Standard for Training in Forensic Short Tandem Repeat Typing Methods Using Amplification, DNA Separation, and Allele Detection
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A Rapid and Inexpensive PCR-Based STR Genotyping Method for Identifying Forensic Specimens
DOT/FAA/AM-06/14 Office of Aerospace Medicine Washington, DC 20591 A Rapid and Inexpensive PCR-Based STR Genotyping Method for Identifying Forensic Specimens Doris M. Kupfer1 Mark Huggins2 Brandt Cassidy3 Nicole Vu3 Dennis Burian1 Dennis V. Canfield1 1Civil Aerospace Medical Institute P.O. Box 25082 Oklahoma City, OK 73125 2Advancia 655 Research Parkway Oklahoma City, OK 73104 3DNA Solutions 840 Research Parkway Oklahoma City, OK 73104 June 2006 Final Report NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for the contents thereof. ___________ This publication and all Office of Aerospace Medicine technical reports are available in full-text from the Civil Aerospace Medical Institute’s publications Web site: www.faa.gov/library/reports/medical/oamtechreports/index.cfm Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. DOT/FAA/AM-06/14 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date A Rapid and Inexpensive PCR-Based STR Genotyping Method for June 2006 6. Performing Organization Code Identifying Forensic Specimens 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. 1 2 3 3 Doris M. Kupfer, Mark Huggins, Brandt Cassidy, Nicole Vu, Dennis Burian,1 and Dennis V. Canfield1 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) 1FAA Civil Aerospace Medical Institute 2Advancia P.O. Box 25082 655 Research Parkway 11. Contract or Grant No. Oklahoma City, OK 73125 Oklahoma City, OK 73104 3DNA Solutions 840 Research Parkway Oklahoma City, OK 73104 12. -
Forensic Document Examination in the Courts
CHAPTER 9 Forensic Document Examination in the Courts Chapter Outline ELSEVIER Before 1900 .................................................................................................119 The 20th-Century Courts ...........................................................................120 The Critics ....................................................................................................122 The American Board of Forensic Document Examiners ..........................123 Forensic Document Examiners Meet Each Daubert Factor .....................123 1. Theory Tested .........................................................................................................124 2. Standards.................................................................................................................126 3. Peer Review and Publications ..........................................................................126 4. General Acceptance.............................................................................................128 5. Error Rate .................................................................................................................130 Forensic Document Examination. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416693-6.00009-6 Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 117 Forensic Document Examination Early Court Challenges ...............................................................................131 21st-Century Courts ...................................................................................132 -
Mitochondrial DNA and Methods for Forensic Identification
Mini Review J Forensic Sci & Criminal Inves Volume - 9 Issue 1 - May 2018 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Gazi Nurun Nahar Sultana DOI: 10.19080/JFSCI.2018.09.555755 Mitochondrial DNA and Methods for Forensic Identification Gazi Nurun Nahar Sultana*and Mohammad Zakir Sultan Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences (CARS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh Submission: May 24, 2018; Published: May 29, 2018 *Corresponding author: Gazi Nurun Nahar Sultana, Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences (CARS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Tel: ; Email: Abstract A growing area of forensic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been appreciated by forensic scientists and law enforcement agencies in many countries. Crime scene investigators, law enforcement agencies, and prosecuting attorneys have recommended that this form of testing may successfully advance the investigation and prosecution of cases with limited biological evidences, such as bones, hairs and degraded skeletal remains. Defense attorneys are also increasingly requesting testing of samples with advancement of methods that may aid in exonerating their clients. MtDNA an extra nuclear genome, has certain features that make it desirable for forensics; namely, high copy number, lack of recombination, matrilineal inheritance, heteroplasmy, expression variability, and mitotic segregation. MtDNA typing has become routine in forensic biology since mid of 1980 and is a last resort for testing highly degraded biological debris. Further, the high mutation rate of the human mitochondrial -
The Design, Optimization and Testing of Y Chromosome
THE DESIGN, OPTIMIZATION AND TESTING OF Y CHROMOSOME SHORT TANDEM REPEAT MEGAPLEXES by Richard Schoske submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of American University in Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry Chair: ________________________ Dr. James Girard ________________________ Dr. Albert Cheh ________________________ Dr. John M. Butler ______________________________ Dean of the College _________________ Date 2003 American University Washington, D.C. 20016 THE DESIGN, OPTIMIZATION AND TESTING OF Y CHROMOSOME SHORT TANDEM REPEAT MEGAPLEXES BY Richard Schoske ABSTRACT A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay capable of the simultaneous amplifying 20 Y chromosome short tandem repeat (STR) markers has been developed and tested to aid human testing and population studies. These markers include all of the Y-STR markers that make up the “extended haplotype” used in Europe (DYS19, DYS385 a/b, DYS389I/II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, and YCAII a/b) plus the additional polymorphic Y-STR markers (DYS437, DYS438, DYS439, DYS447, DYS448, DYS388, DYS460, and GATA H4). The Y-STR 20plex is the first to include a simultaneous amplification of all the markers within the European “minimal” and “extended haplotype.” A subset of the Y-STR 20plex primers, the Y-STR 9plex was also developed and tested. The Y-STR 9plex contains only the markers within the European minimal haplotype. Lastly, a Y-STR 11plex was designed and tested. The markers within the Y-STR 11plex are DYS385 a/b, DYS447, DYS448, DYS450, DYS456, DYS458 and DYS 464 a/b/c/d. ii Validation experiments were performed in order to assess the reliability of the haplotypes generated by these newly designed Y-STR multiplexes. -
Forensic Identification
Forensic Identification Watch it online http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/68 Story length 3:30 minutes QUEST CallPROGRAM them Bone NOTES Detectives. SUBJECTS Call them detectives of a different sort. Investigate the world of forensic anthropology with Life Biology University of California, Santa Cruz doctoral candidate and “bone detective” Chelsey Science Health Juarez. She has developed a novel technique to help identify the remains of migrants Environment who die crossing the border between the United States and Mexico. Earth Geology Science Weather In this segment you’ll find out… Astronomy why Chelsey Juarez developed the new technique to identify the ۞ Physical Physics remains of migrant workers. Science Chemistry Engineering ۞ how teeth are prepared and examined to provide information about where we come from. CA SCIENCE STANDARDS ۞ the important role forensic anthropologists play in forensic science. Grade 7 Genetics 2. A typical cell of any TOPIC BACKGROUND organism contains genetic instructions that specify its Forensic science is the application of scientific methods and processes to the law. A forensic traits. Those traits may be scientist usually works in a lab analyzing different types of evidence and writing reports, and also modified by environmental testifies in court as an expert witness. Sometimes forensic scientists go to crime scenes to help influences. (e) reconstruct the crime and collect or preserve evidence. Forensic scientists work in a variety of settings, such as local, state and federal governments; forensic labs; police departments; Earth and Life History universities or as independent consultants. (Earth Science) 4. Evidence from rocks The field of forensic science has many branches, including forensic entomology, forensic allows us to understand toxicology, forensic pathology and forensic anthropology. -
Skin Microbiome Analysis for Forensic Human Identification: What Do We Know So Far?
microorganisms Review Skin Microbiome Analysis for Forensic Human Identification: What Do We Know So Far? Pamela Tozzo 1,*, Gabriella D’Angiolella 2 , Paola Brun 3, Ignazio Castagliuolo 3, Sarah Gino 4 and Luciana Caenazzo 1 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; [email protected] 2 Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; [email protected] 3 Department of Molecular Medicine, Section of Microbiology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; [email protected] (P.B.); [email protected] (I.C.) 4 Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-0498272234 Received: 11 May 2020; Accepted: 8 June 2020; Published: 9 June 2020 Abstract: Microbiome research is a highly transdisciplinary field with a wide range of applications and methods for studying it, involving different computational approaches and models. The fact that different people host radically different microbiota highlights forensic perspectives in understanding what leads to this variation and what regulates it, in order to effectively use microbes as forensic evidence. This narrative review provides an overview of some of the main scientific works so far produced, focusing on the potentiality of using skin microbiome profiling for human identification in forensics. This review was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The examined literature clearly ascertains that skin microbial communities, although personalized, vary systematically across body sites and time, with intrapersonal differences over time smaller than interpersonal ones, showing such a high degree of spatial and temporal variability that the degree and nature of this variability can constitute in itself an important parameter useful in distinguishing individuals from one another. -
Advanced Statistical Population Genetics Methods for Forensic DNA Identification Author(S): Noah A
The author(s) shown below used Federal funding provided by the U.S. Department of Justice to prepare the following resource: Document Title: Advanced Statistical Population Genetics Methods for Forensic DNA Identification Author(s): Noah A. Rosenberg, Ph.D. Document Number: 253932 Date Received: October 2019 Award Number: 2014-DN-BX-K015 This resource has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. This resource is being made publically available through the Office of Justice Programs’ National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Basic Research and Development in Forensic Science for Criminal Justice Purposes Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice NIJ SL # SL001082 NIJ‐2014‐3744 Award # 2014‐DN‐BX‐K015 ADVANCED STATISTICAL POPULATION GENETICS METHODS FOR FORENSIC DNA IDENTIFICATION Prepared by: Noah A. Rosenberg, PhD Principal Investigator Department of Biology Stanford University 371 Gilbert Building, Room 109 Stanford, CA 94305‐5020 Tel: 650 721 2599 Email: [email protected] Prepared on: January 10, 2019 Recipient Organization: Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University Stanford University 3160 Porter Drive, Suite 100 Palo Alto, CA 94304‐8445 Final Progress Report Project Period: 01/01/2015 – 12/31/2018 Signature of Submitting Official: Robert Loredo, Contract and Grant Officer 01/24/2019 This resource was prepared by the author(s) using Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. -
Human Remains and Identification
Human remains and identification HUMAN REMAINS AND VIOLENCE Human remains and identification Human remains Human remains and identification presents a pioneering investigation into the practices and methodologies used in the search for and and identification exhumation of dead bodies resulting from mass violence. Previously absent from forensic debate, social scientists and historians here Mass violence, genocide, confront historical and contemporary exhumations with the application of social context to create an innovative and interdisciplinary dialogue. and the ‘forensic turn’ Never before has a single volume examined the context of motivations and interests behind these pursuits, each chapter enlightening the Edited by ÉLISABETH ANSTETT political, social, and legal aspects of mass crime and its aftermaths. and JEAN-MARC DREYFUS The book argues that the emergence of new technologies to facilitate the identification of dead bodies has led to a ‘forensic turn’, normalizing exhumations as a method of dealing with human remains en masse. However, are these exhumations always made for legitimate reasons? And what can we learn about societies from the way in which they deal with this consequence of mass violence? Multidisciplinary in scope, this book presents a ground-breaking selection of international case studies, including the identification of corpses by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, the resurfacing ANSTETTand of human remains from the Gulag and the sites of Jewish massacres from the Holocaust. Human remains -
Meeting the Challenges of the Daubert Trilogy: Refining and Redefining the Reliability of Orf Ensic Evidence
Tulsa Law Review Volume 43 Issue 2 Daubert, Innocence, and the Future of Forensic Science Winter 2007 Meeting the Challenges of the Daubert Trilogy: Refining and Redefining the Reliability of orF ensic Evidence Mara L. Merlino Victoria Springer Jan Seaman Kelly Derek Hammond Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/tlr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Mara L. Merlino, Victoria Springer, Jan S. Kelly, & Derek Hammond, Meeting the Challenges of the Daubert Trilogy: Refining and Redefining the Reliability ofor F ensic Evidence, 43 Tulsa L. Rev. 417 (2013). Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/tlr/vol43/iss2/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by TU Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Tulsa Law Review by an authorized editor of TU Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Merlino et al.: Meeting the Challenges of the Daubert Trilogy: Refining and Redef MEETING THE CHALLENGES OF THE DAUBERT TRILOGY: REFINING AND REDEFINING THE RELIABILITY OF FORENSIC EVIDENCE Mara L. Merlino,* Victoria Sprnger *Jan Seaman Kell Derek Hammond, Eric Sahota, & Lori Haines I. INTRODUCTION Daubert1 and its progeny, General Electric Co. v. Joiner2 and Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael,3 established new guidelines and procedures for determining the evidentiary reliability of expert testimony. Following the Daubert trilogy, the admissibility of expert testimony is presumably based not only on an analysis of the evidence's legal merits and Frye's general acceptance standard,4 but also on the judicial analysis of the qualifications of the expert, the methods by which the expert arrives at his or her 5 conclusions, and even the conclusions themselves. -
Forensic Methods of Identifying Corpses with Unknown Identity
Forensic Methods of Identifying Corpses with Unknown Identity Ovidiu Andrei Hamburda Faculty of “Economic Sciences and Public Administration," Law Specialization, University “Ștefan cel Mare,” Romania Master in Criminal Sciences at "Dimitrie Cantemir" Christian University of Bucharest, [email protected] ABSTRACT: Finding the truth is the most difficult process, especially in a society that reveals itself as a high- speed field, whose passengers combine good and evil, honor and dishonesty, respect for the law and crime. Identification of dead bodies is one of the most common but complicated activities that the magistrate, criminal investigation dead bodies, criminalist or forensic doctor encounters, because compared to the living people who appreciate both the static signs, the dynamic signs and the functional features noted by different gestures, attitudes, etc. only the static forms and the personal objects on them or the clothing are appreciated in the case of dead bodies. Most procedures claim certain data and information to be compared, such as DNA, fingerprints, dentition, etc., but if they do not exist, comparison with the rest of the population is impossible. To identify a person, the forensic research bodies also found other methods, such as the over-projection method, the reconstruction of the skull physiognomy, the skeletal identification, dental or dental identification. KEYWORDS: clothes, dead bodies, dentition, DNA, research, skeleton, unknown Introduction In the society where we living, personal and national security is very easy to attack, hence the need for more stringent and trustworthy measures to identify and secure our identity. Although in the book of Alexander Dumas - Martin Guerre, identity was established by cunning and confession, in today's world, a simple comparison of DNA would solve the problem, beyond any reasonable uncertainty (Thompson and Black 2007). -
'Wild' from Hatchery-Raised Red Drum, Sciaenops O
Forensic Science International 156 (2006) 9–15 www.elsevier.com/locate/forsciint Application of hypervariable genetic markers to forensic identification of ‘wild’ from hatchery-raised red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus M.A. Renshaw a, E. Saillant a, R.E. Broughton b, J.R. Gold a,* a Center for Biosystematics and Biodiversity, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, TX 77843-2258, USA b Oklahoma Biological Survey and Department of Zoology, University of Oklahoma, 111 E. Chesapeake Street, Norman, Oklahoma, OK 73019, USA Received 31 December 2004; received in revised form 2 May 2005; accepted 3 May 2005 Abstract Forensic identification of ‘wild’ versus hatchery-produced (cultured) red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), an economically important marine fish in the southern United States, was assessed using hypervariable nuclear-encoded microsatellites and sequences of mitochondrial DNA. Both genotype exclusion and likelihood-ratio tests successfully identified ‘wild’ and ‘cultured’ individuals within requisite error bounds and within the context of complete parental sampling. Of the two, genotype exclusion was more effective, producing satisfactory results with fewer microsatellites and larger allowable error rates. Assignment tests proved ineffective, most likely because of the low level of genetic divergence between the sampled populations. An optimal, minimum set of ten markers that will reduce potential genotyping costs is identified. Results of the study should allay concerns regarding identification of ‘wild’-caught fish sold illegally. # 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Microsatellites; Forensic genetics; ‘Wild’ versus hatchery-raised fish The existence of a legal market for wildlife meat and/or in population abundance led to rather extreme fishing restric- parts raises the issue of eventual sale of a legal species tions in most U.S. -
4154 Forensic Identification of Human Remains
FORENSIC IDENTIFICATION OF HUMAN REMAINS IN BRIEF Ed Ou/ICRCEd INTRODUCTION The identification of human remains is important When a missing person is believed to be dead, for both legal and humanitarian reasons. This two complementary lines of investigation must document provides a brief overview for non- be pursued: experts of the scientific process by which • tracing the whereabouts of that person once human remains are identified. It does not set out he or she has been reported missing by his or guidelines or standard operating procedures her family or other reliable sources for carrying out forensic investigations, and • forensic identification of human remains. must not be understood as doing so. The ICRC recommends the use of standardized policies The forensic identification of human remains and procedures in all contexts, which should be is a legal determination (sealed by the developed by the pertinent authorities (courts, jurisdictional authority’s signature on a death investigators, medico-legal institutes, etc.). certificate) based on the scientific matching of information on missing persons with unidentified human remains. Identification Forensic identification of human requires a holistic approach that takes into remains generally involves three main consideration all available scientific and stages of investigation: contextual evidence. Each line of evidence • background research must be weighed and treated on its merits. The • recovery of remains scale of the identification project must also • laboratory analysis and reconciliation. be considered and the identification strategy adjusted accordingly. 2 Ed Ou/ICRCEd BACKGROUND RESEARCH Preliminary investigation is needed to Background research can draw from locate, assess, collate and organize all various sources, such as interviews or available information on missing persons written records.