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Slide 01 Slide 03 This program was developed by the Michigan Department of Is the rock cycle really this simple, neat and colorful? Environmental Quality, Office of Geological Survey, as part (NO) – but it helps show the relationships of the ‘pieces’. of EARTH SCIENCE WEEK. Created October 2, 2000, revised September 2001 The program is to be freely distributed, at no cost, to any Slide 04 interested person or party. If you use this presentation, whole or in part, credit is to be given to the DEQ, OGS. Copyright © 2004, 2010 by the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) Office of Geological Survey (OGS). The DEQ OGS grants permission to publish or reproduce this document, all or in part, for non-profit purposes. The contents of this electronic document (whole or in part) can be used if, and only if, additional fees are not associated with the use and or distribution of this document and credit is given to the DEQ OGS and the author(s). This copyright statement must appear in any and all electronic or print documents using this file or any part thereof. The ‘full definition reads “The rock cycle is a sequence of If you use this program, please provide feed back about events involving the formation, alteration, destruction, and how it was used: the audience - how many people were reformation of rocks as a result of natural processes such as present - where the presentation was made - what went magmatism (melting of rock into magma), erosion, well and - what did not. This information will help the OGS transportation, deposition, lithification, and plan future revisions of this program as well as new metamorphism.” products and services. A possible sequence for the rock cycle involves the Please forward any ideas, feedback, comments, crystallization of magma to form igneous rocks that are suggestions, tips, tricks, traps, alterations, permutations, then broken down to sediments (clasts) as a result of variations, changes, deletions, and / or additions to Steven weathering, the sediments later being lithified to form E. Wilson, MI DEQ OGS, P O Box 30256, Lansing 48909, sedimentary rocks which are in turn altered by heat, email [email protected]. pressure and or fluids to become metamorphic rocks. Resources about Geology in Michigan are on-line at Student activity: http://www.michigan.gov/deqgeologyinmichigan Imaging yourself as a mineral - explain what would happen (deq geology in michigan - all lowercase - no spaces) as you ‘move’ around the rock cycle. Created October 2, 2000; rev 10/2004 Do the rock cycle and plate tectonics support or contradict each other? Explain. Slide 02 Created October 2, 2000, rev September 2001; rev 10, 2004 Slide 05 Segue Slide. Next few slides will answer the question - or at least start the answer... Segue Slide This is a diagram that represents what the rock cycle is and how the components relate to each other. There are many other possible diagrams for the Rock Cycle. Look for some Slide 09 on the web. How do they compare to the graphic model used here? How would you draw the rock cycle? Created September 2001 Slide 06 IT'S AN OLD, OLD , OLD, OLD WORLD http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/11/09/home/gould- arrow.html TIME'S ARROW, TIME'S CYCLE Myth and Metaphor in the Discovery Segue Slide of Geological Time. By Stephen Jay Gould. Illustrated. 222 pp. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. $17.50. 1987. In part Slide 07 the review reads: STEPHEN JAY GOULD begins this lively, scholarly book by adding to Sigmund Freud's list of ''great outrages upon its naive self-love'' that humanity ''has... had to endure from the hand of science.'' Freud listed a Galilean outrage (the earth's peripheral cosmic position), a Darwinian one (the human species' simian evolutionary origin) and a Freudian one (the mind's subconscious irrationality). Mr. Gould adds what might be called a Lyellian outrage (although the Victorian barrister and natural philosopher Charles Lyell would doubtless have been distressed at the term): the discovery of ''the great temporal limitation imposed by geology upon human importance... the notion of an almost incomprehensible immensity, with human habitation restricted to a millimicrosecond at the very end!'' … Mr. Gould shows that the actualities of Hutton's and Lyell's work were, if Segue Slide anything, the opposite of the textbook legend. Hutton's theory of Slide 08 the earth as a geological clockwork of eroding continents balanced against uplifting ocean basins was not based on field observations but on his wishful, speculative confusion of geological process with Newtonian physics. An admirer of Newtonian precision and regularity, Hutton never thought of reading the planet's history from rock strata as we do today. He considered rock strata equivalent to planetary revolutions - unchanging manifestations of physical laws, without any untidy historical significance. Created October 2, 2000, revised September 2001 Slide 10 The wrong names are used on purpose to: See who is listening. See how students react to an error. See who is willing to question science / authority, especially if there is a good reason. Created October 2, 2000 Hutton and many of the other early geologist had a vastly different perspective on what the ‘science’ of the day was telling us. Do these early or ‘old’ ideas hold up? Well the ideas relating to the rock cycle do. General question what time frame does the 18th century cover? Graphic came from http://www.henry- davis.com/MAPS/Ren/Ren1/Reno.html Slide 13 Created October 2, 2000 Slide 11 Map showing plate boundaries came from www.er.usgs.gov/eastern/plates/html The following come from There are so many great pate tectonics exercises out there http://geoweb.princeton.edu/courses/Geo210/summaries.html if you don’t believe me use your favorite search engine and 1. Internal heat provides the energy for earthquakes, landslides, take a look. volcanic eruptions - 2. Solar radiation provides the energy for Created October 2, 2000 hurricanes, floods, tornadoes - 3. Potential energy is available when rocks can Slide downward. The potential energy equals the Slide 14 work done to lift the rock against the force of gravity. Work = force x distance. - 4. Units: Force is measured in Newton. Energy in Newton-meter (Nm) or Joule (J). The force of gravity on a rock of mass m equals F=mg, with g=10 (m/sec)/sec. g is the gravitational acceleration, it implies that the velocity of a falling rock increases every second by 10 m/sec (on earth). - 5. When a rock slides or falls, potential energy is converted to kinetic energy or heat (1 cal=4.2 J). Kinetic energy is proportional to the square of the velocity of the falling rock. When the rock hits the ground, kinetic energy is used to deform, break, and (mostly) heat the rock. - 6. The early Earth was warmed up by asteroid impacts, radioactive decay, formation of the iron core - 7. Radioactive heating diminished exponentially since formation of Earth 4.57 The ocean floor moves like a giant conveyer belt from mid billion years ago ocean ridges toward subduction zones. Question for students to ponder - If the earth is being heated by The North American and European plates are moving away radioactive elements how is it similar or different from a nuclear reactor? Will the Earth explode? Why? / explain. Is the Earth from each other. They are moving at a rate about that loosing or gaining heat ? How soon before the Earth melts or equal to the growth of hair or fingernails. These two plate freezes? will move apart about your height in your lifetime (results Please send a copy of your students’ work to Steve Wilson, MI DEQ may vary, void where prohibited, batteries not included). GSD, P O Box 30256, Lansing 48909; via email to The graphic on this page came from: [email protected]. Their work will be compiled and posted http://www.science.ubc.ca/~geol202/rock_cycle/rockcycl to the GSD web site. Please include teacher’s name, grade, e.html, as of August 2000. Terms not found in the Rock school name, city and student’s name. Cycle in Michigan Glossary are defined at the web site. Created October 2, 2000, rev September 2001; rev 10, 2004 Student activity: Slide 12 Plate tectonics and the hard boiled egg (egg is cooled to room temperature). Crack the egg and mark the outline of the larger pieces with a permanent marker. Have students compare results. Have students move one or more of the larger pieces around on the egg. Note what happens. Pieces shell (crust) collide and one rides over the other and ‘oceans’ open up. Created October 2, 2000 A version of the topographic and bathymetric map of the world. Map like these are the results of satellite imagery, remote sensing and computer base geographic information systems (GIS). Graphic came from http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/ Created October 2, 2000 Slide 15 Measurements can and do vary from one source to another due difference in definitions, when the work was done, quality and quantity of supporting information and procedures used to extrapolate the data. http://wwwneic.cr.usgs.gov/neis/plate_tectonics/plate_te ctonics.html Created October 2, 2000 Slide 17 Segue Slide Slide 16 Segue Slide Slide 18 Crust – The ‘outer’ layer consisting of the part of the earth we live on. 0 to 40 km (0 to 25 miles) - 0°C (32°F) - - The upper 100- 200 kilometer (km) of the Earth, consisting of the crust and uppermost mantle is characterized by a geothermal temperature gradient of 20-30 °C per kilometer (40-50 °F per mile).

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