Seton Hall University Gabriel Esteban, Ph.D., President School of Diplomacy and International Relations Andrea Bartoli, Ph.D., Dean Administration Courtney B. Smith, Ph.D. Kyle Younger Senior Associate Dean Director of Professional Services Ursula Sanjamino, Ed.D. Gwen DeBenedetto, M.A. Associate Dean Director of Marketing and Communications Elizabeth Halpin, M.A. Diana Riccards, M.B.A. Associate Dean of External Affairs Director of Administrative Services Catherine Ruby, Ph.D. Susan Malcolm, B.S. Director of Internships and Career Development Faculty Secretary Daniel Kristo, M.A., M.S. Lorna Schroeck, B.A. Director of Graduate Admissions Secretary Borislava Manojlovic, Ph.D. Director of Research Projects Faculty Margarita Balmaceda, Ph.D. Philip Moremen, J.D., Ph.D. Assefaw Bariagaber, Ph.D. Ann Marie Murphy, Ph.D. Martin Edwards, Ph.D. Reverend Brian K. Muzas, Ph.D. Omer Gokcekus, Ph.D. Joseph O’Mahoney, Ph.D. Benjamin Goldfrank, Ph.D. Naaborle Sackeyfio, Ph.D. Yanzhong Huang, Ph.D. Courtney B. Smith, Ph.D. Fredline M’Cormack-Hale, Ph.D. Zheng Wang, Ph.D. Elizabeth Wilson, J.D., Ph.D. Board of Overseers Ms. Rosa M. Alves H.E. Archbishop Celestino Migliore Mr. David Brancaccio Ms. Constance Milstein Ms. Natasha Calilung Mr. Matthew Mitchell Mr. and Mrs. James and Tasia Filippatos Dr. Ann Marie Murphy Mr. Richard Gannon Mr. Patrick Osinski Dr. Omer Gokcekus Ms. Emily Pease Dr. Benjamin Goldfrank Judge William Sessions Reverend Paul A. Holmes Ms. Gillian Sorensen Ms. Luna Khadra Ms. Gail Thornton Mr. George Laudato Sir Brian Urquhart Dr. Thomas J. Mackell, Jr. Mr. Josh Weston Dr. Margaret B. Melady Ambassador Clint Williamson Volume XVI, Number 1 Fall/Winter 2014 Beyond Kyoto Policy Implications of Climate Change P7 From the Editor’s Desk P9 World Leaders Forum: Address to Seton Hall-The Butterfly Effect: Local Actions Informing Global Responses Leymah Gbowee P21 African Women and Climate Change: A Discussion with Leymah Gbowee Leymah Gbowee P23 From Kyoto to Paris: A Conversation with David Shorr David Shorr P Setting the International Climate Negotiations Pace for COP-21 in Paris 33 Yannis Maniatis P39 From Kyoto to Paris: Growing Recognition of the Role of Tropical Forests in Climate Change D. James Baker P53 After Kyoto: Building an Effective Global Regime to Address Climate Change Andrew Holland Premature Retirement of Sub-Critical Coal Assets: The Potential Role of P59 Compensation and the Implications for International Climate Policy Ben Caldecott and James Mitchell Climate Hazards, Security, and the Uprisings in Syria and Egypt P71 Francesco Femia, Troy Sternberg, and Caitlin E. Werrell P85 The Caspian Basin: Territorial and Status-Related Disputes, Energy Transit Corridors, and Their Implications for EU Energy Security Anis Bajrektarevic and Petra Posega P109 Climate Change and Peacebuilding: Setting the Agenda for 2015 Richard Matthew P119 Climate Catastrophe and Transformationalism John Barkdull and Paul G. Harris P131 The Nexus Between Climate Change and Social Practices: Theoretical and Empirical Reflections for Policymaking Christina Marouli and Quentin M.H. Duroy Once There Were Trees: Impacts of Agricultural Policy on Climate Change in P147 Uganda Eric Kashambuzi P155 Current International Security Sector Development and its Implications for Developing Countries Brian-Vincent Ikejiaku Book Reviews P173 DeFronzo Revolutionizing the Study of Revolutions? Greg P. Kaufmann P175 From Fanatical to Tranquil: The Many Faces of Salafist Thought Sarah Ireland P177 Earth’s “Blue” Period Karina Taylor From the Editor’s Desk In November of this year, world leaders will convene in Paris for the Conference of the Parties to rework the Kyoto Protocol. This conference is designed to create a new, all inclusive framework that can effectively address the issue of climate change. The timing of this event provides an ideal opportunity for an issue devoted to the topic. What do experts, scholars, and policymakers believe this restructured framework will resemble? Should the international community continue to strive for a global treaty regulating emissions? What is the impact of this framework if the world’s major polluters choose not to ratify? The Journal is pleased to offer insightful and original publications from world renowned policymakers, scholars, academics, activists, and experts who attempt to answer these questions. In the first pages of this issue you will find an address by Leymah Gbowee, who visited Seton Hall University on November 20, 2014. Ms. Gbowee received the Nobel Prize for Peace in 2011 for her efforts to end the civil war in her native Liberia. Her words demonstrated that local actions can inform global responses, which seems appropriate for this publication given the enormous task climate change poses to policymakers. We were honored to have Ms. Gbowee at our university and sincerely thank her for her time, energy, and dedication to making the world a better place. David Shorr agreed to an all-encompassing interview with the Journal and begins our discussion of climate change by examining the existing global climate regime and highlighting the critical issues that must be dealt with at Paris, as well as offering a glimpse of what the Paris framework may look like. Yannis Maniatis, Greece’s Minister of Environment, Energy, and Climate Change, provides a European perspective on what to expect from the Paris climate negotiations. His background as President of the European Union’s Council for the Environment and Energy inform his unique perspective. Dr. D. James Baker of the Clinton Foundation calls attention to the critical role tropical forests play in climate change and how recognition of this role has been growing since the signing of Kyoto. Andrew Holland then delves into why Kyoto failed to live up to its promise and how the international community can approach Paris differently to secure an effective agreement. Ben Caldecott and James Mitchell provide a detailed analysis of the role compensation for sub-critical coal assets can play in international climate policy. We then shift toward the nexus of security and climate change with Francesco Femia, Tory Sternberg, and Caitlin E. Werrell’s piece investigating the possible links between climate hazards and the uprisings in Syria and Egypt. Anis Bajrektarevic and Petra Posega provide a thorough enquiry into the Caspian Basin and the implications it has for energy security in Europe. Our security discussion is rounded out by Richard A. Matthew, whose piece discusses the weak global response to climate change and how international security, welfare, and health are being threatened by this timid response. John Barkdull and Paul G. Harris shift away from security by providing a theoretical perspective outlining how the trasformationalist school believes climate change should be addressed. Christina Marouli and Quentin M.H. Duroy examine the influence climate change has on social practices and what consequences this has for policymaking. Eric Kashambuzi provides a poetic case study of Uganda, emphasizing how agricultural policy and climate change have adversely affected Uganda’s landscape. Finally, we are delighted to showcase an article by Dr. Brian Vincent Ikejiaku, who examines how and why international funding has shifted from the development sector to the security sector since September 11, 2001. We conclude with book reviews by Greg P. Kaufmann, Sarah Ireland, and Karina Taylor. It is our sincere hope that this thorough and wide-ranging analysis informs your observations of the Paris Conference and piques your interest in the policy implications of climate change. Matthew Mitchell Editor-in-Chief Address to Seton Hall: The Butterfly Effect: Local Actions Informing Global Responses by Leymah Gbowee Thank you, Andrea [Bartoli, Dean of the School of Diplomacy and International Relations]. I don’t know about the “normal” part. Some days I think I’m a little bit crazy, but I got hope the other day. I go to church, to the Riverside Church in New York, and there’s a pastor from Union Seminary in Virginia who said, “Can we just go back to a little bit crazy? Because ‘normal’ in this world today is killing and maiming of people. ‘Crazy’ is when you dare to do good and to build peace.” So I’d rather be crazy than be normal. Over the last few weeks I’ve been going through many challenges. Three months ago I lost my dad, and we have his body in Ghana, but because of the Ebola we can’t fly to take him home. And so I’m sitting in my living room—this is the first time for me, as a mother of six children, to be living in a house and solely caring for one— and my five-year-old is that one. And unfortunately for the two of us, she is learning the American way and I’m as African as it gets. So I’m sitting in the living room and trying to structure my talk in my head, and she walks over to me and said, “Can you read me a story? I’m ready to go to bed.” I said, “Little girl, today I’m in no mood to read stories.” I think people would say this is really cruel, but that girl can try my patience. “And so, right now I’m thinking I just want to sit in this chair. So there’s two things I want to do: think and sit in the chair.” And she looks at me and goes, “Actually, you forgot the third one.” And I said, “So what is the third one?” “Cry! Because you’ve been crying every day for your father. Good night!” Well, she didn’t lie. I did a good bit of crying that night. And the next morning I told her, “Thank you for reminding me to do the third thing and cry.” But it’s been a tough time, but the tough time has not stopped me from doing what I know to do best.