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Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses Nationwide Fast and Thanksgiving Days in England, 1640-1660 BATES, LUCY-ANN How to cite: BATES, LUCY-ANN (2012) Nationwide Fast and Thanksgiving Days in England, 1640-1660, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5919/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 1 NATIONWIDE FAST AND THANKSGIVING DAYS IN ENGLAND , 1640-1660 BY LUCY -ANN BATES ABSTRACT : This thesis seeks to show that nationwide fast and thanksgiving days were not the handmaidens of a puritan parliamentarian cause, but synonymous with monarchy, custom, and traditional English worship. It investigates the question of what happened to nationwide prayer days, which were ordered on royal authority, when Charles’s authority was challenged in the 1640s and two rival authorities began to order occasions. It then analyses their continuities and changes through the 1650s and re- emergence in the traditional model at the Restoration. It is argued that belief in providence was a central motivation in the ordering and observance of special worship. This is in contrast to the predominant historiographical view, which focuses almost exclusively on the relationship between these occasions and their political contexts. This is not to say that politics did not play a significant role; it did. Rather that this should not overshadow recognition that these were primarily religious events. Indeed, these occasions are worthy of investigation precisely because of their politico-religious nature. Examination of the frequency of prayer days demonstrates key turning points in this period, changes in ordering processes reveals the shifting nature of authority, while close analysis of prayer day orders and forms of prayer highlights how the civil war threw theological debates concerning providence, prayer and fasting into sharper relief. Uniquely, this thesis examines the distribution of printed texts used for prayer days, highlighting the practical difficulties of distribution, particularly for the royalists. Similarly, it contributes to scholarly debate by demonstrating the popularity of the concept of nationwide fast and thanksgiving days, thus challenging current assumptions. The work closes by reflecting on what these occasions can tell us about contemporary debates concerning the royal supremacy, the religious settlements of 1559 and 1662, and the nature of the national church in the early modern period. 2 NATIONWIDE FAST AND THANKSGIVING DAYS IN ENGLAND , 1640-1660 By Lucy-Ann Bates Dissertation submitted in 2012 for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in History Following research conducted in the Department of History at Durham University as a member of the AHRC-funded British State Prayers project. 3 Contents ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS ............................................................................... 4 STATEMENT OF COPYRIGHT ............................................................................................. 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... 7 DEDICATION ..................................................................................................................... 8 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 9 CHAPTER ONE : FOUNDATIONS ....................................................................................... 30 CHAPTER TWO : ORDERING ............................................................................................ 79 CHAPTER THREE : CONTENT ......................................................................................... 125 CHAPTER FOUR : DISTRIBUTION ................................................................................... 172 CHAPTER FIVE : RECEPTION ......................................................................................... 202 CONCLUSION : A NATIONAL CHURCH ? .......................................................................... 251 APPENDICES : ................................................................................................................ 285 List 1: Nationwide prayer days, 1640-1660 ............................................................ 285 Table 1.1: Overview of number and type of occasion, 1640-1660 ......................... 327 Table 1.2: Overview of nationwide prayers issued by each year, 1640-1660 ........ 328 Table 1.3: Number and type of nationwide prayers, 1640-1660 ............................. 329 Table 1.4: Overview of type of worship ................................................................. 330 Table 2.1: Number and type of nationwide prayers, 1603-1660 ............................. 331 Table 2.2: Number and type of nationwide prayers, inc. monthly fast, 1603-60 .... 332 Table 3.1: Number of potential days of observation (inc. both monthly fasts) ...... 333 Chart 1.1: Nationwide prayer ordered in England, 1640-1660 ............................... 334 Chart 2.1: Types of nationwide prayer ordered in England, 1640-1660 ................. 335 Chart 2.2: Pie chart of nationwide prayer ordered in England, 1640-1660 ............ 336 Chart 3.1: Nationwide prayer ordered in England, 1603-1660 ............................... 337 Chart 4.1: Nationwide prayer days observed in England, 1603-1660 .................... 338 Chart 4.2 Number of potential days of observation (inc. both monthly fasts) ........ 339 Map 1: The travels of Master Gulston .................................................................... 340 Map 2: Elizabethan post roads ................................................................................ 341 Map 3: Post roads in 1675 ....................................................................................... 342 Map 4: Post roads in the civil war ........................................................................... 343 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................. 344 Manuscripts ............................................................................................................. 344 Printed Primary Sources .......................................................................................... 351 Secondary Works .................................................................................................... 364 Unpublished Works ................................................................................................. 379 Electronic Sources ................................................................................................... 380 4 Abbreviations and Conventions C.H. Firth and R.S. Rait (eds.), Acts and Ordinances of the A&O Interregnum (London, 1911) BL British Library Bod. Bodleian Library CCA College Cambridge Archive CJ Journal of the House of Commons COA College Oxford Archive CRO County Record Office CSPD Calendar of State Papers, Domestic series GL Guildhall Library HC History Centre HJ Historical Journal HMC Historical Manuscripts Commission J.F. Larkin and P.L. Hughes (eds.), Stuart Royal L&H Proclamations (2 vols., Oxford, 1973-83) LJ Journal of the House of Lords LPL Lambeth Palace Library ODNB Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online edition) PC Privy Council register Maija Jansson (ed.), Proceedings in the Opening Session of the Long Parliament: House of Commons (7 vols., PLP Woodbridge, 2000-07) RO Record Office SP State Papers A short-title catalogue of books printed in England, Scotland, and Ireland and of English books printed abroad, 1475-1640 , compiled by A.W. Pollard and G.R. Redgrave, revised and enlarged by W.A. Jackson, F.S. Ferguson and K. STC F. Pantzer (3 vols., London, 1986-91) Short-title catalogue of books printed in England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, and British America, and of English books printed in other countries, 1641-1700 , compiled by Donald Wing Wing (3 vols., New York, 1945-51) William Keatinge Clay (ed.), Liturgical Services: Liturgies and occasional forms of prayer set forth in the reign of WKC Queen Elizabeth (Cambridge, 1847) William Keating Clay (ed.), The Book of Common Prayer illustrated; so as to shew its various modifications; the date of its several parts, and the authority on which they rest WKC BCP (London, 1841) 5 Standard conventions have been followed in writing this thesis. Original spelling and punctuation of primary sources has been retained with superscripts silently lowered. Square brackets indicate my own insertions, while curved brackets indicate contemporary insertions. All dates are Old Style, although the year is taken to begin on 1 January. Titles that appear throughout the thesis are cited in full in the first instance in each consecutive chapter, except for those that appear in the table of abbreviations
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