Genetic Homogenity of Commerson's Anchovy (Stolephorus Commersonnii)
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pISSN 2302-1616, eISSN 2580-2909 Vol 7, No. 1, Juni 2019, hal 14-23 Available online http://journal.uin-alauddin.ac.id/index.php/biogenesis DOI https://doi.org/10.24252/bio.v7i1.6352 Genetic Homogenity of Commerson’s Anchovy (Stolephorus commersonnii) in Segara Anakan Cilacap Central Java Inferred from PCR-RFLP Markers AGUS NURYANTO1*, RANI EVA DEWI1, HENDRO PRAMONO1 1Faculty of Biology, Jenderal Soedirman University Jl. Dr. Soeparno No. 63 Grendeng, Purwokerto, Central Java, Indonesia. 53122 *Email: [email protected] Received 29 October 2018; Received in revised form 29 November 2018; Accepted 30 March 2019; Available online 30 June 2019 ABSTRACT Commerson’s anchovy (Stolephorus commersonnii) is a small pelagic fish that live in a group and its existence is very abundant in Segara Anakan Cilacap. This anchovy is widely consumed by communities live around Segara Anakan. This leads to a high exploitation rate. Exploited populations generally have low genetic diversity. This study aims to evaluate genetic diversity of commerson’s anchovy population in Segara Anakan Cilacap inferred from PCR-RFLP of the cytochrome c oxidase 1 (CO1) gene. This study was conducted from January to April 2018 and used survey method by applying random sampling. As many as 30 samples of anchovy were taken. Genomic mtDNA was isolated using modified Chelex method. Partial sequences of the COI gene were amplified using a pair forward commercially available primer. The lengths of 650 base pair of the PCR products were digested with four restriction enzymes. The HindIII enzyme produces PCR-RFLP fragment with the size of 416 bp and 234 bp lengths, VspI produces 435 bp and 214 bp, CO1-TaqI produces 556 bp and 94 bp and RsaI produces 319 bp, 183 bp, and 148 bp fragments, respectively. The PCR-RFLP fragments were obtained from all samples but they produced uniform band pattern for all 30 anchovy individuals. These results indicated that the anchovy population in Segara Anakan Cilacap has monomorphic allele for all PCR-RFLP markers. Hence, it can be concluded that genetic homogenity was observed on anchovy population in Segara Anakan Cilacap as inferred from PCR-RFLP COI gene. Keywords: allele; anchovy; homogenity; Segara Anakan INTRODUCTION population can be estimated through population Commerson’s anchovy (Stolephorus genetic diversity analysis. Depleted population commersonnii), which is locally known as size due to overexploitation might lose their “ikan teri”, is a popular small pelagic fish in genetic diversity. In contrast, unexploited Indonesia. It is widely distributed fish group population tends to have high genetic diversity and can be found in Segara Anakan Cilacap within population (Frankham et al., 2007). It Central Java. This species is commercially sold has been proved that overexploitation caused as salted fish and is highly fished. It has been loss of genetic diversity in natural population reported that commerson’s anchovy was highly (Hauser et al., 2002; Wirdateti et al., 2015). exploited in Belawan waters North Sumatera Therefore, it is important to study genetic (Yuanda et al., 2017). diversity on commerson’s anchovy population Up to present time, there is no study has in Segara Anakan Cilacap as a tool for been done on exploitation rate and genetic estimating exploitation rates of that fish diversity of commerson’s anchovy from Segara resource. Anakan. In fact, this species is continuously Genetic diversity within population can be harvested by fishermen of around Segara assessed through molecular characterization Anakan. It assumed that commerson’s anchovy using DNA-based marker. Cytochrome c population undergoes high exploitation which oxidase I (CO1) is a commonly used genetic leads over exploitation. It is worried that natural marker on population study of animals (Hebert population of commerson’s anchovy in Segara et al., 2003). This is due to that the COI gene Anakan has been depleted and its sustainability has high evolution rates (Kurniasari et al., can be disrupted in the near future. Declining 2014). High evolution rate of the COI gene is Copyright © 2019 Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Vol 7, Juni 2019 Biogenesis 15 believed as reliable marker to differentiate after visualized over ultra-violet light (UV- either among populations or among individuals light). within a population (Nuryanto & Solihin, The fragments of the COI genes were 2006). amplified in total volume of 50 µl mixtures. The There are various DNA-based markers. solutions consisted of 37.4 µl ddH2O; 5 µl of One of which is PCR-RFLP (Polymerase Chain 1X reaction buffer (10x) , 0.02 mM MgCl2, 0.4 Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length mM of dNTPs NZY-mix, 0.4 picomol of each Polymorphism). This marker has been primer and 0.02 Units of NZYTaq DNA successfully used to show genetic diversity Polymerase (5 U/µl). Amplifications process within population, such as in Polymesoda erosa was performed using a pair of primer as follow. from Segara Anakan (Nuryanto & Internal forward primer Sastranegara, 2013) and genetic different 5'ATCTTTGGTGCATGAGCAGGAATAGT among giant gourami populations (Nuryanto et 3' and FishR2 reverse primer al., 2017). High genetic diversity on the PCR- 5'ACTTCAGGGTGACCGAAGAATCAGAA RFLP COI gene was observed in oyster 3' (Ward et al., 2005). Striostrea mytiloides populations (Klinbunga et Thermal conditions were as follows. Pre- al., 2005). Similar result was also reported on denaturation stages were conducted on 95oC for shrimp Astacus leptodactylus populations 5 min and followed by 35 cycles consisted of (Khoshkholgh & Nazari, 2015). Therefore, it is denaturation stages on 95oC for 30 s, annealing assumed that PCR-RFLP marker of the COI on 55oC with the duration of 2 min, and gene is reliable marker to be used on examining extension on 72oC 1.5 min. The final extensions genetic diversity in commerson’s anchovy were conducted on 72oC for 5 min and the PCR population in Segara Anakan. reactions were stored inside the thermocycler Here we developed PCR-RFLP marker of the on 8oC for 5 min. The PCR products were cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene in order to evaluate estimated to have a length of ± 650 base pair genetic diversity within commerson’s anchovy (bp). The PCR products were then migrated on population in Segara Anakan, Cilacap, Central Java. 1% agarose gel and visualized over UV-light The result of this study is expected to be used on and documented in photograph. estimating of exploitation rate of commerson’s Good PCR products were subjected to anchovy population in Segara Anakan. So, the data can be used as vital information on formulating initial screening to develop PCR-RFLP markers policies for sustainable use of commerson’s by digesting the amplicons with eight anchovy resources in Segara Anakan Cilacap. restriction enzymes; i.e. EcoRI, HindIII, TaqI, HpyF31, HinfI, PstI, VspI, and RsaI. These MATERIALS AND METHODS initials screening were performed to select Fish samples were collected during the enzymes capable digest the amplicons. field trips in April 2016. Samplings were done Digestion of PCR products were conducted in a following the sampling techniques as explained total volume of 31 µl mixtures solution. by Nuryanto et al. (2017). The obtained fish Digestion method was following the protocol samples were preserved in 96% technical from the company (Thermoscientific). The ethanol (Bratachem). As much as 30 mixtures consisted of 18µl of ddH2O, 2µl of individuals of commerson’s anchovy samples 10X reaction buffer, 10µl of PCR products, and were then examined for genetic diversity 1 µl restriction enzymes (1U). The mixtures analysis. were put inside 1.5 ml eppendorf tubes and Genomic DNA of the commerson’s incubated on 37oC for four hours (except for anchovy was isolated using modified Chelec® TaqI, it was incubated on 65oC) in 100 method following Kochzius & Nuryanto thermomixer. Thermomixer was set up in 1000 (2008). Extracted DNAs were migrated in 1% rpm. The digested amplicons were also agarose gel. Successful extraction was proved migrated on 1% agarose gel and visualized by the appearance of DNA smear on the gel under UV-light. Restriction bands pattern were AGUS NURYANTO et al. Biogenesis 16 documented and referred to PCR-RFLP RESULT AND DISCUSSION markers. Amplification of the cytochrome c The PCR-RFLP marker profiles were oxidase 1 gene. The fragments of the COI gene analyzed descriptively to obtain information on were successfully amplified from all samples genetic diversity levels of the COI gene on (30 individuals commerson’s anchovy). commerson’s anchovy population in Segara Amplification process resulted in 650 bp length Anakan, Cilacap, Central Java. of the COI fragments (Figure 1). Figure 1. The PCR products of the COI gene from Stolephorus commersonnii population In this study, we obtained a length of 650 was based on the result of sequences bp cytochrome c oxidase 1 fragments. These verification through BLAST method which was resulted sizes were a bit longer than the performed in previous study by Nuryanto et al. fragment resulted from Notorhynchus (2017). cepedianus which was only approximately 616 The resulted amplicons were very specific bp length (Ward et al., 2005). since band for each individual. This result must The length differences among the PCR be obtained when we used a pair of primer for products from different species are common certain target sequence. Otherwise, the phenomena although these fragments are amplification process failed. According to amplified using a similar primer pair. This is Bahiyah et al. (2013) high specificity of due to that each species has specific sequences successful PCR amplification occurred if single in their genome which differ one to another DNA band has resulted. species. This uniqueness leads to different size Detail observation in Figure 1 proved that when it is amplified from different species. Our the intensities of amplicons were different result showed similar case to several previous among individuals.