC has gained such prominence in the IDC movement, and why, despite its complete lack of scientific merits, it has even convinced some knowledgeable persons of the impending demise of evolutionary theory. Introduction UNTIL ITS DRAMATIC legal defeat in the Kitzmiller v. Dover case, Intelligent Design Creationism (IDC) had been one of the most successful pseudosciences of the past two decades, at least when measured in terms of cultural influence. It is interesting to explore the way this species of creationism had achieved this success, notwithstanding its periodic strategic setbacks as well as its complete lack of scientific merits. Of course, a full explanation would include religious, socio-political, and historical reasons; instead, in this paper, we will take a closer look at the conceptual toolbox and rhetorical strategies of the ID creationist. -
Evolving Quorum Sensing in Digital Organisms
Evolving Quorum Sensing in Digital Organisms Benjamin E. Beckmann and Phillip K. McKinley Department of Computer Science and Engineering 3115 Engineering Building Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan 48824 {beckma24,mckinley}@cse.msu.edu ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION For centuries it was thought that bacteria live asocial lives. The human body is made up of 1013 human cells. Yet, However, recent discoveries show many species of bacteria this number is an order of magnitude smaller than the num- communicate in order to perform tasks previously thought ber a bacterial cells living within the gastrointestinal tract to be limited to multicellular organisms. Central to this ca- of a single adult [4]. Although it was previously assumed pability is quorum sensing, whereby organisms detect cell that bacteria and other microorganisms rarely interact [24], density and use this information to trigger group behav- in 1979 Nealson and Hastings found evidence that bacterial iors. Quorum sensing is used by bacteria in the formation communities of Vibrio fischeri and Vibrio harveyi were able of biofilms, secretion of digestive enzymes and, in the case to perform a coordinated behavioral change, namely emit- of pathogenic bacteria, release of toxins or other virulence ting light, when the cell density rose above a certain thresh- factors. Indeed, methods to disrupt quorum sensing are cur- old [20]. This type of density-based behavioral change is rently being investigated as possible treatments for numer- called quorum sensing [27]. In quorum sensing (QS), con- ous diseases, including cystic fibrosis, epidemic cholera, and tinual secretion and detection of chemicals provide a way methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. -
Applying Evolutionary Computation to Mitigate Uncertainty in Dynamically-Adaptive, High-Assurance Middleware
J Internet Serv Appl (2012) 3:51–58 DOI 10.1007/s13174-011-0049-4 SI: FOME - THE FUTURE OF MIDDLEWARE Applying evolutionary computation to mitigate uncertainty in dynamically-adaptive, high-assurance middleware Philip K. McKinley · Betty H.C. Cheng · Andres J. Ramirez · Adam C. Jensen Received: 31 October 2011 / Accepted: 12 November 2011 / Published online: 3 December 2011 © The Brazilian Computer Society 2011 Abstract In this paper, we explore the integration of evolu- systems need to perform complex, distributed tasks despite tionary computation into the development and run-time sup- lossy wireless communication, limited resources, and uncer- port of dynamically-adaptable, high-assurance middleware. tainty in sensing the environment. However, even systems The open-ended nature of the evolutionary process has been that operate entirely within cyberspace need to account for shown to discover novel solutions to complex engineering changing network and load conditions, component failures, problems. In the case of high-assurance adaptive software, and exposure to a wide variety of cyber attacks. however, this search capability must be coupled with rigor- A dynamically adaptive system (DAS) monitors itself and ous development tools and run-time support to ensure that its execution environment at run time. This monitoring en- the resulting systems behave in accordance with require- ables a DAS not only to detect conditions warranting a re- ments. Early investigations are reviewed, and several chal- configuration, but also to determine when and how to safely lenging problems and possible research directions are dis- reconfigure itself in order to deliver acceptable behavior be- cussed. fore, during, and after adaptation [2]. -
Editorial on Digital Organism
Editorial Journal of Computer Science & Volume 13:6, 2020 DOI: 10.37421/jcsb.2020.13.325 Systems Biology ISSN: 0974-7230 Open Access Editorial on Digital Organism Chinthala Mounica* Department of Computer Science, Osmania University, India a growing number of evolutionary biologists. Evolutionary biologist Richard Editorial Note Lenski of Michigan State University has used Avida extensively in his work. Lenski, Adami, and their colleagues have published in journals such as Nature An advanced creature is a self-duplicating PC program that changes and and the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA). Digital develops. Advanced creatures are utilized as an apparatus to contemplate the organisms can be traced back to the game Darwin, developed in 1961 at elements of Darwinian development, and to test or check explicit speculations Bell Labs, in which computer programs had to compete with each other by or numerical models of development. The investigation of computerized trying to stop others from executing. A similar implementation that followed creatures is firmly identified with the region of counterfeit life. this was the game Core War. In Core War, it turned out that one of the winning Digital organisms can be traced back to the game Darwin, developed in strategies was to replicate as fast as possible, which deprived the opponent of 1961 at Bell Labs, in which computer programs had to compete with each other all computational resources. Programs in the Core War game were also able to by trying to stop others from executing. A similar implementation that followed mutate themselves and each other by overwriting instructions in the simulated this was the game Core War. -
Evolution of Biological Complexity
Evolution of biological complexity Christoph Adami*†, Charles Ofria‡§, and Travis C. Collier¶ *Kellogg Radiation Laboratory 106-38 and ‡Beckman Institute 139-74, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125; and ¶Division of Organismic Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 Edited by James F. Crow, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, and approved February 15, 2000 (received for review December 22, 1999) To make a case for or against a trend in the evolution of complexity distinguish distinct evolutionary pressures acting on the genome in biological evolution, complexity needs to be both rigorously and analyze them in a mathematical framework. defined and measurable. A recent information-theoretic (but intu- If an organism’s complexity is a reflection of the physical itively evident) definition identifies genomic complexity with the complexity of its genome (as we assume here), the latter is of amount of information a sequence stores about its environment. prime importance in evolutionary theory. Physical complexity, We investigate the evolution of genomic complexity in populations roughly speaking, reflects the number of base pairs in a sequence of digital organisms and monitor in detail the evolutionary tran- that are functional. As is well known, equating genomic com- sitions that increase complexity. We show that, because natural plexity with genome length in base pairs gives rise to a conun- selection forces genomes to behave as a natural ‘‘Maxwell De- drum (known as the C-value paradox) because large variations mon,’’ within a fixed environment, genomic complexity is forced to in genomic complexity (in particular in eukaryotes) seem to bear increase.