Evidence of Large Earthquakes on the Surigao Segment of the Philippine Fault Zone, Northeastern Mindanao, Philippines

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Evidence of Large Earthquakes on the Surigao Segment of the Philippine Fault Zone, Northeastern Mindanao, Philippines Jeffrey S. Perez1,2, Hiroyuki Tsutsumi1, Daisuke Ishimura1, Mabelline T. Cahulogan2, and Desiderio P. Cabanlit 2 1 Department of Geophysics, Kyoto University, Japan 2 Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Philippines The 1,200-km-long Philippine fault zone (PFZ) is a major left-lateral strike-slip fault system that transects the whole Philippine archipelago from northwestern Luzon to southeastern Mindanao. It has generated destructive earthquakes with surface rupture in recent years such as the 1990 Luzon earthquake (Mw 7.7), 1973 Ragay Gulf earthquake (M 7.0) and 2003 Masbate earthquake (Ms 6.2). A review of historical earthquakes on the southern extent of the PFZ in Eastern Mindanao revealed that surface ruptures have resulted from large magnitude earthquakes in the past. One such earthquake was the destructive 1879 Surigao earthquake (M7.4). Written historical accounts for this earthquake indicate that approximately half a meter drop was observed across the plains located south of Lake Mainit, Agusan Del Norte (Repetti, 1946). Several fissures which may have been related to surface fault rupture were also reported in this area. In this study, we have conducted aerial photo interpretation, field mapping and paleoseismic studies to determine the activity of this segment. Aerial photograph interpretation and field mapping revealed recent tectonic landforms, such as offset streams and fault scarps with significant vertical displacement that may be related to the 1879 Surigao earthquake surface rupture. Field measurements of offset river terraces, that maybe related to the recent activity indicates horizontal displacement of 5.7 ± 1 m while vertical displacement of 0.5 m to 1.0 m was measured by fault scarp profiling. Trench excavation investigation in two sites also shows at least two and probably four seismic faulting events produced by this segment for the past 1,300 years. Keywords: Philippine fault, paleoseismology, active tectonics Figure: The Philippine fault zone (PFZ) and the study area. Gray circles indicate locations of large earthquakes along the PFZ. .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Oeconomics of the Philippine Small Pelagics Fishery
l1~~iJlLll.I.~lJ~ - r--I ~ ~~.mr'l ~ SH I 207 TR4 . #38c~.1 .I @)~~[fi]C!ffi]m @U00r@~O~~[ro)~[fi@ \ . §[fi]~~~~~~ ~~ II "'-' IDi III ~~- ~@1~ ~(;1~ ~\YL~ (b~ oeconomics of the Philippine Small Pelagics Fishery Annabelle C. ad Robert S. Pomeroy Perlita V. Corpuz Max Agiiero INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR LIVING AQUATIC RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MANILA, PHILIPPINES 407 Biqeconomics of the Philippine Small Pelagics Fishery 7?kq #38 @-,,/ JAW 3 1 1996 Printed in Manila, Philippines Published by the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, MCPO Box 2631, 0718 Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines Citation: Trinidad, A.C., R.S. Pomeroy, P.V. Corpuz and M. Aguero. 1993. Bioeconomics of the Philippine small pelagics fishery. ICLARM Tech. Rep. 38, 74 p. ISSN 01 15-5547 ISBN 971-8709-38-X Cover: Municipal ringnet in operation. Artwork by O.F. Espiritu, Jr. ICLARM Contribution No. 954 CONTENTS Foreword ................................................................................................................................v Abstract ..............................................................................................................................vi Chapter 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................1 Chapter 2 . Description of the Study Methods ................................................................4 Data Collection ....................................................................................................................4 Description
[Show full text]
Earthquake Plan Swiss Community
Embassy of Switzerland in the Philippines Our reference: 210.0-2-MAV Phone: + 632 757 90 00 Fax: + 632 757 37 18 Manila, November 2010 Earthquake Plan WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE? 1. Earthquakes are caused by geological movements in the earth which release energy and can cause severe damage due to ground vibration, surface faulting, tectonic uplifts or ground ruptures. These can also trigger tsunamis (large sea- waves), landslides, flooding, dam failures and other disasters up to several hundred kilometres from the epicentre. 2. These occur suddenly and usually without warning. Major earthquakes can last minutes, but as a rule, these last only a few ten seconds. All types of earthquakes are followed by aftershocks, which may continue for several hours or days, or even years. It is not uncommon for a building to survive the main tremor, only to be demolished later by an aftershock. 3. The actual movement of the ground during an earthquake seldom directly causes death or injury. Most casualties result from falling objects and debris or the collapse of buildings. The best protection for buildings is solid construction and a structural design intended to withstand an earthquake. 4. An initial shock of an earthquake is generally accompanied by a loud rumbling noise, and it is not uncommon that people rush outside of the building to see what is happening, only to be caught unprepared by the subsequent and potentially more dangerous shocks and falling debris. EARTHQUAKES AND THEIR EFFECTS Intensity Force Effects on Persons Buildings Nature I Unnoticed Not noticeable Very light noticed here and there II III Light Mainly noticed by persons in relaxing phase IV Medium Noticed in houses; Windows are vibrating waking up V Medium to strong Noticed everywhere in the open.
[Show full text]
The Country Report of the Republic of the Philippines: Technical Seminar on South China Sea Fisheries Resources
The country report of the Republic of the Philippines: Technical seminar on South China Sea fisheries resources Item Type book_section Publisher Japan International Cooperation Agency Download date 30/09/2021 10:06:36 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/40440 3.3 Other areas catch rate in waters shallower than 50 meters which are 3.3.1 East Malaysia fairly well exploited, and with a potential yield of 3.0 tons An estimate of potential yield is made for demersal and per square nautical mile. semipelagic species only based on the results of a single Unless very efficient gear, such as pair trawling, can be demersal trawl survey in the coastal waters up to about 50 employed to exploit successfully this sparse resource it is meters. The estimate is 183,000 tons but is more likely to not expected that major fishery can be developed. be between 91,500 to 137,250 tons. The potential yield (b) East coast of West Malaysia and East Malaysia per square nautical mile of 10.6 tons is similar to that of The estimate of potential yield is comprehensively the east coast of West Malaysia, 10.3 tons. dealt with by Shindo (IPFC/72/19) and as the average 3.3.2 Deeper waters density is low, though in some areas it is higher than (a) West coast of West Malaysia others, the problem of developing major fisheries for these In waters deeper than 50 meters the average catch rate demersal fish stocks is similar to the one discussed above of about 92.0 kg per hour was lower, about 64% of the for the west coast of West Malaysia.
[Show full text]
International Journal of Biosciences | IJB |
Int. J. Biosci. 2020 International Journal of Biosciences | IJB | ISSN: 2220-6655 (Print) 2222-5234 (Online) http://www.innspub.net Vol. 16, No. 1, p. 435-342, 2020 RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS Climate resilient assessment, targeting & prioritization for AMIA-Phase 2 Bicol Camarines Sur, Philippines Ricky P. Laureta*, Joela Mizchelle A. de la Vega Partido State University, Goa, Camarines Sur, Philippines Key words: Climate change, Resiliency, Adaptation, Mitigation http://dx.doi.org/10.12692/ijb/16.1.435-342 Article published on January 30, 2020 Abstract The Bicol region’s Climate-Resilient Agri-Fisheries (CRA) assessment, targeting and prioritization for the Adaptation And Mitigation Initiative in Agriculture (AMIA) which primarily aims to strengthen the capacities for CRA in the region; assess climate risks through geospatial and climate modelling tools (DIVA, GIS, QGIS); determine local stakeholders’ perceptions, knowledge and strategies for adapting to climate risks; and document local CRA practices in the region. Through formal household interview, key informant interview (KII), focused group discussion (FGD), CRA practices were identified (organic farming for corn and green super rice for rice) in the province; the number one crop occurrence in the region (rice); and produce an adaptive capacity aggregated map. Likewise, secondary data, literature review and expert consultation aided in the transfer of knowledge on Climate Risk Vulnerability Assessment (CRVA) and CRA established through series of trainings and workshops. Validation workshops were also conducted in which vulnerability assessment on climate-risk exposure, sensitivity and adaptability and risk targeting of agri-fishery sector using GIS climate change modelling tools were presented and discussed with the respondents and participants from various sectors.
[Show full text]
Waters-In-Albay-And-Camarines-Sur
PHILIPPINES Tropical Cyclone Albay and Camarines Sur Provinces, Region V Imagery analysis: 1 November 2020 | Published 2 November 2020 | Version 1.0 TC20201101PHL Colasi Olas San Ram on Lam on BASUD Cagliliog Bokogan P H I L I P P I N E S Buenos Aires Tam bang C A M A R I N E S N O R T E Banga Ham oraon Lalawigan Map location MERCEDES Magtang Manila Buenavista Bataan Lanot Tula-tula Union Salvacion Ald ezar LAGONOY Antipolo Salvacion Tinam bac TINAMBAC SIPOCOT Cotm o Binalay Anib Old Caaluan Serranzana New Caaluan Lam on Pinam ihagan SA N MIGUEL BAY Maysalay Calam pinay Satellite detected waters in Albay Mantila Mangga Bagacay Barcelonita and Camarines Sur Provinces, Cagsao San Ped ro Tierra Nevad a Cabanbanan Buyo Region V of Philippines as of 1 Sibobo Biong November 2020 Cand am i Tom agod tod CABUSAO Salog Tarum Castillo Bonot-Santa Rosa Mantalisay Manguiring This map illustrates satellite-detected surface Balom bon Quinale New PoblacionCabusao Patag Punta Tarawal Sabang Balatasan Belen Pinad a Santa Lutgard a waters in Albay and Camarines Sur provinces Salvacion-Baybay Sogod GOA Cam agong Santa Cruz Paolbo Uson Cam am bugan Balongay Burabod Digd igon Cand ato San Roq ue Santa Cruz Ratay of Philippines as observed from a Sentinel-1 Dom inorog Cam uning Santo Dom ingo San Lucas Labao CalabangaSan Pablo Halawig - Gogon San Miguel Hiwacloy Pinaglabanan San Bernard ino CALABANGA Del Carm enSan Isid ro Mam balite Pad los Santa Salud Binaliw Com aguingking Gim aga image acquired on 1 November 2020 at about Bagum bayan San Vicente Binanuaanan Grand e Begajo Norte Ibid Santa Cruz Poblacion Pagatpat Abucayan Belen Taban-Fund ad o Bigajo Sur Santo Niño (Quipayo)La Purisim a Bigaas Harobay Goa Libm anan Cuyapi Puro-Batia Libod I San Juan San Antonio (Quipayo) Binanuaanan Peq ueño Tagongtong 17:57 local time.
[Show full text]
A Biophysical Assessment of the Philippine Territory of the Sulu
A Biophysical Assessment of the Philippine Territory of the Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion Program WWF-Philippines May 2003 CREDITS AUTHORS: Angel Alcala, Ph.D. Monyeen Alava, M.Sc. Emmanuel Anglo, Ph.D. Naniel Aragones, Ph.D. Emmanuel Bate, M.Sc. Flordeliz Guarin, Ph.D. Rudolf Hermes, Ph.D. Daniel Lagunzad, Ph.D. Augustus Rex Montebon, M.Sc. Ramon Miclat Jose Angelito Palma Johanna Pe-Montebon Hildie Maria Nacorda, M.Sc. Teresita Perez, Ph.D. Gavino Trono, Jr., Ph.D. Arnel Andrew Yaptinchay, D.V.M. EDITORS: Johanna Pe-Montebon, Evangeline F.B. Miclat, M.Sc., and Jose Noel Dumaup TECHNICAL ASSISTANTS: Josephine Sumangil-Evangelista and Dino Leoncarlo Calderon INTEGRATOR: Johanna Pe-Montebon TECHNICAL ADVISERS/REVIEWERS: Alan White, Ph.D., Angel Alcala, Ph.D., and Romeo Trono ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The Biophysical Assessment of the Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion is funded by WWF-US. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Credits............................................................................................................................. 1 Table of Contents....................................................................................................... 2 List of Figures ............................................................................................................. 5 List of Tables ............................................................................................................... 7 List of Appendices ....................................................................................................
[Show full text]
Nutrient Status Map : Calcium
122°40' 123°0' 123°20' 123°40' 124°0' PHILIPPINE SEA CANIMOG PASS Butauanan Bay Tandoc ! Province of Camarines Norte Sapenitan Bay Siruma Province of Quezon ! S i r u m a B a y San Vincente 14°0' 14°0' ! L a m i t B a y T a g u n B a y Sisiran Bay Del Gallego ! MAQUEDA CHANNEL QUINALASAG PASSAGE Garchitorena Tagcawayan Bay ! Catabangan B a y San Miguel Bay Ragay Tinambac ! ! Lupi ! Caramoan Sipocot ! ! P i t o g o B a y TAEBUN CHANNEL Lagonoy ! Cabusao ! P e r i s B a y Presentacion Calabanga ! ! San Jose Goa ! Libmanan ! ! Bombon ! 13°40' 13°40' Magarao ! Canaman ! Tigaon R E P U B L I C O F T H E P H I L I P P I N E S ! NAGA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Camaligan\ Gainza ! BUREAU OF SOILS AND ! Sagnay WATER MANAGEMENT ! Milaor Elliptical Road Cor. Visayas Ave., Diliman, Quezon City Pamplona ! ! LAGONOY GULF NUTRIENT STATUS MAP : CALCIUM Minalabac ! San Fernando ! Ocampo ( Key Rice Areas ) Pili ! ! PROVINCE OF DAVAO OCCIDENTAL ° SCALE 1:140,000 LEGEND 0 2 4 6 8 10 Pasacao U s o n B a y Kilometers ! Exchangeable Ca, AREA Projection : Transverse Mercator MAPPING UNIT DESCRIPTION Datum : PRS 1992 cmol/kg DISCLAIMER : All political boundaries are not authoritative ha % 28 ,54 6 28,546 33.23 Sufficient >2.0 Bula ! 49,065 57.12 LAKE BAAO Baao 2,225 2.59 ! Deficient 2 and below LAKE BUHI 6,062 7.06 TOTAL 85,898 100.00 Buhi LOCATION MAP ! IRIGA Paddy Irrigated Paddy Non-Irrigated ^ PHILIPPINE SEA Area estimated based on field survey, other information from DA-RFO's, MA's, NIA Service Area, NAMRIA Land Cover (2010), and 14°30' 20°0' Nabua BSWM Land Use System Map ! Camarines Norte LUZON 14°0' 15°0' CAMARINES SUR 13°30' Bato Quezon 10°0' ! RAGAY GULF Albay Masbate VISAYAS 13°0' 13°20' Sorsogon R A G A Y G U L F LAKE BATO 13°20' 5°0' T a b a c o B a y MINDANAO Balatan 122°30' 123°0' 123°30' 124°0' 115°0' 120°0' 125°0' ! CAGRAGAY PASS Sombocogon Bay CONVENTIONAL SIGNS Province of Albay MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION ROADS BOUNDARY HYDROLOGY SOURCES OF INFORMATION : Topographic information taken from NAMRIA Topographic Map at a scale of 1:50,000.
[Show full text]
A Preliminary Result of the Ragay Gulf Survey in the Philippines
Geological Socitly 0/ Malo.yJio. - Circum-Pacific Council/or Fmrgy ani Mineral &!OUI'CU Tectonic FratTUwork ani Fmrgy &!OUI'CU 0/ tbe WeJtern Margin 0/ tbe Pacific l30Jin November 27 - December 2, 1992, Kuala Lumpur, Malo.yJio. A preliminary result of the Ragay Gulf survey in the Philippines CHAO-SlllNG LEE!, NELSON D. TRINIDAD2 AND MALcOLM C. GALLOWAY! 1Australian Geological Survey Organisation Canberra, ACT, Australia 20ffice of Energy Affairs, Makati Metro Manila, Philippines Abstract: During March-May 1992, the Australian Geological Survey Organisation and the Philippine Office of Energy Affairs conducted a cooperative marine seismic, gravity, magnetic, bathymetry and geochemical "sniffer" survey in four offshore Philippine basins: NE Palawan, Cuyo Platform, Tayabas Bay and Ragay Gulf. The project was funded by the Australian International Development Assistance Bureau. The survey work was conducted using the Australian Government's geoscientific vessel, Rig Seismic. The cruise achieved all its objectives and was a major success. Of the four survey areas, the Ragay Gulf is of particular interest, with complex structures, multi-phase tectonism and massive sediment infill. It was in this region that many geochemical "sniffer" seeps were located. The geochemical "sniffer" data and its C-13 and C-14 isotope analyses have indicated the presence of significant source rocks. These seeps are thermogenic in origin and have reached sufficient maturity to generate significant quantities of hydrocarbons. In the near future, the geochemical data will be integrated with the seismic data to provide clues for hydrocarbon migration. The preliminary seismic interpretation have revealed the existence of five sedimentary sub-basins with 2.5 - 5 seconds of Eocene to Recent sediments.
[Show full text]
The Bicol Region Situated at the Southernmost Tip of the Luzon Land Mass
The Bicol Region Situated at the southernmost tip of the Luzon land mass Lies between 11° - 30' to 14° - 20' North latitude and 122° - 20' to 124° - 30' East longitude Bounded on the north by Lamon Bay and Pacific Ocean on the East, the Sibuyan Sea and Ragay Gulf on the west POTENTIALS culture and religion natural resources tourism attractions mineral resources geothermal energy Manifests a mixture of dynamic culture . and religious people Rich in natural resources suitable for agriculture and marine industry with 13 fishing grounds Offers varied tourism products ranging from natural to man-made attractions A home to Mayon Volcano Rich in metallic and non-metallic minerals Hosts to two major geothermal fields that supply energy to the Luzon Grid CHALLENGES • reduce poverty • attain high and sustainable economic growth • create high paying jobs • develop more resilient communities • competitive LGUs • productive business sector Poverty reduction has been insignificant Indicator Philippines Bicol Annual Per Capita Poverty P18,935 P18,257 Threshold Daily Per Capita Poverty P52 P50 Threshold Poverty Incidence 25.2 41.1 (population) Magnitude of poverty 23,745,895 2,276,848 (population) Poverty incidence reduced by 3.1 percentage points from 44.2 % in 2009. Bicol ranked 4th in poverty incidence and1st in magnitude. Among 85 provinces, Masbate ranked 9th in incidence and Camarines Sur ranked 3rd in magnitude. Economic growth has not been sustained Bicol Gross Regional Domestic Product 9 8 7 6 5 GrowthRate 4 3 2 1 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 GRDP Growth Rate 3.5 1.9 6.9 8.1 4.2 Family income and expenditure Indicator (2012) Philippines Bicol Average Annual Family P235,000 P162,000 Income Average Annual Family P193,000 P144,000 Expenditure Income Inequality 0.4605 0.4233 The average annual family income (AAFI) increased by only P10,000 from 2009.
[Show full text]
This Keyword List Contains Pacific Ocean (Excluding Great Barrier Reef)
CoRIS Place Keyword Thesaurus by Ocean - 3/2/2016 Pacific Ocean (without the Great Barrier Reef) This keyword list contains Pacific Ocean (excluding Great Barrier Reef) place names of coral reefs, islands, bays and other geographic features in a hierarchical structure. The same names are available from “Place Keywords by Country/Territory - Pacific Ocean (without Great Barrier Reef)” but sorted by country and territory name. Each place name is followed by a unique identifier enclosed in parentheses. The identifier is made up of the latitude and longitude in whole degrees of the place location, followed by a four digit number. The number is used to uniquely identify multiple places that are located at the same latitude and longitude. This is a reformatted version of a list that was obtained from ReefBase. OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Albay Gulf > Cauit Reefs (13N123E0016) OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Albay Gulf > Legaspi (13N123E0013) OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Albay Gulf > Manito Reef (13N123E0015) OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Albay Gulf > Matalibong ( Bariis ) (13N123E0006) OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Albay Gulf > Rapu Rapu Island (13N124E0001) OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Albay Gulf > Sto. Domingo (13N123E0002) OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Amalau Bay (14S170E0012) OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Amami-Gunto > Amami-Gunto (28N129E0001) OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > American Samoa > American Samoa (14S170W0000) OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > American Samoa > Manu'a Islands (14S170W0038) OCEAN BASIN >
[Show full text]
PDF | 2.13 MB | Region V (Bicol) Profile
Philippines: Region V (Bicol) Profile Region V (Bicol) is situated at the southernmost tip of the Luzon landmass. It is prone to typhoons coming from the Western POPULATION POVERTY Pacific Ocean. The Region is bounded by Lamon Bay to the north, Pacific to the east and Sibuyan Sea and Ragay Gulf to the Source: PSA 2015 Census Source: PSA 2016 west. The northernmost province, Camarines Norte, is bordered to the Region V population Region V households Poverty incidence among population (%) west by Region IV-A, connecting the region to the rest of Luzon. The 2.84M 60% region is also home to 3 active volcanoes: Mount Bulusan in Sorsogon, 49.0% 44.2% 44.2% Mount Iriga in Camarines Sur and Mount Mayon in Albay. 6 7 107 3,471 5.80 1.22 40% million million 41.1% PROVINCES CITIES MUNICIPALITIES BARANGAYS 36.0% Female 20% 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 Population staistics trend 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 9 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 65+ 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 CAMARINES NORTE Male 0 2006 2009 2012 2015 Lamon Bay % Poverty incidence Daet 51.0% 5.80M 5.42M 0 - 14 15 - 26 27 - 39 40 - 56 57 - 84 2015 Census 2010 Census 2.96M C A T A N D U A N ES NATURAL DISASTERS HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 3,720 Source: OCD/NDRRMC Conditional cash transfer Source: DSWD beneficiaries (children) 44 Number of disaster 2,522 incidents per year 1.08M Affected population 996,900 CAMARINES SUR 31 1,892 32 515,036 (in thousands) 880,000 478,112 22 743,600 427,866 Notable incident Legend Naga 362,264 14 695 Typhoon 563,808 571 518.870 Girls Provincial capital 452,102 94
[Show full text]
Scaling up to Form Marine Protected Area Networks: the Role of Coordination of Initiatives and Institutional Collaborations in the Philippines
ResearchOnline@JCU This file is part of the following reference: Horigue, Vera Christine (2014) Scaling up to form marine protected area networks: the role of coordination of initiatives and institutional collaborations in the Philippines. PhD thesis, James Cook University. Access to this file is available from: http://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/39883/ The author has certified to JCU that they have made a reasonable effort to gain permission and acknowledge the owner of any third party copyright material included in this document. If you believe that this is not the case, please contact [email protected] and quote http://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/39883/ Scaling up to form marine protected area networks: The role of coordination of initiatives and institutional collaborations in the Philippines Thesis submitted by Vera Christine Horigue BSc Biology (Major in Zoology), University of the Philippines MSc Water and Coastal Management, University of Plymouth and Universidad de Cadiz In April 2014 For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University a Statement of access I, the undersigned, author of this work, understand that James Cook University will make this thesis available for use within the University Library, via the Australian Theses Network, or by other means allow access to users in other approved libraries. I understand that as an unpublished work, a thesis has significant protection under the Copyright Act and beyond this, I do not wish to place any restriction access to this thesis. 14-April-2014 ___________________________ Signature, Vera Horigue Date i Statement of sources declaration I declare that this thesis is my own work and has not been submitted in any form for another degree or diploma at any university or other institution of tertiary education.
[Show full text]