The Foreign Service Journal, December 1944

CJL AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL DECEMBER, 1944

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THERE ARE NO FINER WHISKIES THAN AMERICAN WHISKIES CONTENTS

(DECEMBER, 1944)

Page BARR SERVICE Cover picture: Alaska Highway in Rugged Country Thirty Years of Continuous Service to Exporters and Importers A Reserve Corps for the Foreign Service? 651 By Stephen P. Dorsey

Opening of the Paris Embassy—photos 655 International Before the Joint Survey Group 656 SHIPPING AGENTS Remarks of Robert J. Watt

Poem 657 FOREIGN FREIGHT FORWARDERS By Irene Murphy FREIGHT AND CUSTOM HOUSE Annual Greetings front the President and the Secretary of State 658-9 BROKERS

The Oil Shipper Case 660 INSURANCE By William N. Fraleigh • Letters to the Editors 664 BARR SHIPPING COMPANY Editors’ Column 666 is able to help its clients achieve that most Association Reception for Mr. Byington 667 important factor in international trade— mutual understanding and confidence be¬ Joel Barlow, Diplomat, Poet, Philosopher 669 tween seller and buyer. By Harry Van Demark For thirty years BARR SHIPPING COM¬ News from the Field 670 PANY has dealt with exporters and import¬ ers in a score of foreign countries, and The Bookshelf 672 experience is a good teacher. Francis C. de Wolf, Review Editor In the export business, perhaps more than Press Comment 674 in any other, it is fundamentally true that:

A Century of Progress 675 GOODWILL is an asset By Arthur C. Frost Whose Market Value Never Fluctuates

Meet the Magdalena 676 By Jean Ogletree On request, we will mail you a copy of a booklet Service Glimpses 679 containing American Foreign Trade Definitions. FSOs and Employees Now in Military Service.. 682

Retired Foreign Service Officers 686

Foreign Service Educational Foundation 689 BARR SHIPPING African Language 702 COMPANY

Visitors 707 HARRY K. BARR, President

25 BROADWAY NEW YORK 4, N. Y. Issued monthly by the American Foreign Service Associa¬ tion, Department of State, Washington, D. C. Entered as CABLE: —All Codes —BARRSHIPCO second-class matter at the Post Office in Washington, D. C., under the act of March 3, 1879.

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American Eastern Corp 649 American Security and Trust Company 681 Association of Pacific Fisheries 707 Aviation Corporation, The 697 Bacardi 693 Barr Shipping Co. 645 Bowling Green Storage & Van Co 704 Calvert School 707 Campbell, W. D., & Co. . 707 Chase National Bank 706 Curtiss-Wright Corp.—Propeller Division. 695 Douglas Aircraft Company 692 Firestone Tire and Rubber Co.„ 650 Grace Line 691 Hiram Ricker & Sons, Poland Water 647 International Telephone & Telegraph Co 703 Leggett, Francis H., & Company 701 Liggett & Myers Tobacco Co 646 Assured Purity... Mayflower Hotel _ 684 At Home or Abroad National Booksellers, The 706 National City Bank , 698 Poland Water, one of the world’s finest table waters, has been privileged to enjoy the prefer¬ National Distillers Corp 688 ence of discriminating Embassies, Consulates, National Geographic Magazine. .. 696 and Legations for almost 100 years. Of unparalleled purity and crystal clear this Pan-American Airways, Inc 685 notably distinguished water is bottled just as it Radio Corporation of America 687 flows from nature’s deep rock sources at famous Poland Spring, in Maine. Schenley Products II & III COVERS Delightfully tasteful and refreshing, healthful Security Storage Company of Washington ... 681 Poland Water can be depended upon always to Socony-Vacu um Oil Co., Inc 690 contribute its recognized purity regardless of where you may be. Enjoy its beneficial qualities Southern and Standard Engravers .... 700 regularly.* If abroad, order direct from theStates. Texaco Petroleum Products 699 *A case of 24 half-gallons approximates the average consumption per person per month. Transcontinental & Western Air, Inc... 683 Tyner, Miss E. J .... 707 United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company ... 705 United Fruit Company 705

Waldorf-Astoria Hotel IV COVER Westinghouse Electric International Co 648

Please mention THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL token writing to advertisers. BOTTLED ONLY AT THE SPRING DECEMBER, 1944 647 More Power to Brazil!

• Ten of these six-motor electric locomotives, each weighing over 140 tons and develop¬ ing 1940 H.P., were built by Westinghouse for the important So- rocabana Railway.

0 Recently elec¬ trified, the line of the Sorocabana Railway serving the great manu¬ facturing center of Sao Paulo answers many transportation needs, and increases the railway’s share in Brazil’s industrial expan¬ sion. For this project the skill of Westinghouse has gone into the construction of 10 powerful elec¬ tric locomotives, as well as the switching equipment for the entire project. 0 Throughout the world, not only in railways, airports and factories, but also in homes, the benefits of this same skill are evident. The reputation of Westinghouse as a maker of fine electrical equipment, from lamps to locomotives, is firmly established. Westinghouse Electric International Company, 40 Wall Street, New York 5, U. S. A. Westinghouse

648 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL FOREIGN SERVICE CHANGES AMERICAN EASTERN The following changes have occurred in the American Foreign Service since October 7, 1944: Ware Adams of Savannah, Georgia, now assigned to the TRADING & SHIPPING C0.,S.A.E. Department of State, has been designated Foreign Service Officer assigned to the Staff of the United States Political Alexandria and Suez (Egypt) Adviser on German Affairs, Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Force, now at London, England. Branches or Agents in: Edward Anderson of Jacksonville, Florida, American Con¬ sul at Dublin, Ireland, has been designated American Alexandria, Egypt Jaffa, Palestine Consul at Antwerp, Belgium. Cairo, Egypt Jerusalem, Palestine William Belton of Portland, Oregon, American Vice Port Said, Egypt Haifa, Palestine Consul at Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, has been desig¬ Suez, Egypt Beirut, Lebanon nated Third Secretary of Embassy and American Vice Con¬ Port Sudan, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Iskenderon, Turkey sul at Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, and will serve in dual Khartoum, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Damascus, Syria capacity. Djibouti, French Somaliland Ankara, Turkey John Boyd of Wesson, Mississippi, American Vice Con¬ Addis Abeba, Ethiopia Izmir, Turkey sul at Algiers, Algeria, has been designated Special As¬ Jedda, Arabia Istanbul, Turkey sistant to the American Consulate General, Marseille, Nicosia, Cyprus Valetta, Malta France. Parker W. Buhrman of Botetcourt, County, Virginia, now assigned to the Department of State, has been desig¬ nated Foreign Service Officer on the Staff of the United AMERICAN IRAQI SHIPPING CO., LTD. States Political Adviser on German Affairs, Supreme Head¬ (Only American-Owned Shipping Firm quarters, Allied Expeditionary Force, now at London, England. in Persian Gulf) Linton Crook of Anniston, Alabama, American Vice Con¬ sul at Foynes, Ireland, has been designated American Vice Consul to Rome, Italy, attached to the Office of the United Basrah and Baghdad (Iraq) States Representative on the Advisory Council for Italy. Frank Cussans of Ada, Ohio, American Vice Consul at Branches or Agents in: Geneva, Switzerland, has been designated American Vice Consul at Bordeaux, France. Baghdad, Iraq Bandar Abbas, Iran Irven M. Eitreim of Mt. Vernon, South Dakota, Third Basrah, Iraq Teheran, Iran Secretary and American Vice Consid at Ottawa, Ontario, Khorramshahr, Iran Bahrein, Bahrein Islands Canada, has been designated Third Secretary and American Bandar Shahpour, Iran RasTannurah, Saudi Arabia Vice Consul at London, England. Abadan, Iran Koweit, Arabia Herbert P. Fales of Pasadena, California, now assigned Bushire, Iran Mosul, Iraq to the Department of State, has been designated Second Secretary of Embassy and American Vice Consul at London, England, and will serve in dual capacity. Raymond F. Fernandez of Washington, D. C., now in the Department of State, has been appointed Economic Analyst and assigned to Paris, France, attached to the Office of the United States Representative, Paris, France. Oscar Frederickson of Tacoma, Washington, has been appointed American Vice Consul and Special Disbursing Agent at Algiers, Algeria, and he will serve other depart¬ ments and agencies desiring his services. George G. Fuller of Pebble Beach, California, American Consul at St. John, New Brunswick, Canada, has been designated American Consul at Antwerp, Belgium. Lawrence B. Haley, of Haleyville, Alabama, now in the Department of State, has been appointed Economic Analyst attached ot the Office of the United States Representative, Paris, France. Gerald Keith of Evanston, Illinois, American Consul at Barcelona, Spain, has been designated American Consul at Bordeaux. France. Stephen E. C. Kendrick of Providence, Rhode Island, now assigned to the Department of State, has been desig¬ New York Representatives nated American Consul at Antwerp, Belgium. Raymond Ed. Kolb of Cumberland. Maryland. American Attache at Lonon. England, has been designated American AMERICAN EASTERN CORP. Vice Consul at Nassau, Bahamas. Near East Division Kathleen Molesworth of Austin, Texas, Assistant Com¬ mercial Attache at Guatemala, Guatemala, has been desig¬ 30 Rockefeller Plaza Circle 6-0333 nated American Vice Consul at Algiers, Algeria. (Continued on page 698) New York 20, N. Y.

DECEMBER. 1944 649 MORE than twenty years ago, Harvey S. Firestone urged that this country make itself independent of all foreign-controlled sources of rubber. He took the leadership in this cause under the banner "Americans should produce their own rubber.” After a world-wide survey, he established the Firestone Rubber Plantations in Liberia, one of the few remaining sources from which the United States is still obtaining natural rubber. Working with Thomas A. Edison, they investigated many types of domestic plants as possible sources of rubber. And in the Firestone Research Laboratories, he directed his scientists in the study and develop¬ ment of synthetic rubber. Today, Americans do produce their own rubber, both natural and synthetic. And Harvey S. Firestone will be remembered forever as a true patriot who initiated and inspired this vitally important forward step in American economic freedom.

PIONEER AND PACEMAKER

FOREIGN JOURNAL eft PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION m VOL. 21, NO. 12 WASHINGTON, D. C. DECEMBER, 1944

A Reserve Corps for the Foreign Service’?

As Studied by the Joint Survey Group

By STEPHEN P. DORSEY NOTHING is more certain than that the Career of very real problems of morale and management Foreign Service Officer is best fitted to carry, resulting from the temporary absorption of many and will continue to carry, the major burden of Auxiliary Officers into the Foreign Service estab¬ representing the Government of the United States lishment. war-time experience has clearly demon¬ in its relations with foreign governments. It is strated that a Foreign Service administered by the equally certain that the functions of the Foreign Department of State and adequately equipped to Service will be vastly greater and more complex meet future demands is of vital importance to our in the years to come. national welfare. The war-time record of the Service has been mag¬ Both the Department and members of the Foreign nificent and one in which its members and the coun¬ Service have given serious thought to these problems try which they represent may take deep pride. How¬ over a long period. During the past year this ever, its tasks have so greatly multiplied both in thought has been crystallized into action. The an¬ number and variety that, had it not been for the nouncement by the JOURNAL of a prize essay contest assistance of some five hundred Auxiliary Officers, on “Improving the Service” was followed by a series it would have been unable to meet the responsibil¬ of letters and articles expressing the viewpoints of ities which developed in the present emergency. In Foreign Service Officers. In February, 1944. a bill an article in the February, 1944, issue of THE l HR 4312, now HR 4902), directed toward AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, Assistant strengthening the Foreign Service and modifying Secretary Shaw stated, “It is . . . but a matter of its organization and administration, was submitted simple justice and fairness to point out that without to Congress. Lastly, as part of the general reorgan¬ the valued and loyal support of the Foreign Service ization of the Department announced last January, Auxiliary we should not have been able to meet the a Planning Staff was set up in the Office of the For¬ heavy burdens which have been placed upon us.” eign Service. Its functions have been carried out With the end of the war the Auxiliary will dis¬ in a large measure through the creation in April appear but many of the war services which it per¬ of the Joint Survey Group established to develop formed will continue indefinitely, and new functions any measure directly or indirectly needed to bring will be assumed in the future. For efficient admin¬ Foreign Service reporting to maximum efficiency. istration and centralization of policy determination This group is recommending many fundamental and implementation the auxiliary device has proven changes and improvements in the Service to meet far more desirable than independent operations by the serious problems which lie ahead, particularly representatives of other agencies abroad. In spite in the immediate postwar period.

DECEMBER. 1944 651 As a result of careful ex¬ pressure of any kind. amination of the growing In searching for a solution need of the Foreign Service to the three problems men¬ for a sharp increase in regu¬ tioned above, it was consid¬ lar officer personnel as well ered essential that the For¬ as for specialists in particu¬ eign Service itself should be lar fields, the Department’s so recruited, trained, organ¬ budget program, which is be¬ ized and administered that ing discussed with the Bu¬ its career members would fill reau of the Budget and will capably the greatest possible subsequently be discussed number of positions in the with the Congress, w'ould en¬ Government service abroad. able the Department to re¬ A corollary to this is the cruit and place in the field a adoption of a system provid¬ substantially larger staff of ing for the employment of Foreign Service Officers. Fur¬ men from other sources in thermore, changes in the pro¬ positions which cannot be motion procedure which will filled temporarily by regular be possible after the enact¬ officers, or which require ment of pending legislation special skills. It is necessary should be of material assis¬ that such men possess tech¬ tance in increasing the num¬ nical and personal qualifica¬ ber of Foreign Service Offi¬ tions which will enable them cers in the higher ranks. to maintain the high stand¬ Existing and projected leg¬ ards of the Service and to Stephen P. Dorsey, a member of the Joint work harmoniously with ca¬ islation, however, is inade¬ Survey Group, is Vice-Chairman of the In¬ quate to meet anticipated re¬ terdepartmental Committee on Cooperation reer personnel so that their quirements for specialized with the American Republics. He came to joint effort will be integrated personnel. Therefore the Joint the Department recently from private busi¬ into a strong and unified for¬ ness, having previously served as a member eign arm of the Government. Survey Group has proposed of the Requirements Committee of the War that a “Foreign Service Re¬ Production Board and as Chief of Priorities The suggestion that For¬ serve” be established by ad¬ and Materials Control, Office of the Rubber eign Service Officers, bred ditional legislation. The pol- Director. in the “jack of all trades” itcy of self action in the field tradition, could in addi¬ initiated by other government agencies during the tion be trained in certain specialized fields has been war period is, with few exceptions, increasing. If thoroughly examined in the light of recent experi¬ this trend is not to continue at the expense of econ¬ ence and the Department’s plans for the decade omy and efficiency, it is essential that the Foreign ahead. Although every possible effort will be made Service remove any possible doubt as to its ability in th is direction, there are simply not enough Offi¬ to represent competently and adequately all agencies cers to meet these requirements within the time of the Government abroad. available. We have seen the importance of special¬ The proposed Reserve is designed to solve three ization demonstrated in the fields of mining, petro¬ basic problems now facing the Department. The leum, finance, labor relations, cultural cooperation, first is the growing need for specialized training civil aviation and so forth. Other technical subjects and technical competency to anticipate a greater such as telecommunications, shipping, tariffs, sta¬ and more varied burden of work, until such time tistics and certain industrial and commodity lines as the Foreign Service provides sufficient specialists may require special treatment and techniques in the within its ranks. This need should be met on a future. flexible basis, making the most effective use of avail¬ Without question the principal function of the able talent at a minimum cost. The second is a Service, which in itself may be regarded as special¬ means of maintaining a reservoir of general utility ization in one of the most complex fields of human officers on which to draw whenever a sudden in¬ relationships, will continue to involve political re¬ crease in field personnel becomes necessary. The porting, diplomatic representation and negotiation, third is the maintenance of the Foreign Service as and the general protection and promotion of Ameri¬ a line organization charged with the over-all imple¬ can interests in the field. The problem of modify¬ mentation of diplomatic policy, predicated on the ing regulations in order to secure permanent career principle of career service entirely free from outside technicians of outstanding worth in specialist staff

652 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL categories is a serious one until the Personnel Board which must be the subject of had determined that no regu¬ further study. lar officer with adequate spe¬ Several major questions cialized training was avail¬ remain: How will these posi¬ able or could be trained tions be filled until career within the time allowed and specialists are found and that no suitable candidate trained, and how will the re¬ could be supplied by another mainder be filled once the Government agency. largest possible number of An effort would be made career specialists have been to develop a panel of per¬ secured? The Foreign Serv¬ haps five hundred or more ice Auxiliary which will ex¬ Reserve Officers in propor¬ pire six months after the end tion to the various specialties of the emergency is the sole for which they might be means by which the Depart¬ needed. In the event of a ment can meet its needs for future emergency the Reserve such technicians today. It is, could be readily drawn upon however, becoming increas¬ as needed to meet the prob¬ ingly difficult to recruit good lems of expansion. If possi¬ men and present members ble, every Reserve Officer are resigning to secure more should have an occasional permanent positions. The Gilbert J. Brown, who made the original tour of duty to sustain his need for immediate action is suggestion for a Foreign Service Reserve to interest and his worth to the clear. the Joint Survey Group, is an Auxiliary For¬ eign Service Officer now assigned to the Of¬ Department. A Career Offi¬ Under the pending legisla¬ fice of Foreign Service. He came to the cer, upon resigning for per¬ tion, the assignment of em¬ Department from private business through sonal reasons, might be ap¬ the War Production Board, where he was pointed to the Reserve in ployees from other govern¬ Deputy-Director of the Canadian Division in ment agencies will be possi¬ charge in Ottawa, and served as Special Con¬ order that his services could ble for periods of not more sultant to the Ambassador in Mexico City later be utilized when needed than four years. While this until recently. without requiring reinstate¬ may well become the largest ment into the regular Service source of specialists outside of the Career Service with its attendant difficulties. itself, it does not solve the problem, and in many If the Reserve Officer is to fulfill the demands instances properly qualified personnel will not be made of him, however, certain provisions are essen¬ available within the Government. Another source tial. Sufficient training must be afforded to insure must be developed. The proposal which has gained maximum, effective performance of his duties in the the most enthusiastic reception within the Depart¬ field. Ample means of personal contacts must be ment is that of a Foreign Service Reserve. provided between the Reserve, the Service and the Reserve Officers would be carefully selected for Department. A suitable administrative staff must their ability to represent this Government abroad be maintained to assure efficient operation of the in fields which were, or might become, of special Reserve organization. The Reserve Officer must be interest to the Department, and would be appointed able to assume and deny assignment to active duty by invitation only, for a limited period, such as five in time of peace in the light of personal obligations years, subject to renewal. Before assignment to and circumstances—it being understood that rejec¬ the field they would be given careful indoctrination tion of an invitation to duty on several occasions both through the distribution of documentary mate¬ or without adequate reasons would result in with¬ rial and by brief duty in the Department. When drawal from the list. In times of national emer¬ on active duty, they would receive salaries and gency, service would be obligatory, presuming that allowances as Reserve Officers classified in grades appropriate arrangements could be reached with the comparable to those in the regular Foreign Service. War and Navy Departments. Provision for an ade¬ In all respects, they would temporarily become in¬ tegrated parts of the Service. quate separation allowance on the part of the em¬ In view of the desirability of using existing per¬ ployer is also necessary. sonnel of the Foreign Service wherever possible, a It is an open question at the moment whether, Reserve Officer would not be called to active duty after distinguishing himself on active duty over a

DECEMBER, 1944 653 period of years, a Reserve Officer might be given of the Career Service in most efficiently serving an opportunity to enter the regular Foreign Service. the interests of the Nation. If such a man is found in a special field in which few Career men are available, it would seem desir¬ JOHN DAY FOREIGN SERVICE able to afford him sufficient assurance of permanent BOOK CONTEST tenure and retirement security to enable him to de¬ vote himself wholeheartedly to his job without fear Lively interest has greeted the announcement in of the future. If some means can be found to estab¬ last month’s issue of the JOURNAL of a $1,000 prize lish such a bridge without detriment to the legiti¬ manuscript contest for Foreign Service personnel, mate interests of Career Officers, it would unques¬ being conducted by The John Day Company, New tionably strengthen the Service. York book publisher. To many F.S.O.s it appears to offer a long-awaited opportunity. Practically all The proposed plan offers the following major have experiences and convictions which they want advantages. An adequate reserve supply of trained to record and which would be of interest to the personnel of highest caliber, qualified to speak with public. But introductions to publishers are often full assurance on special subjects, would be afforded, difficult to arrange and writing ambitions are all when needed, through access to non-government as too frequently defeated by mere mechanical cumber¬ well as government sources at a minimum cost and someness. With a publisher now taking the initia¬ without prejudicing the career principle of the For¬ tive, the gap should be bridged. eign Service. The availability of these temporary Novels, memoirs, studies of foreign peoples, representatives would strengthen the Service in the political and economic discussions—almost every eyes of professional and academic groups, the busi¬ type of fiction and non-fiction can be a vehicle for ness community and the general public and would the F.S.O.. and the publisher states that any book afford the Department an excellent avenue to an for the general reader will be considered. Work intelligent public opinion. A representative group is pressing and time is at a premium, but we feel of leading American citizens, brought into close con¬ with the publisher that now if ever is the time to tact with the foreign affairs of our Government speak to the reading public. Interest in interna¬ and interested in the Foreign Service, would be sym¬ tional affairs has seldom been at such a peak. pathetic to its problems and at the same time able The contest is open to active, resigned, and re¬ to offer constructive criticism and suggestion. tired personnel of all grades, and their wives or sus- In the decade to come it is certain that the Amer¬ bands, and the Contest Editor is a former F.S.O.. ican people must, and will, take a wider and more Donald Dunham, whose book Envoy Unextraordi¬ active interest in foreign affairs. The proposed nary is on the current John Day list. There is Reserve offers definite attraction to the type of indi¬ ample time to submit material—eighteen months vidual on whom the Service would rely for its tem¬ (ending May 31, 1946). If an entrant wishes to porary officers. Through active duty the Reserve be (and remain) anonymous, he may do so. Com¬ would afford the best men in American private plete details and conditions may be had byr address¬ affairs, sincerely interested in our foreign relations, ing Foreign Service Contest Editor, The John Day a sense of actual participation in their formulation Company, 40 East 49 Street, New York 17, N. Y. and administration. The system as outlined would offer such men a valuable opportunity to gain new CORRECTION perspective away from their regular duties and asso¬ The announcement of the $1,000 John Day For¬ ciations. If carefully selected and maintained, the eign Service Book Contest which appeared on page Reserve should and would afford its members def¬ 621 of the November issue contained a printer’s inite prestige in their own communities and fields of error. The notice of the award should have read regular endeavor. It is significant that the Army “The award is to be $1,000, $500 of which is to be and Navy have long maintained such groups of regarded as an outright award and the other $500 specialists of officer caliber which have contributed as an advance against book royalties.” The last fig¬ greatly to peace-time development and proper ure was incorrectly set. public relations and have proven of immeasurable value in the conduct of the war. IN MEMORIAM It is this tested practical approach which has GOFORTH. Lt. (j.g.) Robert Herndon Hoadley been offered as the solution of comparable problems Goforth, U.S.N., eldest son of retired F.S.O. Hern¬ facing the Department of State. The fact that this don W. Goforth, was killed in action about October recommendation has been made by the Joint Survey 28, in the Pacific area. Group, largely composed of Foreign Service Offi¬ DUFFEE. George G. Duffee, former Consul, died cers, is full testimony to the impersonal devotion on October 24 in Mobile, Alabama.

654 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL REOPENING OF THE AMERICAN EMBASSY, PARIS October 14, 1944

Ambassador Caffery, followed by Coun¬ selors of Embassy Hugh Fullerton and Seldon Chapin, entering the Embassy grounds on the day of its reopening. The band played while the great iron gates, which had been closed since June 1941, were ceremoniously flung open.

The Ambassador and members of his staff crossing the courtyard while the Guard of Honor stand at attention.

The Ambassador talking informally with French and American journalists on the gm day of the reopening of the Embassy. Before the Joint Survey Group Remarks of Mr. Robert J. Watt, International Representative of the American Federation of Labor, be¬ fore the Joint Survey Group of the Department of State on July 24th. Mr. Watt has been International Representative of the AFL since 1936. He is an alternate member of the National Defense Mediation Board, Chairman of the Labor Advisory Commission of the Federal Communications Commission and member of the Federal Advisory Board for Vocational Education. He has an intimate knowledge of many aspects of the work of the Foreign Service gained during his extensive travels in Latin America and Europe.

I AM glad to have this opportunity to talk with same kind of “experts,” technical and otherwise, to this group informally about the work of the be operating in competition with each other in the United States Department of State and the Ameri¬ same nation. The competition, to which I refer can Foreign Service. Although, I have visited many does not seem to be limited to men and material; of your representatives in other nations, I have but sometimes extends to ideologies. never occupied a position which would allow for Unfortunately, our relationships have been con¬ an objective evaluation of the work of the Foreign fined almost to a small ruling minority in most na¬ Service other than how it affects the relations of tions. We have found little recognition by our For¬ the working people. On the basis of that limited eign Service of the fact that the free trade union knowledge, I think I express the opinion of labor movements in other nations can be a powerful in¬ people generally when I say we believe your efforts fluence in improving world cooperation and main¬ have been devoted almost entirely to a small minor¬ taining peace. The record indicates that the free ity of the people. Most of our people believe that trade unions in Chile, Argentina, and other nations although the work you are doing is well done, it exerted a powerful influence against Nazi domina¬ has never placed any emphasis on the great ad¬ tion. In Chile, the free trade unions played an im¬ vantages to be gained by a better understanding portant part in stirring the nations to break off rela¬ among the masses of people in the various countries tions with the Axis. In Argentina the free trade of the world, and particularly in the countries of unions in that country might have won similar South America. action against the large colonies of Nazi-dominated Although we agree with the official position of the immigrants if we in our own nation had made an Department of State, in expanding its responsibili¬ effort to provide the support which was necessary. ties and recognizing that the success of its future The efforts of our American Foreign Service seem work will depend on teamwork among the various to us to have been devoted almost entirely to government agencies in this field, we have been un¬ the ten per cent or less who really have sufficient able so far to see where and how such teamwork is reasons to understand us quite well. We have failed possible under the present system of divided re¬ to develop mutual confidence and understanding sponsibility. Those of us who have visited other with the great masses of working people in other nations in recent years have great difficulty under¬ nations and particularly in South American coun¬ standing the need for so many government agencies tries, where most of the people look upon us with operating and competing in the foreign service fear and suspicion. As a result, we have found field. We have found disputes of such a lively char¬ that workers in other nations know far more about acter going on among government agencies in al¬ the standards and problems of other nations than most every foreign nation that a labor representa¬ they do about ours in the United States. tive was forced to conclude that our own jurisdic¬ We don’t believe a good job can be done by the tional disputes at home in the field of labor were American Foreign Service in developing such un¬ really respectable affairs. derstanding unless it operates in all nations through We believe most of you are aware of the disputes a clear-cut organizational structure at the top. This even if it is not diplomatic to talk about them. We structure should be based on complete authority really don’t presume to know the answer, but we do and responsibility in the field of foreign relations wonder why it is necessary in the American gov¬ and the elimination of all competing government ernment to have so many separate and distinct agencies. It will be of scant value to keep talking agencies operating in a field which we had thought about cooperation and understanding if there is no was not competitive. cooperation or understanding to begin with among We wonder why it is necessary for so many units the ranks of government officials themselves. of the same government, many of them having the We do no believe a foreign service need be pater-

656 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL nalistic to do a good job. Far too many Americans be mutual respect and confidence and understanding now located in the government service in other na¬ between American labor and American Foreign tions seem to think our job is to impose upon other Service. You have less reason to fear the Ameri¬ people a pattern for industrial relations and social can Labor Movement than you have to fear big behavior which may be our ideal, but which we business. At least our objectives are less material ourselves have not yet realized. No one should be than theirs. That is important if your objective is sent from our country to South America or any¬ good neighborly relations with all the nations of where else unless he has a sensible job to do and the world. has shown his capacity to be sensible enough to We believe our Foreign Service should be adapted do it. and geared to the needs of the nation to which we We believe the way for our Foreign Service to send representatives of that Foreign Service. We make progress is to help other nations and particu¬ have special needs in nations like Britain, Russia, larly the nations of South America to build their Australia, and New Zealand, where the governments own house out of the era of agricultural feudalism are closely allied to labor. by making available to them the best of our physi¬ We believe the American Labor Movement would cal and spiritual equipment they can use. We should be glad to cooperate with the State Department. not expect that a one year plan can be grafted on However, cooperation is always difficult if there is sovereign states and people of very different hered¬ not a clear forthright foreign policy. At the mo¬ ity and environment than ours. It’s too easy, as ment many government agencies are operating in they found out in some other nations, to confuse this field and labor is quite confused about who to progress with ferment. It’s much easier to introduce cooperate with and what the objective is. agitation than education. But in the long run the slower route is more likely to develop the necessary confidence and cooperation which is required be¬ WITH APOLOGIES TO FOREIGN SERVICE fore a foreign service can get well started. SERIAL NO. 197 We are keenly interested in the latest develop¬ By IRENE MURPHY, File Clerk, Cork ment of our Foreign Service in sending “economic analysts” or “Labor attaches” to other nations. If The filing experts, so they say, the job is to be other than a technical reporting job, Are looking for a simple way, we believe the people selected should enjoy the To help those clerks who do the work respect and confidence of the wage earners in our Of finding where the records lurk. own nation and understand the labor movement at home and the nation to which they go. We must Although it really seems absurd, not continue to ignore the fact in our foreign rela¬ I feel I’d like to say a word; tions that the labor movements of the world have I’m on the j ob for many years, become a powerful influence in many countries, and It caused me sometimes swears and tears. fortunately a strong bond exists between the labor movements of other nations and the workers of the Our consul comes and says to me: United States. Your representatives and particular¬ “I’m sure ’way back in ’ninety-three, ly those in the field of labor must be equipped to You could find something that explains understand and help to expand that powerful force What should be done with sugar-canes.” for the common good. Men with practical experience are required if a I seek it here, I seek it there, job in human relations has to be done. We will In fact I seek it everywhere; have a tangled web of economic and political fac¬ I know that now it will be found tors arising after the war in which the role of the Tucked away somewhere, safe and sound. United States will have to be shaped carefully. If we fumble it, we may be faced with an aftermath But should there be a change of plan, of bad feeling among the masses of people in other Conceived by some well-meaning man, nations against a well-meaning, but blundering Un¬ It may be I’ll no longer find cle Sam. Those things the Chief has in his mind. We believe reciprocity must be our keynote. We refer not merely to reciprocity between nations, but So now to end this little rhyme, reciprocity between a modern foreign service and (If I can only “find” the time), every powerful democratic element of the commu¬ Could things be just left sitting pretty nity which it represents in the nation. There must Until I draw my annuity?

DECEMBER, 1944 657 THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON

Christmas, 1944

To the American Foreign Service: In our observance of Christmas this year all Americans can rejoice in the liberation of millions of people whose freedom we have helped to restore. Nothing could more spontaneously rekindle the Christmas spirit where it is needed most. We are glad to have made our contribution to the victories which make this the bright¬ est Christmas for the world in six grim years. I hope, as I know you do, that it will be our last wartime Christmas. The fulfillment of that hope depends upon the readiness of every American to work harder and to sacrifice more. We are well on the way toward our first objective, the winning of the war, but the last stage is the hardest. To all of you in the Foreign Service, from those at our small¬ est posts to the members of our largest missions, I send this Christmas greeting in recognition of work well done, of complex problems solved, of success in overcoming difficulties.

658 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL THE ACTING SECRETARY OF STATE WASHINGTON

To the American Foreign Service: Another memorable year in the history of our Department is drawing to an end. To measure its importance from fhe point of view of the Department and of the Foreign Service, we must look back a generation to find comparable developments. The heavy demands that have been made on the Department and the Foreign Service during these war years have increased, in the year that has just passed and promise in the future to become even greater. We have already begun a program based on our experience in meeting the demands of war to prepare the Foreign Service to meet the new international responsibili¬ ties that will come with the peace. The reorganization of fhe Department itself was begun last January and has been carried on throughout the year. One of ifs primary objectives is to attain greater efficiency here at home in our efforts to supply you with immediate backing and support in the discharge of your arduous duties in foreign countries. Your services throughout the world are indispensable to this Department and invaluable to the American people and their Government. We, in the Department, are proud of your achievements and I wish to express to you my own appreciation of your loyal devotion to duty notwithstanding the hardships that the war has brought to many of you. All your colleagues join me in paying special tribute to those in the Foreign Service who have lost their lives while on active duty, to all those who have served in war areas, who have fallen into the hands of the enemy or who have suffered otherwise from the dangers and privations of war. Our best wishes go out to those of you who are now in active military service. As we celebrate our fourth wartime Christmas, may all of you feel en¬ couraged and heartened by the knowledge that your achievements are recog¬ nized and appreciated by your Government and especially by your associates here in the Department of State. We are confident that you will measure up to the heavy responsibilities that will confront you in the coming year, both in the task of contributing to the victory over our enemies and in laying the foundations of a lasting peace.

DECEMBER, 1944 659 The Oil Shipper Case Hoiv a Panamanian Tanker was Kept from Falling into the Hands of Germans

By WILLIAM N. FRALEIGH, Vice Consul, Istanbul

ALTHOUGH more than two years have elapsed Progres, sold in the autumn of 1941 to an unknown . since the case of the Oil Shipper first came buyer in Switzerland by a Turkish ship-owner. The to the attention of the Consulate General in Istanbul, buyer of the Le Progres proved to be a German, but the name of that Panamanian tanker is still uncom¬ before any effective action could be taken by Ameri¬ monly familiar to numerous officers and employees can authorities to stop the sale, the vessel had gone of the American Consulates in Istanbul and Izmir to the Black Sea. and the Embassy in Ankara. In the Istanbul files Details came to light in December 1941, of the are more than eight thick Manila dossiers filled sale of Le Progres to Crastis A. G., a German Com¬ with correspondence, memorandums and other docu¬ pany in Switzerland provided with capital to buy ments concerning the ship. In the Embassy in cargo ships and motor vessels. The tempting price Ankara and the Consulate at Izmir the dossiers are of 80,000 Pounds Sterling had been paid. It had almost as large. They must be extensive in the then been sailed to Varna by its Turkish crew, who Department also. The Oil Shipper has only late¬ were discharged and repatriated to Turkey. A new ly ceased to be a regular feature of daily consular crew was signed on under a German captain and an business in Turkey. Italian chief officer. Later a representative of Cras¬ The development of the case of this ship is one of tis arrived in Istanbul and began negotiations with those unexpected and seemingly unprecedented epi¬ Diacon Zade for the purchase of the Oil Shipper. sodes which for many people in the Foreign Serv- Reports were heard that a price of a million dollars iec provide an important part of the fascination of was agreed upon, but that Diacon Zade was holding their work. It is also an unusual and complex legal up completion of the sale to make demands for the history. release of another of his vessels then held by a Ger¬ Some time in 1941 the Oil Shipper came to an¬ man Prize Court. chor in the Bosphorus, while its owner began nego¬ American and British officials in Istanbul decided tiations to sell or charter it for a handsome price. that the larger vessel, the Oil Shipper, should by no Ships were then beginning to be of great value— means be allowed to get away to the Germans in the especially tankers. same manner. Therefore, the Consul General, after This ship was registered under the Panamanian consultation with the American Naval Attache and flag and owned by a Persian subject, Diacon Zade, British representatives in Istanbul, suggested to the of unscrupulous reputation. At length information Department the possible advisability of requisition¬ reached the American Consulate in Istanbul, charged ing the Oil Shipper in the name of the Government with rep¬ of Panama. resenting This seemed P a n a m a - a drastic ac¬ nian inter¬ tion, yet the ests in Tur¬ most effec¬ key, that the tive way owner was that could negotiating be foreseen to sell his to prevent vessel to a the ship mysterious from leav¬ buyer in ing port. Switzer¬ The compli¬ land. This cated issues recalled the involved in similar case the requisi¬ of the Pan- tion by a a m a n i an foreign tanker Le power of a

660 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL vessel in Turkish waters belonging to a Persian The Captain soon arrived. He was a huge man, resident in Turkey and in the possible immunity looking every inch a sea Captain. His pale grey from seizure of a vessel in transit through the eyes, set wide above broad cheek bones, had the air Straits under the terms of the Montreux Conven¬ of having looked out over the oceans of the world. tion, were taken into account. His hands were large and well-weathered. Yet, like British authorities in Istanbul, seeking to obvi¬ so many strong men accustomed to hard work, he ate the necessity for such extreme action, tried to was pleasant and modest in manner. buy the vessel. But the case was brought to a cli¬ Like most sea captains, he spoke some English. max in February 1942 when the news leaked out I was able, therefore, to explain to him that we had that there was a strong possibility the ship would be come to take possession of his ship for the Govern¬ slipped out of port under the Panamanian flag and ment of Panama. I handed him a paper to that taken to an enemy port for completion of the sale. effect signed by Mr. Honaker, the Consul General, The Consul General, thereupon, asked the Depart¬ and told him that he was now under the orders of ment for authority to requisition the ship in this the Panamanian Government and should not move extreme emergency, or, as a possible alternative, to the ship without authority from the representatives inform the Turkish Government that no Panamanian of Panama, of which I was one. He was not to ac¬ ship could be transferred to another registry in time cept orders from the ship’s owner nor was he to of war without the consent of the Panamanian Gov¬ allow anyone representing the owner to come ernment, and then asked the Turks to prevent it aboard. from sailing. Before Abdurrahman and I went ashore that The Department quickly replied, instructing the night, we had obtained the Captain’s agreement to Consul General at the request of the Government of our demands. He promised to consult with the Panama to requisition the Oil Shipper in the name members of his skeleton crew—most of whom were of Panama. The Department’s instructions closed Russians—to see if they would follow him in his with the statment that appropriate authorities should new command. be informed and further developments reported. The following day the Captain came to the Con¬ There were plenty of “further developments.” sulate. He had thought it over and showed himself Within an hour after receiving the Department’s to be a loyal Russian and a friend of the Allied telegraphic instruction—although it was already late cause, circumstances which were of the greatest in a winter afternoon—Mr. Honaker, the Consul assistance to us. He stated that he and his crew General, went to see the Governor of Istanbul. were willing and even glad to place themselves at Simultaneously, I went with one of our most trusted the service of the Allies. They would remain aboard employees, Abdurrahman Bey, to the harbor to rent ship, he said, and get the vessel as rapidly as possi¬ a boat to go to the ship, which was at that time well ble in readiness to sail. up in the Bosphorus at anchor. Success seemed The Captain signed the following statement: “I, dependent upon three factors: (1) Rapid and secret Faeddy Morstchikoff, Captain of the SS Oil Shipper, action before the owner and his German friends hereby declare that I received on February 20th, should get word of what was going on; (2) at least 1942, from the United States Consul General in the tacit approval of the Turkish authorities; (3) charge of Panamanian interests in Istanbul, an or¬ possession of the vessel. der requisitioning my ship, the said SS Oil Shipper, Snow1 and a gale from the Black Sea were beating which is of Panamanian registry, and that I have down the Bosphorus as the small motor-boat Ab¬ accepted this order of requisition, turning over con¬ durrahman and I had rented slowly made its way in trol of my ship to the United States Consul General gathering darkness to the side of the Oil Shivver. in charge of Panamanian interests.” We were extremely doubtful of how we should be The owner was not long in learning what had received. We knew' that the Captain was a Russian. happened to his ship and immediately began fight¬ We did not know whether he was a Red Russian ing to regain control of it. The ship had been an¬ and anti-German, or a White Russian with the possi¬ chored for so many months in the Bosphorus that bility of being friendly to the Germans. We were considerable preparations were necessary to make it met, as we climbed up the side of the ship, by the seaworthy. This caused delay helpful to the owner furious barking of an enormous dog loose on the and damaging to us. The Captain was obliged to deck, and a few dim lights. A sailor and a Turkish make several trips ashore for supplies and “gear.” policeman guided us to the crew’s dining quarters On one of these trips he unexpectedly came face to in the stern of the vessel where we aw'aited the Cap¬ face with Diacon Zade. The Persian addressed him tain. In the kerosene lamp-light, I was impressed wrathfully, then struck him across the face. Before with the cleanness of the ship. the Captain could move his mighty frame into ac-

DECEMBER, 1944 661 tion, the owner made off rapidly. The Captain uisition, the War Shipping Administration agreed laughed when he told us of the assault. An average to offer just compensation to Diacon Zade on the man would have about as much effect in striking basis of payments made for other vessels under Captain Morstchikoff as a child would have in beat¬ similar conditions and circumstances when requisi¬ ing his fist against a motorcar. tioned in the United States. This was the reason The owner was more effective, however, in his for the survey of the vessel mentioned above. But legal assault. Thanks to the efforts of Ambassador the owner made extravagant claims. He asserted Steinhardt in Ankara, the Turkish authorities even¬ in the first place that the vessel could not he requi¬ tually accepted the fact that the Panamanian Gov¬ sitioned by the Government of Panama because it ernment had taken possession of the vessel. Further¬ had previously been transferred to another flag by more, Panama as a Sovereign State enjoyed certain the Panamanian Consul in Braila, Rumania, an immunities from judicial action. Therefore, the assertion he was unable to support. Then he claimed owner sought a Court order to detain the vessel by to have received an offer from a Swiss concern for entering suit against a private individual, the Cap¬ $2,200,000 in gold, amounting to $3,750,000 in tain. It thus became essential, in the interest of the paper, for the ship. He offered to ignore this and Allied nations, to get the vessel out of Turkish give special preference to the American or British waters to where it could not be bound in prolonged Governments under the following conditions (sum¬ legal proceedings taking the time and energy of nu¬ marized briefly) : (1) that he be paid hire money at merous Allied officials, involving great expense for the rate of $100,000 a month in free exchange in Allied Governments and keeping the vessel from use¬ New York under two-year charter with the possi¬ ful service. German control of most non-Turkish bility of later renewal; (2) that in lieu of war risk Black Sea ports as well as the Aegean Sea and Is¬ insurance, the construction immediately be ordered lands complicated the problem of getting the ship in the United States of a clean tanker of 2,000 tons away to a safe Allied port, particularly since the dead weight in the owner’s name to be used after ship’s speed was lowered by her long anchorage in construction free of hire and for the duration of the salt water. war by the United States Government, the owner to British naval officials thought it wise to obtain a pay $800,000 upon its delivery to him after the war; skilled navigator from Egypt to help the Captain sail (3) similar arrangements for the construction of a his vessel through dangerous waters infested by ene¬ 5,000 ton tanker; (41 if the Oil Shipper should be my planes and submarines to Cyprus. The Ameri¬ lost, the first vessel to be delivered free of charge can Consulate took charge of such problems as get¬ to the owner; and other supplementary clauses. ting the ship’s papers in order, obtaining surveyors Naturally, the War Shipping Administration found to inventory the vessel and a ship’s agent to put it these terms entirely unacceptable. Therefore, our in running order; and, after the writ of attachment efforts to despatch the vessel from Istanbul were in¬ had been obtained by the owner, employing counsel tensified while the owner went forward with his in an effort to get the court order raised. efforts to obtain a court arrest. A complete crew had to be assembled to run the The British navigator, Mr. A. C. Seligman, ar¬ vessel. This was made more difficult by the refusal rived from Palestine in early March. It was planned of the Turkish police to allow Turkish seamen to that he would take command of the ship when it sail on so perilous a voyage. Few British or other passed the Dardanelles. In the event that he became seamen could be obtained in Istanbul. Eventually, a casualty, Captain Morstchikoff would resume the British obtained sailors from Egypt and some charge. The ship’s destination was set as Fama¬ Chinese were discovered in Istanbul. These, with gusta, Cyprus. the original Russian skeleton crew which had proved The ship’s agent, Mr. LaFontaine, working rapid¬ loyal to Captain Morstchikoff, made up the motley ly, had prepared the vessel for sailing except for personnel of the ship. There was not even a com¬ completion of the crew. But Mr. Seligman felt it mon language among them. The Socony Vacuum necessary to alter the appearance of the ship so that Oil Company in Istanbul was most helpful from the it would not be readily recognizable to German air¬ beginning in lending its advice and services to the planes and submarines. He required paints, masts, Consulate in connection with refitting the ship and an acetylene torch, timbers and other supplies for providing it with fuel oil, cylinder oil and other this purpose. His idea was so to alter the silhouette supplies. While all this was going on, the Consulate made of the ship to make it look like other coastwise ves¬ every reasonable and fair effort to come to an sels in regular service. Unfortunately, all this agreement with the owner, Diacon Zade. The Pana¬ caused further delay. manian Government having sold the ship to the At length, on March 13th, the Turkish police in¬ United States Government effective the date of req¬ formed the Consulate General that a court attach-

662 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL merit had been placed on the ship and that under but the Foreign Office was unwilling to give a writ¬ these circumstances it could not leave the port of ten statement recognizing the rights of Foreign Istanbul. Court proceedings were expected to take States to requisition vessels in the territorial waters place soon but it was not believed that the ship of third countries, an important issue likely to arise would be able to sail before March 20th. This was in the court proceedings. the beginning of the most complicated—and in some At the next meeting of the court on April 27th. ways the most interesting—phase of the case of the Ali Kemal Bey filed a written expose of the reasons Oil Shipper. why the Master of the vessel, being a simple agent I cannot attempt here to go into it in more than of the Panamanian Government, could not be the its broad outlines. Legal proceedings from begin¬ object of legal action in this case. He argued that ning to end were skillfully guided from Ankara by by submitting to the order of requisition, Captain Ambassador Steinhardt, whose experience in ad¬ Morstchikoff had complied with internationally ac¬ miralty law probably exceeded that of the lawyers cepted rules and supported this claim by quoting we hired. numerous decisions rendered by foreign tribunals The first lawyers engaged by us to free the ves¬ confirming the validity of requisitions effected in sel were unfortunately not at all skillful and, if any¬ foreign territorial waters. He vigorously stressed thing, added to our difficulties. On the 18th of the point that in the case of the Oil Shipper the March the 4th Commercial Court in Istanbul, which Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Ankara had recog¬ was the court of issue, decided to prolong the arrest nized the requisition and had issued instructions to of the ship for another month. The Ambassador the Istanbul Authorities to extend the necessary took up strongly with the Turkish Foreign Office the support to the American Consul General acting on question of interference by Diacon Zade with the behalf of the Panamanian Government. He drew property of a Sovereign State but the Foreign Office attention to a petition presented by our previous took the view that Turkish Administrative Officials lawyer requesting the removal of the attachment of could not intervene in a case that is sub judicio. the vessel. The Ambassador, nevertheless, continued to do his The President of the court was surprised to learn best to obtain the release of the vessel on technical of the presence of this document which he had not grounds. seen, and added that at the first trial there had been At this juncture we engaged a highly capable no mention of Captain Morstchikoff as the main Turkish admiralty lawyer, Ali Kemal Elbir, to han¬ defendent. The argument had unwisely been entirely dle the case. Formerly Professor of Admiralty Law directed by our lawyers to a possible question of in Istanbul University and now practicing admiralty whether the owner of the vessel was in fact Diacon law in Istanbul, Ali Kemal Bey at once commanded Zade, or a certain Dembergs whose name had also the respect of the court and greatly increased local been associated with the ship. This argument Ali interest in the case. Many Turkish judges and Kemal Bey was anxious to avoid as being unlikely lawyers have been his pupils at the University. In to effect the favorable outcome of the case, for Dem¬ consultation with the American Ambassador he bergs had joined Diacon Zade as a party in the case quickly saw the mistakes our first lawyers had made against Morstchikoff. in handling what was simply a litigation between Countering Ali Kemal Bey’s tactics, the plaintiffs two private individuals in which Diacon Zade fig¬ requested in a new petition that the Oil Shipper be ured as the plaintiff and Captain Morstchikoff as the placed in the custody of a trustee to be appointed defendent, accused by the former of arbitrarily re¬ by the court and that the Captain be prevented from fusing to relinquish his hold on the vessel. Ali going on board. This petition the court refused. Kemal Bey undertook to induce the court to reverse Ali Kemal Bey shrewdly refused to commit himself itself, and recognize, in view of the direct interest of when questioned upon the ownership of the vessel. the Government of Panama in the matter, the ab¬ He was anxious to avoid complications such as had sence of any responsibility on the part of Captain arisen in a previous, similar affair—the Goeland. or Morstchikoff, who was only an agent. Ali Kemal Danube Barges, case. The court decided to adjourn Bey obtained a delay in the trial to prepare his case. until April 29th. From that time on Ali Nur Bey, Dragoman of the At the meeting of April 29th, after discussions Embassy in Istanbul and friend of Ali Kemal Bey, lasting all morning, the court decided in the after¬ kept the Consul General well informed upon the noon to reject the plaintiffs’ claims. At the same legal progress of the case. An effort on the part of time, it rejected a new claim for seizure made by would-be charterers of the ship to enter as parties the alleged owner, Dembergs. The writ of attach¬ to the litigation in support of the owner was elimi¬ ment was thus to expire at midnight on April 30th. nated. The Ambassador obtained recognition of the We at once made feverish plans with the ship’s act of requisition from the Turkish Foreign Office, (Continued on page 696) DECEMBER. 1944 663 Letters to the Editors

Tunis, Tunisia such time as a sufficient number of new officers October 26, 1944 have been recruited and trained. It is therefore a The Editors, pleasure to see the realistic approach to the prob¬ AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, lem made in that article. Department of State, Finder ideal circumstances, each officer’s title Washington 25, D. C. would fit exactly his assignment. It is impossible GENTLEMEN: to arrive at that ideal under present circumstances, Referring to the opening article of the September however. Inasmuch as it is impossible to alter the officer or the assignment, the logical and feasible JOURNAL, in my opinion the logic of the premise that an officer’s title should correspond to the rela¬ solution is to alter the title to fit the assignment. tive responsibility of his position locally is self- The basic rank of Foreign Service Officer of a spe¬ evident, and consummation of the three measures cified class would not be altered thereby, and I can outlined in the article as necessary for more rapid therefore see no valid reason for damages to per¬ promotion of junior officers should gradually bring sonal pride. about this readjustment. In summary, while claiming to speak only for It would seem to me that each case of malad¬ myself, I believe that the granting of local rank as justment that cannot await this solution should be outlined in the article under discussion would be treated on its own merits, after consultation between highly beneficial to the Service as a whole and the Department and the office involved, with the would improve the position of American represen¬ officer concerned exercising ultimate choice if a de¬ tatives in many localities. I hope that such a plan motion in title appears probable subsequently. may be put into effect as soon as practicable. Promotion in rank, though solely' local, may ad¬ Very truly yours, versely affect Service spirit among the officers’ con¬ DON V. CATLETT. temporaries. On the principle that the morale of the individual should be subordinated to that of the Service, it would seem that in fairness to both the American Consulate General, officer and the Service the latter should be kept cur¬ Toronto 1, Canada, rently informed regarding the operation of this October 25, 1944. temporary measure. The JOURNAL might wpll he The Editors, the medium, thus continuing its noteworthy articles THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, in recent issues regarding personnel questions. Washington, 1). C. Sincerely yours, SIRS: MARCEL E. MALIGE, Your first article in the September issue entitled: American Consul General. Rank and Title in the Foreign Service, was, in my opinion, eminently sound and I should favor appli¬ cation of the policy outlined therein. The applica¬ American Consulate, tion of such a policy would, I am sure, be particu¬ San Sebastian, Spain, larly useful to officers stationed in comparatively October 15, 1944. small posts who are frequently handicapped by their The Editors, low local rank in comparison with that enjoyed by AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, foreign colleagues. Department of State, A judicious employment of appropriate titles Washington, D. C. would also, 1 feel sure, enhance the possibility for SIRS: effective work of vice consuls more or less perma¬ The article “Rank and Title in the Foreign Serv¬ nently in charge of consulates. Should the Depart¬ ice” in your September 1944 issue discusses a situa¬ ment extend the policy described in the article, which the exigencies of war have made necessary tion which has often created a problem of some im¬ portance for Foreign Service Officers in the field. in certain cases, I can see no reason for limiting That problem is of course accentuated by wartime its application exclusively to foreign service officers. conditions, with the resultant scarcity of trained Very truly yours, personnel, and it appears that it will continue dur¬ E. T. KELSEY, ing the immediate postwar period, at least until American Vice Consul.

664 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Guadalajara, Mexico, to receive new pages for insertion in the manual October 16, 1944. whenever insurance rates were changed in a given To the Editors of area or category. It was a most efficient system. THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. It is my impression that a revised printed sheet was Department of State. probably in the hands of every fire insurance agent or broker in the United States within a few days of SIRS. the adoption of a new insurance rate. Printed at Having had an opportunity to discuss the matter the bottom of the newT page itself was a brief in¬ with Carol Foster before I left the Department last struction to the effect that the new page was to re¬ June, I read with particular interest his article in place page number so and so. Moreover, the posi¬ the September JOURNAL on “Revising and Index¬ tion on the new page of each addition or amend¬ ing the Regulations.” The Foreign Service Regula¬ ment was plainly indicated by a small black star in tions could probably always be improved and one the right hand margin, making it easy to ascertain can see some marked improvements in the sample the purpose of the new page without tedious com¬ pages quoted in Mr. Foster’s article. Sometimes I parison of the new and old pages. If in the For¬ wonder, however, whether the benefits accruing to eign Service we could with similar promptness the Service from such improvements are not more distribute amendments to the Foreign Service Regu¬ than offset by the confusion that attends the introduc¬ lations and do it so efficiently that they might be im¬ tion of an entirely revised set of regulations. This mediately inserted in the Regulations in final form will be the fourth completely revised set of regula¬ and without the need of supplementary transmitting tions within the career of many an officer still ac¬ memoranda, the total saving in time and increase in tive in the Service. Is there not a considerable loss efficiency (considering the several thousand sets of in efficiency, even though temporary, in requiring regulations in existence) would be considerable. a Foreign Service numbering three or four thou¬ The saving in paper and printing would be second- sand persons to re-learn at such frequent intervals dary, but still of some importance. the sources of their authority for official actions? I (b) Master Index of Regulations. In addition suggest that it would be an asset to the Service and to the indexes that are being prepared for the sepa¬ to the Country if. on the contrary, an officer or rate chapters of the Foreign Service Regulations, it clerk of the Foreign Service, throughout his or her would be of great value to the Service if there career, could be certain in the knowledge that full could be prepared a master index for the entire instructions on the preparation of World Trade Di¬ Regulation. There is so much in the Regulations rectory reports, for example, could be found in Sec¬ that can never be found just when it is wanted. tion XIV-2 of the Foreign Service Regulations (or Even the indexes for the separate chapters might “Section 14-2”; the system of numbering seems less be improved by the addition of further key words. important than adherance to a single system, once In the index to Visa Supplement A, for example, adopted). appears the key word “Servants.” “Domestic serv¬ Since Mr. Foster invites them, I should like to ants,” “Household servants,” and other variations make the following suggestions in connection with might be added. The index might also refer to the present revision of the regulations: certain types of information that it apparently does (a) Setting up of a Divisionnot cover ofat Foreignpresent, suchService as: “Personal appearance, Regulations. There should be established under the waiver of for Sec.3(l) visa applicants: Note 26” Office of the Foreign Service a Division of Foreign and “Waiver of personal appearance, Sec. 3(1) Service Regulations with an adequate staff, includ¬ visas: Note 26.” An officer or clerk of the Foreign ing: A chief of division; officers, with adequate Service wTith broad experience in the field and with legal training and probably experience abroad in knowledge of the many details covered by each the Foreign Service, to draft regulations; and a chapter of the Regulations could probably be of competent clerical personnel. The Division should considerable assistance to the Division of Research have its own modern reproducing equipment to en¬ and Publication in preparing the indexes. able it to prepare Foreign Service regulations and (c) Comprehensive Regulations. Many officers amendments thereto in final form, ready for imme¬ feel that it would be a contribution to the efficien¬ diate distribution to the field. In this connection, cy of the Service if the Foreign Service Regulations I am reminded of my experience some twenty years were made as comprehensive as possible. The idea ago when, in connection with my business, I became wxould be to establish a system in which general in¬ a fire insurance broker. I received immediately the structions from the Department to the field would rate manual of the Board of Fire Insurance Under¬ be dispatched primarily in the form of pages for writers of the United States and very soon began (Continued on page 680)

DECEMBER. 1944 665 THE which now confront it and which will become great¬ er in the post war period. The Acting Secretary has encouraged every For¬ eign Service officer to believe that their leadership FOREIGN at home intends not only to support the Foreign Service but to strengthen it. Mr. Stettinius himself has already won the full confidence of Foreign Serv¬ ice officers in the Department and those who have PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY AMERICAN FOREIGN come to Washington from abroad. They have heard SERVICE ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. his views at first hand and have seen the improve¬ The American Foreign Service Journal is open to subscription in the United States and abroad at the rate of $2.50 a year, or ments in motion under his direction. 25-cents a copy. This publication is not official and material ap¬ In his remarks at this ceremony in honor of Mr. pearing herein represents only personal opinions. Copyright, 1944, by the American Foreign Service Association Byington. Mr. Stettinius pointed out the urgent need The reprinting of any article or portion of an article from this for more men and stated that we shall draw exten¬ publication is strictly forbidden without permission from the editors. sively upon the fighting men who are now in our military forces. He advocated increasing the inter¬ JOURNAL STAFF change of personnel between the Foreign Service and the Department. He described the Foreign HENRY S. VILLARD, Chairman Service as a tested organization that must be the HOMER M. BYINCTON, JR Editorial nucleus of expansion. “Morale will be fortified, W. PERRY GEORGE Board FOY D. KOHLER and recruitment facilitated by speeding up the ma¬ JANE WILSON, Managing Editor chinery for promotions; by better evaluation and GEORGE V. ALLEN Business Manager recognition of work well done; by making top CLIFTON P. ENGLISH T reasurer diplomatic posts available to men without private means; by opening assignments of responsibility to men of ability while they are still young. EDITORS’ COLUMN “We must continue to improve operating condi¬ Foreign Service officers will find of special inter¬ tions overseas. This means better offices and better est the remarks made by the Acting Secretary of equipment. It means realistic living allowances. We State at a reception in Washington in honor of the should never require men to choose between skimp¬ retirement of Consul General Homer M. Byington. ing on the responsibilities of their assignments or It is particularly fitting that the Acting Secretary neglecting their personal and family requirements.” should have chosen to deliver on this occasion the These are words that conjure up hope for the cure significant remarks which he made with regard to of past and present ills that have for years plagued plans for the Foreign Service of the future. Consul every Foreign Service officer despite the notable but General Byington, known far and wide throughout insufficient progress achieved through the consistent the Service as the “Chief,” retired after 47 years of effort of high officials of many administrations. active duty during which he whole-heartedly de¬ The Acting Secretary advanced the idea discussed voted himself to the Foreign Service. He contrib¬ in this issue of the JOURNAL that just as the Army uted substantially toward the steady growth within and Navy draw upon Reserve Officers in hour of the Service of that important and intangible quality crisis the Foreign Service may need a Reserve described as esprit de corps or Service spirit. As Corps. It is a proposal now being seriously con¬ former Chief of Personnel he was closely associated sidered in the Department and it will be given equal with the establishment of the unified Service con¬ consideration in the field when a tentative draft plan templated in the Rogers Act and also the develop¬ is forwarded to all Foreign Service officers for an ment of legislation that came in later years to expression of their views. It may well prove to be strengthen further the provisions of that Act. He the answer to the problem of how the Service will consistently advocated that this Government’s inter¬ be able to meet the demands upon it by all the agen¬ ests abroad could best be served by one Department cies of the Government during the crisis which will of the Government with a Foreign Service adequate¬ confront it in the next few years until its personnel ly equipped to meet the needs of American citizens can he adequately expanded without sacrificing the and all agencies of the Government. career principle. The Acting Secretary chose to link with the rec¬ The President in his message to Congress of May ord of past accomplishment and loyalty which Mr. 9, 1939, recommended the reorganization of the Byington represented, the plans now in preparation Foreign Service to incorporate the foreign services to equip the Service to meet the responsibilities (Continued on page 702)

C66 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL REMARKS OF ACTING SECRETARY OF STATE STETTINIUS AT A RECEPTION GIVEN BY THE FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION IN HONOR OF CONSUL GENERAL HOMER L. BYINGTON ON THE OCCASION OF HIS RETIREMENT AFTER FORTY-SEVEN YEARS IN THE FOREIGN SERVICE

Mr. Byington and my colleagues in the Department and in the Foreign Servi

It is a great honor this afternoon to share in this Mr. Byington tribute to Mr. Homer M. Byington, Sr. From every (center) is pre¬ sented with gifts, aspect he heads the Foreign Service List. His life¬ subscribed to by time reflects the highest ideals of our Foreign Serv¬ members of the ice; advancement by merit; assignments faithfully Foreign Service discharged to the lasting credit of the United States and the State De¬ partment, by the at posts throughout the world; a full share in guid¬ Acting Secretary ance to the Service; a lifetime of devotion to duty. of State, Mr. Stet- You must always be proud, Mr. Byington, of your tinius (left) and decision in 1897 to join the Service. the Honorable Jo¬ seph C. Grew, The best possible recognition of your contribu¬ President of the tions of forty-seven years to the Service would be American Foreign an assurance for the future; an assurance that plans Service Associa¬ tion. The hook are underway to meet the ever-increasing respon¬ contains all the sibilities of the Foreign Service; that they are such signatures of the as to add further strength to the organization you donors of the gifts. in such great measure have helped to build. During the coming years, our Govern¬ ment’s representation abroad must be equipped to meet tremendous assignments ahead. It must be vigorous, intelligent, and manned for the task. This responsi¬ bility has not been overlooked. As a for¬ mer Chief of Foreign Service Personnel, I know that you must have given this prob¬ lem the most careful consideration. I have myself given the matter much attention and consideration. Study has been devoted to requirements and ways and means of improving the Foreign Service. A program is coming into focus based on our experi¬ ence in meeting the demands of war; a program attuned to new international re- sibilities of peace. There can be little disagreement on the main problems of our Foreign Service. We need more men. I am confident that when the problem is put frankly before the Congress the necessary funds will be ap¬ propriated to the Department to carry through speedily a successful recruitment program. We shall draw extensively upon the fighting men who are now in our mili¬ tary forces. They deserve heavy repre¬ sentation in the Department that will main¬ tain the peace.

SCENES AT THE ASSOCIATION PARTY IN HONOR OF MR. BYINGTON

Below : Photo by Mildred Gale. We need some mature men, particularly for your colleagues and friends in the Department; specialized Service jobs. For this purpose we should these goblets for a toast to your health and con¬ perfect an orderly scheme of drawing talent from tinued happiness; this testimonial of our respect the Federal Government for temporary assignments and good wishes always to you and Mrs. Byington. in today’s complex foreign relations. We need talent from civil life. Just as the Army REMARKS OF THE HONORABLE and Navy drew upon Reserve officers in the hour JOSEPH C. GREW of crisis, we in Foreign Service may need a Reserve As President of the American Foreign Service Corps wherein prestige will help to enlist ability. Association—and I should like to take this occasion We must increase the interchange of personnel to express sincere appreciation of my recent elec¬ between the Foreign Service and the Department. tion, an honor of which I recognize the importance Such an interchange, extended to all branches of and which came to me as a great surprise—it is my the Department and the Foreign Service, will en¬ privilege to welcome to this meeting the Acting hance mutual understanding of our common respon¬ Secretary of State. Before presenting Mr. Stettinius, sibilities. however, I should like to say just a few words. In all this, we must safeguard the career prin¬ Among the pleasantest aspects of our Foreign ciple. On the basis of your intimate and mature Service are the personal friendships with colleagues knowledge of the Foreign Service and its problems, formed through long association in the Department I know you will agree with me that our tested or¬ and in the field, and I know of no officer in our ganization must be the nucleus of expansion. Morale Service who has a wider circle of admiring friends will be fortified, and recruitment facilitated by than has Homer Byington. speeding up the machinery for promotions; by I remember one of my first contacts with him, better evaluation and recognition of work well nearly twenty years ago at his post in Naples when done; by making top diplomatic posts available to I was on my way from Washington to Turkey. As men without private means; by opening assign¬ Under Secretary of State and Chairman of the Per¬ ments of responsibility to men of ability while they sonnel Board, I had been wrestling with the very are still young. difficult and complicated problems of amalgamating We must continue to improve operating condi¬ the former diplomatic and consular services into tions overseas. This means better offices and better one Foreign Service under the provisions of the equipment. It means realistic living allowances. Rogers Act, and in that process inevitable contro¬ We should never require men to choose between versies had arisen. I shall always, therefore, re¬ skimping on the responsibilities of their assignments member with pleasure and real gratitude the com¬ or neglecting their personal and family require¬ mon sense approach and the wise analysis of those ments. problems by Homer Byington when we sat down in Out of the fullness of your experience, Mr. By- his house in Naples to discuss them. He did more at ington, I know that you fully appreciate the neces¬ that time than he will ever know to convince me sity for these improvements and that you will wel¬ that our labors on the Personnel Board had been come the efforts being made to bring about these soundly constructive and fair to all. That is merely improvements. In your case, your Government a little cliche of the past, but it was the beginning has demanded your talents and devotion for a life¬ of my friendship with Homer Byington and of my time. These you have given in full measure. In understanding of the respect and affection in which addition, you and your wife have given one son to he is universally held. the Foreign Service, a young man whom I see every I will say no more now except that with Mr. day and in whom I have great confidence; another Byington’s retirement we lose the dean of our Serv¬ to American civil aviation abroad; another to the ice who in the length of his service, approaching Naval Academy; one daughter honored by a doc¬ fifty years, stands head and shoulders above us all. tor’s degree in her teaching of languages; two We wish today to express our feelings about his daughters who are mothers of families, one of retirement and we are especially happy that the whom awaits her husband’s return from the Pacific Acting Secretary has consented, in spite of his theatre of war. exacting duties, to come here to interpret those feel¬ It is my great privilege now, in behalf of my ings. On behalf of us all, I wish to tell Mr. Stet¬ associates in the Department and in the Foreign tinius of our sincere appreciation of his very help¬ Service, to hand you three gifts in commemoration ful interest in the Foreign Service, an interest which of your outstanding contribution to the Service. constantly shows itself in many different ways, and They are evidence of our profound esteem—a silver we highly value his support. tray engraved with the affection and admiration of (Continued on page 702)

668 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL JOEL BARLOW, Diplomat, Poet, Philosopher

By HARRY VAN DEMARK

ON the day after Christmas in the tiny hamlet transfer the conference to Wilna fin Poland I,” of Zarnowiec, near Cracow, Poland, the fol¬ where the emperor was directing the march of his lowing record was entered on the parish register: legions into Russia. “In the year 1812, on the 26th day of December, In a letter to Mrs. James Madison in Washing¬ at 1 o’clock in the afternoon, before us—the vicar ton, Mrs. Barlow, who remained in Paris, stated of the parish of Zarnowiec and the official of the that, “Joel’s journey will be made in his own car¬ civil administration of the town of Zarnowiec, coun¬ riage. It will be a long and cold trip, 650 leagues, ty of Pileck, department of Cracow—there appeared half the way through a country of bad roads and Jan Blaski, the postmaster, and police magistrate almost destitute of everything.” She adds, how¬ of the county, who lives in Zarnowiec and is 36 ever, “He set off with great courage and high-raised years of age; and Idzi Baiorkiewicz, who tills two expectations of succeeding to his wish and to the quarters of farm land in Zarnowiec, and is 33 years satisfaction of our Government.” of age; and they gave witness that on the 24th day Barlow reached Frankfort-on-the-Main, via the of the aforementioned month and year, at noonday, provinces of Champagne and Lorraine, continued in house No. 1 of this town, there died Esquire, the on to Berlin, where he arrived on November 5th, Honorable Joel Barlow, Minister Plenipotentiary of having passed directly over the battlefield of Jena the United States of North America to the court of where, six years before, Napoleon had put an end to Napoleon, Emperor of France and King of Italy; the power of the Prussian monarchy. After three that he died while on his way back to Paris weeks he reached Wilna, from where his secretary from Warsaw; and that he appears to have been and nephew, Thomas Barlow, wrote on Decem¬ 56 years of age, the son of parents to them un¬ ber 13: known ; and that he was the husband of Madame “The emperor passed on the road in the night Ruth Barlow, nee Baldwin; and that from the pa¬ and our trip here is in vain. We shall have to start pers found on him, he appears to have been born back to Paris and try and see him there. The in a town by the name of Ridgefield, which they be¬ thermometer registers thirteen below (Fahrenheit) lieve to be a town in the United States. and I never felt the air sting like this. Prince Ponia- “In witness whereof, we have hereunto this day towski is wounded. Only 1,000 men are alive of affixed our signatures to this certificate. his Polish command of 74,000. The soldiers are (Signed) REV. STANISLAV BOIARSKI, eating dead horses and glad to have it.” JAN BLASKI, And again: “Sometimes the driver beats us to IDZI BAIORKIEWICZ. keep us from freezing to death. Uncle Joel has On March 24th last occurred the 189th anniver¬ fallen ill from the intense cold and want of proper sary of the birth of Joel Barlow, yet neither on that nourishment. We eat frozen bread and drink frozen day, nor on any of the preceding anniversaries of wine. We sleep in hovels since we left Warsaw and his birth has his government done anything to keep I fear we cannot proceed much farther on the road fresh his memory, though to Crawo.” he died a martyr to his His fears were well country’s service just as grounded. At Zarnowiec The name of JOEL BARLOW appears on the surely as did soldiers memorial plaque in the Department of State on the farther side of who fell in battle. Building, erected by the American Foreign Cracow the journey was After waiting several Service Association in honor of diplomatic halted and medical as¬ weeks in Paris for an and consular officers who while on active duty sistance sought, but it interview with Napoleon, lost their lives under tragic or heroic circum¬ came too late and the he was finally advised end came as described stances.—THE EDITORS. that “His Majesty has in the report of the expressed a desire to (Continued on page 704)

DECEMBER, 1944 669 News From the Field

v.v.v.v.v.v.v.v.v.v. IMAMWWV ".V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V/.V.V.V FIELD CORRESPONDENTS Argentina—Hiram Bingham, Jr. Iran—Richard Ford Australia—John R. Minler Jamaica—John H. Lord Bermuda—William H. Beck Nassau—John H. E. McAndrews British East Africa—Joseph Palmer, 2nd I Nicaragua—James M. Gilchrist Ceylon—Robert I.. Buell. New Zealand—John Fuess Central Canada—Eric W. Magnuson North Africa—J. Rives Childs Colombia—James S. Triolo Eastern Canada—Easton T. Kelsey Panama—Arthur R. Williams Egypt—Edward Dow, Jr. Sweden—George West Great Britain—Dorsey G. Fisher Trinidad—Richard D. Gatewood Greenland—John R. Ocheltree Turkey—Burton Y. Berry Guatemala—Gerald A. Drew U. S. S. R.—Edward Page, Jr. Honduras—Frederick P. L,atimer, Jr. Union of South Africa—Robert A. Acly, Edward Groth India—William Duff Venezuela—Carl Breuer

- , , , - - , 1 , , , , .V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V. .V. .V.V.V. .V. . . .V. .V, .V. .V, .Vu .V0 uV.";,VuV .V.V.V.V.V.V.V

NEW DELHI

STAFF PHOTOGRAPH OF THE OFFICE OF THE PERSONAL REPRESEN¬ TATIVE OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, NEW DELHI, OCTOBER, 1945. Front row: Janies R. Pill man. Glenn A. Abbey, Clayton Lane, George R. Merrell, Secretary in Charge, Sheldon Mills, Adrian Colquitt. Second row: Robert Bruns, Paul McCarty, Paul Casey, Dale B. Maher, Lucille Keating, Bernard Paulson, Charles Booth. Third Row : Interpreters Ayer. Rainkrishna, Gupta, Menon and Gupta.

670 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL JIDDA The graduation exercises of the first student class and happiness to the King, the Amir and the Royal of the United States Military Mission at Taif were Family and for several minutes the loud and en¬ held on October 11, 1944. The legation at Jidda thusiastic clapping expressed their delight and ap¬ was represented by the Minister, Attache Lind and proval. For the first time the representative of Clerk Coffey, and Colonel Coneybear, FEA repre¬ America, the country all Saudis have come to re¬ sentative for Arabia, and Messrs. Park and Cypher, spect and admire, was able to speak to them in their local representatives of the Saudi Arabian Mining own tongue. The expressions of friendship between Syndicate and the Arabian American Ooil Com¬ the two countries, the honor of addressing them on pany, respectively, were also present, for this was to this auspicious occasion which added cooperation be a great occasion for American-Arabian relations between our friendly armies to the bonds of friend¬ and for Colonel Shomber, head of the mission. ship already cemented between our peoples and our two governments, fell like soft rain and the On the morning of October 12 the large audience comforting feeling of a protecting friend. tent commenced to fill up with Saudi officials and Then the Amir stood up and silence fell. With scores of bedouin chiefs in their colorful robes and very evident sincerity in his voice, the Amir thanked long swords. I lle American guests were conducted Colonel Eddy and said: “It is the very good for¬ to seats at the far end of the tent, on either side of tune of our country that the great republic of Amer¬ two large gilt chairs reserved for His Royal High¬ ica, whose friendship has become so dear to us, has ness the Amir Faisal and his son Abdullah Faisal. in its wisdom sent to us a representative who not Colonel Shomber made the welcoming speech. At only speaks in our tongue but who was also born the end he asked Colonel Eddy to say a few words in Arab lands. We honor him as a brother and re¬ and introduced him to the assemblage. pose our whole confidence in him, for we know that Everyone leaned forward as Colonel Eddy stood through him our two countries will be drawn into up, and to the amazement of all, they heard him that close unity of purpose which is the prayer of speak forth for five minutes in excellent Arabic. all Saudi Arabians.” The Amir turned to Colonel There was a noticeable movement among the crowd Shomber and expressed the sincere gratitude of and mumbled approval as they strained to catch himself and the King for the training program. every word. They heard him wish health, long life NILS R. LUND

CARACAS The Honorable Dr. Frank P. Corrigan, American Am¬ bassador to Venezuela, signs the renewal of* the Health and Sanitation agreement providing for its extension for thirty months from July 1, 1944. Reading from left to right: The Venezuelan Foreign Minister, Dr. Parra Perez, the Ambassador, and Dr. Lairet, Minister of Health.

DECEMBER, 1944 671 The Bookshelf

FRANCIS C. DE WOLF, Review Editor

THE SUPER POWERS: The United States, Britain collaboration among the three Super-Powers. The and the Soviet Union—Their Responsibility for author examines the possibility of Soviet expansion Peace, by Williarn T. R. Fox. Harcourt, Brace by the classic methods of force and concludes— and Company, New York. $2.00. and there is no quarrel with that conclusion—that The Yale Institute of Internationa] Studies has the Soviet Union will not “within a decade or two put out since its organization in 1935 a series of . . . make demands for new territories so extreme studies in the field of international relations of that collaboration is impossible.” But there are which perhaps the best-known of those previously other things necessary for collaboration which lie issued are The Far Eastern Policy oj the United entirely outside the field of Soviet policies and in¬ States, by A. Whitney Griswold, and The Latin itiatives—things over which the Soviet Union has American Policy oj the United States, by Samuel no control. There is the possibility, to which Mr. F Bemis. The last to come out in this series is Fox adverts only briefly, of further Soviet territorial The Super Powers, by William T. R. Fox, a re¬ expansion resulting from “a genuine demand from search associate in the Institute. the masses of the peoples to be Sovietized,” and it It is a self-evident fact that the effectiveness of must be apparent that the progressive expansion of an international system of collective security must the areas under a government that is a manifesta¬ rest in the final analysis on the power of the mem¬ tion of an evangelical ideology enlarges the diffi¬ ber great nations. Any serious discussion of the culty of keeping in equilibrium an agreed-upon role to be played by the great nations within the specific program, which the author considers to be system must cover the greater part of the space necessary for collaboration. Again, one important within the compass of the whole project. One of factor making for the confidence of the American the basic problems of organization—and there are and British peoples in each other (“In both coun¬ many—has been the determination of the degree tries there is a belief in the dignity and value of of authority to formulate the decisions of the sys¬ the individual and a disbelief in the state as an end tem to be vested in the Great Powers. Should such in itself”) is notably absent among the factors authority correspond precisely with the complete which make for collaboration between these coun¬ dependence of the system upon the Great Nations, tries and the Soviet Union. or should the degree of authority be formulated In the concluding chapter there is put forward a with some regard to the obvious fact that the cus¬ program for our time—a framework of commit¬ tody of the conscience of mankind is no monopoly ments within which a three-power coalition for of the great nations? Our author somewhat im¬ peace would operate. It is not wholly novel, which patiently cuts across this and other similar questions is not to decry it, and it is admirable so far as it and plumps fairly for the “power" of the United goes but it is not in itself, as the author himself States, Great Britain and the Soviet Union as the affirms, a program for permanent peace. It is pre¬ effective element in the system to be devised. The sented frankly in search of a realistic approach to first purpose of this study is “to seek a definition the problem of maintaining a stable and just post¬ of the national interest of each (of the three Great war order—of making the two or three decades Powers) in such terms that each will find it possible after the war a period of transition to something to collaborate with the others to maintain a stable more than a third world war. The purpose of the and just postwar order.” study is perhaps most clearly illuminated by a foot¬ Mr. Fox proceeds to examine first those condi¬ note, as follows: tions and factors which endemically or spasmodi¬ “The author believes that the present will have paid cally create friction between the United States and its debt to the future if it ‘prevents war in our time’ in Britain and, next, those circumstances which have such fashion that it minimizes the chances of w’ar at some future date. The generation which is fighting to¬ made possible the resolving of issues between these day has a legitimate grievance against the past, for peace countries without envisioning “an ultimate resort was preserved in the 1920’s and 1930’s in ways which to war” and which also create between them a would only lead to war in the 1940’s.” strategic interdependence. He reaches the conclu¬ The question which this study, which is gener¬ sion, which most of his readers will share, that col¬ ously annotated and is otherwise most workman¬ laboration between these two Great Powers can be like, will leave with the reader is whether or not counted upon. the priceless opportunity we are lo have after this A discussion then ensues of the possibilities of war to make definitive progress toward permanent

672 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL peace can most profitably be employed by imple¬ Tyl, the traditional figure of farce familiar in the menting a transitional program based primarily on folk literature of the Flemish, Dutch and Lower- power. German provinces, has been artfully placed in an EUGENE DOOMAN. historical setting, and fitted into a great revolu¬ tionary adventure. While still maintaining the THE GLORIOUS ADVENTURES OF TYL ULEN- identity of the conventional prankster and frolic¬ SPIEGL, by Charles de Coster. Pantheon Books some character of tradition, the hero has become Inc., New York, 1943. 493 pages. $3.50. the valiant and patriotic defender of his country This first complete English translation of de and of liberty. Coster’s epic novel, by Allan Ross Macdougall, in¬ Beginning with two parallel lines representing troduced to the English-speaking world by Camille Ulenspiegl on the one side, and Philip II on the Huysmans, has been brought out in a popular edi¬ other, the author develops the lives of these two tion at a unique moment when the free peoples of characters, continuing the parallel throughout—with the whole world are united once more in another one committed to the salvation of man and the other episode of the eternal struggle against the evil to his damnation. With this consistency, the author powers of darkness and oppression. Tyl Ulenspiegl has given unity to his work and thereby avoided depicts, with masterful force, one of the earlier vic¬ all the incoherence which might inevitably result tories of freemen over those who fear Freedom for from such an overwhelming abundance of material. any but themselves. DeCoster has been widely influenced by the struc¬ The popular edition of this magnificent book has been revised in translation and the text decorated tural scheme of Don Quixote in the creation of with 100 superb woodcuts by the author’s compa¬ Lamme Goedzak, the fat companion, who serves triot Frans Masereel, the Flemish artist, who, ac¬ as a foil to Ulenspiegl. There is, however, no con¬ cording to Romain Rolland, “has allied within him trasting character to Philip II, as his solitary rule the two opposing elements which are so character¬ only serves to strengthen his position as the supreme istic of Tyl Ulenspiegl: the enormous buffoonery oppressor. and the dark demons of the soul—violence and mel¬ Katheline, the mad-woman, mother of Ulenspiegl’s ancholy.” Seldom has an author been so well sweetheart, Nele, is the link between the real and served by his illustrator. the unreal, between historical happenings and the Ulenspiegl. which was first published in 1869, fantasies of the wandering unlimited imagination, thirty years after the emergence of Belgium as an which brands her, according to sixteenth century independent nation, is the history of the revolution belief, as a witch. It is Katheline who enables Ulen- of seven Low Country provinces, led by William spiegel and Nele to visit the world of spirits, which the Silent, Louis of Nassau, Brederode and the leads the reader into a world of the abstract, and lords, in the sixteenth century. The opposing force, permits Ulenspiegl to discover the symbol through the power of Spain, is represented by King Philip which Flanders may be saved. II, the Duke of Alba, his governor and hangman The turning point in the book comes with the in Flanders with the Inquisition, quislings and death of Tyl’s father, Claes, who is burned at the wholesale plundering murder contributing scenes stake by the foreign oppressors, in all the drama of of stark horror and authentic vicious rule in their sixteenth century realism. Tyl’s bitter oath of ven¬ attempt to silence the voice of Freedom. geance against the informer and the invaders of his Tyl Ulenspiegl, who derives his name from the land provides the book with a unifying motive and Flemish “Ik ben ulen spiegel,” (I am your mirror) carries the reader through a host of historically as he claimed to see the past and future of his fel¬ dramatic and realistic adventures which follow Tyl low countrymen in one of his early pranks, is the throughout his land leading his countrymen in the popular hero in this tale of love of liberty and the search for the Freedom ever-present in the hearts fight to maintain that right, while the noble hero is of the oppressed. William the Silent. Ulenspiegl has always been The book is a masterpiece of contrast, combining vigorously revived in times of war for the reason the eternal struggle of man against the evil forces that, like all truly great books, it mirrors the pas¬ which would enslave him, with the gentle emergence sions and struggles that belong to all ages, all of the coy Tyl, born with a caul, and Nele, daughter places, all men driven to fight for liberty and in¬ of the mystic Katheline, who are the spirit and the numerable parallels to our time will strike the read¬ heart of Flanders. er, reliving in the book the history of the present CAROL RYAN. day. (Continued on page 706)

DECEMBER, 1944 673 Press Comment

From the Washington Post, October 15, 1944

A Communication not by policy in the sense defined but by a series MAY I as a former diplomat, suggest to Mr. of Presidential or Secretarial improvisations. Sumner Welles, whose apologies for Ameri¬ Diplomacy is only the mechanism whereby for¬ can diplomats appears on your editorial page this eign policy is applied. Diplomats are human tools morning, that he, as well as the editor of THE or instruments for the application of policy. But AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, has missed even the best tools are worthless unless they are the main point of the controversy?* It is not the employed intelligently and to some useful and well abilities or personalities of individual diplomats defined purpose. A sculptor’s mallet and chisel can¬ that are now in question; it is American foreign not of themselves produce a statue, nor can the policy itself. Let us grant that our foreign service sculptor himself produce a statue unless there is al¬ officers are today more carefully chosen and are ready some ideal image of it in his mind. I might better trained than formerly. Let us grant that we say that what has been lacking in American diplo¬ have some extremely able diplomats in the service— macy is a “formal cause.” indeed, we have always had some even under the Instruments of diplomacy in the hands of ambi¬ old haphazard system of appointment and training. tious rulers or politicians can of course be used to But that is not the point. extend and consolidate personal power. This, how¬ ever, is not policy but perversion; the course of The point is that diplomats, however able, do not such rulers in foreign affairs can never be definite mid cannot create foreign policy. A real foreign and stable, but must shift constantly to meet the policy cannot be created even by President or Secre¬ shifting exigencies of personal power. I said that taries of State. In a self-governing nation like ours, foreign policy can be stable and effective only if it Presidents and Secretaries cannot make national foreign policy; it would follow that four men can¬ is an articulation of the essential needs and con¬ not make world policy, that is to say, cannot reor¬ scious or unconscious desires of the people con¬ ganize the world to insure peace. Enduring peace cerning their relationships with other members of will come only when the varying needs and aspira¬ the human family. And this can never be possible tions of the varying people of the world have been unless all questions relating to foreign policy are publicly discussed and publicly understood. A poli¬ articulated and are understood and are somehow reconciled, each with the other—I mean, of course, cy which is not truly popular cannot be a stable their real needs and aspirations, rather than those one, and a policy which is not stable is not a policv expressed in the slogans and catchwords invented by at all. propagandists. Policy is defined as a “settled or definite course Obviously, something has been long and seriously or method adopted or followed by a government.” wrong with the way in which our foreign relation¬ Even a superficial study of our diplomatic history ships have been conducted. Something is always of the past fifty years will, it seems to me, quickly seriously wrong when a people finds itself engaged, persuade any intelligent person that our courses against its desire, in a fear ml, protracted and ex¬ and methods in foreign affairs have been anything pensive war against a concert of enemies only slight¬ but definite, anything but settled; they have been ly less powerful than itself. By all means, then, let (:i the contrary confused, capricious and contradic¬ us have full and free discussion about foreign af¬ tory. In your editorial, “Retort Diplomatic,” of fairs and about American diplomacy until we per¬ October 3,f you put your finger precisely on the rea¬ ceive where and how our errors have been made. son why this is so. The people were not interested For when the people are clear as to causes, they can or informed about foreign affairs and little or no begin to seek remedies, and thereby to create the effort was made to interest or inform them. Thus policy which, as I said, only they are capable of our course in foreign affairs has been determined, creating. WILLIAM FRANKLIN SANDS. * See p. 605 of the November JOURNAL. tSee p. 603 of the same issue. Washington, Oct. 11.

674 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL A Century of Progress

By ARTHUR C. FROST, Department of State WHAT will the Foreign Service look like in Sweet Home” more nostalgic for Foreign Service A.D. 2044? Will we be sending represen¬ officers than the folks back home. How many tatives to 40 countries or 4? Perhaps super- representatives, a century from now, will be as well Ambassadors will fly through the stratosphere in a known as those cited? few hours, from the ends of the earth to a central Since this early Foreign Service list is not likely Grand Council in California, as the most equidis¬ to have a reprint, further particulars of our repre¬ tant point from the great powers, the entire world sentation abroad may be of general interest. It is having been sold by that time on the superb scenic perhaps unwise to attempt to delve into the com¬ and climatic advantages of California after another pensation of the representatives in those early days century of Hollywood Hullaballoo. when the dollar went so far and the Income Tax Since, however, we cannot look ahead that far was unknown, but it may suffice to say that James (or even into the post-war period), a perusal of the Buchanan who came in 1853 as Envoy to London, Foreign Service list of July 1844 will show the set¬ received $9,000 a year, and in 1856 his successor up of a century ago, and that perspective may had compensation of $17,500 which compares not serve as a mental spring-board for the vast changes unfavorably with the salary of $10,000 which all in the century to come. Ministers and some Ambassadors receive today. The Foreign Service list of 1844 consisted of 16 British Dominions had 35 Consuls which were pages, entitled, “List of Ministers, Consults, and listed under sub-heads in England, Scotland, Ire¬ other Diplomatic and Commercial Agents of the land; Hongkong, East Indies; “in and near Europe United States in Foreign Countries” printed by and Africa,” which included Gibraltar, Island of one W. Q. Force. Malta, Cape Town, and Port Louis, Isle of France; In 1844 there were no Consuls General, and Am¬ North America, which meant Canada and consisted bassadors did not come until half a century later. of only four posts, St. John’s, N. B., Halifax, Pictou, The highest rank was that of Envoy Extraordinary and Sydney (Nova Scotia). In South America there and Minister Plenipotentiary, for eight countries, was Demerara, British Guiana. Australia had Con¬ i.e., British Dominions, Russia, French Dominions, suls at Sydney and Hobart Town.* In the West In¬ Spanish Dominions, Prussia, Austria, Mexican Re¬ dies, under British Dominions, posts were listed public, and Brazil. The United States and Charges at Bermuda, Nassau, Turk’s Island, Kingston, Bar- d’Affaires to thirteen countries, namely, Republic badoes, and Island of Trinidad. The foregoing all of Texas. Portuguese Dominions, Belgium, Danish were Consuls, and there were Commercial Agents Dominions, Dominions of the Netherlands, Sweden in the Island of Helena, and Saint Christopher and and Norway, Scandinavian States, Kingdom of the Antigua. two Sicilies, New Granada, Venezuela, Argentine In Russia, we had Consuls at Saint Petersburg, Republic, Chile, and Peru. The Envoys had only one Riga, Archangel, and Odessa. Secretary of Legation, and the Charges d’Affaires French Dominions accounted for 12 Consuls. apparently had to carry on unaided. In many coun¬ Spanish Dominions had 20, of whom nine were tries the highest functionary was a Consul. In Tur¬ in Cuba, 4 in Porto Rico and 1 at Manilla. key we had a Minister Resident. The Portuguese Dominions had five Consuls; and As against well over 800 Foreign Service Officers Danish Domnions three—in Copenhagen, Elsineur, today, the United States had, according to this list, and Sainte Croix in the Dutch West Indies. The a total of 172 Consuls, 5 Commercial Agents, and Dominion of the Netherlands had four Consuls. half a dozen Secretaries. Nathaniel Hawthorne had Germany was still unassembled into another not yet come on the scene at Liverpool but Edward Reich. Prussia had two Consuls, one for the Prus¬ Everett was our Envoy to London and Washington sian Provinces of the Rhine and one for Stettin. Irving was supposed to be in Madrid, but was more Austria had three, Vienna, Trieste, and Venice; apt to be in Andalucia as an early good-will repre¬ Saxony two, Dresden and Leipsick; and Bavaria sentative to the Spanish cultural world. Germany had one. Wurtemburg one at Stuttgard. and Italy were far from united in those days and Hanover, Grand Duchy of Hesse, and Grand were cut up into minor kingdoms which might offer Duchy of Hesse Darmstadt were cared for by a Con¬ a blueprint for some post-war planners. Horatio J. sul at Cassel. One at Manheim was for Baden, and Sprague had already established his dynasty at Gi¬ (Continued on page 694) braltar. J. Howard Payne was at Tunis and had *Note: The original spelling of plaee names is retained not yet composed those immortal words of “Home, throughout this article.

DECEMBER. 1944 675 Meet The Magdalena

By JEAN OGLETREE*

WE FOUND our boat, the Jesusita, tied to the benignly at each other and the other passengers. dock being loaded. She was surrounded by "Its the same thrill everywhere,” murmured my an aura of heat and flickering electric light. We husband dreamily, thinking, no doubt, of the S.S. were handed over the gangplank by a dark husky Washington or S.S. Santa Rosa. There the simi¬ in once-white ducks. On the passenger deck we larity ended, for we steamed crab-wise into the cen¬ were greeted by a correct purser who gave our keys ter of the stream and let the current swing our stern to a smiling little stewardess, who escorted us to around, and proceeded off in a direction entirely the our cabins. A six-piece band that had obviously opposite from that I had expected. We passed sev¬ never rehearsed together was pounding out a num¬ eral other boats constructed like ours except on a ber called “Kiss me, once, ONCE more,” and thus larger or smaller scale. To each of them we gave a our reception was conducted in pantomime as con¬ whistled salute in some complicated code. This con¬ versation was out of the question. The cabins were tinued for fifteen minutes, as it seems that after painted white and were clean. They contained on they had answered us we had to thank them for the wall a mirror, a hook and an insecurely affixed answering. Finally silence fell upon us all as we wash-bowl; a chair, a bed with a deep valley in it, lined the rail and watched the twinkling lights of and an electric fan that was busily trying to stir up La Dorada disappear. the air were the other furnishings. One door opened We went up to the top deck to watch the paddle on the nineteen-inch promenade deck and the other wheel pushing us along with accompanying snorts on the dining-sitting salon. I stripped off the dark and puffs of steam. We found, to our astonishment, woolen suit and doused myself in cool, dark, river that what we had thought was part of the dock was water, and put on the thinnest garment in my bag. a barge which we were pushing ahead of us, its Tig emerged in a white coat and a pair of robin’s- cargo covered with tarpaulins. The fuel for our egg blue trousers, to the mild astonishment of the engines was carried up there, and also three de¬ other passengers. It was wonderful to be compara¬ jected bulls were poking their heads out of a pen, tively clean, comfortable, and relaxed again. gazing at the water. Black puffs of smoke blew out Almost immediately there was a terrific blast on of the twin stacks, and they radiated heat from the the steam whistle. People began to shout good¬ furnaces roaring blow. We looked over the other byes, the boat shuddered a little, the lights flickered, 20-odd passengers, all of different color and station the band played the national anthem. We smiled in life. I hey sized us up also, among themselves. waiting to find out how we would behave. Whether we would be supercilious about the food, complaining about our accommodations, or friend¬ ly and perhaps conversational. They soon found out, because an old-fashioned dinner bell, clanging above the rhumba being pounded out by the or¬ chestra, summoned us to the dining room. In a body the people rose and rushed to the tables, doors from cabins flew open and maids and children streamed out. A boy in a starched jacket pulled out our chairs, and we looked up to meet the eyes of a very pretty young Colombian woman and her handsome Ecuadorian *Wife of Tigner Ogletree, Foreign The JESVSITA Service clerk.

676 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Native huts along the banks.

The Captain favors the passengers with a visit. husband. There were also three strenographers from Bogota on a holiday together. They had never been out of the capital before and were excited and gay. They all wore slacks and bandana handkerchiefs ex¬ actly as they had seen pictures of American girls on cruises, but in this case long gold ear-rings jiggled and swung from pierced ears. One smoked from a long holder, and the one next to Tig used an abun¬ dance of essence of Tabu. She opened the conver¬ sation at once: “Son Americanos, no?” said she, exhibiting a great deal of charm and intelligence. “Si,” said Tig, smiling, with equal intelligence. And so we were soon friends, exchanging cigarettes and the fare, which does not include a cabin. These matches, nods and small talk. This was the first were canvas covered cots on which the passenger time in South America where we were completely on put his blanket and pillow. From observation I our own, among people who spoke no English but would say they all promptly fell asleep and had to “would like to learn.” We would see whether we be prodded awake in the morning when the crew could put ourselves across. It was exciting to try came to wash the decks. Even in the seclusion of a to express ourselves, politely and sensibly, in a lan¬ cabin, and in a bed, T could not fall asleep. The guage that carries so many nuances of meaning, lights flickered too much to read a copy of Time I courtesy and caste. These people were helpful lis¬ had with me, so I watched the shore slide by not teners and slowed down their remarks and enun¬ ten feet away, and listened for jungle sounds. I ciated carefully when speaking to us. could not hear any, the fan was too loud. So I The meal was briskly served, and a stereotype of tugged the knotted sheet straight and sank help¬ all three meals a day, with the exception of break¬ lessly into the trough of the mattress. I woke later fast, where the soup and sweet were omitted: a to find water dripping on my ankles. It was pour¬ large piece of fresh pineapple, a thick soup filled ing, and the water was coming through from the with vegetables, fried chicken in rice and fried ba¬ deck above. I stepped gingerly onto the floor, nanas, beefsteak with boiled potatoes and tomatoes, watching out for possible creeping creatures, and fresh rolls, pudding, coffee, crackers, jam. Imme¬ yanked the cot into the middle of the room. The diately after the meal everyone disappeared to their dripping went on but the sound of the storm out¬ cabins. As soon as the tables were cleared off, the side put me to sleep at once. At six-thirty my eyes crew began setting up “beds” on deck and in the were opened by a sensation of insistent heat. dining-room for the passengers who had paid only (Continued on page 690)

DECEMBER. 1944 677 FOREIGN SERVICE CHANGES signed to the Department of State, has been designated Consul General at Toronto, Ontario, Canada. (Continued from, page 649) David Gilsinn of Alexandria, Virginia, has been appoint¬ ed American Vice Consul at Kabul, Afghanistan. Herman Moss of New York, New York, American Vice Consul at Port-au-Prince, Haiti, has been designated Amer¬ Outerbridge Horsey of New' York, New York, Third Sec¬ ican Vice Consul at Rome, Ttaly, attached to the Office of retary of American Embassy and American Vice Consul at the United States Representative on the Advisory Council Madrid, Spain, has been assigned to the Department of for Italy. State. Arthur Muelberger of Little Silver, Newr Jersey, has been Daniel L. Horowitz of Brooklyn, New' York, Senior Eco¬ appointed Senior Economic Analyst attached to the Office nomic Analyst at Santiago, Chile, has been designated of the United States Representative, Paris, France. Attache at the same place. Elim O’Shaughnessy of New York, New York, Second Frederick A. Kuhn of Washington, D. C., has been ap¬ Secretary of Embassy and American Vice Consul at Rio de pointed Assistant Commercial Attache at Beirut, Lebanon. Janeiro, Brazil, has been designated Secretary and Vice Charles J. Little of New York, New York, Senior Eco¬ Consul attached to the Office of the United States Repre¬ nomic Analyst at Algiers has been designated Senior sentative, Paris, France. Economic Analyst attached to the Office of the United Edward Parker of Calhoun Falls, South Carolina, Ameri¬ States Representative, Paris, France. can Vice Consul at Matamoras, Tamaulipas, Mexico, has Cecil B. Lyon of New York, New York, assigned to the been designated American Vice Consul at Marseille, France. Department of State, has been designated Second Secretary Richard H. Post of Quoque, New York, American Vice of Legation and American Consul at Cairo, Egypt, and Consul at Mendoza, Argentina, has been designated Third will serve in dual capacity. Secretary of Embassy and American Vice Consul at Buenos Roy M. Melbourne of Ocean View, Virginia, American Aires, Argentina. Vice Consul at Naples, has been designated Foreign Serv¬ Lee D. Randall of Highland Park, Illinois, Third Secre¬ ice Officer at Bucharest, Rumania. tary of Legation at Bern, Switzerland, has been designated Alton T. Murray of Watsonville, California, Assistant American Nice Consul at Marseille, France. Agricultural Attache at London, England, has been as¬ Raymond A. Styles of Atlanta, Georgia, American Vice signed to the Department of State. Consul at Tunis, Tunisia, has been designated American Orsen N. Nielson of Beloit, Wisconsin, assigned to the N ice Consul at Bordeaux, France. Department of State, has been designated Counselor of Charles W. Smith of Burbank, California, Third Secretary Embassy and Consul General near the Government of Nor¬ and American Vice Consul at Habana, Cuba, has been way, now established at London, England. designated American Vice Consul at Winnipeg, Manitoba, Edward J. Rowell of Berkeley, California, Senior Eco¬ Canada. nomic Analyst at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, has been designated James W. Swihart of Ridgewood, Newr Jersey, now in Attache at the same place. the Department of State, has been appointed Economic Terry B. Sanders of Edinburg, Texas, Third Secretary of Analyst and assigned to American Embassy, Brussels, Bel¬ Embassy and American Vice Consul at Mexico City, Mexi¬ gium. co, has been designated Third Secretary of Embassy and American Vice Consul at London, England, and will serve The following changes have occurred in the American in dual capacity. Foreign Service since October 14, 1944: Wells Stabler of Washington, D. C., has been appointed Roger S. Abbott of Patterson, California, has been desig¬ American Vice Consul at Jerusalem, Palestine. nated Economic Analyst attached to the Office of the United Llewellyn E. Thompson, Jr., of Las Animas, Colorado, States Representative, Paris, France. Second Secretary of Embassy and American Consul at Eskel M. Anderson of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Senior Moscow, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, has been Economic Analyst at Cairo, Egypt, has been designated designated Second Secretary of Embassy and American Senior Analyst at Brussels, Belgium. Consul at London, England, and will serve in dual capacity. Bettye M. Bohanon of Arlington, Virginia, has been North Winship of Macon, Georgia, Consul General at designated Assistant to the Petroleum Attache at Lima, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, has been designated Consul Gen¬ Peru. eral at Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Merritt N. Cootes of Ft. Myer, Virginia, Second Secre¬ The following changes have occurred in the American tary of Embassy and American Vice Consul at Lisbon, Foreign Service since October 21, 1944: Portugal, has been assigned to the Department of State. Ezra Laurence Cross of Flint, Michigan, has been ap¬ Harry M. Donaldson of West Newton, Pennsylvania, now pointed Junior Economic Analyst in the American Foreign assigned to the Department of State, has been designated Service Auxiliary. American Consul at St. John, New Brunswick, Canada, William B. Fitzgerald of Washington, D. C., has been upon confirmation of his nomination. appointed Senior Economic Analyst in the American For¬ Albert M. Doyle, of Detroit, Michigan, now assigned to eign Service Auxiliary. the Department of State, has been designated Consul Gen¬ Lester D. Mallory of Berkeley, California, Secretary of eral at Amsterdam, Netherlands, upon confirmation of his Embassy and American Consul at Mexico City, has been nomination. designated Agricultural Attache attached to the American Richard Eldridge of Gainesville, Texas, Senior Economic Embassy, Paris, France. Analyst attached to the Office of the United States Repre¬ Edward M. Mueller of Washington, D. C., has been desig¬ sentative, Paris, France, has been designated Attache at nated Senior Economic Analyst attached to the Staff of the same place. the PoliticaL Adviser on German Affairs, Supreme Head¬ Arthur C. Frost of Arlington, Massachusetts, now as¬ quarters, Allied Expeditionary Forces, now in London.

678 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Vice Consul and Mrs. Basil F. Macgoivan take time off from official duties to bask in Bermuda's sunshine. The Macgowans were members oj the group interned at Baden-Baden; he was formerly Charge at Nice. Upper right: Former members of the Managua Embassy Staff now in the Armed Services. From left to right they are, Clerk Oscar Guerra, Clerk Joseph T. Kendrick, JrJunior Economic Analyst Dale E. Farringer and Vice Consul William W. Marvel on the right.

The guests of Consul General Ely E. Palmer at the United Nations Ball held on Septem¬ ber 22, 1944, by the Division of Import Procurement, Com¬ monwealth Department of Trade and Customs, at the Town Hall, Sydney, Australia.

Below: Members oj the Beirut Legation staff just before their depar¬ ture for an official Government reception on September 1. Left to right: James T. Scott, William M Gwynn, George Wadsworth, Colonel Virgil A. Jackson, and W. Horton Schoellkopj, Jr. Lower right: The Troy Perkins recently visited the retired Stuart Grummons at Kedding, Conn. Left to right: Mr. Grummon, Mrs. Grummon, Mrs. and Mr. Philippe, friends of the Grummons; young Philip Perkins and FSO Troy Perkins. Mrs. fierkins was the pho¬ tographer. Ivan B. White of Salem, Oregon, Second Secretary of LETTERS TO THE EDITORS Embassy and American Vice Consul at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, has been designated Second Secretary and Vice (Continued from page 665) Consul attached to the American Embassy, Paris, France. Ralph M. Wood of Brooklyn, New York, has been ap¬ the Foreign Service Regulations incorporating pointed Senior Economic Analyst in the American Foreign Service Auxiliary attached to the Staff of the Political Ad¬ amendments or additions to those regulations. The viser on German Affairs, Supreme Headquarters, Allied Ex¬ Regulations might contain references to works such peditionary Forces, now in London. as digests of international law, compilations of William H. Ziegler of Princeton, New Jersey, now' as¬ signed to the Department of State, has been designated treaties, customs tariffs, et cetera, but there would American Vice Consul at Milan, Italy. be no long mimeographed instructions interpreting the Regulations (the need for interpretation itself The following changes have occurred in the American Foreign Service since October 28, 1944: suggests that the Regulations are inadequate) or H. Gardner Ainsworth of New Orleans, Louisiana, Third establishing rules and procedure supplementing the Secretary of Embassy and American Vice Consul at San Regulations. Having just returned to the field after Salvador, El Salvador, has been designated American Sec¬ three and a half years in the Department, I am par¬ retary attached to the Office of the United States Represen¬ tative on the Advisory Council for Italy, Rome. ticularly aware of the inadequacy of the present Jacob D. Beam of Princeton, New Jersey, Second Secre¬ Regulations. I find myself spending a great deal tary of Embassy and American Consul at London, has been of time searching for mimeographed circular in¬ attached to the Staff of the United States Political Adviser on German Affairs, Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expedi¬ structions from the Department and circulars from tionary Force, now in London. the Embassy at Mexico City, and seldom being quite Sidney H. Browne of Short Hills, New Jersey, Second certain that I have found the latest instruction on a Secretary of Embassy and American Consul at London, England, has been designated Second Secretary of Em¬ given subject or one that is complete in all details. bassy at the Hague, Netherlands. Now that the necessary number of sets of the For¬ Owen L. Dawson of Witt, Illinois, Agricultural Attache eign Service Regulations is furnished each diplo¬ at Chungking, China, has been assigned to the Department of State. matic and consular office and an officer no longer Louis M. Denis of Washington, D. C., American Vice carries with him from post to post his individual Consul at La Paz, Bolivia, has been designated American set, it would not seem to matter whether the Regu¬ Vice Consul at Cairo, Egypt. Edmund J. Dorsz of Detroit, Michigan, now assigned to lations fill only one volume or half a dozen vol¬ the Department of State, has been designated Second Sec¬ umes. The citizenship chapter, for example, might retary of Embassy near the Government of Poland, now embody the “Citizenship and Passport Codes” established in London, England. (which, having proved to be of great help to the Keeler Fans of Atlanta, Georgia, Third Secretary of Em¬ bassy and American Vice Consul at Madrid, Spain, has field and having demonstrated the practical value been designated Secretary and American Vice Consul at of “case histories,” might be emulated in other Paris, France. parts of the regulations. An illustrative case his¬ Richard A. Forsyth of Detroit, Michigan, has been desig¬ nated Attache at Stockholm, Sweden. tory is often worth more than three pages of regu¬ Walter Galenson of New York, New York, has been desig¬ lations). nated Attache at Moscow, Union of Soviet Socialist Re¬ publics. With the prospect of a post-war period in which Theodore J. Hadraba of Omaha, Nebraska, Third Secre¬ the Foreign Service must play an important role, tary of Legation at Bern, Switzerland, has been designated American Vice Consul at Antwerp, Belgium. we are deeply conscious of the importance of so Frederick D. Hunt of Washington, D. C., now assigned organizing the Service that it will be able to func¬ to the Department of State, has been designated American tion effectively. For the modest cost of a Depart¬ Vice Consul at Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Robert Jakes, 3rd, of Nashville, Tennessee, American Vice mental Division with a personnel of perhaps twenty Consul at Para, Brazil, has been designated American Vice or thirty persons and equipped with machinery that Consul at Natal, Brazil. would cost only a few thousand dollars, the United Edward Jerome Lawler of El Segundo, California, now' States Government could place in the hands of its at Nogales, Mexico, has been designated American Vice Foreign Serivce a most effective mechanical device: Consul at Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Herve J. L'Heureux of Manchester, New Hampshire, now A complete and always up-to-date compilation of assigned to the Department of State, has been designated Foreign Service Regulations. With such a tool and American Consul at Marseilles, France. adequate personnel, the Foreign Service can do Robert M. Taylor of Seattle, Washington, now assigned its part. to the Department of State, has been designated Secretary and American Vice Consul at Paris, France. Sincerely yours, Jessee F. Van Wickel of Brooklyn, New York. Fir=t Sec¬ retary of Embassy near the Government of the Nether¬ JAMES E. HENDERSON, lands, now established in London, has been designated Commercial Attache at the Hague, Netherlands. American Consul.

680 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL INSURANCE for Foreign Service Officers There’s Security 1. Annual policies covering fire, lightning, theft, marine and transportation hazards. in AN AMERICAN 2. Trip policies: (a) covering general aver¬ age and salvage charges, sinking and strand¬ BANKING CONNECTION ing, fire and collision; (b) the above plus theft and pilferage; (c) all risks of trans¬ portation and navigation (excluding break¬ age unless from external causes, fresh water damage and war risks). 3. War risks coverage, only when goods are actually on board the vessel. For officials stationed abroad, a banking 4. Baggage insurance policies. connection in the Nation's Capital is 5. Jewelry and fur policies, all risks except especially advantageous. The American Security & Trust Company of Washington, war. D. C. has had long experience in hand¬ ling the banking, trust, and safe deposit Use the insurance order forms to be found requirements of foreign service officers in Shipping Department of Embassy, Lega¬ the world over. tion or Consulate; or write giving amount Wherever your post of duty, you can be and date of policy desired, and origin and certain that American Security’s special¬ destination of trip. ized services for foreign accounts will assure you of maximum promptness and efficiency in handling your financial trans¬ SECURITY STEEL LIFT VANS actions. Your inquiry is cordially invited. provide the utmost in safety and conveni¬ ence, and are economical as well — saving AMERICAN packing costs and saving ocean freight charges. SECURITY g TRUST COMPANY Main Office: Fifteenth St. and Pennsylvania Ave. (Opposite the United States Treasury) J&rurifg $oragr (Jorapang WASHINGTON, D. C. Capital $3,400,000.00 of UJashingfron Surplus $4,400,000.00 a safe depository for over 50 years at

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DECEMBER, 1944 681 Foreign Service Officers and Employees Known to Be in the Military Service as of November 7, 1944

Any omissions should be reported to the Division of Foreign Service Administration, Department of State

Army

Naw Army Air Force Coast Guard Army Army Army

Army Bagby. Philip H. Gebhart, W. F. Davis . Navv ... Navv Navy Army Navy Army ..Marines ...Navy .. Armv Naw Marines Women Reserve Navv ..Navy Army Army

Bruns, William II. Army Burden, William C., Jr . Marines Naw Burns, Donald B Army Burris, Philip H. Navy Armv

Huffman, Robert C — Navy

.. - Army Air Force Navy Marines ... Marines Women Reserve Women’s Ferry Command Army Army Armv

Childs. Richard W. ... Coast Guard ... Navv ... Army

Army

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Navy .... Army Navv Lee, Blair, III ... Navy Army Navy . Navy Red Cross .Navy .Navy Lyda, Herbert W. Macafee, Donald R. Army Fenderson, George W. MacLellan, Neil Army

682 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL YOU of the Foreign Service were "trans¬ which compares favorably with that of any world" people long before TWA coined domestic peacetime airline operation. the term. Among their passengers have been more During these war years you've helped us than 5,000 battle-wounded brought home achieve the impossible in "trans-world" from the war theaters. And presidents, gen¬ flying. erals, cabinet members, admirals, kings, queens and ambassadors traveling on his¬ All of which entitles you to this brief report toric missions. and our warm thanks for what you and we have accomplished together. In this work you and we have helped to give America and her Allies a dependable Since Pearl Harbor the planes of TWA's world-wide airline operation for war pur¬ Intercontinental Division have flown more poses. than 21,000,000 miles in international trans¬ port — over 5,000 ocean crossings that have Equally important, we have all gained the linked 5 continents and 24 countries. necessary experience for the "trans-world" flying which will be so indispensable to the Flying under the Army Air Transport Com¬ diplomacy, security and economy of our mand on regular routes and special missions country when peace is here. these planes, manned by civilian TWA crews, have set an outstanding record of So to you, good Friends and Fellow Workers, regularity and dependability — a record our heartfelt thanks.

TRANSCONTINENTAL & WESTERN AIR, Inc.

POINTS TNf WAY DECEMBER, 1944 683 Marvel, William W. Army

WAC

Navy

Nelson, Gladys C., Miss Navy

O’Grady, John F. Olden, Samuel B.

Osborne, Richard A Navv

Pemberton. W. E. Penniman, William .... Poole, Richard Porter, Robert J ...... Ouinn. Robert S. Washington's Ra del iff. Donald G. Ratliff. Phillip G Rawlinson. John L. Finest Hotel Reid, W. Stafford

■ Favorite meeting place of For¬ Rossow, Robert. Jr. eign Service men in the Nation’s Capital. Four blocks from the De¬ partment of State. Convenient to Sawyer, George all points of interest in Washing¬ ton. Exclusive Men’s Bar. Famous food. Coffee Shop. Cay Cocktail Schweitzer. F. Vernon Navv Schawrtz, Joseph M .... Lounge. Air Conditioned in the Sebastian, Nathan summer. Sherwell, Henry E Skewes-Cox, Benet Navv

Navv Smith, Harry L. . ... Navv Speer, James Paul. 11

IHflVFUmjER Stoddard, Richard E. Stoessel, Walter J.. Jr WASHINGTON, D. C. StooDs. Don C. J. MACK, General Manager Tanner. Crystal. Mrs Tanzer, Ward H. Taylor, Theodore B Thayer, Charles W Armv

634 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Thorpe, Robert Prieto Marine Corps Turley, Eugene T. Navy Ulfelder, Sidney E. - Navy Usher, Richard E. Army Van Siclen, Cornelia, Miss Wave Vera, Jesus Maria Army Wagner, Frederick B. — Navy Walther, Fred W Navy Waltman Elinor L., Miss .... Air-Wac Watkins, Albert L Navy Watt, Meredith, Miss — Canadian Wac Weaver, Frederick H — Navy Weismann, H. Andre . Navy Wheeler, Ralph H —Navy White, Edwin A. _ . Army Whittinghil], George D. Army Wiens, Harold J. Navy Williams, Allan K. Williams, Jack S. ...Army Plane of the Future Williams, John Z. Navy Williams, William L. S. Navy Wing, William C. . What will Woolons, Sydney L. _ Army Air Force Yates, Evelyn M., Miss Wac the airplane of the Young, Edward M , Young, Samuel H ... Merchant Marine future be? Zavaleta, Enrique A. Army Zimmerly, Samuel R. Navy • The Pan American B-314-type Clipper pictured below was first placed in service early in 1939 ... It was—and still is—the VIVE L’AMERIQUE! world’s largest commercial aircraft, carry¬ ing 72 passengers. August 17, 1944. On order, however, at the time of Pearl To the Consul General of the United States, Harbor, were Clippers that dwarfed it— at the city. huge, 153-passenger craft capable of a DEAR SIR: New York-London flight in 10 hours . . . War needs took precedence over their The daring brave soldiers of Uncle Sam are ap¬ proaching themselves to the gates of Paris. It is completion. the Third Amerucan Army which takes the glory to But when Victory is won, wartime de¬ free the big French capital from the nazis. And velopments will be reflected in the con¬ this event, that likely shall happen within maybe 24 struction of even finer Clippers than those hours, must be celebrated by everybody who loves projected before Pearl Harbor. Liberty and wonders the task of the United States Army. PA A AMERICAS WORLD AIRWAYS We are the journalists that translate and arrange the cable service at (name of newspaper) and who are at job constantly to expect the moment when the Americans enter in Paris. In this shining mo¬ ment. we want to do a toast with the French liquor of the big days—champagne, to the victory of the United States bringing back the freedom to the cradle of the freedoms of the World. And who, but the Amercian Consul General in our city can send us the bottles of the French classic drinking . . .? Very sincerely yours, Staff of (Name of Ecuadoran newspaper). (Various signatures.)

DECEMBER, 1944 685 Retired Foreign Service Officers SEPTEMBER 6, 1944

Adams, Philip, % Mr. George Penn, “The Montana,” 1726 Edwin S. Cunningham, 306 Cunningham Street, Maryville, M St., N. W„ Washington, D. C. Tenn. Adams, Walter A., Old Orchard, Pelham Road, Greenville, Davis, Leslie A., P. O. Box 266, Stockbridge, Mass. South Carolina. Davis, Thomas D., 333 Franklin St.. Tupelo, Miss. Alexander, Knox, 3700 McKinley St., N. W., Washington, Dawson, Claude, 111 Cambridge Road, Asheville, North D. C. Carolina. Arnold, Julean, 262 Arlington Ave., Berkeley, California. Dearing, Fred M., Red Hook, Dutchess County, New York. Atwood, Fianklin B., 3454 Macomb St., N. W.. Washington, Deichman, Carl F., 3421 Pestalozzi Street, St. Louis, Mis¬ D. C. souri. Balch, Henry H., 441 Hnstis St., Huntsville, Alabama. Devault, Charles L., 725 Columbia Avenue, Fort Wayne, Biar, Herbert C., % State Hotel, Phoenix, Arizona. Indiana. Bickers, William A., 312 W. Asher St., Culpeper, Virginia. Donegan, Alfred W., 4828 Roland Avenue, Baltimore, Mary¬ Blake, Maxwell, Locarn Apts., 235 Ward Parkway, Kansas land. City, Missouri. Dorsey, W. Roderick, 729 Euclid Avenue, Orlando, Florida. Bliss, Robert W„ 1537 28th St, N. W„ Washington, D. C. Doty, William F., “Hokang,” Pinflod Hill, Laxey, Isle of Bohr, Frank, 1028 Lincoln Ave, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Man, Great Britain. Bouchal, John L, 20 Metropolitan Oval, Apt. 10-C Par- Dow, Edward A., 32 Clifford Avenue, Pelham 65, New York. Chester, New York 62, New York. Dunlap, Maurice, Hotel Bellevue, Beacon Hill, Boston, Boyle, Walter F, Post Office Box 287, McLean, Virginia. Massachusetts. Bradford, Robert R, % Trust Dept, Omaha National Bank, Dye, Alexander V., 108 East 38th Street, New York. New Omaha, Nebraska. York. Brady, Austin C„ Cathedral Apts, 1201 California St, San Dye, John W., % Mrs. Mary Mack, 316 8th Street, Antioch, Francisco, California. California. Brand, Norton F, 88 Main St, Potsdam, New York. Eberhardt, Charles C., Metropolitan Club, Washington, D. C. Brett, Homer, Springhille, Mobile County, Alabama. Edwards, Clement S., No. 10 Bedford St., Concord, Mass. Briggs, Lawrence P, % American Trust Co, Berkeley, Ferrin, Augustin W., Bowlers Wharf, Essex County, Vir¬ California. ginia. Brunswick, William W, 1349 Taylor St, N. W, Washing¬ Ferris, Cornelius, 6220 23rd St., North, Arlington, Virginia. ton, D. C. Fisher, Fred D., Marianne Apts., 1422 Bellevue Ave., Bur¬ Bucklin, George A, 230 North Barrington Ave, Los Angeles, lingame, California. California. Fox, Ray, Glenn, Glenn County, California. Burri, Alfred T, 2035 Garden St, Santa Barbara, Cali¬ France, Leys A., 1506 Standard Oil Bldg., Baltimore. Md. fornia. Frazer, Robert, Calle Roma, 34, Mexico, I).F., Mexico. Busser, Ralph C, Carpenter Lane, Germantown, Philadel¬ Gamon, John A., 927 Mendocino Avenue, Berkeley, Cali¬ phia, Pennsylvania. fornia. Byington. Homer M, Sr, % 5th Avenue Bank of New York. Gibson, Hugh S., University Club, 1 West 54th St., New 530 5th Avenue, New York, New York. York, New York. Cameron, Charles R, Marine Hospital, 210 State St, New Goforth, Herndon W., 166 Prospect St., Lenoir, North Orleans, Louisiana. Carolina. Carter. James G, U. S. Despatch Agent, New York, New Goold, Herbert S., 4825 Indian Lane, Washington. I). C. York. Gourley, Louis, % Southwestern Presbyterian Sanatorium, Chamberlain, George E, 2138 Rivermont Avenue, Lynch¬ Albuquerque, New Mexico. burg, Virginia. Grummon, Stuart E., Old Mail Coach Road, Redding, Chapman, William E, 528 Elm Avenue, Norman, Oklahoma. Connecticut. Clark. Reed Paige. % Manchester National Bank, Man¬ Halstead, Albert, 21 Ukley St., Cambridge, Mass. chester, New Hampshire. Hanna, Miss Margaret M., 1529 Varnum St., N. W., Wash¬ Gum, Harold D, Hilltop, Post Office Box 98. Malden-on- ington, D. C. Hudson, New York. Harris, Ernest L., Apt. 2-A, 19 Barrow St., New York, N. Y. Cooke, Arthur B, 3111 First Avenue, Richmond, Virginia. Hathaway, Charles M„ P. 0. Box 184, Summerland, Santa Cookingham, Harris N, % Fitch C. Bryant, 290 Riverside Barbara County, California. Drive, New York, N. Y. Heard, William W.. 3940 Lowndes Ave., Baltimore, Md. Corrigan, John, % American Consulate, Durban, Natal, Heingartner, Robert W., 143 Forest St., Oberlin, Ohio. Union of South Africa. Heizer, Oscar S., Palma Sola Park, Bradenton, Florida. Cruger. Alexander P, 1823 Que Street, N. W, Washington, Hengstler, Herbert C., 2816 27th St., N. W., Washington, D. C. D. C.

586 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL RCA PRESENTS

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It could shake your house down! Powerful vi¬ Glamour is always new — and the glamour of brating machine developed by RCA prevents Dinah Shore, Warner Bros, screen star, and other structural weaknesses in aviation radio—enables favorite movie personalities, is recorded at the RCA to perfect radio equipment for planes be¬ studio and reproduced in your favorite theatre with fore it goes into service. RCA aviation radio is RCA Photophone sound equipment. The same playing an important role in the expansion of engineering skill that perfected the RCA Elec¬ communications. tronic Tubes and other modern services of radio goes into RCA film recording and theatre sound.

Route your international telegrams the modern way... "Via RCA” RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA RCA VICTOR DIVISION, CAMDEN, N. J„ U. S. A. LEADS THE WAY.. in Radio. . Television .. Tubes . . Phonographs .. Records.. Electronics DECEMBER. 1944 687 A note of appreciation to OUR FRIENDS IN THE DIPLOMATIC SERVICE

EMBERS of American to which you have become ac¬ OLD TAYLOR and OLD GRAND-DAD Embassies, Legations ami customed. are straight bourbon whiskies. OLD CROW is straight whiskey—bour¬ Consulates have long looked to We cordially invite any inquiry bon or rye. OLD OVERHOLT is us for their supplies of fine you may have concerning any straight rye whiskey. BELLOWS SPE¬ wines and spirits. CIAL RESERVE whiskey—a blend. of our brands—and at the same MERITO imported brandy. LEJON We are extremely grateful for time we want you to know that California brandy. MARQUES DEL this patronage. We shall en¬ we are deeply appreciative of MERITO ports and sherries. BELLOWS & CO. ports and sherries. HARTLEY deavor to deserve a continu¬ the pleasure and privilege dry California sherry. LEJON dry ance of it by keeping our prod¬ which has been ours of serving vermouth. CHATEAU LEJON red &. ucts up to the high standards you throughout the years. white wines.

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688 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Holland, Philip, 2014 General Pershing St., New Orleans, Salisbury, Laurence E., RFD, Higganum, Connecticut. Louisiana. Sauer, Emil, 5649 Western Ave., Chevy Chase, D. C. Honaker, Samuel W., Belvedere, Marin County, California. Schoellkopf, Walter H., 2700 Macomb St., N. W., Washing¬ Hoover, Charles L., 1200 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y. ton, D. C. Hunt, William H., 1115 New Hampshire Ave., N. W., Wash¬ Seltzer, George E., 1535 Ocean Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. ington, D. C. Slater, Fred C., 435 Kansas Ave., Topeka, Kansas. Hurley, John P., The Chase National Bank, 72nd and Skinner, Robert Peet, 2 Congress St., Belfast, Maine. Broadway, New York, N. Y. Sloan, Alexander K., Andrew Jackson Hotel, Floridatown, Ifft, George N., % The Tribune, Pocatello, Idaho. Florida. Ives, Ernest L., The Holland Apt. 7, Norfolk, Virginia. Southard, Addison, 241 Montalvo Ave., San Francisco 16, Jackson, Jesse B., 1030 Parkway Drive, Grandview, Colum¬ California. bus, Ohio. Sperner, Carl O., 1914 Connecticut Avenue, Washington, Jenkins, Douglas, 2257 Oglethorpe Ave., Augusta, Georgia. D. C. Keblinger, Wilbur, 410 East 57th St., New York, N. Y. Sterling, Frederick A., 3404 Prospect Ave., N. W., Washing¬ Keena, Leo J., % American Consulate General, Capetown, ton, D. C. Union of South Africa. Stewart, Francis R., 140 Woodlyn Ave., Glenside, Penna. Keene, Francis B., U. S. Trust Co., 5th and Main Sts., Swenson, Laurits S., 644 Landfair Ave., Westwood Village, Louisville, Kentucky. Los Angleles, Calif. Kemper, Graham H.. Orange, Virginia. Swift, Merritt, % Riggs National Bank, Dupont Circle Lee, Samuel T., P. O. Box 366, Fort Myers, Florida. Branch, Washington, D. C. Leonard, Walter A., University Club, Washington, D. C. Totten, Ralph J., 2800 Ontario Road, N. W., Washington, Letcher, Marion, Chatham, N. J. D. C. Luedtke, Charles L., U. S. Maritime Commission, % Divi¬ Tredwell, Roger Culver, R.F.D. 3, Ridgefield, Connecticut. sion of Economics and Statistics, Washington 25, D. C. Von Trescknow, Egmont C., Greene St., Camden, S. C. MacEachran, Clinton E., 4502 Cheltenham Drive, Bethesda, Wadsworth, Craig W., Genesco, New York. Maryland. Wakefield, Ernest A., Route 6, Box 144-A-l, Tacoma, Wash. Macgowan, David B„ 106 Madison St., Lynchburg, Virignia. Weddell, Alexander W., % Virginia House, Richmond, Va. MacMurray, John Van A., Norfolk, Connecticut. Wheeler, Post, Century Club, 7 West 43rd St., New York, MacVeagh, John lb, Fiduciary Trust Co., One Wall St., New New York. York, N. Y. Wiley, Samuel Hamilton, Gauranty Trust Co. of New York, MacVitty, Karl de G., % W. M. Parrish, Howell Place, New York, N. Y. Belle Meade, Nashville 5, Tennessee. Wilson, Charles, Hotel Ritz, Boston, Mass. Magruder, Alexander R., University Club, One West 54th Wilson, Hugh R., 2839 Woodland Drive, Washington, D. C. St., New York, N. Y. Wilson, Thomas M., Crawford House, Crawford Notch, New Makinson, George A., % Rosemary S. Makinson, Elizabeth Hampshire. Waters Halls, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis¬ Wilson, Warden McK., 2101 Connecticut Ave., Washington, consin. D. C. Marsh, O. Gaylord, 112 Clark St., Buchanan. Michigan. Woodward, Carleton, 5200 11th Ave., N. E., Seattle, Wash. Masuret, Eugene A., P. O. Box 451, Brewton, Alabama. Wormuth, Romeyn, P. O. Box 1223, Sweetwater, Texas. Maynard, Lester, Villa Mont Agel, 29 Blvd. d’ltalie, Monte Yerby, William J., 4756 Camplain Ave., Chicago, Illinois. Carlo, Monaco. Yost, Bartlety F., 1633 E. Washington St., Passadena, Cali¬ McCafferty, William J., 711 Leavenworth St., San Fran¬ fornia. cisco, California. Young, James Barclay, Church St., Stonington, Connecticut. McConnico, Andrew, 63 East 56th St., Jacksonville, Fla. Meinhardt, Carl D., Middleburgh, N. Y. FOREIGN SERVICE EDUCATIONAL Memminger, Lucien, 227 Victoria Road, Asheville, N. C. FOUNDATION Miller. Hugh S., % Mrs. J. E. Wagner, 25 West Delaware A new school. The Foreign Service Educational Place, Chicago, 111. Foundation, has opened in Washington, for prepa¬ Moorhead, Maxwell K., P. O. Box 600, Lee Highway, War- renton, Virginia. ration for Foreign Service. The program of the Nathan, Edward I., Bruselas 902, Colonia el Mirador, Mon¬ foundation is divided into two sections, the School terrey, Mexico. of Advanced International Studies and the Foreign Osborne, John B., Westchester Apts., 4000 Cathedral Ave., Service Training Center. Washington, D. C. The Director of the Foundation, Dr. Halford Pisar, Charles J., 142 Morris Ave., Mountain Lakes, N. J. Lancaster Hoskins, states that it “has been organ¬ Playter, Harold, 2360 Catherine Rd., Altadena, California. Putnam, John R., P. O. Box 718, Cobourg, Ontario, Canada. ized for the purpose of assisting materially in the *Rairden, Bradstreet S., 532 7th St., Santa Monica, Calif. enlistment, development and training of an able Ramsay, Hugh S., 1835 17th St., South, St. Petersburg, Fla. personnel in the field of international affairs.” Randolph, John, 5350 Central Ave., St. Petersburg, Fla. The Board of Trustees, headed by Representative Ravndal, Gabriel Bie, Highland Lake Apts., Orlando, Fla. Herter of Massachusetts, includes Robert Woods Remillard, Horace, 1409 E. Broadway, Tucson, Ariz. Bliss; Joseph C. Grew, special assistant to the Sec¬ Robertson, William R., 39 University Circle, Charlottesville, Virginia. retary of State; Henry R. Luce, publisher of Time, Life and Fortune, and Will L. Clayton, surplus *Died September 11, 1944. property administrator, and others.

DECEMBER, 1944 689 MEET THE MAGDALENA (Continued from page 677) Through the door, which had blown open in the Emblems of night, streamed yellow, gleaming, almost tangible sunshine. It was warming the tangled green growth along the shore, and it was beginning to steam. The Quality Petroleum engines had slowed and we were drifting with the current. Now 1 could hear the sounds I had ex¬ pected,—shrill long cries of birds, chattering para¬ Products keets, whistlings, cacklings. Smoke tvas rising from outdoor ovens in front of huts, not a stone’s throw away. Wavelets from our wake set bobbing the canoes tethered to the shore. I dressed hurriedly, as I was hungry again, and furthermore did not want to miss anything important that we might pass. A sleepy voice came from the next room: “What are YOU doing up at this hour?” “I can’t sleep any more; it’s a beautiful day,” I replied rather sheep¬ ishly, as in Bogota it takes a major domestic crisis to rouse me before nine-thirty. On deck 1 found that practically everyone was ahead of me and seemed astonished, not that I was up so early but that I had not appeared for breakfast at quarter of seven. Swarthy Captain Valderrama greeted me: SOCONV-VACUUM “Good morning, Senora, did you sleep well? Is your cabin comfortable?” “Good morning, Sefior Capitan, everything is just fine,” I said. And it was. He told me we were the first two Americans to travel on his boat, which is one of three of the new Marvasquez Line. He, and all the rest of the staff, were eager that we should enjoy the trip and did everything possible to make us comfortable. As our table companions had long ago finished breakfast, we were served in state by Gabriel, who was learning English, and ended each short comment with a sly wink of one brown eye. 1 tried not to stare at him or to smile at what seemed excessive courtesy. Then I noticed he winked at Tig too, and his habit was simply exaggerated by the supreme concentration required in pronounc¬ ing “aigs,” “bakin’,” “toasties,” and “orringis.” We asked for orange juice, and it came, golden and cool, squeezed out by Gabriel himself, without seeds or pulp,—delicious. Only after breakfast did I realize that there was one less bull in the stall and a tan pelt drying on the roof of the pen in the sun. Doubtless the tender filet I had just consumed was a piece of the animal. Oh well, I felt fine,—everyone was stretched out on the fore deck in the sun and Socony-Vacuum made places for us in the circle; life was good. The mountains, far in the distance, were hazy in the heat. The shore lines advanced and receded as the Oil Co., Inc. pilot skillfully managed to ease our considerable

26 BROADWAY • NEW YORK CITY length around curves and edges of sand-bars. We met several vessels going up-stream, making slower progress against the current. One w>as the Medellin,

690 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL a deluxe passenger boat, carrying no freight and pushing no barge as we were. She had mahogany cabin doors, with a palm set between each door. We could see her brass work shining. It was possibly comparable to the Queen Mary passing a respectable freighter, but she saluted us with three blasts on her whistle, which I discovered meant “We are pass¬ ing on your right.” We replied politely, with two blasts, “Thank you, we are passing on your right, too.” The captain favored us with another visit. “There are six hundred miles of jungle and mountains on any side you look,” he said, waving both arms SHIPS... grandly. We nodded gravely, and asked if he thought we would see any alligators; no jungle vital in War... seemed worthy of the name to us if there weren’t alligators. “Maybe,” he judged, “use your glasses, vital in Peace... and focus on the shore-line where little rivers empty into the big stream.” The binoculars brought the shore very close. One could see inside the isolated To the winning of the war, GRACE LINE has huts, even see a fowl roasting on a spit, a Singer contributed its entire modern fleet, its officers, sewing machine, but no alligators. “We seem to its crews, its management organization. be coming to a town,” Tig observed. “Yes, Puerto With Victory, the responsibilities of GRACE Berrio,” said Captain Valderrama; “it is the town LINE will be far from finished. For out of this where we unload cargo to go by rail to Medellin, and war must come an enduring peace, and our take on cargo for Barranquilla.” He went away to "SANTA’’ liners and freighters will have their lend his official presence to the pilot house. Then, share of the task which the American Merchant with whistles blasting, band playing, and paddle Marine must perform in the creation and wheel churning in reverse, we swung neatly in be¬ maintenance of a peaceful world structure. tween a Tropical Oil Company barge and a river tug-boat. The sun-scorched dock reflected on our GRACE LINE will soon again be devoting its lowered awnings. Shoe-shine boys, baggage car¬ whole-hearted energies to developing trade, riers swarmed aboard. “Let’s lock the cabins and travel and understanding between the nations, get out of this oven,” said Tig. We took the cam¬ through swifter, more efficient and more eco¬ eras and stepped onto the baking platform of rail¬ nomical transportation service. road tracks. The broad porches of the hotel, set in the midst of switch-backs, sidings, and the main line to Medellin, looked inviting. Fans hummed on the veranda, palms moved in their breeze. There was a GRACE LINE tiled swimming pool. The three vacationing charm¬ ers from Bogota succeeded in persuading the man¬ 10 HANOVER SQUARE OR ROCKEFELLER CENTER, NEW YORK; WASHING¬ TON, 0. C.; PITTSBURGH; CHICAGO; DETROIT; NEW ORLEANS; HOUSTON, agement to let them swim free. Smiling, slow-gaited TEXAS; SAN FRANCISCO; LOS ANGELES; SEATTLE; PORTLAND, OREGON waiters served us with coca cola and the famous An- tioquian rum for twenty-five cents a glass. Busy locomotives huffed by at the rate of two a minute shunting cars back and forth, importantly hauling cattle cars, flat cars, blistering passenger coaches filled with hot passengers who forlornly eyed us on the cool porch. We decided to look over the town itself, perhaps buying a bottle of the Ron Don Felix to take back to the city, or a souvenir or two. I must refrain from doing an injustice to Berrio, as we only survived a few streets, but in those we scared vultures off the sidewalks, brushed by roving pigs and felt sorry for the comparatively intelligent looking donkeys. The heat, dirt, lack of sanitation,

DECEMBER, 1944 691 and smells, sent us rushing back to the Jesusita. I did see four of the prettiest and best ridden horses I have ever seen in this country or elsewhere. Their owners ride in from outlying haciendas, proud of “Give Us their mounts, proud of the hand-made leather bri¬ dles, silver stirrups and embossed spurs. They hold their chins high, and the reins close under their chins, utterly ignoring their drab surroundings and MORE C-54s” the pedestrians near the clattering hoofs. I saw them at close range, and one caballero swept off his hat to me when he noticed my admiring stare. This is the title of a dramatic TJ. S. On the boat, rumors were circulating: we were Army Official Poster placed in each sailing at sun-down; we would not sail that night; of the big Douglas plants turning but we were not in a hurry and didn’t much care. out C-54s. Further, it quotes: “Many We were watching the procession of half-clothed a gravely wounded soldier owes his men marching back and forth to our barge, loading life to speedy air evacuation by the fresh fruits, vegetables, eggs, poultry, meal, cattle same giant C-54 Skymasters which for the seaport of Barranquilla. They wore pants flew in the men and materiel that or simply a knotted cloth, and over their shoulders so often have turned the tide of a blanket to prevent the boxes from cutting their battle.” necks and heads; around their foreheads were twisted blue or pink bandanas to keep the sweat out of their eyes. Sometimes the foreman would yell for more speed; then for a few trips they would ac¬ tually run from shed to barge and back. They were whistling, humming, making monosyllabic wise¬ “To the Limit cracks to one another. I believe a normal, white, city-bred man couldn’t have made the trip more than once in that sun, with those loads, at a slow of Our Ability” walk. We pulled out into the stream at sun-down, then unexpectedly scuttled back to the dock for some This was our answer in national ad¬ boxes that had been overlooked. This took an hour, vertising: . a tribute to a great and when we finally set off we were excitedly hailed airplane and to the workers who are in mid-stream by a little outboard motor launch that building it. With this tribute comes seemed to be trying to catch up with us. We oblig¬ a challenge. The entire Douglas or¬ ingly slowed down and picked up two passengers ganization has only one answer to who had sat too long at the hotel bar. We settled the Army’s appeal for more C-54s . . . down on deck to let the welcome breeze cool our ‘it shall be done’ ... to the limit of sun-burns. Then the Magdalena rewarded us with our ability.” one of the famous sights of Colombia: a flaming sunset raged across the heavens, gold lights touched the edges of the clouds, the river turned rose and blue, rippling like a lovely garment touched by the wind. We were speechless before the phenomenon. It was as remarkable as we had been told it would be,—one of those things one must experience in this country, and in our case, it surpassed our anticipa¬ tion.

LONG BEACH, EL SEGUNDO, DAGGETT, CALIF. Suddenly we noticed we were slowing down. We TULSA, OKLAHOMA, OKLAHOMA CITY, CHICAGO stopped with a bump. “Sand bar,” said Tig with satisfaction; “that is * Member, Aircraft VC'ar Production Council, Inc one prediction, at least, about this trip that came true.” Up on the top deck we watched the Captain manipulating a spot-light crusted with big moths and flies.

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DECEMBER, 1944 693 “Use your machetes, ’ he bellowed to the crew In the Near East, we find a Consul at Alexandria, members who were floundering around in the dense “under the Goverment of the Pasha of Egypt.” growth. “Si, Senor,” they cried back, “we are.” Greece had a Consul, with the future historic name “Hard luck.” I risked saying to the harassed man; of Perdicaris, at Athens, and the Dominions of the “we’re stuck,” though I could not imagine how we Imaum of Muscat had a Consul at Muscat and an¬ came to bump into the shore there, as the river other on the Island of Zanzibar. looked miles wide at that point. The Barbary States were served by Consuls at “Oh, not at all, Senora, we are tying up here for Tangiers and Tunis. Another Consul was at Tripoli. the night. The river from this place on is too curv¬ Algiers had a Consul under French Dominions. ing, too treacherous, to negotiate in the dark. We In China, Caleb Cushing was our Commissioner, will be on our way again the moment it is light and Daniel Fletcher Wilson was his Secretary and enough to see.” Chinese Interpreter, and Consuls adorned (or we That night was long and hot. Trees brushed hope they did) Canton and Amoy. against the sides of the boat, there were slushing In the Sandwich Islands, we had a Commissioner noises, sucking noises; one wondered what might at Honolulu with a Consul at Ooha. creep, fly, or jump from that dense shore to our A Consul was at Tahiti in the Society Islands. deck. Vivid dreams of pushing through deep mud, There was a Consul at Bay of Islands, New Zea¬ clinging vines, with animals of all descriptions stalk¬ land. ing me, made the night endless, but finally I felt we In “Hayti or San Domingo” Commercial Agents were moving again, and I thankfully realized it was were stationed at Port au Prince, Aux Cayes, and cooler and morning had come. Cape Haytien. We were obviously becoming acclimatized to the Our representation in the other American Re¬ tropics, for it was easy to get up at six-thirty. On publics was rather extensive for those days. In the deck, Gabriel greeted us. “Barrancabermeja,” he Republic of Texas we had a Charge d’Affaires, said, pointing ahead, “you — get — down — here,” with Consuls at Velasco. Galveston, Sabine, and he enunciated carefully, blinking rapidly. It was Matagorda. an arresting sight we saw from mid-stream. The In the Mexican Republic, beside the Envoy, there great silver tanks of the Tropical Oil Company loomed in dignified order as far as we could see. were Consuls at Mexico and Santa Fe. “On the Atlantic Side,” one each was at Tampico or Santa Buildings, water towers, complicated structures whose functions I could not imagine, were sil¬ Anna de Tamaulipas, Matamoras, Vera Cruz and Alvarado, Tobasco, Laguna (Carmen Island), Cam- houetted along the shore. The town sprawled to one side, looking like any little river port, with its peache, and Merida and Sisal. “On the Pacific thatched roofs, uneven streets, church towers. Side,” Consuls were at Monterey (California), We said good-bye to the members of the staff of Mazatlan, San Bias, San Francisco (California), and the Jesusita, the passengers who were going further, Guaymas. Central America had to be contented and went ashore. without diplomats, but with Consuls at Guatemala, and Omoa and Truxillo; and Granada (Nicaragua I. In New Granada, there was a Charge d’Affaires A CENTURY OF PROGRESS at Bogota, with Consuls at Carthagena, Santa Mar¬ (Continued from page 675) tha, Chagres, and Panama. Venezuela had three Consuls at Maracaibo. Puerto one each in the Hanseatic or Free Cities of Ham¬ Cabello and Laguayra. In Equator, one Consul was burg, Bremen, and Frankfort on the Main. at Guayaquil. Switzerland had Consuls at Basil or Basle, and Brazil had. beside an Envoy, Consuls at Maran- Zurich. Italy was as yet ununited. 7’here was a ham Island, Para, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Charge d’Affaires at Turin for the Sardinian States, Santos, Saint Catherine’s Island, Rio Grande, and with Consuls at Genoa and Nice. Tuscany had Bahia de San Salvador. Consuls at Leghorn and Florence. The Pontifical Uruguay or Cisplatine Republic had a Consul at States had Consuls at Rome, Ravenna, and Ancona, Montevideo. and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies has, beside Argentine Republic or Buenos Ayres had a a Charge d’Affaires at Naples, a Consul there, and Charge d’Affaires and a Consul at Buenos Ayres. others at Palermo and Messina. In Chile, there was a Charge d’Affaires at Sant¬ Turkish Dominions show a Minister Resident at iago, with Consuls at Valparaiso, Talcahuano, and Constantinople, who had a Drogaman in lieu of Coquimbo. Secretary, with Consuls at Constantinople and Peru closes the chapter with a Charge d’Affaires Smyrna, and one for Beirout, Damascus, and Sa'id. and Consuls at Lima and Paita.

694 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAT. Now... Aerodynamic braking, another first by Curtiss, Aerodynamic Braking by brings to the science of flight a new and significant development. The propeller,

long the source of forward thrust in aircraft, REVERSE THRUST now provides thrust in reverse to reduce the landing roll of the airplane smoothly and surely, regardless of ground friction. Features of Aerodynamic Braking Aerodynamic braking, like many other features,

1. Shorter landing roll is inherent in the versatile Curtiss design. 2. Greater safety of dual braking system 3. Smoother deceleration 4. Greater safety on slippery runways 5. Shorter taxi time 6. Unassisted ground handling CURTISS 7. Reduced tire and brake wear r 8. Lighter brake system possible £uUii± fy{tigfit Vsc'iftola/iatj S’ic/ie/lel Gfiiviiiotl

695 DECEMBER. 1944 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE INVITES YOU to tell the timely story of your travel observations as a Foreign Service Officer

IS a news story likely to break in the land you are now visiting as a Foreign Service Officer? You may have an opportunity to pro¬ vide The Geographic with an illustrated story of time¬ ly geography, thereby add¬ ing to knowledge of current events. Liberal payment is made for all manuscripts and photographs accepted for this educational work. Before preparing an arti¬ cle please submit a brief outline for consideration.

• • •

Left: A Chengtu lady rides a wheelbarrow in Szechwan prov¬ incey China, where draft animals and carts are scarce.

The NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE — Gilbert Grosvenor, Litt.D., LL.D., Editor — WASHINGTON 6, D. C.

THE OIL SHIPPER CASE When the ship was 25 miles out into the Marmara, (Continued from page 663) it was stopped and work began to disguise it so that it should look like other ships commonly seen in agent and interested British authorities to get the Turkish waters. The funnel was cut down l-l1/^ ship at sea immediately after the expiration of the meters, the fore and aft over-deck gangway was cut writ. Further delay might have enabled the owner off and thrown into the sea and a third mast was to obtain another writ of attachment and May 1st raised just forward of the bridge. The name and was the beginning of a 4-day official Turkish holi¬ markings were painted out. Work was completed day, during which it would have been impossible in about two days. The ship finally cleared the to obtain clearance of the vessel by Turkish Port Dardanelles on May 8th after further delay at officials. Chanakkale. Mr. Honaker and I, the agent and his assistants, The dangerous trip then began down the Turkish the police and Turkish officials were on hand at the Aegean coast. The narrow channel between the docks in Istanbul long after midnight on April 30th, Turkish mainland and German-occupied Mitylene clearing the vessel’s papers, assembling the crew, was traversed uneventfully in the night of May 8th, passing their baggage through customs and perform¬ and the ship anchored near the mainland to await ing many other small tasks normally connected with daylight. At 7 o’clock on the morning of Maiy 9th, a German sea-plane flew low over the ship, dropping sailing a ship. There were some disheartening last two bombs of perhaps 100 kilos each which fell minute incidents, as when the Turkish port authori¬ harmlessly into the sea. Seligman headed the ship ties suddenly pointed out that the bill of health ex¬ for a small cove for shelter and ran aground. Ten pired at midnight. By getting a doctor out of bed minutes later three more German planes flew over, and making other emergency moves, this techni¬ scarcely 300 feet above the deck. Turkish shore cality, too, was at last overcome. At 1:30 on the batteries opened fire on the planes. The Captain morning of May 1st, the ship weighed anchor in the pumped out water ballast, refloated the ship, and Bosphorus and sailed for the Marmara Sea. sailed back to Ayvalik, where he anchored while

696 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL When you’ve got to pull out of a glide... you can count on your LYCOMING

"Coming in to land. All set for altitude and direction. Throttle back and glide."

"Nose down. Pick your spot. Glide. Whoa! Overshot "Feel that Lycoming catch hold! Right on the . . . Give her the gun!" trigger . . . cleared that obstacle like a bird."

A T no time is it more vitally important that your engine function XJL correctly than when you give it full throttle after a glide. Then you must have power and have it fast and without fail. And Lycoming fuel distribution is specially designed to give it to you. Here’s why. The center zone induction system, immersed in a perpetual bath of hot oil, provides better vaporization of the fuel and uniform distribution to all the cylinders.

LYCOMING, MODEL 0-145, developing 65 h.p. at 2550 rpm. LYCOMING Weight —only 165 lbs., 7-10% less than AIRCRAFT ENGINES 55-300 H.P. competitive engines. Gas consumption — 2*/2-3 gals, per hour, Lycoming Division 19-32% saving over competitive engines. VVCO) The Aviation Corporation Among aircraft “Powered by Lycoming” Dept. E-3, Williamsport, Pa. are: Aeronca, Beechcraft, Bellanca, Boe- ing, Cessna, Curtiss, Luscombe, Piper, Spartan, Stinson, Taylorcraft, Vultee. POWERED BY LYCOMING —THE ENGINE WITH A PROVEN PAST AND A SURE FUTURE Let Lycoming power your aircraft. Seligman went ashore for consultation. On May 13th the ship again put to sea and proceeded along shore as close as the draught allowed. Early in the morning of May 14th, it again ran aground, but, as on the previous occasion, grounded on a sand reef, doing no damage to the hull. May 15th was spent in the Turkish port of Ali Abab, following a policy of sailing only at night to avoid the danger of enemy planes, submarines and motor torpedo boats. At 9 p.m. the Captain, as he put it in his log,, again “sailed to sea.” On May 16th the ship ar¬ rived at Port Sahip but was not permitted to stay there, being in a Turkish military zone. The ship was ordered by the Turks to proceed to Izmir and arrived there at 8 p.m. the same day. While sailing along the coast of the Turkish military zone around Izmir, the ship was frequently fired upon by Turkish coast guard rifles and machine-guns. Two days after his arrival in Izmir, the Turkish- authorities brought charges against the Captain for Overseas Branches allegedly displaying the Turkish flag while follow¬ ing the Turkish mainland. The Captain was soon acquitted of the charges and the ship was ready to- ARGENTINA CUBA PERU Buenos Aires Havana Lima sail again by May 23rd. Seligman, however, de¬ Flores Cuatro Caminos cided the moonlight nights were too dangerous to- ( Buenos Aires) {Havana) Plaza Once Galiano PUERTO venture out. Without instructions he left the ship ( Buenos Aires') (Havana) RICO and came to Istanbul for further consultation. Rosario La Lonja San J uan (Havana) Arecibo The owner’s lawyers, who had proceeded to Izmir BRAZIL Caibarien Bayamon Rio de Janeiro Cardenas urgently, immediately brought charges with the- Caguas Pernambuco Manzanillo Mayaguez Captain of the port that the Captain was a lunatic Santos Matanzas Ponce Sao Paulo Santiago and that the ship had not been entitled to fly the- Panamanian flag since April 24th, when they CANAL ZONE REPUBLIC OF Balboa ENGLAND claimed the Panamanian registry had expired. These- PANAMA Cristobal London fictitious charges were intended to delay the clear¬ 117, Old Broad St. Panama CHILE 11 .Waterloo Place ance of the ship’s papers until the lawyers should Santiago be able to bring more effective action in court. On URUGUAY V alparaiso INDIA May 26th, Dembergs’ lawyers managed to obtain Montevideo Bombay COLOMBIA an arrest in the Second Civil Peace Court in Izmir Bogota by depositing 10,000 liras and raising the question Barranquilla MEXICO VENEZUELA Medellin Mexico City Caracas of the ownership of the vessel. Lawyers engaged by the American Vice Consul in Izmir, Mr. Johnson, 66 BRANCHES IN GREATER NEW YORK argued that the court could not detain the vessel since the Turkish authorities had recognized it as Correspondent Banks in Every Commercially the property of the Sovereign State of Panama. Important City op the World Nevertheless, the judge issued a detention order. The strategy of Dembergs and Diacon Zade was to entangle the ship and the Panamanian Government in court proceedings concerning the ownership of When traveling carry NCB Letters of Credit the vessel, a complication which Ali Kemal Bey had or Travelers’ Checks. They safeguard and avoided in Istanbul and which our Izmir lawyer also did his best to escape. make your money easily available for your use. The Turkish authorities in Izmir recognized the ship as the property of the Sovereign State of Pan¬ Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ama, but, they added, it was engaged in commerce and was, therefore, not immune from legal or ju-

698 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. dicial proceedings. The case obtained much pub¬ licity in Izmir. It engaged a great deal of the time and attention of the Governor, the Public Prosecu¬ tor, the harbor Master, the judge handling the case and the American Vice Consul, Mr. Johnson. In the court hearings lawyers for Diacon Zade claimed that the ship had been bought by him and then stolen and removed from Istanbul by Dem- bergs, who disguised the ship in order to deceive him. The Consulate’s lawyer in Izmir sought to convince the court that the Istanbul 4th Commercial court had already decided that the ship belonged to the Panamanian Government, a point which should logically have annulled Diacon Zade’s claim, and furthermore that clearance papers obtained by La Fontaine in Istanbul in the name of the Pana¬ manian Government gave further proof of the recog¬ nized ownership of the vessel. Our Izmir lawyer filed a strong protest in the courts against the writ of detention. Early in June the basic legal proceedings were instituted at the 1st Commercial court in Istanbul and the entire case was transferred there. The law¬ yers of Diacon Zade apparently hoped to compel the Panamanian Government to intervene in the litigation and so surrender its judicial immunity, which would then enable the owner to cause the Tribunal to examine the validity of the requisition, leading the whole case into an impasse, as had hap¬ pened in the Goeland Danube Barges Case. The Izmir Court, headed by a woman and perhaps moved to unusual procedure by the considerable interest shown in the case by many official parties including the Ministry of Justice, not only allowed the entire dossier to be referred to Istanbul but also abstained from examining our protest against the arrest. THE TEXAS COMPANY through While litigation dragged on through June and close supervision of all July, Ambassador Steinhardt, whose legal knowl¬ edge and experience were most valuable in all stages phases of its operations such of the proceedings, was advised by the British that the risks were now probably too great to attempt as drilling, pipe lines, refining, to sail the ship further south through dangerous enemy waters. Shorter nights and consequent bet¬ etc. assures users of uniformly ter visibility reduced the chances of the ship’s es¬ high guality Texaco fuels and cape—if she were released by the Turkish authori¬ ties—through such narrow channels between the lubricants. Turkish mainland and enemy-occupied strong points as at Chios, Samos, Leros and Rhodes. The possi¬ bility was, therefore, considered of selling the vessel to the Turkish Government for employment in carry¬ ing petroleum from the Near-East to Turkey—per¬ haps the use to which it would have been put had it THE TEXAS COMPANY escaped. The Turkish Government made the first Texaco Petroleum Products moves towards purchasing the vessel for the State Maritime Lines on July 17th. The American War i

DECEMBER, 1944 699 U. 8. Army Signal Corpa Photo

jMt BEAUTIFUL illustration faultlessly reproduced requires a printing plate perfect in every \j detail. We submit this as an example of the skill and experience of our craftsmen.

SOUTHERN and STANDARD ENGRAVERS WASHINGTON. D. C.

700 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Shipping Administration agreed to the proposed sale as being most advantageous for the Turkish Government and a good means of terminating the vexatious problems involved. Negotiations to this end went forward in Ankara and Istanbul. The nature of the settlement was not to involve any loss j)ren?iei» or gain for the Panamanian or American Govern¬ ments but was to end the case and to provide just ® FOOD compensation for the owner who, incidentally, at PRODUCTS one time in the legal proceedings stated that he had paid only $36,000 for the ship. Late in July a new legal complication and prac¬ tical threat arose when a German citizen in Istan¬ V\ / HEREVER you go through¬ bul named Heinle applied to the court, claiming to out the world you can enjoy have purchased the Oil Shipper on April 29th, 1942, from Dembergs. He demanded that the ship be de¬ PREMIER FOOD PRODUCTS. tained in Izmir, her present crew removed and the Let them follow you by availing vessel searched for explosives he suspected to be on yourself of Francis H. Leggett & hoard. The court granted this, the second writ of detention in Izmir, and the harbor master searched Company’s PERSONALIZED the ship. The crew, however, was left on board. EXPORT SERVICE developed In view of the negotiations with the Turks, there seemed no urgent necessity for judicial action on solely for the convenience of for¬ our part, but it was feared that on the strength of eign service officers and their Heinle’s action the German Consul in Izmir might, families. by administrative action, endeavor to secure the removal of the crew and the hoisting of the German flag on the ship. The American Consul in Izmir Not only will you enjoy the finest took urgent measures to prevent any such develop¬ of American foods, selected and ment. prepared according to most rigid Then, on August 6th at 9 a.m. the Turkish author¬ ities suddenly took matters into their own hands. standards, but you will be assured They boarded the ship, displaying orders from An¬ of efficient service down to the mi¬ kara. and announced its requisition by the Turkish Government. The Turkish flag was run up and our nutest details of packing and ship¬ crew was sent ashore. The Captain and men were ping. ordered to Istanbul where they were held in custody by the Turkish police for more than 24 hours. This Many foreign service families have action was explained by the Turkish Government as a friendly gesture made necessary by legal steps for years enjoyed the convenience begun by the Germans to take possession of the Oil of this service. We invite your Shipper. It had been arranged by prior agreement correspondence with reference to it. between Ambassador Steinhardt and the Foreign Minister. Negotiations for the purchase of the ves¬ sel continued and the American Government ac¬ quiesced in the preventive action of the Turkish Address: EXPORT DIVISION Government. Soon afterwards the Turkish Maritime Lines re¬ named and re-equipped the Oil Shipper and sailed it to Alexandretta. There it mysteriously caught fire and was badly burned. It was brought back to PRANCIS [|. LEGGETT &(OMPANY Istanbul for extensive repairs and now as the SS Bashari is in valued and regular use by the Turkish HUDSON RIVER, 27TII TO 28TH STREETS Government, which has a very limited number of NEW YORK CITY, N. Y., U. S. A. tank vessels. These in broadest outlines are the main points of

DECEMBER. 1944 701 the Oil Shipper case. The complications of pay¬ MR. BYINGTON’S REMARKS ment of bills, repatriation of crew, negotiations over (Continued from page 668) ownership, and final settlement of legal proceedings dragged on for more than a year. Great satisfac¬ Mr. Secretary, Mr. Grew, my friends in the De¬ tion was felt by all American and British authorities partment, Brother Foreign Service Officers: 1 feel concerned that the original purpose had been very humble! achieved—the prevention of a trim and useful ship from falling into the hands of the Germans, who I thank you, Mr. Secretary and Mr. Grew, for the would have found it invaluable for the war in Rus¬ kind expressions regarding me made in connection sia and the Balkans. with this wonderful presentation for which I am most deeply grateful. Mrs. Byington and I will treasure the gifts as long as we may live and, when AFRICAN LANGUAGE we are gone, another young Foreign Service Officer of the same name and his wife will enjoy them. The Governor’s wife was nervous. She had just arrived from France and was inexperienced in the Mr. Secretary: I know that I may speak for all ways of the Colony. She was anxious to maintain Foreign Service Officers in thanking you for the the prestige of her husband’s new position, but she interest you are taking in the service. It is well felt ill at ease in her new surroundings. The native for it to be in young hands and we welcome the servants frightened her. improvements you propose to make. Any service Today she would be called upon to make an which cannot be improved becomes stagnant. extra effort. Her first caller, the wife of an admin¬ Foreign Service Officers: God bless you all, give istrator, was coming to tea. She must be poised you successful careers, and, when the time for retire¬ with this woman whose several years’ experience ment comes to you, as it must come to all of us, in the colony gave her an authoritative background. may you look back with the same happiness that I The ice was rather thick, but the serving of the do on the years spent in the service which we all tea by the native “boy” was a relieving interrup¬ believe to be one of the finest in the possession of tion in the guarded conversation. Finished with this great government of ours. the serving the boy took his position at a distance and to the rear of his Mistress, standing rigidly at attention. "1 hat will be all. said the Governor’s wife EDITORS’ COLUMN throwing the words over her shoulder in the direc¬ (Continued from page 666) tion of the boy. He did not move. of Commerce and Agriculture. In making this rec¬ “That will be all, I said, you may go,” she turned ommendation he said: “What it does do is to co¬ in the direction of the boy and spoke the words ordinate the foreign services into one Foreign Serv¬ firmly, but he did not move. She was uncomfort¬ ice in the Department of State, where it ought to be, able inside. Disobedience among the natives was with the resulting advantages of economy, efficiency, rare and serious. She felt incompetent. She was better functional grouping, elimination of overlap¬ making a failure in the presence of this, her first ping and duplication of effort, and greater service to guest. our commercial and agricultural interests.” The Administrator s wife sensed the tense situa¬ tion. She looked at the boy and recognized him as In order to fulfill the vision of the President of a servant of the previous governor. She had known one Foreign Service under the Department of State the previous Governor, a bachelor, a gruff man. representing America’s interests abroad, there will who was noted for his picturesque vocabulary. The have to be drastic changes and adjustments to new situation became clear. conditions that now exist. The Foreign Service must “Madame,” said the Administrator’s wife, “may be expanded and equipped with many new skills to I speak to the boy?” meet successfully the complexities of the vastly more -—“Why, yes, of course.” intricate fields of future international relationships. In a voice of authority, the Administrator’s wife Only by the adoption and enactment of a vigorous faced the boy and said: program of improvement and change such as that “Get the hell out of here.” outlined by Mr. Stettinius will the Foreign Service The boy solemnly bowed and left. be able to function abroad as the Foreign Service The ice was broken. of the United States, adequately equipped to repre¬ LAURENCE W. TAYLOR, sent all the interests of the Government and the Brazzaville. American people.

702 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL A pact is signed Of International Telephone and Telegraph In a capital halfway ’round the world . . . Corporation Minutes later a message is decoded And its associate companies In the State Department at Washington All America Cables and Radio And the news is dovetailed And Commercial Cable With other pieces of information Whose submarine cables gird the earth . . . In the jigsaw pattern of world diplomacy And Mackay Radio and Telegraph Whose radiotelegraph network A shift takes place Bridges the continents In the cabinet of a government overseas . . . And the ships of the seven seas And within the hour The news reaches our Department of State Companies which have With the magic of wire and vacuum tube A trade agreement is culminated Brought the remote places of the globe With a Good Neighbor Republic .. . To our door Almost at once the good news appears And made America’s Voice On State Department desks Heard throughout the world Messages like these . . . Today “lntelectron" is helping Hundreds of them every day .. . Government, military and civilian Are speeded to our Department of State authorities The hub of our dealings with the world Win victory By a swift, sure courier Tomorrow “lntelectron" Named “lntelectron” Will help men live in peace “Intelectron” is the electronic messenger Buy more bonds to speed that day All America Cables and Radio, Inc. //^r I T&T . pioneers in ultra high frequency beam trans¬ The Commercial Cable Company mission who more than a decade ago established a commercial communications Mackay Radio and Telegraph Company, Inc. link across the English COPYRIGHT 1 944 BY Channel using a beam of 1,700,000 kilocycles. INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH CORPORATION JOEL BARLOW (Continued from page 669) village officials. It was the wish and intention of Thomas Barlow to have the body of his uncle transported via Dan¬ zig to America, but fate decreed otherwise. The Cossacks were sweeping westward in the wake of the retreating French army, sparing neither age nor sex, and every moment he expected them to over¬ take him. After being constantly in danger and difficulty he eventually escaped and was able to re¬ turn to Paris. Late in the autumn of 1813 Mrs. Barlow and her sister returned to Washington and took up their residence at Kalorama, where the bereaved lady spent the remaining five years of her life. The Capi¬ tal City in its onward march has long since swept past Kalorama’s gates, within which she sleeps in FOREIGN and DOMESTIC eternity. The ground is also consecrated to the REMOVALS in safe steel lift memory of her brother, Abraham Baldwin, a sena¬ tor from Georgia, who died on March 4, 1807: vans, wooden vans or cases. Colonel George Bomford, Henry Baldwin Bomford. his son, and Henry Baldwin, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, who died in April. 1844. Old Washingtonians will instantly recognize the site from a description of the estate penned by Joel Barlow to a relative in 1807, when his charming retreat had become the Holland House of America: “It is a beautiful hill, about one mile from the Potomac, and two hundred feet in elevation above tidewater, with Washington and Georgetown under my eye and Alexandria eight miles below, still in view, the Potomac reflecting back the sun in a mil¬ lion forms and losing himself among the hills that try on each side to shove him from his course. “If you have a plan of the city, I can show you my very spot. Look at the stream called Rock Creek, that divides Washington from Georgetown. I am just outside the city, on the Washington side of the creek, just above where it takes its last bend STORAGE of household effects, and begins its straight, short course to the Potomac. My hill is that white, circular spot. Works of Art, furniture, office “I find the name of Redair has already been given records and private automobiles. to many places in Maryland and Virginia, so by Washington Representative: the advice of friends we have changed it for one FEDERAL STORAGE COMPANY 1701 FLORIDA AVE.—ADams 5600 that is quite new—Kalorama, from the Greek, sig¬ nifying fine view, and this place presents one of the finest views in America.” Kalorama contained thirty acres, half woodland, half grass and garden. Latrobe, the architect, fur¬ nished ideas for its embellishment, and another bosom friend, Robert Fulton, also lent his genius to the task. Fulton is said to have constructed his model of the Clermont there and to have first test¬ ALLIED VAN LINES ed its powers on the waters of Rock Creek. After one of his visits to Kalorama, Thomas Jef-

704 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL ferson wrote to Barlow and suggested that the lat¬ ter return his call at Monticello, shortly before his retirement from the presidency. This letter, dated July 25, 1808, says in part: . I omitted to furnish you an itinerary of the route to this place. It is as follows, from George¬ town Ferry . . .” (Included then is both the mileage and the fares) . . . “In the hope that nothing may intervene to deprive us of the pleasure of possessing Mrs. Barlow and yourself here, after presenting her my respects, I salute you with friendship and great consideration. Thomas Jefferson.” Joel Barlow was born in Redding, Fairfield Coun¬ ty, Connecticut, barely eight miles from the pillar separating New York from Connecticutt. The date was March 24, 1754. He received his early educa¬ tion at the district school and then attended a pre¬ lODAY, as always, the Great White Fleet paratory school in Hanover, New Hampshire, after i9 proud to be serving the Americas . . . proud which he entereded Dartmouth. to be wearing wartime grey as it carries out He later transferred to Yale and was graduated government orders necessary for Victory and the protection of the entire Western Hemi¬ with great honors in 1778. It was perhaps the sphere. Tomorrow, it will be ready to resume strongest class that Yale had ever graduated, num¬ its place in the trade and travel between the bering among its members Noah Webster, Zephania United States and Middle America. Swift, Chief Justice of Connecticutt; Uriah Tracy, famous statesman; Josiah Meigs, president of the UNITED FRUIT COMPANY University of Georgia, and Oliver Wolcott, Wash¬ ington’s Secretary of the Treasury after Hamilton and later governor of Connecticutt. He did some writing and also studied for the Congregational ministry. He served as chaplain in the War for the Revolution, and in 1783, after peace was declared, he edited in Hartford the American To the Joreign Service Officers Mercury. He spent several years in France, return¬ ing to America to purchase the estate which he of the United States christened Kalorama. In 1806 he projected a plan for the establishment of a national university, which ♦ the Senate considered but failed to do anything fur¬ ther about. THE UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND GUAR¬ In 1808 he published “The Columbiad,” the great ANTY COMPANY puts at your disposal its serv¬ poem of his life; a national, patriotic epic with ice in writing your bond. Special attention Columbus as the hero, and in the last “vision” the is given to the requirements of Foreign Serv¬ hero beholds a general congress of the nations as¬ ice Officers. Our Washington office specializes sembled to provide for the settlement of all vexed in this service. questions by a court of arbitration, thus inaugurat¬ ing a perpetual peace. ♦ It is interesting to note that the Warsaw Courier in 1930 made this comment: UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND “The Polish National Heroes Graves Society, GUARANTY COMPANY which has been conducting researches for the grave Eugene Halley, Acting Manager of Joel Barlow, who died in Zarnowiec in 1812, has established the fact that up to fifty years ago the 1415 K ST., N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C. grave and monument were still intact, but owing to Telephone—National 0913 the war and turning over of the soil, the traces have disappeared of many graves, including that of Write for your copy of the "Insurance Guide.” Barlow. But the certificate of death is still pre¬ served in the Zarnowiec parish records.”

DECEMBER, 1944 705 THE BOOKSHELF (Continued from page 673)

THE AMERICAS AND TOMORROW, by Virginia Prewett, E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., New York, 1944. 292 pages. $3.00. This is a breathless running account of the events of the past several years written by a journalist whose column often appears in the Washington Post. The title is misleading to the extent that the volume treats almost entirely of the past and the immediate present and in but slight measure of the future. The breathless quality, typical of our LIONG active in promoting commerce troubled times, is perhaps most marked in the pas¬ sages focusing attention on the effects felt in Latin among the peoples of the Americas, America of the events of Europe and Asia leading the Chase National Bank today is in the to the outbreak of the war. vanguard of those institutions which are A summary of the contributions of the Latin fostering Pan-American relations by the American countries to the war effort catalogues the political and economic actions taken, such as decla¬ promotion of trade and travel. rations of war, or of solidarity, the making available of strategic and scarce materials, the directing of THE CHASE NATIONAL BANK measures against Axis agents and citizens, and the OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK establishment of naval patrols. In these points, and Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation particularly when describing the work of the Inter- American Emergency Committee for Political De¬ i ; fense and the Inter-American Defense Board, the author presents a lucid brief explanation of some of the outstanding public acts of the other American NEW BOOKS AT BARGAIN PRICES republics. These results of the building up of the inter- Short Cuts to Chinese: Giles $3.00 The Modern Home Physician Encyclopedia $3.00 American system Miss Prewett traces back through Elements of German: Greenberg, 2 vols. $2.30 The Message of Asia: its people and culture: Portheim $3.25 the leadership of President Roosevelt and Secretary England was an Island Once: How English managed their wars and tribulations $3.00 Hull, as exponents of the Good Neighbor policy, to Central American Currency and Finance $2.50 David Copperfield. Handsomely bound—2 vol. set $2.00 earlier beginnings in the Hoover administration. Satan in a Top-hat: Biography of Von Papen $3.00 American Points of View: 2 vol. set, essays by Pearl Buck, The latter’s interest and achievement in Latin Hemingway, Chase, etc $4.00 American friendship took place in a more strictly Go Down. Moses, and other stories: Wm. Faulkner $2.00 Add 10% to foreign countries. Free delivery to Wash, diplomatic political realm rather than in the economic. Secre¬ pouch and USA. Write for FREE catalogues of books of litera¬ ture, technical, medical, finance, etc. tary Hull is described as delivering masterful strokes

THE NATIONAL BOOKSELLERS at the Montevideo Conference in 1933: “The way 1182 Broadway New York I, N. Y. Cordell Hull stopped the Argentine attempt to break up the Pan-American Conference system at the time of Montevideo is one of the most skillful pieces of personal diplomacy in United States history.” An illustration of the breathless speed with Our advertisers are friends of which many subjects are covered in brief span is the Service and of the JOURNAL. found in Chapter 11 which treats of the Atlantic Charter, the Declaration of the United Nations, If you cooperate with them when¬ Lend Lease Policy, the Hot Springs Food Confer¬ ever possible, and mention the ence, UNRRA. and the Declarations of Teheran and JOURNAL to them, it will help of Moscow. Often the author digresses somewhat from Latin America as she plunges into the maze your Staff to produce a better and of Die Grosse Politik, coming up with some views more useful publication. of her own on a world-wide international structure which she prophesies “may likely resemble the New World's international system.”

706 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL The concluding chapter and, by far the best, is devoted to a study of the means of safeguarding IN NEW YORK CITY SHOP BY PROXY the Inter-American system: economic cooperation, PERSONAL SHOPPING SERVICE completion of the inter-American highway, sound NO CHARGE industrialization and diversification of Latin Ameri¬ Christmas gifts selected and forwarded Ask me to attend to your orders. can economies. The author points out that one-half One letter for everything. of all United States direct foreign investment is in Conversant with sending by Diplomatic Pouch or United States Despatch Agent. Latin America; that it is of advantage to the United Men’s Suits $50.00, Palm Beach $19.50, Seersucker States to spread its war risks by sharing with its $14.95, Ridabock Military Uniforms. neighbors the production of strategic materials; and MISS E. J. TYNER that the inter-American system is based on and Murray Hill Hotel aspires toward security, peace and stability. 112 Park Avenue New York City Curiously omitted are a table of contents and Telephone: Murray Hill 5-5479 chapter headings. WILLARD F. BARBER. VISITORS HOME STUDY COURSES The following visitors called at the Department during Kindergarten through the past month: First Year High School October Winona Zeigler 9 This famous school, with a successful Walter Galenson 9 achievement record, will give your Sue E. Harlow 9 child sound schooling wherever you Herman J. Cole 9 live. Widely used by State Department members. Start L. D. Mallory, Mexico, D.F 9 any time. Catalog on request. Everett Hutchinson 9 Louise D. Ziegler, London 9 Lawrence B. Haley, Paris 9 CALVERT SCHOOL Norris B. Chipman, Paris _ 9 1312 W. Tuscany Road, Baltimore 10, Md. Roger S. Abbott, Paris ... 9 Isabella H. Henry, Panama 9 John J. Ronto, Naples 9 F. A. Kuhn, Beyrut 9 John G. Van Zile, Matamoros .. 9 Betty C. Sullivan, Habana ... 9 George Abbott, Paris : . 10 Canned Salmon Elizabeth Coty, Bogota 10 An Appetizing, Nu¬ E. Johnson, Ciudad Trujillo 10 Herbert J. Cummings, Istanbul 10 tritious, Easily Kept Adolf B. Horn, Habana 10 and Transported Robert B. Moody, Teheran 10 Charles S. Campbell, London 10 Sea Food Alfred J. Peterson, Barcelona 11 John Muccio, Habana 1 11 ASSOCIATION OF PACIFIC W. B. Fitzgerald , , 11 FISHERIES Elinor C. Bond ..._ 11 SKINNER BLDG., SEATTLE Mary J. Jennings . 11 Turner C. Cameron . 12 George Widney, Georgetown 12 Patricia Foster 12 J. A. Lloyd Hyde 12 Foreign Service Officers and personnel are Dorothy E. Knapp, Madrid 12 Virginia L. King, Bogota 12 cordially invited to visit our show rooms, Harry C. Hawkins, London , 12 where our complete line of office equipment Edgar H. Wilson, Stockholm 12 is on display. Louis Andre Fernandez, Asuncion ... 12 Hazel Ruth Halt, Rome 13 THE W. D. CAMPBELL COMPANY H. J. Wadleigh 13 Government Contractors — Business Furniture Roy L. Davis, Jr. 14 Shirley D. Law, Managua 14 Exclusive Agents for Standard Desks and John M. McSweeney 14 Gunlocke Chairs Dorothy R. Faxon, Cali ..... 14 1014 15TH ST., N. W. (Investment Building) Ann Forbes 16 Gisela Pill 16 Free Parking in Building WASH., D. C. Neil L. Parks, Baghdad 16

DECEMBER. 1944 707 Edith H. Stagg 16 William E. Nash, London 30 Dorothy F. Solon, Paris _ 16 Richard M. Bownass, Tangier... 30 Betty J. Schnerre 16 Forrest D. Pfeiffer, Paris 30 Audrey Kluczny, Paris 16 D. Chadwick Braggiotti 30 John T. Howell 16 Victor H. Loftus, Rome 30 David Henry .._ 16 Neil L. Parks, Baghdad 30 Elizabeth C. Mooney 16 Jerome T. Gaspond, Brussels , 30 Paul Reveley, Mexico, D. F. 16 John Service 30 Mary V. Blackman 16 Jean F. Phillips, London 30 G. Louise Ford , ... . 16 Carmen B. Overson, London 30 Glion Curtis, Jr., Madrid 17 A. L. Boeck 30 George Platt Waller, Luxembourg 17 Cabot Sedgwick, Port-au-Prince 30 Lester Walton, Monrovia 17 Rachel McBride 31 Ben Franklin Brannon, New Delhi 17 Charles V. Kolt, Caracas 31 Mary R. Quirk 17 John T. Kross 31 Herman Moss, Port-au-Prince 18 Paul L. Guest, Santiago 31 Phyllis Weygint 18 E. Eileen Kauk 31 Edward M. Mueller 18 November William M. Gibson, Angra do Heroismo . .. 18 H. J. L’Heureux, Marseille 1 William H. Ziegler, Rome 19 Jean Chisholm, Guatemala 1 Bertira E. Casson, Paris 19 Mrs. John G. Van Zile 1 Bernard Gotlieb, Windsor 19 Ruth von Bloeker, Lima 1 John F. Simmons, San Salvador 20 Lucien T. Valle.__„ 1 Mary Jane Penny, Quito 20 Geraldine Vise 1 Joseph H. Shollenberger, Cairo 20 Louis R. Pescatore . ... 1 Claude E. Hobbs, Jr., Antwerp ...... 20 Charlotte V. Yarbrough 1 Irwin M. Eitreim, London 20 Betty M. Bohanon, Lima : 1 James D. Bell, Bogota _ 20 A. Virginia Walker, Jr 1 , 1 Grace L. Snead 21 Elmer D. Sitkin, Moscow 2 Elaine J. Brown, Managua. 21 Charles Ducote, Habana 2 Ivan B. White, Rio de Janeiro 21 William M. Rountree, Cairo 2 William B. Randolph, Cartagena 21 Robert Woodward, Guatemala 2 Ruth Harwood, Panama City 21 Vincent D. Williams, Puerto Cortes 2 Myre May Elliott, Santiago .. 21 Frederick D. Hunt, Tourenco Marques 2 Virginia Martin, Santiago 21 Malcolm A. Smith 3 A. Ogden Pierrot, Madrid ..... 21 Patrick Mallon _ — 3 Llwellyn E. Thompson, Jr., London 21 Carlos Warner, London 3 Thomas J. Cory, La Guaira 23 John T. Sanders 3 Iona A. McNulty, London...... 23 D. Eugene Delgado Arias, Caracas 3 Arthur Bliss Lane, London 23 Percy Samuel Browne, Rio de Janeiro 3 Leigh W. Hunt, Brussels 23 James E. Parks, Paris 3 Stanley H. Matthews, Jr., Asuncion ... 23 Robert M. Taylor, Paris 3 Horace V. Geib, Bogota 23 Cyril E. Black , 3 Bernice R. Spears, Managua...... 23 Horace Hatch, Oporto — 3 Elizabeth N. Gleason, Ciudad Trujillo ... 23 Charles J. Lutto, Paris... 3 Andrew Donovan, Ciudad Trujillo 24 Dorothy E. Fainler 3 Lucy Richmond Lentz, Guatemala 24 R. John Bay — 3 Fred Taylor 24 Ralph M. Wood, London . 3 Charles M. Howell, Jr.. Rio de Janeiro 24 Archibald H. Douglas, Jr 3 Eugene J. Cromin, Madrid 24 Laurence C. Mitchell, Moscow 3 William N. Fraleigh, Belgrade 24 Ralph H. Hunt, Melbourne 3 Harry M. Donaldson, St. John 25 Herbert F. N. Schmitt, Bogota 4 Edward L. Crocker 25 Elsa Clara Steeler , 4 Jeanne Passett . 25 Duran B. Lueders 4 William T. Handley ... 25 Turner C. Cameron, Jr., Asuncion 4 Harold L. Williamson ... 25 Chester Cutler Dennis, Bahio 7 Florence Davenport 27 George A. Grim 6 Edith H. Stagg, Paris 27 C. Grant Haves, London 6 Dorthea Speyer, Naples 27 Miss Eulaila B. Fisch : . 6 Constance Hang, Paris 27 Lela A. Camnbell 6 Virginia A. Simonson. Paris 27 Muriel C. Williams 6 M. Jeanne Bovnton, Paris 27 Joyce V. Cavanah 6 H. Gardner Ainsworth, Rome 27 Margaret R. Wilson . 6 Jean E. King 28 Louise Schaffner 6 Janet Worrell 28 Richard Forsyth 6 Temple Wanamaker. Jr., Bilboa 28 Erman R. McKelvey 6 Herman R. Kasper, Buenos Aires „ 28 Ethel P. Valentine, Buenos Aires 6 Elizabeth J. Foster 30 Francis B. Arden 6 Helen Aquila Airright .... 30 Augustus Arterlog 1 6 Terry B. Sanders, London 30 Harold T. Pepin, Montreal 6

708 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL THIS IS NOT FRANCE, BUT

IT HAS TAKEN a world war to make that American vintners have a tradition many of us here at home realize that which reaches back into Colonial days. in some ways we are not as dependent To their surprise, when other sources upon foreign sources as we had thought. were cut oflf, they found that American We have frequently found that our own wines are often superior to the imported home-grown products are as good as — peacetime products. We know this be¬ and often better than —those we once cause unbiased experts say so —and be¬ imported as a matter of course. cause the active demand for CrestaBlanca One such instance is California wine. is increasing daily. People in the States used to believe that Maybe you haven’t yet had the op¬ only European wines could measure up portunity to enjoy Cresta Blanca. If not, to every standard of excellence. Perhaps you owe it to your critical taste to try they were not aware that the climate and some of its nine superb types...and to soil of California is comparable to that let your friends share the experience of of the most famous French vineyards; so many of us back home. CRESTA BLANCA for over fifty years the finest of North American loines w I I _ lil 1 nrpfwn uafejkiwiG -M!W *»J

Utin-American Department:

Foreign Department: MRS. LAZO STE1NMAN MR.F.DELL'AGNESE

c , 25% Discount to Retire ^rubers of the S,’eaal African Tori** Stro.ce

The most extensively air