Fishery Assessment of Mullets (Actinopterygii: Mugilidae) in Pakistan

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Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture Research JFAR Vol. 5(1), pp. 079-084, June, 2020. © www.premierpublishers.org, ISSN: 9901-8810

Research Article

Abdul Baset1*, Mushtaq Ali Khan2, Abdul Waris3, Baochao Liao4, Aamir Mahmood Memon5, Ehsanul Karim6, Hamad Khan7, Shah Khalid7 and Imran Khan7 1Department of Zoology, Bacha Khan University Charsadda 24461, Pakistan 2Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310027, China 3Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan 4Department of Probability and Statistics, Shandong University, Jinan, China 5Sindh Fisheries Department, Hyderabad 71000, Sindh, Pakistan 6Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute, Mymensingh, 2201, Bangladesh 7Department of Zoology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Dir Upper, Pakistan

To estimate the MSY (maximum sustainable yield) from yearly catch and effort data of mullets to appraise the stock of the fishery in Pakistan. The fifteen years (1995-2009) catch and effort data of mullets’ fishery were taken from the handbook of MFD (marine fisheries department) Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan. ASPIC and CEDA, two software packages were used based on surplus production models. The IP (initial proportion) was used 0.9 because the starting catch was 90% of the maximum catch for CEDA with three surplus production models Fox, Schaeder and Pella- Tomlinson. The MSY calculated from Fox with normal, lognormal and gamma (error assumptions) were 5450 (R2 =0.784), 6885 (R2 =0.824), 6372 (R2 =0.804) respectively, while the values from Schaefer and Pella-Tomlinson with normal, lognormal and gamma were 5562 (R2 =0.772), 7349 (R2 =0.810) and gamma were 6850 (R2 =0.791). From ASPIC package, MSY calculated from Fox and logistic models were 7247 (R2 =0.838) and 18840 (R2 =0.867) respectively. The current calculated MSY values from surplus production models were lower than yearly catch, which indicate that the mullets’ fishery stock in Pakistan is overfished. So we may recommend the managers of the fishery to reduce the fishing efforts to sustain the stock in Pakistan for future.

Keywords: ASPIC, CEDA, Mullets, Pakistan, Surplus Production Models

INTRODUCTION

The world population growth resulted the demand for The fisheries resources are mainly with aspect of self- animal protein, so the fisheries products have a significant renovating. Therefore, if the fisheries resources are well role to overcome the demand (FAO, 2012). Fishery studied on fisheries stock assessment, biological resources are not playing a role only in the economic parameters, and well managed then their effects can be development of Pakistan (Nazir et al., 2015; Baset et al., limitless (Pinzón-Espinosa, 2018) to overcome the 2020a), but also take part in the human development and demand for seafood and fisheries. The growing demand welfare, such as in terms of providing a quality source of for seafood requires an increase in food production in a food and employment with the major aspect of self- sustainable manner. The sustainability of fish populations renewable in nature (FAO, 2016) Fisheries of Pakistan can be affected by human activities due to the different play an important role to overcome the demand for fish, management schemes, including direct effect and indirect food security, contribute directly to a source of livelihood in the coastal regions, employment for coastal and non- *Corresponding Author: Abdul Baset, Department of coastal communities, and national GDP of the country, Zoology, Bacha Khan University Charsadda 24461, which is about 70% of the total fish exports (FAO, 2017). Pakistan. Email: [email protected]

Fishery Assessment of Mullets (Actinopterygii: Mugilidae) in Pakistan Baset et al. 080

effect. A direct effect on production can be the harvesting sustainable yield (MSY), catch per unit effort (CPUE), impacts in management systems (Hixson, 2014) Fisheries carrying capacity (K), intrinsic population growth rate(r), management pursues to regulate exploitation in replacement yield (Ryield), catchability coefficient (q), commercially important stocks of fish to ensure their long- coefficient of determination and biomass (Liao et al., 2016 term sustainability. To manage these stocks successfully, a & b; Baset et al., 2020b). an understanding of the stock assessment and the dynamics of the population is necessary in Pakistan (Hilborn and Walters, 2013). MATERIALS AND METHODS

Pakistan is located in the northern Arabian Sea with Fishery statistical data coastline extends from Iran to India, to about 1150 km from its southeast border the Sindh coast (68◦ 10’E), and Fifteen years (1995-2009) annual catch and effort data of northwest the Baluchistan coast (61◦ 30’E). The EEZ of mullets of Pakistan coastline of both provinces, Sindh and Pakistan spreads over an area of 240000 km2 (Minton et Baluchistan, obtained from the Handbook of MFD al., 2015). The Baluchistan coast has generally rock (Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan) Karachi (Table 1). The bottom and rough shelf which is about 772 km long. The Handbook was published last time in 2009. The latest data Jiwani Bay, Gawader, Pasni, Kalmat, Ormara, and from 2010-20 of eleven years still pending. In the book, Sonmiani Bay are the major fish landing areas along the fishing efforts was representing the fishing boats’ number Baluchistan coast. It has a rough bottom with a narrow and and the yearly catch was presented in the form of weight rough shelf, therefore trawling is not possible (Psomadakis (metric ton). et al., 2015). The coast along the Sindh is about 348 km long and the bottom is generally sandy, muddy, or sandy Table 1. Annual catch and effort data of mullets’ muddy. The flow of fresh water from the Indus River makes fishery in Pakistan. this area more productive (Psomadakis et al., 2015). This Year Catch Effort CPUE region has creeks with a forest of mangroves where it 1995 17280 11066 1.56154 creates an ecosystem that supports the biodiversity that 1996 17631 11061 1.593979 beneficial as the nursery grounds and well habitat for 1997 18935 10983 1.724028 fisheries resources (Whitfield et al., 2017). The mangrove 1998 17580 11444 1.536176 forests of the Sindh coastline were the sixth-largest in the 1999 12336 11768 1.048266 world. 2000 9618 12114 0.793957 2001 11048 12618 0.875575 The coastal waters of Pakistan are rich in fisheries 2002 10108 12695 0.796219 resources of both fishes and shellfishes (Mohsin et al., 2003 10316 12838 0.803552 2017; Jarwar, 2008). The mullet fishery has established 2004 10363 13002 0.797031 with a big appreciation by means of food source (Pinnegar 2005 9266 13145 0.704907 and Engelhard, 2008), as well as ecologically signiﬁcant 2006 9063 13308 0.681019 detritivore linking lower trophic levels with a wide variety of 2007 9735 13426 0.725086 estuarine and marine ﬁsh and birds (Whitfield et al., 2012). 2008 8218 13522 0.60775 Mullets have been distributed throughout the world and 2009 8226 13879 0.592694 dwell in temperate, tropical, semi-tropical oceans (Zacks, Note: Effort is number of fishing boats; Total catch in 2013). Mullets fishery made a position in India that is the metric tons. main part of the food for coastal communities (Salagrama, 2006). In Pakistan, the mullet fishery’s importance and Surplus Production Models SPMs significance are not much familiar than other coastal fishes Yearly data of fifteen years (catch and effort data) were (Masood et al., 2015). analyzed by CEDA (Hoggarth et al., 2006) and ASPIC

(Prager, 2005) two computer packages. In these computer Fishes known as mullets or grey mullets belong to the packages, three SPMs (surplus production models) which family Mugilidae (Islam et al., 2009) which plays a are Fox, (1970), Schaefer (1954), and Pella-Tomlinson significant role in commercial fisheries and aquaculture (1969) are available. Currently different tolls have been worldwide (Imsiridou et al., 2007). Family Mugilidae used to analyze different kind of data, but the SPMs are composed of 30 genera and 81 species (Fishbase, 2020; best tolls to analyze the yearly data of catch and efforts. Nelson et al., 2016) but in Pakistan, 4 genera and 12 dB / dt = rB (B∞ - B) by Schaefer (1954) species are known (Psomadakis et al., 2015). Mullets inhabit coastal marine waters, estuaries, and freshwater, After Shaefer work in 1954, fifteen years later the two which often use in fish pond culture because of rapid scientists Pella and Tomlinson (1969) had described a growth and hardness (Bianchi, 1985). There were few comprehensive production equation, while soon after one studies present on different aspects of mullets in Pakistan, year, the Fox (1970) placed forward an equation of but it was important to write on the mullets’ fisheries status. Gompertz growth. Both models have been stated So in the present study, we have found the maximum following:

Fishery Assessment of Mullets (Actinopterygii: Mugilidae) in Pakistan J. Fish. Aquacul. Res. 081

n-1 n-1 dB / dt = rB (B∞ - B ) by Pella and Tomlinson (1969) determination (R2), stock biomass in giving MSY (BMSY), dB / dt = rB (lnB∞ - lnB) by Fox (1970) and fishing mortality rate at MSY (FMSY). The initial proportion (IP) of B1/K (Starting biomass over carrying In the equations B represents fish stock biomass, t is used capacity) was input values by users, it was assumed that for time (year), B∞ indicates carrying capacity, while when IP is close to zero, this indicates that the data are intrinsic rate of population increase is presented by r and from a virgin population, and if IP is close to one it means n is the shape parameter. the data starts from the fully developed state (Prager, Bt+1 = Bt + rBt (B∞ - Bt) - Ct 2005). Ct = qEtBt

Here, C, q and E are presenting catch, presenting RESULTS catchability and representing fishing efforts respectively. While F (fishing mortality) can then be computed as: MSY values of CEDA F = qE CEDA computer software package shows sensitive with IP CEDA (catch and effort data analysis) value 0.9, results were showing in Table 2. It shows that the values obtained from the equations of Schaefer (1954) CEDA (Hoggarth et al., 2006) is a computer package that and Pella and Tomlinson (1969) with all those error is made on non-equilibrium surplus production models assumptions (normal, lognormals and gamma) were the Schaefer, Fox, and Pela and Tomlinson with three error same. MSY value in the present study with IP value 0.9 assumptions (normal, lognormal and gamma). The output was used because the starting catch was roughly 90% of parameters were: MSY (maximum sustainable yield), K the maximum catch which were calculated from the first- (carrying capacity), q (catchability coefficient), r (intrinsic year catch divided by the maximum catch of those years. growth rate), Ryield (replacement yield), and final The estimated value from calculate IP (0.9) from Fox with biomass. three error assumptions (normal, lognormal, and gamma) were 5450 (R2 =0.784), 6885 (R2 =0.824); and 6372 (R2 ASPIC (a surplus production models incorporating =0.804), respectively, whereas the obtained values from covariates) Schaefer and Pella-Tomlinson with three error assumptions were 5562 (R2 =0.772), 7349 (R2 =0.810) and ASPIC is a non-equilibrium surplus production model and gamma was 6850 (R2 =0.791). Figure 1 showed the has two models; Logistic (Schaefer) and Fox model. estimated and observed catches, when using the IP value ASPIC output parameters are: MSY, q, K, ration of the of 0.9. The observed catches from all models were smaller starting biomass over carrying capacity B1/K coefficient of to the estimated catch.

Table 2. MSY appraisal of mullets from CEDA package using different IP value 0.9 from in Pakistan 2 Models K r MSY Ryield CV q R Biomass Fox Normal 17279.2 0.085737 5450.015 5212.305 0.270793 1.19E-05 0.784 457415 Fox Log normal 142364.9 0.131467 6885.333 6621.344 0.132555 1.51E-05 0.824 385562 Fox (Gamma) 154731.9 0.111957 6372.867 6142.131 0.169204 1.36E-05 0.804 423089 Schaefer normal 166689.3 0.133477 5562.303 4237.393 0.365 1.12E-05 0.772 426684 Schaefer Log norl 131369 0.223792 7349.861 5693.528 0.185957 1.61E-05 0.81 0.81 Schaefer gamma) 142104.8 0.192894 6850.496 5351.285 0.217172 1.47E-05 0.791 378133 Pella Tom Normal 166689.3 0.133477 5562.303 4237.393 0.321481 1.12E-05 0.772 426684 Pella Tom Log norl 131369 0.223792 7349.861 5693.528 0.193017 1.61E-05 0.81 0.81 Pella Tom Gamma 142104.8 0.192894 6850.496 5351.285 0.243984 1.47E-05 0.791 378133

MSY values of ASPIC the annual maximum catch. The MSY valves estimated by computer package ASPIC, from Fox and logistic models ASPIC Output values from both Fox and logistic models were 7247 (R2 =0.838) and 18840 (R2 =0.867), were showing in Table 3 using different IP value 0.9. The respectively. CV and R2 which shows the accuracy of data MSY value obtained from IP value 0.9, to set the level of and best fit of the model showing Table 3. fishery status because the initial yield was about 90% of

Table 3. ASPIC results for the mullets’ fishery using 0.9 IP value in Pakistan. Model IP MSY B1/K K q Fmsy R2 Bmsy CV

FOX 0.9 7247 0.8513 134600 1.71E-05 1.46E-01 0.838 49520 0.214033

LOGISTIC 0.9 18840 0.333 72910 7.37E-05 5.17E-01 0.867 3.646E+04 0.200357

Fishery Assessment of Mullets (Actinopterygii: Mugilidae) in Pakistan Baset et al. 082

DISCUSSION productivity and obtain the highest potential economic benefits in the long run (Zhou et al., 2010). Population Marine areas of Pakistan are facilitating the largest dynamics of the fish species are important to provide basic fisheries in the country. Large pelagic fishery resources knowledge to maintain the fish stock at a sustainable yield. include shark, mackerel, and tuna are found in offshore It helps us to develop the skills of separating fish stock, the waters which considered as a major fishing ground while estimation of total fish production, growth measurement, small pelagic fishes are hunted mainly from basic fishing recruit measurement, measurement of variation in grounds whereas offshore waters are particular for the recruitment, mortality measurement (Z, M, and F, etc.), capture of large pelagic fish species (Abbas et al., 2013). controlling overfishing and also avoiding under fishing Small pelagic fishery resources include mullets, silver (Hilborn and Walters, 2013). Fish population dynamics for wittings etc. In Sindh, due to the Indus delta a number of fisheries sustainability in Pakistan, often calculate from fishing settlements in the creeks are considered important catch and efforts data. fishing ground as well as a breeding ground for many marine and estuarine fish species. However, there are Catch and efforts data was often used to estimate MSY for some other small rivers that fall in coasts, including better stock assessment for any fishery where catch enclosed and semi-enclosed bays also important for should be yearly or monthly and efforts must be in a fishing of small-scale fishery. These grounds act as a number of fishing boats, number of fishermen engaged in fishery resource reservoir from which many commercially that period, or number of fishing hours in that fishing time. important fish fauna is harvested (Abbas et al., 2013). In the present study the annual catch in metric tons and the number of fishing boats were used to estimate the MSY The mismanagement and unrecognized status of exploited value for mullets’ fishery in Pakistan. The surplus fisheries also result in the overfishing and depletion of production models are helpful to calculate the MSY and stocks. Stock assessment of the fisheries resources is to optimal level of efforts that produce the MSY and is always provide meaningful information on the exploitation of the considered as a target biological reference point (BRP) living aquatic resources, to exploit these resources for a from which sustainable fishery management goals can be maximum sustainable yield. The obtainment of maximum achieved (Hilborn and Walters, 2013). sustainable yield after evaluating the stock condition along with the optimum fishing effort is an important step for the Previous studies were based on equilibrium production execution of the management strategies for rejuvenation models but stocks are seldom in equilibrium state due to of valuable stock. The mismanagement of a stock may some environmental, biological factors and unmanaged result in commercially valuable species undergo fishing mortality which affects the population in this case undesirable changes in term of biological characteristics nonequilibrium surplus production models are frequently and productivity (Friedlander et al., 2015). Fish population used to know the state of the stock. The surplus production dynamics is a significant tool to appraise the stock. models provide idea about the stock for the reason that they do not need and environmental data (Quinn and Fish population dynamics, identify all the factors that affect Deriso, 1999) The surplus production models were often the fish and its ecology, such as growth, food, used for fishery management since last decades and reproduction, mortality also the breeding ground, breeding recently were also used for Pakistani waters (Baset et al., season and nursery ground of major fish stock. The MSY 2017a & b, Memon et al., 2015, Liao et al., 2017). concept of the major fish stock aims to increase the

Figure 1. Annual expected (lines) and observed (points) catch (mt) for mullets’ fishery in Pakistan using CEDA for Fox, Schaefer and Pella-Tomlinson models

Fishery Assessment of Mullets (Actinopterygii: Mugilidae) in Pakistan J. Fish. Aquacul. Res. 084

Generally, the results from CEDA and ASPIC surplus Scomberomorus species fish stocks in Pakistan using production models were nearly equivalent or similar using surplus production models. IJMS, Vol. 46 (11), pp. different IP values. The concept of the MSY is if MSY 2372-2378 calculated value is greater than recent catch then it shows Baset, A., Liu, Q., Liao, B., Waris, A., Yanan, H., Qingqing, that the fish stock is in a safe condition, but when the Z. and Ahmad, I., 2020a. Growth and Mortality of calculated MSY value equals to annual catch it may be Sillago sihama (Forsskål) from Karachi Coast, assumed that fish population in sustainable state, Pakistan. Asian Journal of Research in Zoology, pp.42- however, if the estimated MSY value from different surplus 52. production models is smaller than annual catch it indicates Baset, A., Liu, Q., Liao, B., Waris, A., Ahmad, I., Yanan, H. that the stock of fishery is overfished. In the present study, and Qingqing, Z., 2020b. Population Dynamics of the MSY values from the CEDA (Table 2) package were Saddle Grunt Fish, Pomadasys maculatus (Bloch, lower than the annual catch, which indicates the mullets’ 1793) from Pakistani Waters. Bioprocess fishery stock is overfished. On the other hand, MSY valves Engineering, 4(1), pp.1-8. from ASPIC (Table 3) package Fox model were closer to Bianchi, G., 1985. Field guide to the commercial marine the valves taken from CEDA but valves from the Logistics and brackish-water species of Tanzania. model were equal to the annual catch, which meant that FAO., 2012. Food and Agriculture Organization. The state fish population in a sustainable state. We may recommend of world fisheries and aquaculture 2012. Rome: FAO. to the managers of mullets’ fishery in Pakistan that to FAO, F., 2016. Agriculture Organization, 2014. Livestock reduce the fishing efforts to sustain the stock from Primary. Food and Agriculture Organization of the Pakistani waters for the future. United Nations. Fox, W.W. Jr., 1970. An exponential surplus-yield model for optimizing exploited fish populations. Trans. Am. CONCLUSION Fish. Soc., 99: 80-88. https://doi.org/10.1577/15488659(1970)99<80:AESMF The MSY (maximum sustainable yield) were calculated O>2.0.CO;2 from two computer packages CEDA and ASPIC results Fishbase. 2020. were closer and give values smaller than the annual catch https://www.fishbase.se/Summary/FamilySummary.ph of the mullets’ fishery which shows that the stock of p?ID=359 (Accessed on 1st June 2020) Mullets’ fishery from Pakistani waters was in Friedlander, A.M., Nowlis, J. and Koike, H., 2015. overexploitation state. We may suggest that fishery Improving Fisheries Assessments Using Historical managers take some management steps like reducing the Data. Marine Historical Ecology in Conservation: fishing efforts, monitoring the trawl mesh size, declare Applying the Past to Manage for the Future, p.91. 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Fishery Assessment of Mullets (Actinopterygii: Mugilidae) in Pakistan