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Antik Dna Ve Adli Tip Karşilikli Faydalari Adli Tıp Bü lteni ANTİK DNA VE ADLİ TIP KARŞILIKLI FAYDALARI: SANAL BİR ANTİK DNA ÇALIŞMASI İLE İLGİLİ PRATİK ÖRNEKLEME VE LABORATUVAR KILAVUZU Ancient DNA and Forensics Mutual Benefits: A Practical Sampling and Laboratory Guide Through a Virtual Ancient DNA Study Jan CEMPER-KIESSLICH1,4, Mark R. Mc COY2,4, Fabian KANZ3,4 Cemper-Kiesslich J, Mc Coy MR, Kanz F. Ancient DNA and Forensics Mutual Benefits: A Practical Sampling and Laboratory Guide Through A Virtual Ancient Dna Study. Adli Tıp Bülteni 2014;19(1):1-14. ABSTRACT potentials and limits, fields of application, requirements Genetic information discovered, characterized for and for samples, laboratory setup, reaction design and used in forensic case-works and anthropology has shown equipment as well as a brief outlook on current to be also highly useful and relevant in investigating developments, future perspectives and potential cross human remains from archaeological findings. By links with associated scientific disciplines. technical means, forensic and aDNA (ancient Key words: Human DNA, Ancient DNA, Forensic Deoxyribonucleic acid) analyses are well suited to be DNA typing, Molecular archaeology, Application. done using the same laboratory infrastructures and scientific expertise referring to sampling, sample ÖZET protection, sample processing, contamination control as Adli olgu çalışmalarında ve antropoloji alanında well as requiring analogous technical know how and kullanılmakta olan, keşfedilen genetik bilgilerin knowledge on reading and interpreting DNA encoded arkeolojik kalıntılardan elde edilen insan kalıntılarının information. Forensic genetics has significantly profited incelenmesiyle ilişkili ve son derece faydalı olduğu from aDNA-related developments (and vice versa, of gösterilmiştir. Adli DNA ve aDNA(antik DNA) analizleri course!), especially, when it comes to the identification of teknik anlamda numunenin bilimsel uzmana sunulması, unknown human remains referring to the detection limit. numunenin korunması, numunenin işlenmesi, Additionally the tremendous developments of analyzing kontaminasyonun kontrolü ile birlikte uzmanlık teknik ve chemistry and kits as well as instruments in forensics bilgisi gerektiren, kodlanmış DNA'nın okunması ve opened the whole panel of reading human and nonhuman yorumlanması gibi işlemler için bazı laboratuar alt DNA for historians and archaeologists but also for yapılarının kullanılmasıyla uygun hale getirilir. Adli anthropologists. Ancient DNA / molecular archaeology, genetik, özellikle tespit edilebilir sınırlarda bilinmeyen however, is not limited to the comparatively restrictive set insan kalıntılarının kimliklendirilmesi söz konusu of information as usually employed in forensic case work olduğunda aDNA ile ilişkili gelişmelerden önemli analyses but can also be applied to phenotypical markers, derecede faydalanmıştır (tabi ki karşılıklı olarak!). ethno-related genotypes or pathological features. Tarihçiler, arkeologlar ve aynı zamanda antropologlar In this review the authors give a general overview on için kitler ve kimyasal analizlerdeki muazzam gelişmeler the field of ancient DNA analysis focussing of the ile birlikte Adli Tıp araçları insan ve insane ait olmayan 1 University of Salzburg, Interfaculty Department of Legal Medicine, Ignaz Harrer-Straße 79, A-5020 Salzburg, AUSTRIA. 2 Paracelsus Medical University, Institute of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Ignaz Harrer-Straße 79, A-5020 Salzburg, AUSTRIA. 3 Medical University of Vienna, Department of Forensic Medicine, Unit of Forensic Anthropology, Sensengasse 2, A-1090 Wien, AUSTRIA. 4 CAMAS – Centre of Archaeometry and Applied Molecular Archaeology – c/o University of Salzburg, Interfaculty Department of Legal Medicine, Ignaz Harrer-Straße 79, A-5020 Salzburg, AUSTRIA. 1 Cilt 19, Sayı 1, 2014 tüm DNA panellerinin tiplendirilmesini başlattı. Antik palaeogenetics: Referring to the hypotheses under DNA/moleküler arkeoloji sadece adli olgu çalışma investigation, aDNA research is to be seen as a historical analizleri gibi bilgi dizileri ile sınırlı değildir, aynı discipline, utilizing an alternative method of reading (a zamanda fenotip markerlerı, etnik ilişkili genotipler veya certain kind) ancient information (4). Seen from the same patolojik özellikler için de ayrıca uygulanabilir. point of view, palaeogenetics is clearly suited to the field Bu derlemede yazarlar antik DNA analizinin of evolutionary biology and associated fields - potansiyelini ve sınırlarını, uygulama alanlarını, nevertheless, both disciplines share commons such as lab numuneler için yapılması gerekenleri, laboratuar requirements and sometimes even the samples. kurulumunu, ekipman dizaynı ile birlikte güncel As mentioned above, the invention of the Polymerase gelişmeler üzerine kısa bir bakış, gelecek perspektifleri ve Chain Reaction (PCR) by Kerry Mullis and colleagues in ilişkili bilimsel disiplinlerin potansiyel çapraz the mid 1980s represents the crucial event for DNA trace bağlantıları ile ilgili de genel bir bakış açısı vermeye analysis: This technique allows one to artificially multiply çalışmıştır. minute amounts of DNA to a reasonable amount suitable Anahtar kelimeler: İnsan DNA'sı, antik DNA, adli for DNA-sequencing and fragment length analysis for the tıbbi DNA tiplemesi, moleküler arkeoloji, uygulama. assessment of the respective genetic information. Limits of PCR are seen at a high degree of DNA degradation or INTRODUCTION fragmentation as well as in chemical alterations (i.e. (5), Deoxyribonucleic acid represents a unique target (6) or (7)), both due to digenetic and taphonomic effects molecule in trace analysis in the course of forensic but leading to a null-result. Naturally, hard tissue remains also historically or archeologically relevant samples. represent the most frequent sample / tissue type under Conventional methods such as radiocarbon dating, investigation. Additionally, bones and teeth represent an organic and inorganic analyses aim for a certain isotope, excellent substrate for the protection of genetic molecule or group of molecules and their derivates, information due to its microanatomy (8). determining a precise amount or concentration in the Generally speaking, any information manifested in samples under investigation down to its detection limit. DNA and preserved throughout history can be - Certainly, DNA analysis requires a minute amount of theoretically - assessed. Unfortunately there is no feature molecules - however not the concentration is the decisive on or associated with the DNA molecule correlating with parameter but the information encoded. Theoretically, a the PMI (post mortal interval) so it can't serve as a tool for single intact target molecule may be sufficient for dating. Certainly, DNA integrity declines time- successful genotyping. Ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis dependently but there are other factors such as water has emerged since the mid 1980s employing PCR content, temperature, presence/absence of oxygen, (polymerase chain reaction) -based DNA analysis of variability of the microclimate, etc. affecting the DNA's minute amounts of DNA (1) preserved in historically / molecular integrity additionally to the PMI i.e. ((5), (9) archaeologically relevant samples (i.e. (2)). Since then, and (11)) and hence tampering with the temporal aDNA-analysis has shown to be a powerful tool in correlation. Several studies set out to evaluate a confirming and amending historical information from independent parameter correlating with the DNA quality / prehistoric times up to recent history. Due to the nature of readability, such as nitrogen content, physical information encoded in the DNA molecule it allows the preservation or amino acid racemisation (i.e. (10) or (11)). assessment of individual and group features, such as the Since these did not result in a reliable 'pre-test' system and biological sex, family and population kinship, ehtno- require an additional analytical methodology, the authors geographical estimation and provenancing as well as suggest focussing on 'promising' samples for a first try to hereditary and some infectious diseases (3). By technical evaluate the molecular archaeological potentials of a means, aDNA or molecular archaeology respectively, is certain finding. closely related to forensic DNA typing, usually utilizing The following chapters provide a guide through a the same or similar techniques and requiring analogous virtual molecular-archaeological case involving human laboratory infrastructure; hence, these fields have remains from the first information on findings of interest significantly benefited from mutual exchange. As seen to the final assessment and interpretation of results. There from this point of view, ancient DNA analysis / molecular will be some recommendations especially involving archaeology has to be clearly distinguished from sampling and DNA extraction - the authors want to state, 2 Adli Tıp Bü lteni that these chapters are based on their own 15 years of Sample Protection Measures experience working on DNA from ancient and recent According to the authors' experience the risk of human remains. However, some readers may not fully contaminations by excavators is not too high but can be agree with our recommendations and/or statements due to reduced significantly if the excavators use mouth their own experience and expertise (12). Despite of protection and disposable gloves as soon as the first bone archaeology-specific issues, statements and fragment is discovered. These measures should be recommendations the following chapter are
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